MODERN TECHNOLOGY

100 tokoh cendikiawan klasik islam

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 31 Jul 2017 07:36:00 +0000

modern technology

100 tokoh cendikiawan klasik islam - ebook

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noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Fri, 28 Jul 2017 16:05:00 +0000

modern technology

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model penelitian tokoh

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Fri, 28 Jul 2017 16:00:00 +0000

modern technology

model penelitian tokoh (dalam teori dan aplikasi)
karya : Abdul Mustaqim

jurusan ilmu al-Qur'an dan Hadis

link download : klik disini

Kopi Gayo | Alhamdulillah Sebagian Siap Di Panen

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Wed, 03 May 2017 19:31:00 +0000

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modern technology

tafsir feminis

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Tue, 04 Apr 2017 15:21:00 +0000

modern technology

manuskrip masa bani umayyah

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Tue, 04 Apr 2017 14:29:00 +0000

modern technology

Manuskrip pada Masa Bani Umayyah:

· Ibn al-Nadim: “(Model) tulisan Arab pertama adalah adalah (model) tulisan Makkah, lalu Madinah, kemuduian Basrah, dan terakhir Kufah. Untuk huruf alif pada model tulisan Makkah dan Madinah, terdapat bengkokan ke kanan, pemanjangan gerakan pen, satu bentuk yang memilki posisi agak miring. (dikutip “Manuscript of the Qur’an”)

· Bentuk tulisan Hijazi (Hijazi script) tidak berarti berasal dari Hijaz, tapi menunjukkan pada ciri-ciri tertentu: posisi dan bentuk alif, serta bentuk panjang huruf.

· Penanggalan manuskrip à paroh kedua abad 1 H./7 M.

· Tidak adanya alif pada qalamerupakan ciri manuskrip saat itu.

· Fragmen-fragmen (bagian-bagian) manuskrip Hijazi yang ditemukan di San’a’ mengandung variasi qira’at yang belum didokumentasikan dalam literatur-literatur belakangan. Selain itu, urutan surat-surat al-Qur’an berbeda dengan susunan surat yang ada di dalam Mushaf utsmani, kodeks Ibn Mas‘ud dan Ubayy (pandangan Puin)

· Ciri-ciri manuskrip San’a’: (1) huruf kurus (slender), (2) tersebar secara teratur, (3) spasi antar huruf identik, (4) klaster titik-titik menunjukkan menunjukkan akhir ayat, (5) harakat belum ada, (6) titik-titik diakritik (pembeda huruf) telah ada tapi belum konsisten dan tidak ada kesamaan antar copyist, tergantung pada kebiasaan mereka, (7) jumalah baris pada setiap halaman tidak sama, (8) ada spasi kosong antarsurat, (9) dekorasi masih kasar, (10) nama surat ditulis dengan tinta merah

manfaat kopi

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Tue, 04 Apr 2017 06:26:00 +0000

modern technology

Manfaat Kopi

Meminum beberapa cangkir kopi dalam sehari dapat memberikan manfaat bagi tubuh kita, sejauh ini banyak dari kita yang hanya menyadari bahwa kopi dapat menghilangkan rasa kantuk dalam menjalani aktifitas sehari-hari. Ternyata selain itu kopi juga memiliki manfaat lain bagi tubuh diantaranya :

Peningkatan Antioksidan
Mungkin sedikit dari kita yang mengetahui kopi ternyata merupakan sumber utama antioksidan bagi sebagian besar individu di Amerika Utara. Antioksidan berfungsi untuk menangkal radikal bebas, atau gen penyebab kanker, sehingga mengurangi degradasi sel yang disebabkan oleh radikal bebas. Selain dari pada itu sebuah penelitian baru menemukan bahwa kebanyakan orang Amerika mendapatkan sekitar 1.300 miligram/hari antioksidan hanya dari kopi.

Mengatasi Berat Badan dan Metabolisme
Kandungan kafein di dalam kopi dapat memberikan dorongan metabolisme yang dapat membantu penurunan berat badan dan meningkatkan energi. Untuk hal ini dapat kita lihat jika anda membeli produk untuk menurunkan berat badan, maka biasanya sering tercantum di bagian label produk tersebut kafein sebagai bahan utama yang digunakan.

Meningkatkan kinerja otak
Sebuah penelitian baru menemukan bahwa orang yang minum kopi setidaknya satu sampai dua cangkir kopi per hari memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi secara signifikan pada daya ingat, kemampuan kognitif, pemahaman logika dan tes IQ dasar.

Mengurangi Resiko penyakit Parkinson
Beberapa penelitian telah memfokuskan penelitian pada hubungan antara kopi dan penyakit Parkinson. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa orang yang secara rutin mengkonsumsi kopi cenderung kebal terhadap penyakit parkinson ketimbang peminum kopi sementara(tidak sering) atau tidak minum kopi sama sekali.

Mengurangi Risiko Diabetes Tipe II
Sebuah studi yang dilakukan oleh Harvard School Of Health menemukan bahwa pria yang minum kopi sekitar 6 cangkir atau standarnya 3-4 cangkir kopi perhari dapat menurunkan resiko terkena diabetes tipe 2 sebanyak 50 Persen. Sementara itu, jika pada kaum wanita dapat mengurangi resiko diabetes hampir 30 Persen.

Mengurangi Rasa Sakti Kepala
Menurut Damond, M.D, dari Chicago’s Diamond Hadche Clinic. Kandungan kafein pada kopi dapat mengurangi derita sakit kepala. Penderita sakit kepala atau migran ringan terbukti dapat disembuhkan dengan meminum secangkir kopi.

Tips
Seperti apa pun, kopi harus dikonsumsi di moderasi. Sementara beberapa cangkir sehari dapat memiliki manfaat kesehatan, terlalu banyak kopi dapat menyebabkan masalah jantung, peningkatan tekanan darah, sembelit, gangguan pencernaan dan masalah yang tidak diinginkan lainnya.
Berikut merupakan manfaat kopi bagi kesehatan, namun walaupun demikian konsumsilah kopi secara wajar dan tidak berlebihan, beberapa cangkir kopi sehari dapat memberikan manfaat kesehatan, namun jika terlalu banyak di konsumsi kopi dapat menyebabkan masalah pada jantung berupa peningkatan tekanan darah, juga dapat menyebabkan sembelit, gangguan pencernaan dan rasa gelisah. Dari karna itu konsumsilah dengan sewajarnya agar dapat memberikan manfaat yang diinginkan.
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how to stay cool even in the low light Selfie

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Wed, 19 Oct 2016 12:30:00 +0000

Moments are rare and unforgettable often makes us want to capture in a photograph. Moreover, if this moment is found with those special to us.

Unfortunately, there are some obstacles that ultimately make images become less attractive. Typically ranging from appearance to the light at the venue an obstacle when capturing photos.
If appearances, this constraint is very easy to solve, simply straighten hair or closed with a balanced style, the photo will be good. But what if the problem of light in low-light venues? Though the place and the moment is very charming and romantic.

The solution you can only bring their own light to take pictures, but of course this will disturb others and also not optimal to do. It would be better if you already have a smartphone that already have qualified specifications on the camera, such as Vivo Y55.
Having a smart light sensor or Smart Screen Flash that can detect the intensity of ambient light, making Vivo Y55 ensure the quality of your photos. Moreover, Vivo has a front camera with a resolution of 5MP and 8MP rear camera. Then, Vivo Y55 also has a beautiful pre-intellectual front camera, can detect the sex of the person in the photograph, the camera produces beautiful effect is most appropriate for you, make every picture a natural white and maximum image quality for selfie lovers.

Advanced in-camera, of course also advanced in performance. Immerse CPU Qualcomm Snapdragon 430 Octa-Core 64-bit 1.4 GHz and 6.0 Android OS, this smartphone anti slow when you wear them. Combined with Android 6.0, Y55 does not only have a high efficiency, smooth operation, even more conserves battery power.

No lag, Vivo Y55 also has 2GB of RAM and 16GB of internal storage media Supported external memory of up to 128GB. Store any data becomes easier and do not bother anymore.

In order for your entertainment are met, Vivo Y55 also provides features Smart Split. Features that can make you open two applications at once. You can instantly chat while watching videos with just one touch.

Stylish design will also make you more cool having Vivo Y55. Want to get it? Enough with the Rp. 2.499 million, you can have it.

Samsung Z2

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Wed, 19 Oct 2016 12:21:00 +0000

modern technology

Samsung launched its latest smartphone, Samsung Z2.

This is the first smartphone in Indonesia is running on Tizen OS. Samsung Z2 is claimed as a smart solution for everyone, as supported by qualified specifications in its class, yet is priced at an affordable price. "Samsung Z2 intended for young children or anyone who wants to switch to a smartphone (from feature phone), also for those who want to taste the 4G devices at a price of Rp 899 thousand," said Denny Galant, Head of Product Marketing IT & Mobile Samsung Electronics Indonesia , Samsung Z2 specs include a 1.5 GHz quad-core processor, 1GB of RAM, and 8GB of internal memory. There is also a dual memory card and SIM card slot. Not to forget, Samsung Z2 also supports 4G LTE network. "Samsung Z2 supports all 4G LTE band in Indonesia. If for bundling with operators of 4G LTE, is now working with Smartfren," said Denny added. Meanwhile, Alfred Boediman, VP of Samsung's Research and Development Institute Indonesia said, "Tizen OS is open (open) and is based on Linux. During our tour to six cities in Indonesia conducted a workshop about the Tizen OS, they feel challenged (to make application in Tizen OS). " Then, Marketing Director of IT & Mobile Business of Samsung Electronics Indonesia Vebbyna Kaunang explained, "We're doing a special localization. Packaging Samsung Z2 is designed with the motif of Indonesia." In addition, Samsung also provides a special wallpaper typical of Indonesia, made by the people of Indonesia. Not only that, Samsung helped back cover includes an exclusive with batik motif mega cloudy.

Rental Mobil Jogja

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Thu, 26 May 2016 09:51:00 +0000

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kitab At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Tue, 17 May 2016 19:34:00 +0000

modern technology

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN[1]

A. Latar Belakang

Tafsir menurut bahasan merupakan bentuk masdar dari fassara – yufassir – tafsiran yang berarti menjelaskan sesuatu (bayan al-syai wa idlahuhu). Kata tafsir dapat juga diartikan al-ibanah (menjelaskan makna yang masih samar) , al-kasyf(menyingkapkan makna yang masih tersembunyi), dan al-izh-har (menampakkan makna yang belum jelas). Dari tinjauan makna bahasa tersebut, maka tafsir secara istilah dapat diartikan sebagai suatu hasil pemahaman atau penjalasan seorang penafsir terhadap al-Qur’an yang yang dilakukan dengan metode atau pendekatan tertentu.[2]

Sedangkan Syi’ah menurut bahasa berarti penolong atau pengikut terutama pengikut dan pecinta Ali bin Abi Thalib.[3]Imam al-Fafairuz ‘Abady mengatakan : “Syi’ah seseorang adalah pengikut dan pendukungnya. Dan kelompok pendukung ini bisa terdiri dari satu orang, dua orang, atau lebih, laki-laki maupun perempuan. Pada umumnya nama “syi’ah” dipergunakan bagi setiap dan semua orang yang menjadikan “Ali ra berikut keluarganya sebagai pemimpin secara terus-menerus, sehingga nama Syi’ah itu akhirnya khusus menjadi nama bagi mereka saja. Istilah Syi’ah pada mulanya diterapkan bagi kumpulan orang yang senantiasa berhimpun di sekitar seorang Nabi, wali atau seorang sahabat. [4]

Setelah mengetahui penjelasan mengenai dua term yakni tafsir dan syi’ah maka dapat ditarik sebuah kesimpulan bahwa yang dinamakan dengan Tafsir Syi’ah adalah tafsir al-Qur’an yang muncul dari golongan syiah dengan menggunakan metode atau pendekatan tertentu yang mana dalam menafsirkan al-Qur’an, golongan syi’ah tersebut lebih menekankan mengkaji pada aspek batin al-Qur’an.

Dalam hal ini ada salah satu kitab tafsir karya Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibnu Hassan at- Tusi yakni kitab At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an, yang mana dalam kitab tersebut lebih menekankan pada aspek ilmu ma’ani. Tentunya kitab ini akan menarik untuk dikaji.

B. Rumusan Masalah

1. Siapakah sosok Abu Ja’far Muhammad Ibnu Hassan at- Tusi pengarang kitab At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an?

2. Bagaimana Latar belakang, Sistematika dan metodologi penulisan kitab At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an?

3. Apa kelebihan dan kekurangan kitab At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an?

BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

A. Mengenal Sosok Pengarang Kitab At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an

Biografi Syaikh Abu Ja‘far Ath-Thusi (385 – 460 H.)[5]

Syaikh Abu Ja‘far Ath-Thusi adalah seorang faqih besar, muhaddis kenamaan, dan ilmuwan tersohor. Ia mendapat julukan Syaikhut Tha’ifah (Pembesar Mazhab Syi‘ah). Nama lengkapnya adalah Abu Ja‘far Muhammad bin Hasan bin Ali Ath-Thusi. Ia dilahirkan pada bulan Ramadhan 385 H. di kota Thus, Khurasan, salah satu kota besar di Iran.

Ia berhasil menamatkan tingkat permulaan pendidikan di tempat kelahirannya sendiri. Pada tahun 408 Hijriah, ketika usianya masih dua puluh delapan tahun, ia berhijrah ke Baghdad dan berdomisili di Irak hingga ia tutup usia. Setelah gurunya, Sayid Murtadha Alamulhuda meninggal dunia, tampuk kepemimpinan ilmiah dan fatwa mazhab Syi‘ah berpindah ke tangannya.

Ketenaran ilmu pengetahuan, kezuhudan, takwa Syaikh Thusi melampaui garis perbatasan Irak dan sampai ke seluruh penjuru dunia kala itu. Bahkan, ketenaran ini mampu menembus tembok-tembok kokoh istana kekhalifahan dinasti Bani Abbasiah. Hal ini menyebabkan Al-Qa’im bi Amrillah, salah seorang khalifah dari dinasti Bani Abbasiah—bekerja sama dengan dinasti Al Buyeh—sepenuhnya menyerahkan kursi pengajaran ilmu Teologi kepadanya. Pengajaran ilmu teologi biasanya dilaksanakan di pusat kekhalifahan pada masa itu.

Mereka sangat mengagungkan kursi yang satu ini, dan menyerahkan kursi tersebut kepada seorang ilmuwan negara yang paling agung dan tersohor. Penyerahan kursi tersebut kepada Syaikh Thusi mengindikasikan bahwa tidak ada ilmuwan lagi di seluruh penjuru Baghdad dan negara Islam yang memiliki kelayakan untuk mendudukinya.

Setelah dinasti Al Buyeh runtuh dan dinasti Saljuqi memerintah, kondisi kehidupan sosial masyarakat berubah secara drastis. Gangguan dan pembunuhan massal terhadap para pengikut mazhab Syi‘ah dimulai kembali. Karena tuntutan kondisi ini dan demi menjaga jiwa dan mazhab, mereka terpaksa harus menjalani kehidupan sehari-hari dengan bertaqiyah. Dengan penyerangan yang dilakukan oleh kaum fanatik terhadap kerajaan dan pemuda-pemuda brandalan terhadap barisan pengikut Syi‘ah yang sedang mengadakan acara aza’ atas syahadah Imam Husain as, pengadaan acara aza’ yang biasanya dilakukan oleh mereka berhenti total.

Dalam sebuah penyerangan yang terjadi di bawah komando Menteri Abdul Malik, sangat banyak pengikut mazhab Syi‘ah yang terbantai dan tidak sedikit rumah penduduk, toko, pusat-pusat kajian ilmiah, dan perpustakaan-perpustakaan Syi‘ah yang dibakar dan akhirnya dirampok.

Syaikh Thusi pun tidak aman dari penggarongan dan pembakaran tersebut. Karena seperti telah disebutkan di atas, Syaikh Thusi telah diserahi kursi pengajaran ilmu Teologi, dan sebagian ulama yang menamakan dirinya sebagai pengikut mazhab Ahlusunah merasa iri dengan kedudukan tersebut. Mereka sudah beberapa kali berusaha untuk menggulingkan Syaikh dari kursi tersebut. Tetapi, mereka tidak behasil. Kedengkian ini—pada akhirnya—berhasil mencapai tujuannya, dan beberapa orang brandalan menyerang rumah kediaman Syaikh dan merampok segala isi yang ada di dalamnya. Kursi pengajaran ilmu Teologi itu juga dibakar. Tidak ketinggalan pula, perpustakaan pribadi yang dimiliki oleh Syaikh ikut termakan oleh jilatan si jago merah. Padahal, perpustakaan itu adalah sebuah perpustakaan yang terbesar dan terkemuka pada masa itu dan memuat berbagai buku asli hasil tulisan tangan para ulama dan naskah Al-Qur’an yang telah ditulis dengan tinta emas murni.

Setelah pembakaran perpustakaan tersebut, orang-orang brandalan itu memasuki rumah Sayikh Thusi dengan tujuan untuk membunuhnya. Akan tetapi, karena mereka tidak berhasil menemukannya, seluruh buku dan bendera-bendera yang biasa digunakan dalam acara-acara aza’ yang masih tersisa dibawa ke tengah-tengah pasar dan kemudian dibakar di hadapan khalayak ramai.

Setelah peristiwa menyakitkan ini terjadi, Syaikh Thusi melarikan diri dari Baghdad dan menuju ke Najaf Asyraf secara sembunyi-sembunyi. Pada masa itu, Najaf Asyraf adalah sebuah kota yang hanya didiami oleh beberapa gelintir orang yang sangat mencintai Amirul Mukminin Ali as. Setelah amarah para penyerang itu mulai reda, Syaikh mendirikan sebuah hauzah ilmiah di Najaf Asyraf, dan setelah itu, hauzah ini menjadi sebuah hauzah terbesar di kalangan para pengikut mazhab Syi‘ah. Dan Syaikh Thusi meninggal dunia pada malam Senin, 22 Muharam 460 Hijriah dan dikuburkan di Najaf Asyraf di rumahnya sendiri.

Guru-Guru Abu Ja’far at-Thusi

Selama lima tahun, Syaikh Thusi menimba ilmu dari Syaikh Mufid. Karena kecerdasannya yang luar biasa, ia mendapatkan perhatian yang luar biasa dari gurunya itu. Atas dasar ini, ia selalu hidup bersamanya sehingga Syaikh Mufid meninggal dunia pada tahun 413 Hijriah.

Setelah Syaikh Mufid meninggal dunia, Sayid Murtadha, salah seorang murid kenamaannya betanggung jawab atas pendidikan Syaikh Thusi dan Syaikh Thusi pun menimba ilmu darinya selama waktu yang amat panjang. Karena Sayid Murtadha melihat kecerdasan dan kelayakan yang sempurna pada dirinya, ia memberikan perhatian yang sangat istimewa kepadanya dan memaksanya untuk memberikan kuliah di Baghdad. Sebagai imbalan, Sayid Murtadha memberikan tunjangan 12 Dinar per bulan, sebuah angka yang cukup besar pada masa itu. Setelah dua puluh tiga tahun Syaikh Mufid hidup bersama Sayid Murtadha, Sayid Murtadha harus berpisah dengannya lantaran ia wafat pada bulan Rabiulawal 436 H. di usia delapan puluh satu tahun.

Murud-Murid Abu Ja’far at-Thusi

Seperti telah disinggung di atas, setelah Sayid Murtadha meninggal dunia, kepemimpinan mazhab Syi‘ah berpindah ke tangan Syaikh Thusi. Dengan demikian, rumahnya yang terletak di daerah Karkh, Baghdad menjadi tempat menimba ilmu pengetahuan dan selalu didatangi oleh ulama dan ilmuwan yang berdatangan dari berbagai penjuru dunia Islam pada masa itu.

Para murid Syaikh Thusi berjumlah tiga ratus orang, dan ratusan ulama dari pengikut mazhab Ahlusunah juga pernah menimba ilmu darinya.

Karya-Karya

Ada beberapa karya yang ditulis oleh beliau, diantaranya :

1. Abu al-Ahkam (koleksi hadis) Buku ini adalah salah satu koleksi hadis Syi'ah otentik.

2. Al-Istibsar (koleksi hadis) Buku ini juga di antara Syi'ah koleksi hadits otentik.

3. Al-Nihayah (dari Fikih Islam) buku ini adalah buku teks dalam seminari yang berbeda selama bertahun-tahun.

4. Al-Mabsut: (dari Fikih Islam)

5. Al-Khilaf: (dari Fikih Islam)

6. iddat al-Ushul (prinsip yurisprudensi)

7. Al-Rijal (pada mengetahui individu tradisi telah diriwayatkan oleh untuk menentukan keaslian tradisi)

8. Al-Fehrist (koleksi buku dan nama penulis 'di dunia Syi'ah)

9.Tamhid al-Ushul (dari Syi'ah doctorin dan keyakinan)

10. Al-Tibyan Fi Tafsir al-Quran

11. Kitab al-Ghaybah (pada kegaiban Imam Mahdi)

Komentar Para Ulama

Najasyi, seorang ulama yang hidup sezaman dengan Syaikh Thusi berkomentar, “Abu Ja‘far Muhammad bin Hasan bin Ali Ath-Thusi adalah salah seorang ulama yang agung, tsiqah, dan murid guru kami, Abu Abdillah Al-Mufid yang tersohor.”

Allamah Sayid Bahrul ‘Ulûm, salah seorang tokoh mazhab Ja‘fariyah dan seorang ulama yang paling bertakwa di dunia Islam berkata, “Muhammad bin Hasan Ath-Thusi adalah tokoh mazhab Imamiah yang tersohor, pemegang bendera syariat Islam, dan imam mazhab Syi‘ah setelah periode para imam ma‘shum as. Berkenaan dengan segala pengetahuan yang berhubungan dengan masalah agama, ia adalah orang yang dapat dipercaya. Ia adalah ahli yang ulung dalam bidang Ushuluddin dan Furu‘uddin dan peneliti yang handal dalam bidang ilmu rasional dan tekstual. Lebih dari itu, ia adalah Syaikhut Tha’ifah kita dan pemimpin mazhab Syi‘ah secara mutlak.”

B. Latar belakang penulisan kitab

Di dalam muqoddimahnya imam Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibnu Hassan at- Tusi menulis dan memberikan pernyataan yang dimana salah satunya adalah tentang alasan mengapa beliau menulis kitab tafsir. Yakni di latar belakangi beliau tidak menemukan sama sekali dari sahabatnya baik orang yang mendahului atau yang sejaman, dari menulis sebuah kitab yang memuat semua tafsir qur’an tentang bidang ilmu ma’ani. Akan tetapi para ulama sebelum dan sejamannya di dalam menulis tafsirnya hanya menuliskan hadis yang dimana tidak di jelaskan tentang isi tafsir. Kemudian beliau juga menemukan ulama tafsir yang menjelaskan tentang ilmu ma’ani akan tetapi dalam pembahasannya ada yang panjang dan ringkas yang salah satunya di pelopori oleh At-Thabarri. Dan juga ulama tafsir yang membahas tentang i’rab dan tasrifnya al-qur’an yakni imam al-Zujjaj dan imam al-Farra, begitu juga imam Mufaddal bin Salamah yang membahas ilmu lughat dalam al-Qur’an, selain itu juga imam Abi Ali al-Zuba’i yang membahas tentang tafsir Kalam atau Akidah.

Kemudian imam Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibnu Hassan at- Tusi memberikan pernyataan dengan kata Insya Allah dalam kitab tafsirnya untuk menulis semua bidang yang beliau komentari dari ulama tafsir dengan metode Ijaz (lafadnya sedikit artinya banyak) dan Ikhtishar (lafadnya sedikit artinya sedikit). [6]

C. Metode Penulisan dan Sistematika Penyusunan Kitab At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an

1. Metode Penulisan.

Ada beberapa metode penulisan pada kitab At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an, diantaranya :

a) Menuliskan nama surat dan menjelaskan nama lain dari surat tersebut beserta sebab penamaannya.

b) Menuliskan ayat setiap sebelum pembahasan.

c) Menjelaskan tentang i’rab dari setiap ayat.

d) Menjelaskan tentang qira’at pada setiap ayat ketika terdapat perbedaan dalam qira’at.

e) Menjelaskan tentang lughot dari setiap ayat.

f) Menjelaskan tentang makna alqur’an pada setiap ayat.

g) Terkadang menjelaskan tentang penafsiran ayat.

2. Sistematika Penulisan

Adapun sistematika kitab At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an ini dapat dipahami sebagai berikut;

Kitab Tafsir al-Thusi ini tidak jauh dengan kitab-kitab tafsir lainnya yaitu dengan menuliskan surat, ayat, kemudian penjelasan tafsir dari ayat yang akan dibahas. Dan penulis dalam menulis dan mentafsiri surat dan ayat di mulai dari surat al-Fatihahsampai surat al-Nas atau secara lengkap. Kemudian mengenai tentang jilid dalam kitab tafsir ini, sementara yang ditemukan berjumlah 10 jilid, cetakan: Ihya’ al-Turast al-Araby , Bairut, Lebanon. Akan tetapi dalam cetakan tersebut penerbit tidak menyebutkan tahun dicetaknya. Maka lebih jelasnya bisa dilihat tabel dibawah:

Jilid	Nama Surat	Ayat
Satu (I)	Al-Fatihah Al-Baqarah	1-7 1-141
Dua (II)	Al-Baqarah Ali Imran	142-286 1-138
Tiga (III)	Ali Imran An-Nisa Al-Maidah	141-200 1-176 1-85
Empat (IV)	Al-Maidah Al-An’am Al-A’raf	86-120 1-165 1-156
Lima (V)	Al-A’raf Al-Anfal At- Taubah Yunus Hud	157-206 1-75 1-129 1-109 1-49
Enam (VI)	Hud Yusuf Ar-Ra’d Ibrahim Al-Hijr An-Nahl Al-Isra	50-123 1-111 1-45 1-52 1-99 1-128 1-111
Tujuh (VII)	Al-Kahfi Maryam Thaha Al-Anbiya Al-Hajj Al-Mu’minun An-Nur Al-Furqon	1-110 1-98 1-135 1-112 1-78 1-118 1-64 1-77
Delapan (VIII)	Asy-Syu’ara An-Naml Al-Qashash Al-Ankabut Ar-Rum Luqman As-Sajdah Al-Ahzab Saba’ Fathir Yasin Ash-Shaffat Shad	1-227 1-93 1-88 1-63 1-60 1-34 1-30 1-73 1-54 1-45 1-83 1-182 1-88
Sembilan (IX)	Az-Zumar Al-Mu’min Fushilat Asy-Syura Az-Zuhruf Ad-Dukhon Al-Jatsiyah Al-Ahqaf Muhammad Al-Fath Al-Hujurat Qhaf Adz-dzariyat At-Thur An-Najm Al-Qomar Ar-Rahman Al-Waqi’ah Al-Hadid Al-Mujadalah Al-Hashr Al-Mumtahana As-Shaf	1-75 1-85 1-54 1-53 1-89 1-59 1-37 1-35 1-38 1-29 1-18 1-45 1-60 1-49 1-62 1-55 1-78 1-96 1-29 1-22 1-24 1-13 1-14
Sepuluh (X)	Al-Jumu’ah Al-Munafiqun At-Taghabun At-Talaq At-Tahrim Al-Mulk Al-Qalam Al-Haqqah Al-Ma’arij Nuh Al-Jin Al-Muzzammil Al-Mudatsir Al-Qiyamah Al-Insan Al-Mursalat An-Naba An-Nazi’at ‘Abasa At-Takwir Al-Infitar Al-Muthaffifin Al-Inshiqaq Al-Buruj At-Thariq Al-A’la Al-Ghasiyah Al-Fajr Al-Balad As-Syams Al-Lail Ad-Dhuha Al-Sharh At-Tin Al-Alaq Al-Qodar Al-Bayyinah Az-Zalzalah Al-Adiyat Al-Qari’ah At-Takatsur Al-Asr Al-Humazah Al-Fil Qurays Al-Ma’un Al-Kautsar Al-Kafirun Al-Nasr Al-Lahab Al-Ikhlas Al-Falaq An-Nas	1-11 1-11 1-18 1-12 1-12 1-30 1-52 1-52 1-44 1-28 1-28 1-20 1-56 1-40 1-31 1-50 1-40 1-46 1-42 1-29 1-19 1-36 1-25 1-22 1-17 1-19 1-26 1-30 1-20 1-15 1-21 1-11 1-8 1-8 1-19 1-5 1-8 1-8 1-11 1-11 1-8 1-3 1-9 1-5 1-4 1-7 1-3 1-6 1-3 1-5 1-4 1-5 1-6

D. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan

Tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an adalah salah satu kontribusi penting dalam dunia Islam, khususnya dalam bidang keilmuan tafsir syi’ah. Namun, layaknya karya-karya penting pada umumnya, dan pastilah ada kekurangan dan kelebihan dari karya tersebut.

Secara umum ada satu kelebihan yang bisa kita ambil dari kitab tafsir ini yakni dengan menggunakan metode takwil, kelompok syiah lebih cocern kepada makna batin al-Qur’an. Walaupun harus diperhatikan, bahwa banyak takwil mereka yang cenderung aragon. Hal ini berbeda dengan metode tafsir yang berkembang di dunia sunni, yang cenderung literal dan skriptualis. Sehingga penafsiran al-Qur’an di dunia sunni kurang memperhatikan aspek batin (esoteris) al-Qur’an, yang merupakan pesan al-Qur’an yang sebenarnya.[7]

Adapun kekurangan tafsir ini, seperti yang di jelaskan di atas, penggunaan metode takwil yang mereka pakai hanya didasarkan pada kepentingan mereka mencari justifikasi untuk mendukung pandangan madzhabnya. Akibatnya, makna al-Qur’an sering mereka selewengkan demi kepentinganmadzhab mereka. Sehingga, alih-alih mereka mencari makna batin al-Qur’an, malah makna al-Qur’an mereka selewengkan begitu jauh.

BAB III

PENUTUP

A. Kesimpulan

Al-Tibyan Fi Tafsir al-Qur'an adalah kitab tafsir yang komprehensif dari Al-Qur'an, yang mencakup semua aspek ilmu Alquran seperti yang kita kenal. Ini ditulis oleh Muhammad b. Hasan al-Tusi, umumnya dikenal sebagai al-Syaikh al-Tusi. Penulisan kitab ini di latar belakangi beliau tidak menemukan sama sekali dari sahabatnya baik orang yang mendahului atau yang sejaman, dari menulis sebuah kitab yang memuat semua tafsir qur’an tentang bidang ilmu ma’ani.

Metode yang digunakan dalam penyusunan kitab ini yaitu Menuliskan nama surat dan nama lain dari surat tersebut beserta sebab penamaannya. Menuliskan ayat setiap sebelum pembahasan. Menjelaskan tentang i’rab dari setiap ayat. Menjelaskan tentang qira’at pada setiap ayat ketika terdapat perbedaan dalam qira’at.Menjelaskan tentang lughot dari setiap ayat. Menjelaskan tentang makna alqur’an pada setiap ayat. Terkadang menjelaskan tentang penafsiran ayat. Sedangkan sistematikanya tidak jauh berbeda dengan kitab-kitab tafsir lainnya yaitu dengan menuliskan surat, ayat, kemudian penjelasan tafsir dari ayat yang akan dibahas.

B. Kritik dan Saran

Sebagaiman kita ketahui bersama, bahwa setiap apa yang dilakukan oleh manusia tidak pernah luput dari salah dan lupa, begitu pula dengan penyusunan makalah ini. Pemakalah meyakini dan menyadari bahwa dalam penyusunan makalah ini masih terdapat banyak kesalahan dan kekurangan. Untuk itu sudi kiranya kepada para pembaca sekalian untuk dapat memberikan kritik dan sarannya yang bersifat konstruktif karena kesempurnaan hanya milik Allah SWT.

Demikian makalah ini disusun, semoga dapat bermanfaat dan menambah wawasan kita dalam mengetahui kitab At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an serta dapat digunakan sebagaimana mestinya.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibnu Hassan at- tusi, At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an, Bairut,

Lebanon : Ihya’ al-Turast al-Araby.

Aceh, Abubakar Perbandingan Madzab Syi’ah. Semarang: C.V Ramadhani, 1972.

Anwar, Rosihon. Samudera al-Quran,(Bandung : CV Pustaka Setia, 200.

Faudah, Mahmud Basuni Tafsir-tafsir Alqur’an Perkenalan dengan Metodologi

Tafsir. Bandung: Penerbit Pustaka, 1987.

Mustaqim, Abdul Dinamika Sejarah Tafsir al-Qur’an. Yogyakarta: Pondok

Pesantren LSQ Ar-Rahmah, 2012.

http://www.alhassanain.com/indonesian/articles/articles/history_library/islamic_personalities/abu_jafar/001.html. Diakses pada hari minggu pukul 22:38 WIB, Tanggal 10 oktober 2015.

[1]Disusun oleh : Azkiya khikmatiar, Mulyadi, Fathur Romdhoni.

[2]Abdul Mustaqim. Dinamika Sejarah Tafsir al-Qur’an. (Yogyakarta: Pondok Pesantren LSQ Ar-Rahmah, 2012) hal. 3

[3]Abubakar Aceh. Perbandingan Madzab Syi’ah. (Searang: C.V Ramadhani, 1972) hal. 10

[4]Mahmud Basuni Faudah. Tafsir-tafsir Alqur’an Perkenalan dengan Metodologi Tafsir. (Bandung: Penerbit Pustaka, 1987) hal. 119

[5]http://www.alhassanain.com/indonesian/articles/articles/history_library/islamic_personalities/abu_jafar/001.html. Diakses pada hari minggu pukul 22:38 WIB, Tanggal 10 oktober 2015.

[6] Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibnu Hassan at- tusi, At-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an, (Bairut, Lebanon : Ihya’ al-Turast al-Araby) hal. 74

[7]Drs. Rosihon Anwar, M. Ag. Samudera al-Quran,(Bandung : CV Pustaka Setia, 2001) hlm . 209

Smoking

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 18:16:00 +0000

Smoking is a cylinder of paper a length between 70 and 120 mm (varies by state) with a diameter of about 10 mm containing tobacco leaves that have been shredded. Cigarette burned at one end and allowed to smolder so that the smoke can be inhaled through the mouth at the other end.

Cigarettes are usually sold in a box-shaped bundle or package of paper that can be incorporated easily into pockets. Since the last few years, these bundles are also generally accompanied by health messages that warn smokers of the health hazards that may result from smoking, such as lung cancer or heart attack (although in reality it is just a decoration, it is rarely adhered to).

People in the world who smoke for the first time is the Indian tribes in America, for ritual purposes such as worshiping gods or spirits. In the 16th century, when Europeans discovered the American continent, a part of the European explorers that participated try smoking cigarettes and then brought tobacco to Europe. Then the habit of smoking began to appear among the European nobility. But unlike the Indians who smoked for ritual purposes, in Europe people smoke just for the sheer enjoyment. 17th century Spanish traders entered Turkey and then the smoking habit began to enter the Islamic countries.

According to research by 51.1 percent of Indonesia are active smokers, the highest in ASEAN and is very much different than the neighboring countries, for example: Brunei Darussalam Cambodia 0.06% and 1.15%. In 2013, 43.8% of smokers come from the weak; 37.7% of smokers have only primary school diploma; farmers, fishermen and laborers covers 44.5% of active smokers. 33.4% active smokers aged between 30 and 34 years old. Good only 1.1% of women in Indonesia are active smokers, passive smokers although it certainly will be more. [1]

Has been a lot of research proving that smoking is addictive, in addition to cause many types of cancer, heart disease, respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease, adverse effects to the birth, and emphysema.

Types of cigarettes [Edit | edit source]
Cigarettes can be divided into several types. This distinction is based on cigarette packaging materials, raw materials or contents of cigarettes, cigarette-making process, and the use of filter cigarettes. Types of cigarettes are also seen its levels of nicotine and tar

Cigarettes from palm leaves
Cigarettes based packaging materials.

Klobot: cigarette packaging materials such as corn husks.
Kawung: cigarette packaging materials such as palm leaves.
Cigarettes: cigarette packaging materials such as paper.
Cigars: cigarette packaging material in the form of leaf tobacco.
Cigarette palm leaves
Cigarettes based raw materials or contents.

Cigarettes: cigarette raw materials or contents only tobacco leaves by the sauce to get the effect of a particular taste and aroma.
Clove cigarettes: cigarette raw materials or contents of tobacco leaf and cloves are given sauces to get the effect of a particular flavor and aroma.
Rheum officinale Cigarettes: cigarette raw materials or contents of tobacco leaves, cloves and incense by the sauce to get the effect of a particular flavor and aroma.
Cigarettes by the manufacturing process.

Clove Cigarettes Hand (SKT): cigarette manufacturing process by means of ground or rolled by hand using simple tools and equipment.
Clove Cigarettes Machine (SKM): the cigarette manufacturing process using a machine. Simply put, smoking material incorporated into the cigarette maker. The resulting output in the form of cigarette making machine cigarette sticks. Currently the cigarette making machine has been able to produce an output of about six thousand to eight thousand cigarettes per minute. Cigarette making machine, usually, associated with cigarette wrapping machine so that the output produced is no longer in the form of cigarettes singly but has been in the form of the pack. There is also a cigarette wrapping machine which is able to produce the output of cigarettes in the press, the press pack contains 10. Unfortunately, the machine has not been found capable of producing SKT because there are differences in diameter at base to the tip diameter SKT. At SKM, the circumference of the base of cigarettes and cigarette ends equally large circumference.
Kretek Cigarettes Machine itself can be categorized into two parts:

Kretek Cigarettes Machine Full Flavor (SKM FF): cigarettes in the manufacturing process are added aroma distinctive taste. Example: Gudang Garam International, Djarum Super and others.
Clove Cigarettes Mild Light Engines (SKM LM): cigarette machines using tar and nicotine contents are low. Cigarettes types rarely use a distinctive aroma. Example: A Mild, Clas Mild, Star Mild, Mild U, L.A. Lights, Surya Slims and others.
Cigarettes by the use of filters.

Cigarette Filters (RF): cigarette at the base there is a cork.
Non-Smoking Filter (RNF): cigarette at the base there is no cork.
Judging from the composition:

Bidis: tobacco rolled in dried temburni leaves and tied with string. Tar and carbon monoxide are higher than factory-made cigarettes. Usually found in Southeast Asia and India.
Cigar: From the fermentation of tobacco smoked, rolled tobacco leaf. Adaberbagai types are different in each country. Which is famous of Havana, Cuba.
Kretek: The mixture of tobacco with cloves or clove aroma numbness and pain affects the respiratory tract. This type is the most developed and many in Indonesia.
Tobacco directly into the mouth or chewing tobacco is also commonly used in South East Asia and India. Even 56 percent of Indian women use this type of chewing. Adalagi kind placed between the cheek and gum, and dried tobacco inhaled by the nose or mouth.
Shisha or hubbly bubbly: tobacco type of fruit or fruit flavors are sucked by the pipe from the tube. Usually used in North Africa, the Middle East, and some places in Asia. In Indonesia, shisha booming like dikafe-cafe.
The chemicals contained in cigarettes [Edit | edit source]
Here are some of the chemicals contained in cigarettes: [4]

Nicotine, the content of which makes the smoker feel relaxed.
Tar, which consists of more than 4,000 chemicals of which 60 chemicals which are carcinogenic.
Cyanide, a chemical compound containing the cyano group.
Benzene, also known as benzene, an organic chemical compound that is flammable and colorless.
Cadmium, a metal which is highly toxic and radioactive.
Methanol (wood alcohol), the simplest alcohol also known as methyl alcohol.
Acetylene, is an unsaturated chemical compound which is also the simplest alkyne hydrocarbons.
Ammonia, can be found everywhere, but it is highly toxic in combination with certain elements.
Formaldehyde, a highly toxic liquid used to preserve dead bodies.
Hydrogen cyanide, a poison used as a fumigant to kill the ants. This substance is also used as an astringent maker of plastics and pesticides.
Arsenic, the material contained in rat poison.
Carbon monoxide, the toxic chemicals found in car exhaust fumes and motorcycles.
However, only tar and nicotine were included in cigarette packs.

The dangers of smoking [Edit | edit source]
In infants
Research at Gajah Mada University School of Medicine shows that active smoking mothers have babies who are shorter than the lightest and passive smoking mothers, especially when compared with nonsmokers mothers with families who do not smoke.

Relationships babies born and smoking
Category maternal weight around (grams) Height approximately (cm)
Not a family of smokers 3300 51
Passive smoking mothers 2700 47
Mother active smokers 2500 45

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Opium

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 18:13:00 +0000

Opium is a seasonal plant that can only be cultivated in subtropical mountainous region. Plant height is only about one meter. The leaves are oblong with a serrated edge. Long-stemmed poppies and out of the end of the branch. One stalk consists of only one flower petals crowned with white, violet, with a base of white and bright red. Very beautiful poppy Papaver up to several species commonly used as an ornamental plant. Fruit opium in the form of spheres of green colored pingpong ball.

The term for opium that has been cooked and ready to suck is opium. The term is widely used among users not only as the word noun but also a verb.
Production [edit | edit source]
Fruit opium were wounded with a knife tapping will emit thick white sap. Once dried and turned brown in color, the sap is collected and sold as raw opium.

This raw opium can be processed simply to be prepared opium consumption. If the sap is extracted again, will produce morphine. Morphine is extracted further will produce heroin.

Plant opium originating from mountainous region of Southeast Europe now has spread to Afghanistan and the "golden triangle" borders of Myanmar, Thailand and Laos.

According to the United Nations, Afghanistan is currently the largest opium producer in the world with 87%. Laos is also one of the largest producers.

In Indonesia, the poppies that does not produce narcotics grown in mountainous areas such as Cipanas, Bandungan, Stone, and Ijen.

The history of opium and opium in Java [Edit | edit source]

Opium and opium in Java around 1888
Opium has been known by the Java since centuries ago, at least in the 17th century when the Dutch colonial government made the opium trade commodities important to be monopolized as well as being subject to tax.

One of 20 Javanese smoking opium, opium expert wrote Henri Louis Charles Te Mechelen in 1882, as noted in the book Opium To Java by James R.Rush. The habit of smoking opium is not just happening in the land of Java, but also in a number of areas European colonies in Asia, wrote TeMechelen who was then the Chief Inspector and Assistant Resident Regi Opium Yuwana in Central Java today.

Opium or poppy (Papaver somniferum) is not grown in Java, but imported from other regions, allegedly of Turkish and Persian. In the book written Opium To Java James R.Rush the Arab merchant mentioned opium brought in to the region, although not found other evidence that indicates since when opium began trading in Java.

Opium is an important commodity that was originally contested jointly by Britain, Denmark and the Netherlands, but then won the Dutch trade monopoly, while executing is the Chinese elite in Java.

The Netherlands through the Dutch East Indies Company (Vereenigde Ost Indische Companie / VOC) in 1677 to get an agreement with the king of Java when it Amangkurat II to enter opium to Mataram and monopolizing the opium trade in the whole country. A similar agreement in Cirebon followed a year later. Since 1619-1799 VOC can put 56,000 kg of raw opium annually to Java. And in 1820 there were 372 licensees to sell opium.

Connoisseurs of opium scattered in various circles and extends in Java, especially Central Java and East Java. At the top, opium consumption as a lifestyle, presented as a sign of honor for the guests at the home of the nobility of Java and China, but other groups also become addicted, although most of the opium consumed low quality.

They are nomads musicians, artists, theater people, itinerant merchants and artisans workers in plantations who use opium to enjoy the sensation of imaginary, knitting dreams and reduce stiffness in the body.

But in Banten and Pasundan land, the number of addicts is not great. Cultural, moral and powerful Islamic religion in society has been a fortress enclosing opium in the region.

Had an official ban on opium trade in the region and Banten close the opium trade in the early 19th century, though the black market opium can be found.

James R.Rush also wrote and smuggled opium Priangan at that time and when later the Dutch managed to open trade in the region, the number of users is much smaller when compared to Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Kediri, Madiun, Rembang, Kedu, Pasuruan, Probolinggo even Besuki residency in the former far east.

An English physician, Thomas Syndenham in 1680 once wrote, "Among all the drugs available to man above God willing, nothing semanjur and seuniversal opium to alleviate the suffering."

Clinically, morphine, until now the most superior drug for pain relief and is used as an official treatment, even though the abuse is also widespread throughout the world.

Characters opium analgesics to relieve pain no doubt cause it favored the Javanese especially considering health care facilities are inadequate, unhealthy living environment so that many diseases spread among the population, such as diarrhea, malaria, typhoid, measles, fever.

In a survey among users in 1890, many said they initially tried opium to alleviate the suffering of headaches, dysentery, asthma, common fever to malaria, tuberculosis (coughing up blood), eliminates the fatigue-lethargic even cure venereal disease.

Among the artists who have to stay up for the job, for example sinden and puppeteers, dancers, theater performers, opium is believed to make them stronger awake and stay in shape.

Had there is a presumption that the opiate can increase vitality, sexual desire and euphoria, to the extent that the poem is written in Java Suluk Gatoloco priyaji brainchild of Java controls and mystical traditions.

Tersebutlah character in the poem, Gatoloco, intangible male who fortify themselves by swallowing opium poppy and feel the power of the intoxicating it spreads throughout the body and makes all his strength back.

Increasingly widespread use of opium, the negative impact is also seen quite inclusive of the use of money large enough to shopping opium, even in the working class laborers.

However, the views of the Javanese against opium not uniform. At that time there was already a group of anti addicts struggling to combat it and taboo opium by putting a ban on "molimo" ie moral teachings that forbid men do five activities that start with M, ie Maling (stealing), Madon (main female), Drinking (alcohol), Main (gambling) and opium (smoked opium).

Surakarta ruler, King Pakubowono IV who ruled in 1788-1820 to write the correct moral teaching in a long poem Wulang Reh (teachings behave correctly).

He described the compactor as lazy and apathetic people, who just likes to sleep on the bench for smoking opium.

"Jauihi poppy: opium is not good for you all, sucking opium was not good," he wrote.

Poet Ronggowarsito assess warning Pakubowono IV of opium can be read as a commentary on the decline of moral values palace / kingdoms in Java that help accelerate political divisions and enslavement committed against the kingdom of the Netherlands.

Warning for high circles in the kingdom of the dangers of opium have been expressed regularly in literary documents. Pakubowono II instead called for a ban on opium for all his descendants.

On the Dutch side also growing ethical movement since 1880, undertaken to increase the prosperity of citizens (including indigenous). Pieter Brooshooft such as issuing Memorie calling for tax cuts on indigenous people, and projects that can advance the agricultural community.

In 1899 C.Th Deventer persuade the Dutch government to pay a debt of honor as compensation for neglect of residents in the colonies, followed by an official statement of Queen Wilhelmina in 1901 that expressed regret for the loss of well-being of the population of Java.

The years of this ethical marked by the expansion of educational opportunities for residents, and other welfare improvement efforts including regulations concerning circulation of opium.

Netherlands established a special body that is named Regi to right wrongs in the past. Since then all the affairs of opium concentrated in the capital, as well as opium factories that had spread in the area and controlled by the city producing under a wide variation of both the quality and taste, now centered in Batavia in the form of a uniform production.

Bureaucracy in the manufacture and circulation began to be applied also to anticipate its misuse, and many learned men joined the regi up at the local level.

If Opium To Java (Cornell University Press, 1990, translated Matabangsa, 2000) peeling dark days legality circulation of opium more than three centuries ago, is Alberthien Endah, a journalist today, wrote a book called "Do not Give Me the Drugs" (Gramedia Pustaka Utama , 2004) a work of fiction to remind the present generation about the threat of drugs.

In his preface Alberthien Endah presented the book it for all (young people) who mempu declared "Drugs No Way". Because drugs will not give you anything or make you become a nobody, not even going to make you see why in the world that gives so many opportunities, he wrote.

The book is the story of the actual social classics in fiction, well-established families who have lost the meaning of life as a family and children are falling prey to drugs (the rebound) and indicate a failure of the parents and the institution of drug eradication in resolving drug issues.

War (against) opium still rolling and seriousness needed to practice it in earnest.

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Cocaine or crack cocain

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 18:09:00 +0000

modern technology
Cocaine or crack cocaine is also referred to as a compound that triggers the synthesis of cell metabolism becomes very rapidly.

Cocaine is an alkaloid derived from the coca plant Erythroxylon coca, originating from South America. The leaves are chewed by the locals to get a "stimulant effect".

Cocaine is currently still used as a local anesthetic, especially for eye surgery, nose and throat, because of its effect vasokonstriksif also help. Cocaine is classified as a narcotic, along with morphine and heroina because of the addictive effects.

Alkaloid morphine

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 18:08:00 +0000

Alkaloid morphine analgesic is very strong and is the main active agent found in opium. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system to relieve pain. Morphine side effects include loss of consciousness, euphoria, drowsiness, lethargy, and blurred vision. Morfina also reduce hunger, stimulate coughing, and led to constipation. Morfina cause dependence than other substances. Morphine-dependent patients also reported to suffer from insomnia and nightmares.

The word "morphine" is derived from MORFEUS, god of dreams in Greek mythology.

Morphine (INN) (pronounced / n mɔrfi ː /) (MS Contin, MSIR, Avinza, Kadian, Oramorph, Roxanol, Kapanol) is a potential opiate analgesic drug and is considered the prototypical opioid. It was discovered in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by Friedrich Sertürner in 1817, and the first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at that time was a small chemical shop. It is more widely used after the invention of the syringe in 1857. It takes its name from the Greek God dreams Morpheus (Greek: Μορφέας).

Morphine is most contain alkaloid found in opium, the dried sap (latex), which comes from the sap of slices of raw opium seeds, or called, poppy, Papaver somniferum. Morphine is the first purification from plant sources and is one of at least containing 50 kinds of alkaloids of some kind in opium, Concentrate of Poppy Straw, and other opium derivatives.

Morphine is generally 8 to 17 percent of the dry weight of opium, although specially bred cultivars reach 26 percent or produce little morphine, below 1 percent, perhaps down to 0.04 percent. Last varieties, including 'Przemko' and Norman 'cultivar' of opium poppy, used to produce two other alkaloid, thebaine and oripavine, which is used in the manufacture of synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids such as oxycodone and etorphine and some types of drugs.

(P. bracteatum) does not contain morphine or codeine, or any other type of narcotic phenanthrene, alkaloids. This species is a source of thebaine. Occurrence of morphine in another papaverales and Papaveraceae, as well as in some types of hops and mulberry tree has not been confirmed. Morphine is produced most predominant in the life cycle of plants. Past the optimum point for the extraction, various processes in the plant produce codeine, thebaine, and in some cases negligible amounts of hydromorphone, dihydromorphine, dihydrocodeine, tetrahydrothebaine, and hydrocodone (these compounds are rather synthesized from thebaine and oripavine). The human body produces endorphines, the neuropeptides, with the same effect.

In clinical medicine, morphine is considered the gold standard, or benchmark, of analgesics used to relieve severe pain or pain and suffering. As with other opioids, such as oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet, Percodan), hydromorphone (Dilaudid, Palladone), and diacetylmorphine (heroin), morphine directly affects the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain. Morphine has a high potential for addiction, tolerance and psychological dependence develop quickly, though Physiological dependence may take several months to develop.

Heroin, or diamorphine

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 18:07:00 +0000

Heroin, or diamorphine (INN) is a type of opioid alkaloid.

Heroin is a 3.6-diacetyl derivative of morphine (that's why his name is diasetilmorfin) and synthesized by acetylation thereof. White crystalline form generally is the hydrochloride salt, diamorphine hydrochloride. Heroin can cause addiction.

marijuana (Cannabis)

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 18:05:00 +0000

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa syn. Cannabis indica) is a plant cultivation of fiber, but is better known for the content of narcotic substances in the seeds, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, tetra-hydro-cannabinol) that can make the wearer experience the euphoria (pleasure prolonged without cause). Cannabis plants are usually made into a marijuana cigarette.

This annual plant height can reach 2 meters. Leafy menjari with male and female flowers are on different plants (married two). The flowers are small in dompolan end of the branch. Marijuana grows only in tropical mountain with an altitude of over 1,000 meters above sea level.

Marijuana became a symbol of hippie culture that was once popular in the United States. It is usually denoted by the typical shape of marijuana leaves. Besides marijuana and opium is also touted as a symbol of resistance to the flow of globalism imposed capitalist countries against developing countries. In India, most of Sadhu who worship the god Shiva marijuana use derivative products to perform ritual worship by sucking hashish through the pipe Chilam / chillums, and by drinking bhang.

Since December 10, 2013, Uruguay legalize cannabis to be traded and consumed in the country.
In some countries this plant is classified as narcotics, though not proven that the wearer becomes addicted, unlike the illicit drugs other types that use synthetic materials or semi-synthetic and damage brain cells, which are already very obvious dangers for the human race. [ citation needed] among marijuana users, a variety of effects produced, mainly euphoria (elation) are redundant and a loss of concentration to think of the particular user.

Negative effects in general is that users will become lazy and the brain will slow in thinking. [Citation needed] However, it is still a matter of controversy [citation needed], because it is not fully agreed upon by some particular group that supports medical marijuana and marijuana in general. Besides claimed as a pain reliever, and treatments for specific diseases (including cancer), many are also those who claim the surge of creativity in thought and in the work (especially on the artists and musicians).

Based on recent research, it is (a surge of creativity), also influenced by the type of cannabis used. One type of marijuana that is thought to help the creativity is the result of crosses between modern "Cannabis Indica" which originated in India [citation needed] with "Cannabis sativa" of the West [citation needed]. Types of cruciferous cannabis is growing in Indonesia. [Citation needed]

The resulting effects also vary on each individual. No specific class of that feels the effects that makes them become lazy, while no group has become active, especially in creative thinking (not physically active as the effect produced methamphetamine). Ganja, until now, has never been proven as a cause of death and addiction. In fact, in the past considered as a plant remarkable, in which almost all elements to it can be used for various purposes. [Citation needed] It is quite the opposite and vary with the effects produced by drugs and alcohol, which cause users become addicted to the tortured physically, and even do violence or fraud (criminal acts) to obtain chemical medicines manmade.

In scientific research methods systematic review comparing the effectiveness of marijuana as a medicine antiemetic showed marijuana is effective as a drug antiemetic than prochlorperazine, metoclopramide, chlorpromazine, thiethylperazine, haloperidol, domperidone, or alizapride, but its use is very limited dose, because the number of patients experiencing symptoms of effects psychotropic cannabis very dangerous, such as dizziness, depression, hallucinations, paranoia, and also arterial hypotension

Utilization [Edit | edit source]
Hemp plant has been known to mankind for a long time and is used as an ingredient in the bag because it produces strong fibers. Marijuana seeds is also used as a source of oil.

However, because marijuana is also known as a source of narcotics and use it more economically valuable, more people are planting for this and in many places is misused.

In some countries growing marijuana completely banned. In some other countries, growing marijuana is allowed for the benefit of the use of the fiber. The condition is that the varieties grown should contain narcotic ingredients are very low or nonexistent.

Before there is a strict prohibition against marijuana cultivation, Aceh cannabis into components and common vegetables served.

For users, dried marijuana leaves were burned and smoked like a cigarette, and can also be smoked with a special tool called a bong bertabung.

Cultivation [edit | edit source]
This plant is found on almost every tropical country. Even some cold climate countries have also started to cultivate them in a greenhouse.

In Indonesia, marijuana illegally cultivated in the province of Aceh. Usually marijuana planted at the beginning of the rainy season, before the drought can be harvested results.

Yields cannabis leaf form below twigs and flowers and fruit in the form of small seeds. Mixed leaves, twigs, flowers, and fruit that has been dried is usually rolled into a marijuana cigarette. If the female flowers are extracted, will produce dense resin called hashish.

Pronunciation in other languages [Edit | edit source]
Another term: marijuana (English), tampee (English Jamaica), pots, maui wowie, weed, dope or green stuff (slang English), a joint, BAKS, SKAB, jame, jankry, cikmau, ngombreh, or gele ( Indonesian slang).

See also [edit | edit source]
opium
Koka

marijuana's effect on the brain, cannabinoid, shabu, pregnancy category c (fda), effects of alcohol, bhang, hallucinogens, hemp

Caffeine

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 18:01:00 +0000

Caffeine [3] [4], or more popularly, caffeine, xanthine alkaloid compound is crystalline and bitter taste that works as a psychoactive stimulant drug and a mild diuretic [5]. Caffeine was discovered by a German chemist, Friedrich Ferdinand Runge, in 1819. He coined the term "caffeine" to refer to a chemical compound in coffee. [6] caffeine also called guaranina when found in guarana, mateina when found in mate, and teina when found in tea. All these terms equally refer to the same chemical compound.

Caffeine found naturally in foods such as coffee beans, tea leaves, kola fruit, guarana, and mate. In plants, it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and off certain insects that feed on these plants. He is generally consumed by humans by extracting it from coffee beans and tea leaves.

Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant drug in humans and can expel drowsiness while. Beverages containing caffeine, such as coffee, tea, and soft drinks, are very popular. Caffeine is a psychoactive substance most widely consumed in the world. Unlike other psychoactive substances, caffeine legal and not regulated by law in most jurisdictions throughout the world. In North America, 90% of adults consume caffeine daily. [7]
Existence [Edit | edit source]

The coffee beans, the main source of caffeine
Caffeine found in many plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide. Reported that high levels of caffeine are found in the new seedlings to grow. [8] caffeine crippling and deadly certain insects that feed on these plants. [9] high levels of caffeine were also found in the soil around the seedlings of coffee beans. It is known that she acts as a barrier to other coffee seedling germination in the vicinity, thus increasing the survival rate of seedlings of coffee itself. [10]

Sources of caffeine fairly commonly used is coffee, tea, and cocoa. [11] In addition, Maté and guarana plants [12] is also sometimes used in the manufacturing of energy drinks and teas. Two alternative names caffeine, mateina and guaranina, derived from the names of two of these plants. [13] [14] Some fans mate claim that mateina is a stereoisomer of caffeine. [12] This is not true, because caffeine is a molecule achiral, so that he does not have enantiomers or stereoisomers. Impression and different effects are found in various natural caffeine sources caused by sources of caffeine also contain mixtures of other xanthine alkaloids, including theophylline which stimulate the heartbeat, theobromine, and other substances such as polyphenols. [15]

The world's main source of caffeine is coffee beans. The content of caffeine in coffee varies, depending on the type of coffee bean and the preparation method used [16]. In general, one serving of coffee contains about 40 mg (30 mL espresso arabica varieties) caffeine, up to 100 mg of caffeine to one cup (120 mL) coffee. Generally, coffee dark-roast had higher levels of caffeine use is lower because the roasting process will reduce the amount of caffeine in the seed. [17] [18] The coffee varieties of arabica generally contain high levels of caffeine less than coffee variety Robusta. [16] Coffee also contains small amounts of theophylline, but does not contain theobromine.

Tea is another source of caffeine. Although tea contains caffeine levels higher than coffee, tea is generally served in a grain levels are much lower. The content of caffeine also vary on the types of different tea leaves. Tea contains small amounts of theobromine and theophylline levels were slightly higher than the coffee. The color of tea water is not a good indicator to determine the content of caffeine. [19] For example, Japanese teas such as green tea gyokuro are paler contain far more caffeine than teas lapsang souchong darker.

Caffeine is also contained in a number of soft drinks such as cola. Soft drinks typically contain about 10 to 50 milligrams of caffeine per serving. Caffeine in these drinks derived ingredients can be derived from the drink itself ataunya of additives derived from the process dekafeinasi. Guarana, a main ingredient manufacturing of energy drinks, contains large amounts of caffeine with the amount of theobromine and theophylline were small. [20]

Chocolate is derived from cocoa beans contains a small amount of caffeine. Stimulating effect produced by chocolate comes from the combined effects of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine. [21] Chocolate contains caffeine use very little amount to result in stimulation equivalent to coffee. 28 g serving of milk chocolate bars contain high levels of caffeine equivalent to a cup of coffee that didekafeinasi.

Lately iniTemplat: Since when ?, various manufacturers started adding caffeine into their bath products (shampoo and soap), claiming that caffeine can be absorbed through the skin. [22] However, the effectiveness of such products has not been proven, because caffeine will not easily absorbed through the skin. [23]

History [edit | edit source]
An old photo of a dozen old and middle-aged men sitting on a ground around a mat. A man in front sits next to a mortar and holds a bat, ready for grinding. A man opposite to him holds a long spoon.
A coffee house in Palestine, circa 1900
Humans have consumed caffeine since the Stone Age. [24] Human ancients discovered that penguyahan seeds, twigs, and leaves of certain plants had the effects of easing fatigue, stimulating awareness, and improve mood. Caffeine effect was later found to be enhanced by menyeduhkan plant parts with hot water. Many cultures have legends about the origin of these plants.

According to one popular Chinese legend, the Chinese Emperor Shennong, who has been in power dimitoskan around 3000 BCE, accidentally discovered that when some leaves fell into boiling water, drink the fragrant and can restore power generated. [25] Shennong is also mentioned call in the work of Lu Yu, Cha Jing, the tea. [26] the history of coffee had been recorded since the 9th century. At that time, the coffee beans are only available from the original habitat alone, Ethiopia. Popular legend recounts the discovery of coffee by a goat herder named Kaldi who observed that his goats became more active and do not sleep at night after weed coffee bushes. After he tried coffee berries are eaten by goats, he also gets the same efficacy. The earliest literature that mentions the possibility of coffee is a reference to the work of a Persian Bunchum al-Razi. In 1587, Malaye Jaziri compiled a work that examines the history and legal controversies of coffee, entitled "Undat al Safwa fi hill al-Qahwa". In this work, Jaziri recorded that one Sheikh, Jamal-al-Din al-Dhabhani, mufti of Aden, was the first use of coffee in 1454, and in the 15th century, the Sufis of Yemen routinely used coffee to awaken during prayer ,

Synthesis and characteristics of caffeine [Edit | edit source]

Caffeine anhydrous (dry).
In 1819, the German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge isolated the kafeinan relatively pristine for the first time. [27] [28] According to Runge, he did so at the behest of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. [29] In 1827, OUDRY isolate "teina" of tea, [30] but was later proved by Mulder [31] and Jobst [32] that teina is a compound similar to caffeine. [29] the structure of caffeine was not solved by the end of the 19th century by Hermann Emil Fischer, who is also the person who first synthesized this compound total. [33]

All the nitrogen atom caffeine essentially planar (sp2 orbital hybridization), causes the caffeine molecule is aromatic. Because caffeine easily obtained as byproducts of the process dekafeinasi, caffeine usually not biosynthesized chemically. [34] If necessary, caffeine can be synthesized from dimetilurea and malonic acid. [35]

Metabolism and toxicity [Edit | edit source]
Caffeine molecule is 1-3-7-acid metabolite trimetilurat, paraksantina, teofillina and Theobromine with each trajectory metabolism. [36] caffeine binding of adenosine receptors in the brain. Adenosine is a nucleotide that reduce nerve cell activity when tethered to the cell. Such as adenosine, caffeine molecule is also tied to the same receptor, but the result is different. Caffeine will not slow down nerve cell activity / brain, otherwise blocking of adenosine to function. The impact resulted in increased brain activity and hormone epinephrine apart. These hormones increase heart rate, elevate blood pressure, increase the distribution of blood to the muscles, reducing the distribution of blood to the skin and internal organs, and remove glucose from the liver. Furthermore, caffeine also increases the surface of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain.

Caffeine can be removed from the brain quickly, unlike alcohol or central nervous system stimulant and will not disturb other higher mental functions and support the brain. Consumption of caffeine in a sustainable manner will cause the body to become tolerant to the presence of caffeine. Therefore, if the internal production of caffeine was dismissed (called "disengagement dependency"), the body becomes less sensitive to adenosine and cause sudden drop in blood pressure which in turn lead to headaches and other symptoms. A recent study says caffeine can reduce the risk of Parkinson's disease, but it still requires in-depth study.

Too much caffeine can cause poisoning (intoxication) caffeine (ie intoxication due to caffeine). Among the symptoms of this disease are restlessness, anxiety, insomnia, cheerfulness, flushing, frequent urination (diuresis), and the problem gastrointestial. These symptoms may occur even though only 250 mg of caffeine taken. If more than 1g caffeine consumed in a day, symptoms such as muscle spasms (muscle twitching), tangling thoughts and words, kardium arrhythmias (disturbances in heart beat) m and turmoil psychomotor (psychomotor agitation) may occur. Caffeine intoxication can also cause panic and anxiety diseases.

Although it is still safe for humans, caffeine, theophylline and theobromine (in cocoa) is more poison for some animals, such as cats and dogs because of the differences in terms of liver metabolism.

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Nikotina

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 17:58:00 +0000

Nikotina is an organic chemical compound group of alkaloids produced naturally in a variety of plants, especially ethnic eggplants (Solanaceae), such as tobacco and tomatoes. Nikotina levels of 0.3 to 5.0% of the dry weight of the tobacco comes from the biosynthesis in roots and accumulates in the leaves.

Nikotina a potential neurotoxin and is used as a raw material for various types of insecticides. At low concentrations, these substances can become addictive, especially for cigarettes. Nikotina have limited power carcinogenic inhibiting the body's ability to fight cancer cells, but nikotina not lead to the development of healthy cells into cancer cells.

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alcohol

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 17:55:00 +0000

This article contains a general term in chemistry. For the kinds of alcohol that is in alcoholic beverages, see Ethanol. For beverages containing alcohol, see Alcoholic beverages.
This article is not about liquor.

Hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule

Ball and stick models of the hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule
Alcohol is often used to refer to ethanol, which is also called grain alcohol; and sometimes for beverages containing alcohol. This is because ethanol is used as a basic ingredient in the drink, not methanol or other alcohol groups. Likewise with the alcohol used in the pharmaceutical world. Alcohol is meant ethanol. Actually alcohol in chemistry has a broader sense anymore.

In chemistry, alcohol (or alkanol) is a general term for any organic compound which has a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbon atom, which he himself bound to a hydrogen atom and / or other carbon atoms.
Structure [Edit | edit source]
The alcohol functional group is the hydroxyl group attached to the carbon sp3 hybridization. There are three main types of alcohol - 'primary' and 'secondary, and' tertiary '. These names refer to the amount of carbon that is bonded to the carbon C-OH. The simplest primary alcohol is methanol. The simplest secondary alcohol is 2-propanol, and the simplest tertiary alcohol is 2-methyl-2-propanol.

General chemical formula [Edit | edit source]
General chemical formula of alcohol is CnH2n + 1OH '

The use of [edit | edit source]
Preservatives [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can also be used as a preservative for animal collections (small size).

Automotive [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can be used as an automotive fuel. Ethanol and methanol can be made to burn cleaner than gasoline or diesel. Alcohol can be used as an antifreeze in the radiator. To add to the appearance of the internal combustion engine, methanol can be injected into the engine Turbocharger and supercharger. This will cool the air entry into the inlet pipe, providing a denser air ingress.

The names for alcohol [Edit | edit source]
Systematic name [Edit | edit source]
In the system of nomenclature IUPAC, the names of the compounds of alkanes lose the suffix "e" and replaced with "ol", eg methane to methanol and ethane to ethanol. [1] When necessary, the position of the hydroxyl group can be seen from the number in the name of alkanes and "ol": for CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol, 2-propanol to CH3CH (OH) CH3. If there is a higher functional groups (such as aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acid, then the prefix is "hydroxy", [1] for example: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH3COCH2OH). [2]

Some examples of alcohol compounds and how to name it

The use of IUPAC nomenclature used in scientific publications and required identification details on the substance of it. In another context, alcohol is usually referred to as an alkyl group coupled with the word "alcohol", for example, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Propyl alcohol can be called n-propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, depending on where the functional groups bind, bind to the first or second carbon on the propane chain.

Alohol alcohol can be classified into primary, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols, depending on how many other carbon atoms bonded to carbon atoms which also binds hydroxyl groups. Primary alcohols of the general formula RCH2OH; secondary alcohols in general formula RR'CHOH; and tertiary alcohols general formula RR'R "COH, where R, R ', and R" represents an alkyl group. Ethanol and n-propyl alcohol are examples of primary alcohols; isopropyl alcohol are examples of secondary alcohols. The use of prefixes sec- (or s-) and tert- (or t-), usually written in italics, can be used before the name to distinguish alcohol alkyl secondary and tertiary alcohols of primary alcohols. For example, isopropyl alcohol may also be called sec-propyl alcohol, and tertiary alcohols (CH3) 3COH, or 2-methyl-2-propanol can also be referred to as tert-butyl alcohol or tert-butanol.

Common name / trivial / trade [Edit | edit source]
The chemical formula IUPAC Name Common Name
alcohol monohydrate
CH3OH Methanol Alcohol timber
C2H5OH Ethanol Alcohol wheat
Rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol C3H7OH
C5H11OH Pentanol Amil alcohol
C16H33OH 1-Heksadekanol Cetil alcohol
polyhydric alcohol
C2H4 (OH) 2 1.2-etadienol Ethylene glycol
C3H5 (OH) 3 1,2,3-propatrienol Glycerol
C4H6 (OH) 4 1,2,3,4-butatetraenol erythritol
C5H7 (OH) 5 1,2,3,4,5-pentapentanol Xylitol
C6H8 (OH) 6 1,2,3,4,5,6-heksaheksanol Mannitol, Sorbitol
C7H9 (OH) 7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptaheptanol Volemitol
Unsaturated aliphatic alcohols
C3H5OH Prop-2-ene-1-ol Allyl alcohol
C10H17OH 3.7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol geraniol
C3H3OH Prop-2-in-1-ol Propargil alcohol
alcohol alicyclic
C6H6 (OH) 6 Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-geksol Inositol
C10H19OH 2 - (2-propyl) -5-methyl-cyclohexane-1-ol Menthol
Acidity [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol is a weak acid, due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen in the hydroxyl group, which enables hydrogen off easily. When near Carbon Hydroxy are electron withdrawing groups such as phenyl or halogen, then the acidity increases. Conversely, the more the driving force of electrons like a chain alkanes, acidity decreases.

Production [edit | edit source]
In industry, the alcohol produced in several ways:

By fermentation using glucose produced from sugar from the hydrolysis of starch. Alcoholic fermentation is assisted by yeasts and temperatures below 37 ° C. In addition to glucose fermentation, the process of making alcohol use can also be made by converting aukrosa with the enzyme invertase into glucose and fructose, after which glucose is converted again into ethanol by enzymes zymase.
By direct hydration using ethylene (ethylene hydration) [3] or other alkanes of the cracking process of petroleum is distilled.
Synthesis laboratories [Edit | edit source]
There are several methods exist to synthesize alcohol in the laboratory.

Substitution [Edit | edit source]
Primary alkyl halides react with NaOH or KOH will produce primary alcohol. Grignard reagents react with carbonyl groups will generate secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols. Other reactions are the Barbier reaction and the Nozaki-Hiyama reaction.

Reduction [Edit | edit source]
Aldehydes or ketones can be reduced with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride. Other reduction by aluminiumisopropilat is the reduction-Ponndorf Meerwein-Verley. Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation is the asymmetric reduction of β-keto-ester.

Applications [Edit | edit source]

Total per capita alcohol consumption is recorded, in liters of pure alcohol [4]
Alcohol has a wide variety of uses throughout the world. Alcohol is used for alcoholic beverages, fuel, and usefulness of science, medicine, and industry.

Alcoholic beverages [Edit | edit source]
Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol usually 5% to 40% by volume, has been produced and consumed since pre-history.

Antifreeze [Edit | edit source]
V mixture of 50% (by volume) of ethylene glycol in water is generally used for antifreeze.

Antiseptic [Edit | edit source]
Ethanol can be used as an antiseptic to clean the skin prior to injection, sometimes together with iodine. Soap-based ethanol is widely used in the restaurant and did not need a dryer because it is very volatile. Alcohol-based gel is also commonly used as a hand sanitizer.

Fuel [Edit | edit source]
Some alcohols, such as ethanol and methanol, used as fuel.

Solvent [Edit | edit source]
The hydroxyl group (OH), contained in alcohol, but are polar and hydrophilic carbon chain is non-polar so hydrophobic. The molecule in general becomes increasingly nonpolar and insoluble in water when the carbon chains are lengthening. [5]

Alcohol is used in industry as a solvent or reagent. Ethanol is used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals and perfume because it is relatively non-toxic and is soluble in nonpolar substance.

Methanol and ethanol [Edit | edit source]
Two simplest alcohol is methanol and ethanol (common names methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol) whose structure is as follows:

H H H
| | |
H-C-O-H H-C-C-O-H
| | |
H H H
methanol ethanol
In common terminology, "alcohol" usually is ethanol or grain alcohol. Ethanol can be made from fermented fruit or grain with yeast. Ethanol is commonly used, and was created by humans for thousands of years. Ethanol is one of the recreational drug (a drug used for fun) is the oldest and most widely used in the world. By drinking alcohol quite a lot, people get drunk. All alcohol is toxic (poisonous), but ethanol is not as toxic as the body can decompose quickly.

isopropyl alcohol (sec-propyl alcohol, propane-2-ol, 2-propanol) H3C-CH (OH) -CH3, or rubbing alcohol
ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) HO-CH2-CH2-OH, which is the main component in antifreeze
glycerin (or glycerol, propane-1,2,3-triol) HO-CH2-CH (OH) -CH2-OH bound in natural oils and fats, ie triglycerides (triacylglycerols)
Phenol is alcohol hydroxyl groups attached to the benzene ring
Alcohol is widely used in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. No more alcohol used freely, which is known in the community as methylated. Initially alcohol is freely used as fuel. However, to prevent its misuse for food or drink, then the denatured alcohol. denaturated alcohol also known as methylated spirit, that is why alcohol is known as methylated.

Toxicity [Edit | edit source]
The main article for this section are: The effects of alcohol consumption and short-term securities Long-term alcohol consumption

Some of the effects of long-term ethanol consumption. In addition, for pregnant women will lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages has been consumed by humans since prehistoric times with different objectives different uses. Consumption of alcohol in large amounts will cause a person to get high or drunk. If alcohol is consumed continuously in excessive amounts, it can cause acute respiratory failure and death. Because ethanol can eliminate consciousness, humans who consume them can do bad deeds are not realized. [6]

References [edit | edit source]
See information on
alcohol in Wiktionary.
^ A b William Reusch. "Alcohols". VirtualText of Organic Chemistry. Accessed on 2007-09-14.
^ Organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature. Alcohols Rule C-201. http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_202.htm
^ Lodgsdon J.E. (1994). "Ethanol". In Kroschwitz J.I. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 9 (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 820. ISBN 0-471-52677-0.
^ "Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004" (PDF). Accessed on 2010-11-28.
^ Alcohols, phenols, Thiols, and ethers
^ Robert S. Gable (2004). "Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances" (PDF). Addiction 99 (6): 686-696. doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x. PMID 15139867. Archived from the original version (reprint) this 2006-08-10.Artikel date lists of common terms in chemistry. For the kinds of alcohol that is in alcoholic beverages, see Ethanol. For beverages containing alcohol, see Alcoholic beverages.
This article is not about liquor.

Hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule

Ball and stick models of the hydroxyl functional group (OH) in an alcohol molecule
Alcohol is often used to refer to ethanol, which is also called grain alcohol; and sometimes for beverages containing alcohol. This is because ethanol is used as a basic ingredient in the drink, not methanol or other alcohol groups. Likewise with the alcohol used in the pharmaceutical world. Alcohol is meant ethanol. Actually alcohol in chemistry has a broader sense anymore.

In chemistry, alcohol (or alkanol) is a general term for any organic compound which has a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to a carbon atom, which he himself bound to a hydrogen atom and / or other carbon atoms.
Structure [Edit | edit source]
The alcohol functional group is the hydroxyl group attached to the carbon sp3 hybridization. There are three main types of alcohol - 'primary' and 'secondary, and' tertiary '. These names refer to the amount of carbon that is bonded to the carbon C-OH. The simplest primary alcohol is methanol. The simplest secondary alcohol is 2-propanol, and the simplest tertiary alcohol is 2-methyl-2-propanol.

General chemical formula [Edit | edit source]
General chemical formula of alcohol is CnH2n + 1OH '

The use of [edit | edit source]
Preservatives [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can also be used as a preservative for animal collections (small size).

Automotive [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol can be used as an automotive fuel. Ethanol and methanol can be made to burn cleaner than gasoline or diesel. Alcohol can be used as an antifreeze in the radiator. To add to the appearance of the internal combustion engine, methanol can be injected into the engine Turbocharger and supercharger. This will cool the air entry into the inlet pipe, providing a denser air ingress.

The names for alcohol [Edit | edit source]
Systematic name [Edit | edit source]
In the system of nomenclature IUPAC, the names of the compounds of alkanes lose the suffix "e" and replaced with "ol", eg methane to methanol and ethane to ethanol. [1] When necessary, the position of the hydroxyl group can be seen from the number in the name of alkanes and "ol": for CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol, 2-propanol to CH3CH (OH) CH3. If there is a higher functional groups (such as aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acid, then the prefix is "hydroxy", [1] for example: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH3COCH2OH). [2]

Some examples of alcohol compounds and how to name it

The use of IUPAC nomenclature used in scientific publications and required identification details on the substance of it. In another context, alcohol is usually referred to as an alkyl group coupled with the word "alcohol", for example, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Propyl alcohol can be called n-propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, depending on where the functional groups bind, bind to the first or second carbon on the propane chain.

Alohol alcohol can be classified into primary, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols, depending on how many other carbon atoms bonded to carbon atoms which also binds hydroxyl groups. Primary alcohols of the general formula RCH2OH; secondary alcohols in general formula RR'CHOH; and tertiary alcohols general formula RR'R "COH, where R, R ', and R" represents an alkyl group. Ethanol and n-propyl alcohol are examples of primary alcohols; isopropyl alcohol are examples of secondary alcohols. The use of prefixes sec- (or s-) and tert- (or t-), usually written in italics, can be used before the name to distinguish alcohol alkyl secondary and tertiary alcohols of primary alcohols. For example, isopropyl alcohol may also be called sec-propyl alcohol, and tertiary alcohols (CH3) 3COH, or 2-methyl-2-propanol can also be referred to as tert-butyl alcohol or tert-butanol.

Common name / trivial / trade [Edit | edit source]
The chemical formula IUPAC Name Common Name
alcohol monohydrate
CH3OH Methanol Alcohol timber
C2H5OH Ethanol Alcohol wheat
Rubbing alcohol Isopropyl alcohol C3H7OH
C5H11OH Pentanol Amil alcohol
C16H33OH 1-Heksadekanol Cetil alcohol
polyhydric alcohol
C2H4 (OH) 2 1.2-etadienol Ethylene glycol
C3H5 (OH) 3 1,2,3-propatrienol Glycerol
C4H6 (OH) 4 1,2,3,4-butatetraenol erythritol
C5H7 (OH) 5 1,2,3,4,5-pentapentanol Xylitol
C6H8 (OH) 6 1,2,3,4,5,6-heksaheksanol Mannitol, Sorbitol
C7H9 (OH) 7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7-heptaheptanol Volemitol
Unsaturated aliphatic alcohols
C3H5OH Prop-2-ene-1-ol Allyl alcohol
C10H17OH 3.7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol geraniol
C3H3OH Prop-2-in-1-ol Propargil alcohol
alcohol alicyclic
C6H6 (OH) 6 Cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-geksol Inositol
C10H19OH 2 - (2-propyl) -5-methyl-cyclohexane-1-ol Menthol
Acidity [Edit | edit source]
Alcohol is a weak acid, due to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen in the hydroxyl group, which enables hydrogen off easily. When near Carbon Hydroxy are electron withdrawing groups such as phenyl or halogen, then the acidity increases. Conversely, the more the driving force of electrons like a chain alkanes, acidity decreases.

Production [edit | edit source]
In industry, the alcohol produced in several ways:

By fermentation using glucose produced from sugar from the hydrolysis of starch. Alcoholic fermentation is assisted by yeasts and temperatures below 37 ° C. In addition to glucose fermentation, the process of making alcohol use can also be made by converting aukrosa with the enzyme invertase into glucose and fructose, after which glucose is converted again into ethanol by enzymes zymase.
By direct hydration using ethylene (ethylene hydration) [3] or other alkanes of the cracking process of petroleum is distilled.
Synthesis laboratories [Edit | edit source]
There are several methods exist to synthesize alcohol in the laboratory.

Substitution [Edit | edit source]
Primary alkyl halides react with NaOH or KOH will produce primary alcohol. Grignard reagents react with carbonyl groups will generate secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols. Other reactions are the Barbier reaction and the Nozaki-Hiyama reaction.

Reduction [Edit | edit source]
Aldehydes or ketones can be reduced with sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride. Other reduction by aluminiumisopropilat is the reduction-Ponndorf Meerwein-Verley. Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation is the asymmetric reduction of β-keto-ester.

Applications [Edit | edit source]

Total per capita alcohol consumption is recorded, in liters of pure alcohol [4]
Alcohol has a wide variety of uses throughout the world. Alcohol is used for alcoholic beverages, fuel, and usefulness of science, medicine, and industry.

Alcoholic beverages [Edit | edit source]
Alcoholic beverages contain ethanol usually 5% to 40% by volume, has been produced and consumed since pre-history.

Antifreeze [Edit | edit source]
V mixture of 50% (by volume) of ethylene glycol in water is generally used for antifreeze.

Antiseptic [Edit | edit source]
Ethanol can be used as an antiseptic to clean the skin prior to injection, sometimes together with iodine. Soap-based ethanol is widely used in the restaurant and did not need a dryer because it is very volatile. Alcohol-based gel is also commonly used as a hand sanitizer.

Fuel [Edit | edit source]
Some alcohols, such as ethanol and methanol, used as fuel.

Solvent [Edit | edit source]
The hydroxyl group (OH), contained in alcohol, but are polar and hydrophilic carbon chain is non-polar so hydrophobic. The molecule in general becomes increasingly nonpolar and insoluble in water when the carbon chains are lengthening. [5]

Alcohol is used in industry as a solvent or reagent. Ethanol is used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals and perfume because it is relatively non-toxic and is soluble in nonpolar substance.

Methanol and ethanol [Edit | edit source]
Two simplest alcohol is methanol and ethanol (common names methyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol) whose structure is as follows:

H H H
| | |
H-C-O-H H-C-C-O-H
| | |
H H H
methanol ethanol
In common terminology, "alcohol" usually is ethanol or grain alcohol. Ethanol can be made from fermented fruit or grain with yeast. Ethanol is commonly used, and was created by humans for thousands of years. Ethanol is one of the recreational drug (a drug used for fun) is the oldest and most widely used in the world. By drinking alcohol quite a lot, people get drunk. All alcohol is toxic (poisonous), but ethanol is not as toxic as the body can decompose quickly.

isopropyl alcohol (sec-propyl alcohol, propane-2-ol, 2-propanol) H3C-CH (OH) -CH3, or rubbing alcohol
ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) HO-CH2-CH2-OH, which is the main component in antifreeze
glycerin (or glycerol, propane-1,2,3-triol) HO-CH2-CH (OH) -CH2-OH bound in natural oils and fats, ie triglycerides (triacylglycerols)
Phenol is alcohol hydroxyl groups attached to the benzene ring
Alcohol is widely used in industry and science as reagents, solvents, and fuels. No more alcohol used freely, which is known in the community as methylated. Initially alcohol is freely used as fuel. However, to prevent its misuse for food or drink, then the denatured alcohol. denaturated alcohol also known as methylated spirit, that is why alcohol is known as methylated.

Toxicity [Edit | edit source]
The main article for this section are: The effects of alcohol consumption and short-term securities Long-term alcohol consumption

Some of the effects of long-term ethanol consumption. In addition, for pregnant women will lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
Ethanol in alcoholic beverages has been consumed by humans since prehistoric times with different objectives different uses. Consumption of alcohol in large amounts will cause a person to get high or drunk. If alcohol is consumed continuously in excessive amounts, it can cause acute respiratory failure and death. Because ethanol can eliminate consciousness, humans who consume them can do bad deeds are not realized. [6]

References [edit | edit source]
See information on
alcohol in Wiktionary.
^ A b William Reusch. "Alcohols". VirtualText of Organic Chemistry. Accessed on 2007-09-14.
^ Organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature. Alcohols Rule C-201. http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/79/r79_202.htm
^ Lodgsdon J.E. (1994). "Ethanol". In Kroschwitz J.I. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 9 (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 820. ISBN 0-471-52677-0.
^ "Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004" (PDF). Accessed on 2010-11-28.
^ Alcohols, phenols, Thiols, and ethers
^ Robert S. Gable (2004). "Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances" (PDF). Addiction 99 (6): 686-696. doi: 10.1111 / j.1360-0443.2004.00744.x. PMID 15139867. Archived from the original version (reprint) dated 2006-08-10.

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Drugs

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 17:51:00 +0000

Drugs is an abbreviation of narcotics and drug / hazardous materials. In addition to "drugs", another term that was introduced in particular by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia is a drug which is an abbreviation of narcotics, psychotropic and addictive substances.

All of these terms, whether "drug" or "drug" refers to a group of compounds generally have a risk of addiction for users. According to health experts, the drug is actually a psychotropic compounds commonly used to anesthetize patients when they want surgery or drugs for certain diseases. [Citation needed] But now the perception were misinterpreted due to the use of outside designation and proper dosage.

At this time (2015) there are 35 types of drugs consumed drug users in Indonesia from the most cheap to expensive like LSD. In the world there are 354 types of drugs. [1]

understanding
Narcotics are substances or drugs derived from plants or not a plant, either synthetic or semi-synthetic that can cause a decrease or change of consciousness, loss of pain and may lead to dependence (Act No. 35 of 2009). Narcotics are classified into three categories as set out in Appendix 1 of the law. Which includes types of narcotics are:

Papaver plant, raw opium, opium cooking (opium, opium dust, Jicingko), medicinal opium, morphine, Cocaine, ekgonina, the cannabis plant and cannabis resin.
Salts and derivatives of morphine and Cocaine, as well as mixtures and preparations containing the ingredients above.
Psychotropic substances or drugs are either natural or synthetic non-narcotics, efficacious psychoactive through selective effect on the central nervous system that causes changes in mental activity and behavior (Law 5/1997). There are four classes of psychotropic according to the law, but after the enactment of Law No. 35 of 2009 on narcotics, psychotropic then Class I and II incorporated into the class of narcotics. Thus the problem now when talking only about psychotropic substances class III and IV according to the Law No. 5/1997. Psychotropic substances that included, among others:

Sedatin (Pil BK), Rohypnol, Magadon, Valium, Mandrax, Amfetamine, Fensiklidin, Metakualon, Metifenidat, Phenobarbital, flunitrazepam, Ecstasy, Shabu-shabu, LSD (Lycergic Syntetic diethylamide) and so on.
Addictive other hazardous materials are natural materials, semi-synthetic or synthetic that can be used as a substitute for morphine or Cocaine can disrupt the central nervous system, such as:

• Alcohol-containing ethyl ethanol, inhalen / sniffing (solvent) in the form of organic matter (carbon) which produces a similar effect to that produced by alcoholic beverages or drugs Anaesthetic if the scent is inhaled. Example: glue / adhesives, acetone, ether, and so forth.
spread
Until now, the spread of drug abuse is almost unavoidable. [Citation needed] In view of almost the entire population of the world can easily obtain drugs from rogue elements who are not responsible. [Citation needed] Of course, this could make parents, community organizations, and the government is worried.

Efforts to eradicating drug was already often done [citation needed], but still less likely to avoid drugs among adolescents and adults, even children aged elementary and junior too many who fall into drug abuse. [Citation needed] Until now, efforts the most effective way to prevent drug abuse in children is family education. Parents are expected to supervise and educate their children to keep away from drug abuse.

Group Based Effects
Based on the effects on the wearer, drugs are classified as follows:

Hallucinogens, the effects of the drug can lead a person to be air-hallucinations to see a thing / object that does not exist / is not real when consumed in a few doses. For example, cocaine and LSD.
Stimulants, namely the effect of the drug can lead to the body organs like the heart and brain more quickly than usual, resulting in its more powerful and likely to make it more happy and excited for a while.
Depressants, namely the effects of drugs that can suppress the central nervous system and reduces the functional activity of the body, so that users feel at ease even asleep and unconscious. Examples of heroin.
Addictive, namely the effects of drugs that cause addiction. Someone who has been consuming drugs would normally want and want more for certain substances in drugs result in a person tend to be passive, because the drug indirectly decide the nerves in the brain. Examples: marijuana, heroin, and heroin.
If it is too long and has been drug dependency then gradually organ in the body are damaged and if it exceeds the dose so that users will overdose and eventually lead to death.
Type
Heroin, or diamorphine (INN) is a type of opioid alkaloid.
Heroin is a 3.6-diacetyl derivative of morphine (that's why his name is diasetilmorfin) and synthesized by acetylation thereof. White crystalline form generally is the hydrochloride salt, diamorphine hydrochloride. Heroin can cause addiction.

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa syn. Cannabis indica) is a plant cultivation of fiber, but is better known for the content of narcotic substances in the seeds, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, tetra-hydro-cannabinol) that can make the wearer experience the euphoria (pleasure prolonged without cause).
Marijuana became a symbol of hippie culture that was once popular in the United States. It is usually denoted by the typical shape of marijuana leaves. Besides marijuana and opium is also touted as a symbol of resistance to the flow of globalism imposed capitalist countries against developing countries. In India, most of Sadhu who worship the god Shiva marijuana use derivative products to perform ritual worship by sucking Hashish through pipes Chilam / Chillum, and by drinking Bhang.

Utilization
Marijuana
Hemp plant has been known to mankind for a long time and is used as an ingredient in the bag because it produces strong fibers. Marijuana seeds is also used as a source of oil.

However, because marijuana is also known as a source of narcotics and use it more economically valuable, more people are planting for this and in many places is misused.

In some countries growing marijuana completely banned. In some other countries, growing marijuana is allowed for the benefit of the use of the fiber. The condition is that the varieties grown should contain narcotic ingredients are very low or nonexistent.

Before there is a strict prohibition against marijuana cultivation, Aceh cannabis into components and common vegetables served.

For users, dried marijuana leaves were burned and smoked like a cigarette, and can also be smoked with a special tool called a bong bertabung.

This plant is found on almost every tropical country. Even some cold climate countries have also started to cultivate them in a greenhouse.

Morphine
Morphine is an alkaloid analgesics are very powerful and is the main active agent found in opium. Morphine acts directly on the central nervous system to relieve pain. Morphine side effects include loss of consciousness, euphoria, drowsiness, lethargy, and blurred vision. Morphine also reduce hunger, stimulate coughing, and led to constipation. Morphine dependency raises higher than other substances. Patients morphine also reportedly suffering from insomnia and nightmares.

The word "morphine" is derived from Morpheus, the god of dreams in Greek mythology.

Cocaine
Cocaine is a synthetic compound that triggers the cell's metabolism becomes very rapidly.

Cocaine is an alkaloid obtained from Erythroxylon coca plant, which comes from South America, where the leaves of this plant are usually chewed by the locals to get a "stimulant effect".

Cocaine is currently still used as a local anesthetic, especially for eye surgery, nose and throat, because of its effect vasokonstriksif also help. Cocaine is classified as a narcotic, along with morphine and heroin because of the addictive effects.

narcotics
Narcotics derived from English "narcotics" which means the drug. Narcotics is a material derived from three types of plants Papaper somniferum (Opium), Erythroxyion coca (cocaine) and cannabis sativa (marijuana) is either pure or mixed form. How it works affecting the nervous system which can make us not feel anything, even when we have been hurt even body parts. The types are:

Opium or opiates or opioids or Opium
Codeine or codeine
Methadone (MTD)
LSD or Lysergic Acid or Acid or Trips or Tabs
PC
mescalin
barbiturate
Demerol or Pethidine or Pethidina
Dektropropoksiven
Hashish (Shaped flour and black colors. He enjoyed the way inhaled or ingested. Narcotics second type is said to be rather harmless simply because it rarely leads to death)
psychotropic
Psychotropic is another material that does not contain a narcotic, an artificial substance created or modified by adjusting the chemical structure. Affect or alter the mental state and behavior of the wearer. The types are:

Ecstasy or Inex or Metamphetamines
Demerol
Speed
Angel Dust
Methamphetamine (shabu / Syabu / ICE)
Sedative-hypnotic (Benzodiazepines / BDZ), BK, Lexo, MG, Rohip, Dum
Megadon
Nipam
Psychotropic type is also often associated with the term Amphetamines, where there are two types of amphetamine MDMA (methyl dioksi methamphetamine) known as ecstasy. Another name fantacy pils, inex. Then another type is Methamphetamine who work longer than MDMA (can reach 12 hours) and the effect of a stronger hallucinations. Other names shabu, SS, ice.

addictive substances
Addictive substances are substances that can be addictive if consumed regularly. Examples include:

Alcohol
Nicotine
Caffeine
~~substance Designer~~

See also
Marijuana
Heroin
Morphine
Cocaine

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Pesantren transvestites in Yogyakarta closed, LBH

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Mon, 16 May 2016 17:47:00 +0000

Pondok Pesantren Al-Fatah transvestite in Bantul, Yogyakarta, was eventually closed by local authorities because they are not licensed and disturbing local residents.
The closure was questioned by LBH Yogyakarta, attorney of the boarding school, which votes as a form of judgment unilaterally.

The decision to close schools is made after meeting managers of boarding schools, representatives of the residents and leaders of the Islamic Jihad Front (FJI), Wednesday (24/02) night, in the office Jagalan Village Hall, Banguntapan, Bantul, Yogyakarta.
"Ponpes finally closed," said Head Banguntapan, Teak Bayubroto, Thursday (25/02), the local journalist Yaya Ulya, reporting for BBC Indonesia.
The reason, besides not having a license, the location of the boarding schools is housing transgender Shinta Ratri, which is located in the residential area.
Shinta Ratri is the homeowner once the pesantren leaders.
Pesantren was closed as well because it is considered contrary to Islamic values, said Teak. "Never found no alcohol and it became one of the reasons for objection citizens," he said.
LBH questioned closure
This accusation cash only questioned by the attorney of pesantren, namely LBH Yogyakarta.
"Regarding alcohol and all those things they have to be proved. Not necessarily on the testimony of some people who for us just made up, "said Arief Aditia Firmanto from LBH Yogyakarta.
Aditia also stated that the meeting on Wednesday evening called the agreed closure pesantren- -which is a form of judgment against Shinta Ratri.
"We ourselves are not allowed to participate," said Aditia. They ended up just watching trip the meeting.
According Aditia, there is a discrepancy between the description Shinta Ratri with some groups, particularly FJI. "There is psychological violence, we've got the tape. This (meeting) is not comparable, "he said.
Shinta Ratri, according Aditia, not given space to clarify any notion that menudutkan ponpes parties.
Whereas Shinta, further Aditia, already raising a finger to ask for permission to clarify.
residents objected
Meanwhile, Head Banguntapan region, Teak Bayubroto said it has brought together a number of parties have not agreed on the existence of transvestites ponpes.
"Let me clear and avoid misunderstanding," said Teak. One-on-one parties are invited to meet FJI. Friday (02/19) and then, the group had visited the boarding school for transvestites.
In a Wednesday meeting, further Jati, FJI only express their opinions regarding the existence of the boarding school for transvestites. "After about half an hour, they are welcome to leave the meeting," I Jati.
After that, the meeting continued with citizen representatives listened to some feedback that 'everything wants the lodge is closed'.
"All delivered there from the RT, RW, and I conclude that all the elements objection to the activities carried out by Shinta Ratri," he explained.
'No residents were disturbed'
Separately, Acting Lurah Jagalan, Eko Purwanto said besides Shinta Ratri and FJI attended the meeting on Wednesday night was also attended by officials from the District, the police chief, Danramil, KUA, some community leaders and RT, RW.
Of the total attendance, according to Eko, the majority called for boarding school closed because besides unwarranted also considered disturbing residents.
"All unanimously declared to be closed," he said.
Separately, Sholehudin, former headman Jagalan who has stepped down in April 2015, stating 'not received reports of citizens who feel disturbed over ponpes activity transvestite'.
Meanwhile, at the boarding location, Shinta Ratri not be reached for confirmation about closing his school.

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the effects of technological progress

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Sun, 15 May 2016 09:20:00 +0000

Positive Impact of Information and Communication Technology in Education
The information required to be faster and easier access to educational purposes.
Innovation in learning to grow in the presence of e-learning innovations that further facilitate the educational process.
ICT advances will also allow the development of a virtual classroom teleconference or class-based that does not require educators and learners are in one room.
Administration system in educational institutions will be easier and smoother for implementation of ICT systems.
The advent of the mass media, particularly the electronic media as a source of knowledge and education center.

The emergence of new teaching methods, which allows students and teachers in the learning process. With advances in technology create new methods that enable the pupils to understand the material that is abstract, because the material can be made with the help of abstract technology.
Learning system does not have to go through face-to-face. With the technological advances the learning process does not have to bring together students and teachers, but also be able to use postal services, internet and others.
Reduce the lag in the use of ICT in education compared to developing countries and other developed countries.
Improving the quality of human resources through the development and utilization of information and communication technology.
ICT as a decision support system in education. Master increase their competence in various fields of science and profile educational institutions recognized by the Government.
Sharing the results of research, research published in the internet will be easily used by others around the world quickly.
Consultation with experts, consultation of experts in the field of invitations can be done easily even if the experts are very much in place.
Online libraries, online libraries are libraries in digital form.
Online discussions. Discussions online discussion is done through the internet.
Online classes. Applications online classes can be used for the institutions of distance education, such as universities and schools open. "Computer Aided Instruction" has seen a slight increase student performance on multiple choice, standardized testing in some areas. Computer-aided (or assisted) Instruction (CAI), which generally refers to the students' self-learning or tutorial on a PC, has been shown to slightly improve student test scores in reading and math skills or other subjects, although whether this increase correlated with a significant increase in student learning.
ICTs are used in different school subjects. The use of ICT for simulation and modeling in science and mathematics has been proven to be effective, because it has the word processing software and communication (e-mail) in the development of language and communication skills.
Access outside of school affects the confidence of users. Students who use computers at home also use the computers at school more often and more confident than students who do not have access in their homes.
Negative Impact of Information and Communication Technology in Education
There is a huge cost involved between poor students and education that could end up being a loss. It is often referred to as the digital divide factor. Some of the negative effects of the da Information Communication Technology in education, among others:
IT advancement will further facilitate violations of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) for easy access to the data that caused the plagiatis will commit fraud.
Although the system of administration of an educational institution such as a system without loopholes, but if there is carelessness in running the system would be fatal.
One of the negative impact of television is to train children to think short and survive concentrate in a short time (short-term concern).
The test program is increasingly threatened the confidentiality of intelligence tests such as Raven test, aptitude test Differential accessible through compact disk. Implications and problems existing psychological tests will be easy to leak, and the development of psychological tests must race against the leakage rate through the internet.
Abuse of knowledge for certain people to commit criminal acts. We know that progress in the field of education also scored high generation of e-book knowledge but morale is low. For example, with computer science is high then people will try to break through the banking system and others.
Does not make IT as a medium or a means only in learning, for example, we are not only downloading, but still buy printed books, digital library not only visit, but also still visit the library.
Consider the use of IT in education, especially for children who are still in control while making learning with IT. Analysis of the pros and cons of using.
Students and sometimes teachers, can be addictive aspects of the technology, not the content of the lessons. Just because the topic can be taught through IT, it does not mean that it is taught effectively through IT. Even if the subject can be taught effectively through IT, and there is money available, it does not mean that there is always a benefit to it. There is much research or studies conducted to look and see if the use of ICT can improve learning.
Need for a clear purpose. IT is seen as less effective (or ineffective) when the intended use is not clear. As for using the Internet to find pornographic video while using a computer at school.

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Technology for Human Life

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Sun, 15 May 2016 09:16:00 +0000

Technology for Human Life
1. Development of Technology According to the Experts
Nana Syaodih S. (1997: 67) states that in fact since the first human technology already exists or is already using the technology. If humans in ancient times solved hazelnut with stones or cut the fruit with a pole, in fact they are already using the technology, the technology is simple.
Related to technology, Anglin defines technology as the application of the behavioral sciences and other natural and applying knowledge and menyistem to solve the problem. Other experts, Kast & Rosenweig expressed Technology is the art of utilizing scientific knowledge. While Iskandar Alisyahbana (1980: 1) formulate a more clear and complete definition of technology is a way to do something to meet human needs with the help of tools and a sense that seemed to extend, reinforce, or create more powerful members of the body, the five senses, and the human brain ,

According to Iskandar Alisyahbana (1980) Technology has been known to man since millions of years ago because of the urge to live a more comfortable, more prosperous and more prosperous. So since the beginning of civilization actually existing technology, although the term "technology has not been used. The term "technology" is derived from "techne" or ways and "logos" or knowledge. So the technology can be interpreted literally knowledge on how.
Understanding the technology itself thinks is the way of doing things to meet human needs with the aid of reason and tools, so it seemed to lengthen, strengthen or create more powerful members of the body, the senses and the human brain.
Meanwhile, according to Jaques Ellul (1967: 1967 xxv) gives the meaning of the technology as a whole "method that is rationally lead and has a characteristic efficiency in every field of human activity.
2. Definition technology in general
process that increases the added value
products used in and produced to facilitate and improve performance
Structure or system in which the process and the product and used it dikembamngkan
Advances in technology is something we can not avoid in this life, because of technological advances will be run in accordance with kemajuan science. Each innovation was created to provide positive benefits to human life. Provide a lot of convenience, as well as a new way to human activity. Specialized in the field of technology people already enjoy many benefits brought by innovations that have been produced in the last decade. However, although it was originally created to generate positive benefits, on the other hand also allows the use of negative things.
Therefore, in this paper we make an impact-positive and negative effects of technological advances in human life Some understanding of the above it appears that human life can not be separated from their technology. That is, that the technology is a whole way of rationally leads to the characteristic efficiency in every human activity.
Technological development occurs when someone uses tools and wits to solve any problems that it faces. For example, it can be argued expert opinion world technology to the development of technology.
According B.J. Habiebie (1983: 14) there were eight vehicle for the transformation of the priority development of technology, especially the technology industry, namely 1) aircraft, (2) the maritime and shipping, (3) transport, (4) electronics and communications, (5) energy , (6) engineering, (7) tools and agricultural machinery, and (8) of defense and security.
3. Positive and negative impacts due to the development of Internet technology
Below will be explained the impact-positive or negative impact on the use of the Internet:
Positive impact
a) Internet as a medium of communication is a function of the Internet's most widely used where any internet user can communicate with other users from around the world.
b) Media data exchange using email, newsgroups, ftp and www (world wide web - a network web sites) of Internet users around the world can exchange information quickly and cheaply.
c) Media seeking information or data rapid development of Internet, making www as one important source of information and accurate.
d) Ease of getting information on the internet so that we know what happened.
e) Can be used as a land information for education, culture, and others.
f) Ease of transacting and doing business in the fields of trade, so no need to go to the place offering / sale.
Negative impact
a) Pornography assumption to say that the Internet is synonymous with pornography, is not wrong. With the ability to deliver information that is owned by the Internet, pornography was widespread.
b) Fraud This case is rampant in any field. Internet was not immune from attack fraudsters.
c) Could make a person addicted, especially those involving pornography and can spend the money because it is only to serve the addiction. So the Internet depends on the wearer how the way they use the technology, but should there should be limitations and norms must uphold even if contact with the Internet or in cyberspace.
4. The benefits of Information and Communication Technologies in Everyday Life
Information and Communication Technology development is so fast that indirectly require people to use it in all its activities Some of the application of Information and Communication Technology, among others:
Application of Information and Communication Technology in the Company
Application of Information and Communication Technology is widely used by business travelers. Needs time and cost efficiency led to every business feels the need to apply information technology in the work environment.
Application of Information and Communication Technology in the Business World
In the business world of Information and Communication Technology used for electronic commerce or known as E-Commerce. E-Commerce is a trade using the internet communication network.
Application of Information and Communication Technology in Banking
In the banking world of Information and Communication Technology is the application of banking transactions via the Internet, known as Internet Banking.
Application of Information and Communication Technologyin Education learning technology continues to develop seirng the times. In the implementation of daily learning Papers Information and Communication Technology is often encountered combination of audio technology / data, video / data, audio / video, and internet. Internet is a communication tool that is cost which allows the interaction between two or more people.
Application of Information and Communication Technology in Health
System-based smart card (smart card) can be used to determine the medical interpreter medical history of patients who come to the hospital because the card of medical interpreter can know the patient's medical history.

CONCLUSION
In order to prepare qualified human resources in entering kesejagadan era, which is marked with a loaded technology, one of the components of education that needs to be developed is a curriculum based on technology education in the basic education level.
Materials of this study is the learning material that refers to the fields of science and technology where learners are given the opportunity to discuss issues of technology and society, understand and deal with technology products, makes the equipment simple technology through the activities of designing and making, and understand the technology and the environment.
Capabilities like to solve problems, think of alternatives, assess for themselves the results of his work can be dibelajarkan through technology education. To that end, the learning technology education should be based on the four pillars of the learning process, namely: learning to know, learning to do, learning to be and learning to live together.
To complement the intelligence of science students, it is also necessary alignment with the teaching of science and technology teaching IMTAQ. Thus forming a human-human intelligent and moral that can produce a variety of technologies that benefit mankind.
For today's society, science and technology has been a religion. Science and technology development is considered as the solution of the existing problems. While people even adore science and technology as a liberator who would free them from the shackles of mortality world. Science believed would give mankind the health, happiness and immortality.
Science and technology contribution to civilization and human welfare can not be denied. But man can not deceive ourselves also to the fact that science and technology wreak havoc and misery for mankind. In modern civilization that young man too often stunned by the disillusionment of the negative impact of science and technology on the lives of human beings.
Even if science is able to uncover all the secret veil of nature and life, does not mean that science is synonymous with truth. Because science and technology are only able to show the reality. Truth must be more humane than objective reality. Truth must also include the element of fairness. Of course, science does not recognize human moral, therefore, science can never be a standard of truth or the solution of the problems of humanity

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HISTORY AND IN THE PROPHETS

noreply@blogger.com (Kitrand.id) — Fri, 29 Apr 2016 09:37:00 +0000

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
TAJWID A. HISTORY AND IN THE PROPHETS qira'at
Prophet Muhammad recite the Quran to his Ubay ibn Ka'b at God's command to teach and demonstrate the correct way to read, places waqof and form songs. This was deemed necessary because the Shari'ah has restricted songs that can be used when reading the Qur'an. For the use of the song in reading the Qur'an can affect the psyche of a person who read it. Science recitation various terms that are inside theoretically it is written not recovered in The Prophet. The Prophet himself instructed to read the Quran with Tajweed and hymn as referred to in paragraph 4, Surah al-Muzammil:

ورتل القرآن ترتيلا ......

"... ..Bacalah Quran with tartil (slowly)." Then he saw these verses teach to their friends and reading pornographic.

Sayyidina Ali R.A. When asked about whether the purpose of reading the Quran for tartil it?, he said, "is a reference to smarten reading or pronouncing each letter and stopped at the right place".
This shows that the reading of the Quran is not a scientific result of Ijtihad (fatwa) scholars are processed based on the arguments from the Qur'an and Sunnah, but the reading of the Quran is that which he (pulled right) through the history of source the original pronunciation and recitation of the Holy Prophet.
When Islam spread its wings all over the world, and those non-Arab converts to Islam in droves, while it began to appear in the engineering problem reading the Koran. Their tongue difficult to pronounce the letter "Dhad" which apparently never existed in all human languages. Up Arabic language is also known as "Dhad".
So we need a discipline of its own on how to read the Qur'an properly, according to the articulation of each letter and its properties. And how melafadzkannya, reading it from the Mushaf and so on. At the time of the Prophet Muhammad, who is still sound too simple writings. If not the Arabs, it is impossible that anyone can read it. Knowledge is referred to as the science of recitation which serves to explain how to read and smarten reading the Koran. Based on this fact historian scholars formulate an assumption that the principal purpose of studying recitation is keeping the tongue of confusion in the study of the Koran.
About qira'at, Qira'at is the knowledge to know the sentences of the Koran and the difference, and follow the path that connect (muttashil) to the Prophet. In a hadith narrated by Imam Bukhari of Umar bin Khattab that Umar said that at one point had caught Hisham bin Hakim reciting Surat Al-Furqan not the same as reading a note Umar. He almost acted Hisham - because they have read the Qur'an incorrectly - but then he let it through to completion. After the Caliph Omar Hisham asked the Messenger. Arriving in front of Umar explained everything. The Prophet then asked Hisham Al-Furqan recited. Hisham was repeated reading. The Prophet then said; "This is how the Qur'an was revealed. Indeed, the Qur'an was revealed on seven letters. Read the readings from the Koran." This hadith shows that the Prophet himself taught some reading to his friends. However, it is not a difference of principle to reading can change the meaning of the Qur'an. From then appear readings of the priests who narrated from the Companions and Successors. In this case, there are at least seven priests competent and very popular among members qira'ah. Even seven priests reading is circulated throughout the world.
B. TAJWID HISTORY AFTER THE PROPHET AND FRIENDS
When Islam spread its wings all over the world, and those non-Arab converts to Islam in droves, start-up problem in reading the Koran. Their tongue difficult to pronounce the letters in the Qur'an. For example the letter 'Dhad' that does not exist in all human languages. Up Arabic language is also known as 'Dhad'.
So we need a discipline of its own on how to read the Qur'an properly, according to the articulation of each letter and its properties. Also how melafadzkannya, reading it from the Mushaf and so on. Because at the time of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam Manuscripts that are still too simple writings. If it was not the Arabs, it is impossible that anyone can read it. Science is called science of recitation which serves to explain how to read and smarten reading the Koran. Based on the fact that historians formulate an assumption that the main goal of this study is to keep the tongue Recitation of confusion in the study of the Koran.
R.a friends are those who trust in reading bequeath to the next generation of Muslims. They will not add or subtract what they have learned it, because they fear high to God and so is the generation after them. The development was started by the recitation of the Prophet Muhammad, the Prophet received revelation from Jibril was with bertajwid, just at the moment it does not emphasize the law in detail and recorded. People began to be recorded this knowledge is'Azim Imam Abu Al-Qasim bin Salam Abid on the 3rd Hijri century.
Scientists also said the development of science history at the time of the Prophet recitation along with the other sciences. Even so, the law relating to the law nun Vegas, meme Vegas, mad, endowment and others yet to be named and recorded.
In the history of Islam, called seubt name Abul-Aswad Ad-Du'ali who contributed in making vowel (a row) in the Qur'an Manuscripts. Also make stop signs in reading (endowment). He was included in the ranks tabi'in, namely one layer generation after the Companions of the Prophet. Mentioned that he did it on the orders of Ali bin Abi Talib. After that, the scholars of Islam from all over the country compete to accomplish what he was a pioneer. Finally, a more complete knowledge of recitation until now I ni.
What counts as science writing Recitation of the earliest onset of consciousness is when the need for Uthmani manuscripts written by Uthman was placed dots and rows of each letter and word. This movement was led by Abu Aswad Ad-dual and Al-Khalil bin Ahmad Al-Farahidi, when at the time of the Caliph of the Muslims have a duty to do so when Muslims make a mistake in reading.

      This is because during Uthman Quran Mushaf completed in six or seven, he was leaving the dots letters and rows because of the breadth of his companions and tabi'in at that time to read them as they were taken from Prophet accordance with lahjah (dialect) Arabs are manifold. But after growing prevalence of Islam to all Arab lands and the fall of Rome and Persia to the Muslims at first and second year of Hijrah, the Arabic language began to mix with the inhabitants of the conquered Muslims. This has caused a lot of errors in the use of the Arabic language as well as reading the Quran. Then al-Quran Mushaf Uthmani has labored to avoid mistakes in reading with the addition of lines and dots on the letters of Authorship science Qiraat earliest agree what researchers know is what has been collected by Abu 'Ubaid Al-Qasim Ibn Salam in his book "Al-Qiraat" in the 3rd century AH. But some say what has been prepared by Abu 'Umar Hafs Ad-Duri in science Qiraat is earlier. In the 4th century Hijra, birth Ibn Mujahid Al-Baghdadi in his essay "Kitabus sab'ah", where he was the first to isolate qiraat compatible with seven priests and seven manuscripts Uthmani difference of seven texts all the time Recitation of the composition of the earliest, perhaps writing Mazahim Abu Al-Haqani in Qasidah (poetry) Recitation science at the end of the 3rd century AH is leading. After the birth of the scholars who appeared preserve both this knowledge with their works from time to time as Abu 'Amr Ad-Dani in his book At-Taysir, Imam Ash-Syatibi Tahani with his book "Hirzul Amani wa Wajhut Tahani" that the pillar of essays figures of its contemporaries and that after them. But it is clear from their writings and science is the science of Tajweed always Qiraat hand, written in a book without separate discussion.
The birth was a figure of great importance in the science of Tajweed and Qiraat the Imam (scholar) who is known as Ibn al-Jazari the essay he praises the "An-SYR", "Toyyibatun SYR" and "Ad-Durratul Mudhiyyah" said Qiraat science is ten as a complement to what the Imam ash-Syatibi in his book "Hirzul Amani" as Qiraat seven. Imam Al-Jazari also wrote a separate essay Recitation of science in his book "At-Tamhid" and his more famous poems as "Matan Al-Jazariah". Imam Al-Jazari have left writings so much with reading once that subsequently an example and guide for essays science and Qiraat Recitation and reading the Quran to this day.
      Scholars of Islam from an early age have devoted great attention to the maintenance of Al Quran in order to avoid daridistorsi, either reading or makna.Diantara their efforts is to describe the nature of the sound articulation and sound Al quran with great detail, the description above of other scientists until now Al Quran .Von the sound they popularized under the name of science and science qiraat recitation.
      Arab linguists are not left in the assessment bunyi.Khalil bin Ahmad compiled a dictionary of Arabic, Al'ain, whose entries were compiled based on sound articulation furthest in tenggorokan.Penentuan mkhraj as a reference preparation insert dictionary entries sense that science has popular sound of that time.
       Khalil bin Ahmad this effort continued and developed by his Sibaweih to compile a book called Al-Chapter 4 jilid.Dalam consisting of four volumes to make it a special chapter on noise and named it the chapter Al-Idghom.
       On the other hand Ibn Jinni (d. 392H) in his book, al-Sirr Al'i'rab Shina'at, introduced the organ of speech; articulation; properties of sound; long and short vocal; and various sound phenomena, such as thin and thick qolqolah. this all shows that Arab linguist also has a great share in producing knowledge bunyi.Ilmu this is pure creativity of Arab scholars, not the adoption of greek scientists, as alleged in some quarters.
        Qiraat tajwid knowledge and science as well as the knowledge that the first born after the birth of Islam, namely the third century Hijri when Abu Ubaid Al-Qasim bin Salam (d. 224H) launched his book Al'Qiraat.Kemudian followed by Musa bin Abdullah bin Yahya Al Haqani with group launched a poem called Qashidah Al-Haqoniyyah containing Al Quran noise sound.
       Haqani few centuries after Christ's death, the attention of scholars to the knowledge of recitation is besar.Hal is characterized by the many books that diluncurkan.Setelah it, science does not get the attention of linguists and sticking their attention back later.
Lack of attention of scholars in developing science and science tajwid qiraat most likely is because of the sacredness of its objects, namely Al Quran.Kitab this sacred authenticity is guaranteed and can not be amended to change so that change seemed like a recitation of the Holy Qur'an change.
      Stagnation experienced tajwid knowledge and science qiraat for decades, making the science behind this experience compared with other sound science, especially if linked to technological means informasi.Oleh Therefore, updating knowledge and science qiraat recitation is a necessity for the preservation of both these sciences ,
      In addition to updating material, this book also intends to streamline the relationship between general phonetic knowledge with science and science qiraat recitation that seemed contrary.
C. WORKS IN THE BEGINNING OF SCIENCE TAJWID
At the time of the prophet tajwid existing knowledge as mentioned in the Qur'an ورتل القرآن ترتيلا ""
It means: "read the Qur'an with risque" (Surah Al Muzammil 73: 4)
It shows that the science of recitation was available at the time of the prophet, but not booming like in the days after the prophet, this development can be seen from the many works of art of recitation developed by scholars either still be sya'ir or have become book form. Among the scholars was Abu Muzahim Al Haqani (died 325H) he was the first to invent the science of recitation. His contribution is in the form sya'ir consisting of 51 bytes. But from verses he sya'ir it becomes a reference for scholars of recitation after his time. In sya'irnya that he did not mention the science of recitation with "al tajwid", but with "husnu al dā'ī" which means the same as al recitation that would enhance reading. Next Sheik Sa'id Ali bin Ja'far (died 410 h) authored the book "al Tanbih ala al Lahni al jaliyi wa al Lahni al khafiyi" that explains the error in reading the Qur'an, on the other hand, he also authored the book deviation al qurra 'i fi al old wa al nuni ". after him-he died emerges more scholars who also studied recitation with books written by them, namely Makiy bin Abi Talib Al Qisiy (died 437 h) to book his essay" al ri'ayatu litajwidi al qira'ati tahqiqi lafdhi wa al Nilawati ". Then the sheik Al danniy (died 444 h) authored the book" al tahdidu fi al itqani wa al Recitation. "Sheikh Al danniy also explain recitation mensyarahi bait syi'ir of sheik Abu Muzahim Al Haqani in his book entitled "Syarhu qasidati abi Muzahim al haqani". And the sheik Abu Al Fadl Al Razi (died 454 h) compose the book discusses the science of recitation, then Sheik Abdulwahab al Qurtubi (died 462 h) book entitled "al maudhihu fi al tajweed". Then in 751 h of birth is sheik Ibn al-Jazari (died 833 H), he is most famous ulama'yang that has a lot of writing in the science of recitation, essay, he is not only a book but there is also a form syi'ir namely " thoyibatu al nasyri ". Syiir consists of 107 bytes to discuss recitation. Besides nadhom imam Ibn al-Jazari also authored many books in the science of recitation of "al nasyru fil qiro'at al asyri", "taqribu al nasyri", "al durrotu al mudhiyatu fil Qiro'ati al dilation al mardhiyati", "takhyiru al taisir "," ghoyatu al maharoti fil ziyadati ala al asyarati "," mandhumatu al muqoddimati "(a nadhom)," al tamhīdan fi ilmi al Recitation "," ghoyatu al nihayati fi thibaqati al qura'i "," munjidu al muqri'ina ". Also in science essay recitation imam Ibn Jazari also has another essay in the science of hadith and fiqh.

Bibliography:
Salim, Shafwat Mahmud (2011). Fathu rabbi al Bariyyah Syarhu al muqoddimati al jazariyati. Jiddah: Maktabat / u rawa'i'il mamlukati

CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
A. Conclusions
Qiraat tajwid knowledge and science is one of the first born after the birth of Islam, which is the third Hijri century due to several differences of opinion among the companions in reading the Koran and the law contained therein, such as how to stop and start (waqof wal reflexion), points out the letter (makhroj), the nature of the letter, and so on.
Tajwid knowledge and science qiro'at is basically prepared to facilitate people learn the Qur'an and avoid mistakes or errors in melafadzkannya tongue. In accordance with the initial objective is "al-itsyaanu jayyid bill" would bring advantages.