Morhaf Barmo Blog

Sustainability definition: scientific & simple

2015-06-05T15:28:00.001-07:00

Learn about sustainability for free with short animation video!

Sustainability easily explained (explainity® explainer video)

2015-06-05T15:15:00.001-07:00

Sustainability easily explained (explainity® explainer video)

We often hear the words 'sustainable' and 'sustainability' in our daily lives. But what does sustainability mean? And why is it so important? explainity tries to shed some light on these questions.

Writing the Thesis

2015-05-30T16:34:00.001-07:00

How to Type, it can get done fast if you learn how to control the keys efficiently.

2015-05-15T16:58:00.001-07:00

Whether you need to type a resume, a letter, or a bibliography, it can get done fast if you learn how to control the keys efficiently.

Step 1: Position your fingers on the keys Position your fingers on the keyboard. Put your left little finger on the "A" and your right little finger on the semicolon. Lay your fingers one at a time on each consecutive key and place your thumbs on the space bar. Tip The F and J keys on most keyboards have small bumps to easily identify where your two pointer fingers should stay without having to look down.

Step 2: Learn the left hand keys Learn what fingers control which keys. The left index finger controls the F, G, R, T, 4, 5, V, and B. The left middle finger controls the D, E, 3, and C. The left ring finger controls the S, W, 2, and x. The left little finger controls the A, Q, 1, Z, and shift.

Step 3: Learn the right hand keys Learn what keys the fingers on the right hand type. The fingers on the right hand control the same pattern of keys as you learned on the left side.

Step 4: Use your thumb Press the space bar with your right thumb.

Step 5: Master the shift keys Master the shift keys with your little fingers. Press the shift key while simultaneously pressing the letter of choice to type a capital letter. If the letter is pressed by the right hand, use the left shift key, and vice versa.

Step 6: Sit up straight Sit up straight with both feet on the floor. Position your chair and keyboard so your arms are at a 90 degree angle and are parallel to your legs. Keep your elbows next to your body and your head straight. Tip Try not to look down at the keys.

Step 7: Practice Practice typing. You can learn for free online by visiting websites with touch typing tutorials. Learning the art of typing will save you tons of time over the hunt and peck method. Did You Know? The letters on old typewriters used to be listed alphabetically. In the late 1800s,
Christopher Latham Sholes rearranged the keys to prevent jamming.

Visit: http://www.typing.com/

and learn from this Video

source: [1] [2]

Why to stop using the comic Social networks, and to use useful ones.

2015-05-13T17:04:00.002-07:00

Why to stop using the comic Social networks, and to use useful ones.

Social networks have been found, in order to facilitate the communication of individuals in the virtual world, but what happened, that a lot of publishers and followers, deviated from useful and effective communicating , and turned them into a place for fun and wasting time.

But in the other side, there are types of Social networks, offers its user a lot of interest and saves his time, and if it were not achieved a high degree, but remain much better than those that waste your time and sell your data.

And the reasons why it is important to leave them and use useful ones are:
- The large number of fake accounts, that you allow them to harass you.
- Copies of identity, the error in the preparation of privacy and the possibility of penetration or virus infection, a tool of deception.
- Wasting time and sometimes addictive.
- The lack of value of the information presented.
- Share their information could harm your Self-interest.
- Difficulty in the privacy settings at the site promising to be for communication.
- The limited communication and presentation between you and the publisher, the reader, in order to force you to pay for advertising.
- There is no substitute for actual social communication.
- All useful features for users may be used to hurt the user.
- The presence of (cookies), which studies what you browse and behave with you on this basis.

And I advise you with my experience, to try to quit using them with a strong will, as it is not easy, but also is not impossible, if you went back to use them for the second time, you'll be able to dismiss your use of them, because of your bookmarking a way with the most important and more useful, and it will be noted afterwards, how your life will move from illusion to the actual reality.

By Morhaf Barmo

Lesson 1 - Part B: The Arabic alphabet , Numbers from 1 to 10, Notable Features.

2015-04-07T19:53:00.000-07:00

Lesson 1 - Part B

Arabic alphabet

Arabic

"The Arabic alphabet (Arabic: الأَبْجَدِيَّة العَرَبِيَّة‎ al-abjadīyah al-ʻarabīyah or الحُرُوف العَرَبِيَّة al-ḥurūf al-ʻarabīyah) or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right to left, in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters. Because letters usually^[1] stand for consonants, it is classified as an abjad" [2].

"The Arabic script evolved from the Nabataean Aramaic script. It has been used since the 4th century AD, but the earliest document, an inscription in Arabic, Syriac and Greek, dates from 512 AD. The Aramaic language has fewer consonants than Arabic, so during the 7th century new Arabic letters were created by adding dots to existing letters in order to avoid ambiguities. Further diacritics indicating short vowels were introduced, but are only generally used to ensure the Qur'an was read aloud without mistakes.

Modern Standard Arabic (اللغة العربية الفصحى / al-luġatu l-ʿarabiyyatu l-fuṣḥā) - the universal language of the Arabic-speaking world which is understood by all Arabic speakers. It is the language of the vast majority of written material and of formal TV shows, lectures, etc"[1].

Notable Features [1]

Type of writing system: abjad

Direction of writing: words are written in horizontal lines from right to left, numerals are written from left to right

Number of letters: 28 (in Arabic) - some additional letters are used in Arabic when writing placenames or foreign words containing sounds which do not occur in Standard Arabic, such as /p/ or /g/. Additional letters are used when writing other languages.

Used to write: Arabic, Arabic (Algerian), Arabic (Egyptian), Arabic (Lebanese), Arabic (Modern Standard), Arabic (Moroccan), Arabic (Syrian), Äynu, Azeri, Baluchi, Beja, Bosnian, Brahui, Chechen, Crimean Tatar, Dari, Gilaki, Hausa, Kabyle, Karakalpak, Konkani, Kashmiri, Kazakh, Khowar, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Malay, Marwari, Mandekan, Mazandarani, Morisco, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Salar, Saraiki, Shabaki, Shughni, Sindhi, Somali, Tatar, Tausūg, Turkish, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Wakhi and a number of other languages

Most letters change form depending on whether they appear at the beginning, middle or end of a word, or on their own. (see below)

Letters that can be joined are always joined in both hand-written and printed Arabic. The only exceptions to this rule are crossword puzzles and signs in which the script is written vertically.

The long vowels /a:/, /i:/ and /u:/ are represented by the letters 'alif, yā' and wāw respectively.

Vowel diacritics, which are used to mark short vowels, and other special symbols appear only in the Qur'an. They are also used, though with less consistency, in other religious texts, in classical poetry, in books for children and foreign learners, and occasionally in complex texts to avoid ambiguity. Sometimes the diacritics are used for decorative purposes in book titles, letterheads, nameplates, etc.

Languages written with the Arabic script Arabic (Algerian), Arabic (Egyptian), Arabic (Lebanese), Arabic (Modern Standard), Arabic (Moroccan), Arabic (Syrian), Äynu, Azeri, Baluchi, Beja, Bosnian, Brahui, Chechen, Crimean Tatar, Dari, Gilaki, Hausa, Kabyle, Karakalpak, Konkani, Kashmiri, Kazakh, Khowar, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Malay, Marwari, Mandekan, Mazandarani, Morisco, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Salar, Saraiki, Shabaki, Shughni, Sindhi, Somali, Tatar, Tausūg, Turkish, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Wakhi

Arabic script [1]

Arabic consonants

The transliteration of consonants used above is the ISO version of 1984. There are various other ways of transliterating Arabic.

This chart shows how the letters change in different positions

Arabic vowel diacritics and other symbols [1]

Arabic numerals and numbers [1]

These numerals are those used when writing Arabic and are written from left to right. In Arabic they are known as "Indian numbers" (أرقام هندية arqa-m hindiyyah). The term 'Arabic numerals' is also used to refer to 1, 2, 3, etc.

The Arabic Language [1]

Arabic is a Semitic language with about 221 million speakers in Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Chad, Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Oman, Palestinian West Bank & Gaza, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, Uzbekistan and Yemen.
There are over 30 different varieties of colloquial Arabic which include:

Egyptian - spoken by about 50 million people in Egypt and perhaps the most widely understood variety, thanks to the popularity of Egyptian-made films and TV shows
Algerian - spoken by about 22 million people in Algeria
Moroccan/Maghrebi - spoken in Morocco by about 19.5 million people
Sudanese - spoken in Sudan by about 19 million people
Saidi - spoken by about 19 million people in Egypt
North Levantine - spoken in Lebanon and Syria by about 15 million people
Mesopotamian - spoken by about 14 million people in Iraq, Iran and Syria
Najdi - spoken in Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Jordan and Syria by about 10 million people

Sample Arabic text (unvocalised) [1]

Sample Arabic text (vocalised) [1]

Transliteration

Yūladu jamī'u n-nāsi aḥrāran mutasāwīna fī l-karāmati wa-l-ḥuqūq. Wa-qad wuhibū 'aqlan wa-ḍamīran wa-'alayhim an yu'āmila ba'ḍuhum ba'ḍan bi-rūḥi l-ikhā'.

Listen to a recording of this text by زين العابدين شبيب (Zein Al-A'bideen Shabeeb)

Translation [1]

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights).

sources: [1] [2] [3]

Lesson 1 - Part A: al-ʻarabiyyah/ʻarabī .

2015-04-07T19:10:00.000-07:00

Lesson 1 - Part A

Arabic
Arabic: al-ʻarabiyyah/ʻarabī
al-ʿArabiyyah in written Arabic (Naskh script)
Pronunciation	/al ʕarabijja/, /ʕarabi/
Native to	Countries of the Arab League, minorities in neighboring countries: Israel, Eritrea, Mali, Niger, Kenya, Chad, Senegal, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Iran, Turkey, Madagascar, Tanzania, Mozambique etc.
Native speakers	290 million (2010)^[1]
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic Central Semitic Arabic Arabic
Standard forms	Modern Standard Arabic
Dialects	Western (Maghrebi) Central (incl. Egyptian, Sudanese) Northern (incl. Levantine, Mesopotamian) Peninsular (Gulf, Hejazi, Najdi, Yemeni)
Writing system	Arabic alphabet Arabic Braille Syriac alphabet (Garshuni) Hebrew alphabet (Judeo-Arabic languages) Greek alphabet (Cypriot Maronite Arabic) Latin script (Maltese)
Signed forms	Signed Arabic (national forms)
Official status
Official language in	Modern Standard Arabic is an official language of 27 states, the third most after English and French^[2] Algeria Bahrain Comoros Chad Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar SADR Saudi Arabia Somalia Somaliland Sudan Syria Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen African Union Arab League Organisation of Islamic Cooperation United Nations
	Algeria: Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria Egypt: Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo Iraq: Iraqi Academy of Sciences Jordan: Jordan Academy of Arabic Libya: Academy of the Arabic Language in Jamahiriya Morocco: Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat Saudi Arabia: Academy of the Arabic Language in Riyadh Somalia: Academy of the Arabic Language in Mogadishu Sudan: Academy of the Arabic Language in Khartoum Syria: Arab Academy of Damascus (the oldest) Tunisia: Beit Al-Hikma Foundation Israel: Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel
Language codes
ISO 639-1	`ar`
ISO 639-2	`ara`
ISO 639-3	`ara`
Glottolog	`arab1395`^[3]
Linguasphere	`12-AAC`
Countries where Arabic holds official status
Use of Arabic as the sole official language (green) and an official language (majority: dark blue; minority: light blue)
Source: Wikipedia [1]: Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2010" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010 [2]: Wright (2001:492) [3]: Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Arabic". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Arabic learning resources

2015-04-01T15:42:00.002-07:00

Arabic learning resources

Arabic language learning links

Here are some links to websites with free information on Arabic, and also media sources with free content that can help you practice Arabic. Please feel free to email me with other useful links (as long as they are free and contain a decent amount of content, not just one page with a few words/phrases):

General links on Arabic	Online dictionaries
The Arabic alphabet	Arabic media online
Standard Arabic	Television news
Egyptian Arabic	Newspapers
Levantine Arabic	Magazines
Syrian Arabic	Music
Lebanese Arabic	Movies
Jordanian Arabic	Entertainment television and video
Moroccan Arabic	Radio, podcasts and other audio
Tunisian Arabic	Books
Mauritanian Arabic

General

WordReference Arabic Resources page - includes many useful links
Free FSI courses - for standard Arabic, Levantine and Saudi dialects, and comparative studies of different dialects
NMELRC Arabic Learner's Handbook (PDF, 141 KB) - general information and tips on the learning process
V-Arabic - Virtual Arabic blog with digitized language realia resources for Arabic learners & teachers
Arabic Corpus - a searchable Arabic corpus; great for seeing the contexts in which words are commonly used
Yamli - type and do searches in transliterated Arabic, and the site will "translate" back into Arabic script
MEMRI TV - news video clips with English translations
The Arabic Student blog - contains Arabic videos with transcripts and vocabulary
Learn Arabic Language website - a great resource with lots of Arabic textbooks and learning materials for download
GLOSS learning materials - do a search for Arabic, and you'll find lots of lessons based on authentic materials, on different topics, with several activities per lesson.
Weekly training events - again, search for Arabic, and you'll find more lessons with authentic media and activities, on a variety of topics.
CultureTalk - features videos by native Arabic speakers from the Levant, Egypt, North Africa, Western Sahara, and Yemen. Speakers discuss a variety of cultural topics, mostly in Arabic, and transcripts and translations are included.
Mo3jam - a user-generated dictionary of colloquial Arabic slang, similar to Urban Dictionary but much more limited.
Arabic Online from Western Michigan University - a set of instructional units with authentic texts and audio/video excerpts with self-graded comprehension questions. There are three units: Advanced Standard Arabic I, Advanced Standard Arabic II, and Advanced Egyptian Arabic I.
Arabic Variant Identification Aid - an informative website focusing on the urban Arabic dialects spoken in the United Arab Emirates, Jidda (Hijaz, Saudi Arabia), Jerusalem (Palestinian Arabic), Baghdad (Iraq), Kuwait, Qatar and Sanca (Yemen)
Foreigncy - Arabic news articles with vocabulary

The Arabic alphabet

Online Arabic reading course - teaches the alphabet
Learning the Arabic script, from Stanford
Arabic alphabet tutorial

Standard Arabic

Babel online beginner Arabic course
Madinah online course focusing on Arabic grammar
ArabicOnline.eu - has an online beginner course in Arabic
Arabic grammar reference
A Hundred and One Grammar Rules by Mohammed Jiyad - a short reference grammar for beginning and intermediate learners
Arabic grammar resources - a categorized database of grammar information
Read Arabic! - reading practice materials in standard Arabic, on novice and intermediate levels. The texts are accompanied by additional materials such as audio, notes, translation, and a glossary.

Egyptian Arabic

DLI course in Egyptian Arabic - includes both PDF lessons and audio.
BYU Arabic course materials - Online vocabulary, exercises, and videos for both Egyptian and standard Arabic (beginner level).
CultureTalk Egypt - A great collection of videos, including transcripts and translations, on a variety of cultural topics.
An Arabist's Guide to Egyptian Colloquial by Daniel Pipes (PDF, 8 MB) - Written for Arabic students with a background in standard Arabic, this is a good introduction to the Egyptian dialect.
Egyptian Arabic Dialect Course - a series of 15 lessons using songs to teach vocabulary and grammar.
Lisaan Masry - has a dictionary and a grammar introduction.
TalkEgypt - a collection of Arabic movies, TV, and music videos that have subtitles.
An Introduction to Egyptian Arabic by Ernest T. Abdel-Massih
A Comprehensive Study of Egyptian Arabic, Vol. 1: Conversations, Cultural Texts, and Sociolinguistic Notes by Ernest T. Abdel-Massih
A Comprehensive Study of Egyptian Arabic, Vol. 2: Proverbs and Metaphoric Expressions by Ernest T. Abdel-Massih
A Comprehensive Study of Egyptian Arabic, Vol. 3: A Reference Grammar of Egyptian Arabic by Ernest T. Abdel-Massih
A Comprehensive Study of Egyptian Arabic, Vol. 4: Arabic-English and English-Arabic Lexicon by Ernest T. Abdel-Massih
Egyptian Arabic Primer by W.A. Betts, available to browse or as a free PDF download from Google Books. Note that it was published in 1902, so some of the content (vocabulary like "wabuur/babuur" for train; "Hakiim" for doctor; "mara" for woman; and so on) is outdated, but it's interesting as a historical document.
An Arabic-English Vocabulary of the Colloquial Arabic of Egypt by Socrates Spiro, from Google Books. This book is old too (pub. 1895), but is nonetheless also interesting as a historical document.

Levantine Arabic

CultureTalk Arab Levant - video clips of interviews and discussions with Lebanese, Palestinians, Syrians, and Jordanians. Most of the clips are in colloquial Arabic, some are in English. Translations are given for all non-English video clips.
Colloquial Levantine audio and video collection - audio, video, and sample syllabi for learning everyday Arabic as spoken by Jordanians, Lebanese, Palestinians, and Syrians.

Syrian Arabic

Syrian Arabic textbook - used to be free; now costs $45 for the PDF and mp3s

Lebanese Arabic

ABC Lebanese Arabic

Jordanian Arabic

LangMedia: Arabic in Jordan - lots of videos (with transcripts and translations) arranged by theme

Moroccan Arabic

Speak Moroccan - some basic grammar and a bunch of vocabulary
Revised Peace Corps Moroccan Arabic book, available for download as a PDF file

Tunisian Arabic

Peace Corps Tunisian Arabic book (PDF, 10.9 MB)
Tunisian Arabic course (PDF, 3.55 MB)

Mauritanian Arabic

Mauritanian Arabic: Culture and Communication (PDF, 5.53 MB)
Mauritanian Arabic: Grammar (PDF, 1.4 MB)
Mauritanian Arabic: Literacy (PDF, 1.56 MB)

Gulf Arabic

Gulf Arabic.com (free registration required)

Online dictionaries

Al Maany - Arabic-English, English-Arabic
Arabic Almanac - Arabic-English; enables you to search the Hans Wehr dictionary
Aratools - Arabic-English
WordReference - English-Arabic
Ectaco - English-Arabic
Fuzzy Arabic Dictionary - an Arabic-English dictionary allowing you to look up words without knowing their exact Arabic spelling

Arabic media online

Aswaat Arabiyya - an excellent archive of videos, sorted by level of difficulty. You can even slow down the video speed.
Arabic phone conversations - an excellent archive of phone conversations in Egyptian, Levantine, and Iraqi Arabic. You can sort by dialect, topic, and difficulty level.
Arabic Language and Iraqi Dialect Through Dialogue - a nice collection of dialogues, 48 in standard Arabic (beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels), and 55 in Iraqi Arabic.
Arabic Webcasts - the news in simplified Arabic, including accompanying exercises. The site hasn't been updated in a long time, but there's still a good archive of material.
BBC Arabic - includes streaming video and radio news

Television news

- Al Jazeera (website | online stream | YouTube channel)
- Al Arabiya (website | online stream - not available in the US | YouTube channel)
- France24 - Click on the banner reading البث المباشر to watch their live stream.
- wwiTV - streaming TV channels from many different countries.
- HD44 - a great collection of streaming Arabic TV channels and other video, including news and entertainment

Newspapers

- Sahafa Online

Egypt	Lebanon
- Al Ahram	- An Nahar
- Al Akhbar
- Al Gomhuria	Iraq
- Al Masry Al Youm	- Az Zaman
- Al Mesryoon
- Al Shorouk	Saudi Arabia
- Al Wafd	- Al Watan
- Nahdet Misr
	United Arab Emirates
Jordan	- Al Bayan
- Al Rai	- Al Ittihad
- Ad Dustour	- Dar Al Khaleej

Palestine
- Al Quds

Magazines

Egypt
- Akher Sa'a
- Akhbar El Nogoom (entertainment news)
- Sayidaty (women's magazine)

Music

- The Arabic Music.com
- Panet.co.il
- Farfesh
- Mazakony forum
- Eftekes forum (free registration required)
- Tarab.com - streaming Arabic music (RealPlayer required)
- La7oon lyrics (registration required) - Arabic lyrics site
- Arabic Song Lyrics & Translation - translations and lyrics to more than 600 Arabic songs.
- Arabic Lyrics Translation forum - features a large archive of song translations, and you can request (or post your own) translations of Arabic songs.
- Shira.net Song Translations - a bellydance website featuring lyrics in both transliterated and translated form.
- OrientalDancer.net Song Lyrics - more translated/transliterated lyrics from another bellydance site.
- Asra Bellydance song translations

Movies

- Al Arab - a great archive of streaming movies and TV shows
- Arab Cima - another archive of streaming movies and TV shows, including dubbed American movies. In general, fantasy and historical dramas are dubbed into standard Arabic, and contemporary-set comedies and dramas are dubbed into either Levantine or Egyptian Arabic. There are also some dubbed TV shows.
- Foraten.net
- Sotwesoora.tv
- Al Mumiyaa' (The Mummy/The Night of Counting the Years) - a famous 1969 film with dialogue entirely in fuSHa. Subtitled version here.
- YouTube user omar1980TV - many full movies, mostly old ones, starring such actors as Soad Hosni, Ismail Yassin, Farid al Atrache, Fatin Hamama, Abdel Halim Hafez, and others.
- YouTube user Hind0Rostom - a large collection of full movies starring Hind Rostom.
- Rotana Cinema - Arabic movies online

Entertainment television & video

- MBC - streaming video of full episodes of many shows. Not available in the US.
- Sonara - Scroll down to choose from TV series, movies, and TV programs
- Ikbis - originally designed as an Arabic version of YouTube; you can now browse their channels to watch cooking shows, animation, and other videos.
- MTV Lebanon
- Shankaboot - a Lebanese web series

Radio, podcasts, & other audio

- Archive of episodes from ساعة لقلبك - a famous Egyptian comedy radio show from the '50s and '60s.
- France24 - Monte Carlo Doualiya - Click on the link at the bottom reading البث المباشر to listen to their radio stream.
- BBC Xtra podcast - the BBC's flagship Arabic podcast, covering social and human interest issues. Updated daily with approximately half hour long podcasts.
- Al-Kitaab Podcasts
- ArabicPod - over 100 beginner-level Arabic podcasts available for free (with registration); however, for access to higher-level podcasts, a subscription is required.

Books

- Arabic e-books in PDF format (password for .rar files is tipsclub)
- Adab (Arabic poetry)
- Rashf - Arabic e-book database (must log in via Twitter or Facebook for download)
- 4shared - If you're looking for a book (or, for that matter, a song), do a search in Arabic on this site.

source: [1]

What is the Arabic Alphabet?

2015-03-31T17:25:00.000-07:00

What is the Arabic Alphabet?

The Arabic alphabet consists of 28 letters, reading from right to left.
Shown below are the basic forms of the letters.

Arabic doesn't have a case distinction. There are no upper case or lower case letters .
When combined into words, most letters connect with one another, using slight modifications to the basic letter forms (see more on this below).
The letters are all consonants, but three of them also represent long vowels.
In addition to the letters shown above, there are three short vowels, which are added as small marks above or below the consonants. There are also other marks, signifying things like "silent vowel", "doubling of the consonant", etc.

How are Arabic letters written?

The letters in the table above, are all shown in their isolated form. This is the basic, original form of the letters.

To write a word, we need to make slight modifications to the isolated forms of the letters, to enable them to join with their "neighbours".

For example, when kaaf begins a word, we call it the "initial" form, and it looks like this:

When kaaf comes anywhere between the first and the last letter of the word, we call it the "middle" form, and it looks like this:

When kaaf is the last letter of the word, we call it the "end" form, and it looks like this:

Let's now try and build a simple word - the verb kataba. This word means "to write", and consists of the letters kaaf, taa' and baa'.

To write the word kataba, we will again need to use the initial form of kaaf, but this time we will add a short "a"-vowel - looking like a short stroke - above the kaaf:

What we have written so far, reads ka.

We are now going to add the second letter, called taa'. The isolated form of taa' is shown in the alphabet table above. It is in the first row, the third letter from the right.

We will need the middle form of taa' in order to connect it to kaaf. Below you can see the middle form of taa', before we connect it to kaaf:

After connecting taa' to kaaf, we add a short "a"-vowel above the taa':

What we have written so far, reads kata.

We will now add the third letter, called baa'. The isolated form of baa' is in the alphabet table above. It is in the first row, the second letter from the right.

Below we can see the end form of baa', before we connect it to taa':

After connecting baa' to taa', we add yet another short "a"-vowel, this time above the baa'.

The word is now complete, and reads kataba.

Arabic is usually written unvocalized, meaning that the text is written without the short vowels. Short vowels are mostly added in poetry and texts for Arabic learners (including children's books).
The most prominent example of a vocalized (complete with short vowels) text is the Quran.
Reading unvocalized text is possible because of the strict grammatical structure of the language. A person with knowledge of Arabic grammar knows which vowels should be where, when reading unvocalized Arabic text.

Source: [1]

What is the Arabic language?

2015-03-31T17:09:00.000-07:00

What is the Arabic language?

Arabic is one of the world's great languages. Its graceful script, magnificent style and rich vocabulary give the language a unique character and flavor.

Arabic is the largest member of the Semitic language family, which also includes languages like Hebrew and Aramaic. Like most other Semitic languages, Arabic is written from right to left.

Where did the Arabic language begin?

Calligraphy with text from the Quran, at a mosque entrance.

The origins of the Arabic language go back to pre-islamic Arabia, where the tribes spoke local Arabic dialects.

Poetry played an important role in the culture of pre-Islamic Arabia. The poet represented the prestige and importance of an individual tribe. Okaz, a market town a short distance from the city of Makkah (Mecca) in western Arabia, used to play host to a regular poetry festival where the craft of the poets would be exhibited.

Makkah was an urban centre of trade, culture and religion. The powerful Quraish clan was the most influential in Makkah, and their language became the dominant dialect.
When the Quran (the holy scripture of Islam) was revealed, its unique, elaborate style and challenging message came to change Arabian society for ever. The revelation of the Quran signifies the very beginning of Arabic as a world language. The language of the Quran is still the "benchmark" on which Arabic linguists and grammarians still rely.

As Islam spread to lands beyond the Arabian Peninsula, the Arabic language eventually came to develop a literature spanning numerous forms of expression, styles and genres.

This classical language later developed into what we call "Modern Standard Arabic". The page called, "What is Modern Standard Arabic?", tells you more about this modern form of Arabic.

Arabic loan words

Modern Standard Arabic is the language of the media.

With the spread of Islam, Arabic began its journey from being a regional language, to becoming an international language of major importance. As the Arabic language spread in Spain in the 8th century, its influence on European languages began.

During the Muslim era in Spain, the Spanish language acquired a large number of words from Arabic. Many place names in Spain bear witness to their Arabic past, such as the famous "Alhambra" palace in Granada. Its name originates from the Arabic word "al-hamraa'", meaning "the Red".

Arabic loan words have also found their way into many other European languages. To name a few, the English words "Admiral", "Algebra", "Coffee" and "Giraffe", are of Arabic origin.

Many languages in the Muslim world have, to varying degrees, been influenced by Arabic. Persian is strongly Arabized in both vocabulary and grammar. Urdu - the official language of Pakistan and one of the major languages in India - also contains a great many words of Arabic origin.

Where is Arabic spoken today?

Cairo is the largest city in the Arab world.

Arabic is today spoken by more than 200 million people in the Arab World, and it is an official language in 22 countries.
Arabic is also an important language in many countries bordering on the Arab World, like Mali, Niger, Chad, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia. There are also Arabic-speaking populations in parts of southern Turkey and southwestern Iran.
With the migration of Arab nationals to countries outside of the Arab World, the Arabic language has spread to practically all corners of the Earth.
Arabic has held the status of official language at the United Nations since 1974.
Being the language of the Quran, Arabic is highly respected across the Muslim world. Many non-Arab Muslim children begin learning Arabic at early age, to enable them to read and understand the Quran.

source: [1] [2]

Some Tutorial Videos, in order to know how to write the perfect article.

2015-02-17T23:33:00.000-08:00

Here are some Tutorial Videos, in order to know how to write the perfect article.

- How to write the perfect newspaper article.

- How To Write Articles The Quick and Easy Way.

- Learn How To Write Articles Fast.

Good Luck
Morhaf Barmo

The Cost Of Living In Every Part Of The World In One Incredible Infographic

2015-01-16T19:25:00.001-08:00

Post by Free Continuing Studies.

10 free sites to download audio books

2015-01-03T20:34:00.000-08:00

10 free sites to download audio books

1- OpenCulture (Cultural and educational of high quality materials)

2- Books Should Be Free (More than 3,000 free audio books)

3- Librivox (More than 7488 books with 34 different languages)

4- PodiBooks (Novels and short stories and a lot of free books)

5- Lit2Go (Great location for hair and novels Organization and beautiful way)

6- ThoughAudio (Philosophical books, which are also related to the imagination)

7- Librophile (Thousands of audio books, and often collaborates Librvox and Gutenberg.)

8- Storynory (This site focuses on children books)

9- Learn Out Loud (Interested in educational files and offers more than 10 thousands)

10- The internet Archive (Is a huge of Internet sources)

- These are some of the other sites that you can search for any book you want:

Source

The Complete guide to learn the Italian language for those who want to study or work in Italy

2015-01-01T18:26:00.000-08:00

The Complete guide to learn the Italian language

for those who want to study or work in Italy

eBook as PDF: A complete English book with pdf format to learn the Italian language

or

Youtube: The Best Channel to Learn Italian

or

Facebook: Learn Italian Easily

or

Useful Websites:

Italian language From Wikipedia	Italian Language Guide
BBC Languages, Italian	Learn Italian online
Elanguage School	iluss
Speak 7	Learn Italian Podcast
RAI.IT	Learn Italian online with ItalianPad101
Italianize Your Self	Free Language Tutorials
Yes Italian	Kappa Ianguage School
Learn Italian with Lucrezia

-------------------------------------

Italian Language Test Test Your Italian

About The Italian Heritage

By Morhaf Barmo

Daily talks to learn English from ShareAmerica site

2014-12-26T20:23:00.000-08:00

Daily talks to learn English from ShareAmerica site

Everyday conversations for English learners:
ShareAmerica presents a daily conversation for you to practice, complete with audio and notes in your language.
shareable site Prepared 30 episodes, each deals with a different theme in as a conversation, the attached audio explained and written in your own language. All episodes will remain available on the website:(ShareAmerica)

5 Ways to Follow Up Without Being Annoying when you send many e.mails to the same receiver

2014-12-26T18:58:00.000-08:00

5 Ways to Follow Up Without Being Annoying when you send many e.mails to the same receiver:

Rule 1: Be Overly Polite and Humble

Rule 2: Persistent Doesn’t Mean Every Day

Rule 3: Directly Ask if You Should Stop Reaching Out

Rule 4: Stand Out in a Good Way

Rule 5: Change it Up

source

Creative Websites and Books to learn English excellently

2014-12-26T18:43:00.000-08:00

Creative Websites and Books to learn English excellently:

First: E-education sites:

1- BBC website to learn English 2- British Council English language website

Second, programs and interactive sites:

1- Duolingo 2- Lingua.ly 3- Busuu 4- Memrise 5- Voxy 6- babbel

Third, self-learning books.

The 20 Best Books for Language Lovers

Why You Say It by Webb Garrison:
Eats, Shoots & Leaves: by Lynne Truss:
The Language Instinct by Steven Pinker:
Spoken Here by Mark Abley:
The F-Word edited by Jesse Sheidlower:
Mother Tongue by Joel Davis:
The Elements of Style by William Strunk and E.B. White:
The Power of Babel by John McWhorter:
The Unfolding of Language by Guy Deutscher:
Don't Sleep, There are Snakes by Daniel L. Everett:
Metaphors We Live By by Mark Johnson and George Lakoff:
Kant and the Platypus by Umberto Eco:
The Architecture of Language by Noam Chomsky:
Cunt by Inga Muscio:
Grammar Girl's 101 Misused Words You'll Never Confuse Again by Mignon Fogarty:
Vanishing Voices by Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine:
Origins of the Specious by Stewart Kellerman and Patricia T. O'Connor:
Literally, the Best Language Book Ever by Paul Yeager:
Empires of the Word by Nicholas Ostler:
Faint Praise by Grace Pool:

source

Good and free Android apps, for those who want to Pass the tests IELTS and TOEFL.

2014-12-23T19:58:00.001-08:00

Good and free Android apps, for those who want to Pass the tests IELTS and TOEFL.

- For more information before enrollment, you Can visit:

IELTS: International English Language Testing Service
TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language

- Android apps are:

IELTS: International English Language Testing Service TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language

IELTS Skills

IELTS Word Power

IELTS Flashcard

IELTS Essentials

IELTS Essay

TOEFL iBT Preparation

TOEFL Flashcards

TOEFL Incorrect Word

TOEFL Pictionary

TOEFL Essay

Source

21 Most Useful Websites Every College Student Needs To Know

2014-12-20T20:22:00.003-08:00

21 Most Useful Websites Every College Student Needs To Know http://t.co/nblEuxXgLv #lifehack pic.twitter.com/WRIw1mSBEC
— Lifehack (@lifehackorg) December 21, 2014

Top 10 Websites for Business English Teachers

2014-10-03T10:01:00.000-07:00

Post by Free Continuing Studies.

LinkedIn Sales Navigator

2014-09-30T11:49:00.000-07:00

LinkedIn Sales Navigator

by LinkedIn Sales Solutions
6 videos
3,276 views
8 minutes, 2 seconds

LinkedIn Sales Navigator makes it simple to establish and grow relationships with prospects and customers by helping you tap into the power of LinkedIn, the world’s largest professional network of 300M + members. Designed for sales professionals, ...

Play all

Make the Connection	LinkedIn Sales Solutions	1:00
Start your day with LinkedIn Sales Navigator	LinkedIn Sales Solutions	1:26
Leverage your company's connections with TeamLink	LinkedIn Sales Solutions	1:32
Gain valuable sales insights with LinkedIn	LinkedIn Sales Solutions	1:29
Focus on the the right relationships	LinkedIn Sales Solutions	1:26
Identify the right connections	LinkedIn Sales Solutions	1:09

Research Starter Guide

2014-09-28T05:30:00.001-07:00

Research Starter Guide

Google	iLearningServices	1:38
Academic Search Premier (EBSCO)	iLearningServices	1:31
Storing & Citing Your Sources	iLearningServices	1:35
Gale Virtual Reference Library	iLearningServices	1:03
Opposing Viewpoints in Context	iLearningServices	1:10
Library Search	iLearningServices	1:11

Studying Abroad: Best Countries, Best Cities. Cheapest Countries , Best universities,

2014-09-27T05:21:00.001-07:00

Studying Abroad: Cheapest Countries , Best Countries, Best universities, Best Cities.

- Best Countries:

1. United Kingdom 2. Canada 3. Australia 4. Netherlands 5. Singapore
6. Italy 7. New Zealand 8. France 9. USA 10. Germany

- Best Cities:

1. Manchester 2-Berlin 3. Zurich 4. Amsterdam 5. Rome
6. Barcelona 7. Budapest 8. Munich 9. Madrid 10. Montreal

- Cheapest Countries

1: Canada -

For students who need a regular fix of film and caffeine, Canada is the place to study. Cinema followed by a cup of coffee costsless than £10 ( £5.77 and £1.30 respectively), which slightly makes up for the cost of the £11,000 per year Canadian tution fees.

2: Germany

Germany offers one of the largest university systems in Europe, with more than 300 higher education institutions throughout the country. Tuition fees are capped at approximately £1,250, while a cup of coffee will set students back an average of £1.60.German beer is not only strong and served in litre capacity steiners, it is also cheap by UK standards, costing approximately £2.18 a serving.A trip to the cinema costs £7.30 and a bratwurst on the way home, £1.75.

3: Australia

Coffee down under costs an average of £1.62 a cup, as does a bottle of water. For students looking for something slightly stronger, a beer costs approximately £2. It has traditionally been one of the world's most popular study destinations, thanks to the combination of sun, sand and strong universities, however, in recent times its popularity has waned due to tougher visa and migration rules and a strong Australian dollar which means tuition fees cost UK students in the region of £16,000 per annul.

4: Italy

Acappuccino in Italy will set students back £1.65, and a macchiato even less. Tuition fees cost no more than £1,250, although cinema tickets are some of the most expensive in Europe, costing £10.50 - nearly the same price as a basic ticket to a Serie A football game which costs £13. This year, Italy's best university, the University of Bolgna came 183rd in global rankings.

5: DenmarkDanish

universities are extremely international, as well as highly regarded, and free to EU students. Brits are known to adapt easily to life in Denmark, thanks to the fact that most Danes speak such good English. A cup of coffee costs approximately £1.80, a trip to the movies approximately £10, and a beer £1.20. Finding student acommodation is known to be tricky, so students are advised to start looking as early as possible

6: US

Home to the highest number of universities in the world, six of which are in the top ten of global rankings, the US offers a multitude of options and variations for those choosing to study abroad. Living costs are somewhat cheaper than the UK, with coffee costing just under £2, cinema tickets approximately £5 and a small beer approximatley £1. Drawbacks, however, include student fees that rise to £26,000, high competition for places on popular courses and tough student visa requirements

7: Hong Kong

The small island nation offers some of Asia's best universities and offers courses on a semester basis as well as degree basis. While accommodation is notoriously expensive due to a shortage of space, coffee is cheaper than the UK, costing approximately £2, and cinema tickets cost roughly £7. Students fees, per year, are approximately £9,000

8: Finland

Despite having a reputation for being expensive, Finland does not charge EU students tuition fees and charges less than the UK for coffee, cinema tickets and a litre of milk. Nights out can get pricey at approximately £4.50 a beer, but that's a small price to pay for studying in a country renowned for its high quality of life, with one of the best education systems in the world.

9: UKAlthough

tuition fees are set to jump to £9,000 a year, students who study in the UK can take comfort in the fact that its universities are some of the most highly regarded in the world, with four of them making this year's top ten. Students pay on average £3.40 a pint, £2.50 a cup of coffee, £9 for a cinema ticket and 32p for a bottle of water - the lowest priced water in this top ten gallery.

10: Norway

Norway is consistently rated as having one of the highest standards of living in the world and accordingly offers free healthcare to students staying longer than three months. Like Denmark it offers a wide range of English-language degrees free of charge to EU students, but is also notoriously expensive. A coffee costs and average of £3.20 and a beer £6.

- Best Universities:

Let us see top 10 universities across the globe based on QS Table:

Cambridge University UK: Cambridge is the second oldest university in England after Oxford. University of Cambridge is a public research university located in the city of Cambridge, England, UK. It has a great list of alumni including Sir Isaac Newton and Francis Bacon. Cambridge is also famous for Noble Prizes; researchers from University of Cambridge have won more Nobel Prizes than those of any other institution. It becomes a dream destination for students who want to study in UK.

Harvard University USA: This prestigious American university is located in Massachusetts. Harvard, established in 1636 is the oldest institution of higher learning in USA. It was the number one university for last seven years, currently is on second position across the globe. Eight US presidents, Martin Van Buren have graduated from Harvard University. It has largest academic library in the United States. Harvard has been dream destination for years for students across the World, willing to study in USA.

Yale University USA: Yale is one of the most prestigious universities in the world and third oldest institution of higher education in USA. Yale University is established in 1701 and situated in New Haven, Connecticut. Yale is the first US school to award the Ph.D. in 1861.

University College London UK: UCL, the first university in London was established in 1826. It was the first secular institute founded in England. University College London stands for ideas that are radical, bold and amicable to the needs of the world.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA: One of the best technical institutes in the World, MIT is a private research institute located in Massachusetts, USA. With five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, it is best known for a strong emphasis on technological and scientific research.

University of Oxford UK: Oxford is the second oldest surviving university in the world and oldest in English speaking world. It is also known as the pride of United Kingdom. According to National Student Survey 2010, Oxford had an on the whole satisfaction rating of 93 per cent.

Imperial College London UK: Currently ranked on 7th in the world this university is located in London, UK. It is a science based university known for excellence in research and teaching. Imperial College attracts students across the globe who wants to study in UK. It is also known as largest medical school in Europe and has 14 Noble prize winners till now.

University of Chicago USA: UC is a private research university located in Chicago, USA. It is famous for scientific research and has 85 Noble prize laureates. Currently resides on 8th position in ranking this University enrolls around 5,000 students in the College and about 15,000 students overall.

California Institute of Technology USA: Private research University California Institute of Technology, commonly known as Caltech is located in Pasadena, California. Caltech has six academic divisions known for excellence in science and engineering.

Princeton University USA: It is a private research University located in Princeton, USA. Princeton provides undergraduate degrees in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. Main campus has 180 buildings on 500 acres. Princeton is known for academic excellence in undergraduate degree and attracts students across the world who wants to study in USA.

By Morhaf Barmo

Sources: Morhaf Barmo Blog + www.telegraph.co.uk,accessed 15 September 2011 + www.youniversitytv.com,news-general, 27 September 2014

Scholarships, Lectures and Courses for Bachelors, Masters and PhD

2014-09-26T14:56:00.001-07:00

Post by Scholarships, Lectures and Courses for Bachelors, Masters and PhD.

Best websites to Search for cheap Hotels, For education or Business purposes

2014-09-24T12:38:00.000-07:00

Best websites to Search for cheap Hotels, For education or Business purposes.

Remember That when you want to search for buying something has a changed Price in any website, You have to do one of the three options:

- open the website with a private secure page

- delete the Browser History

- delete the Browser and Download it again

Because the cookies of the wanted website study your behavior, and give the price they thinks you will accept. so sometimes they show higher prices or lower, depends on your behavior. But for these website you have to delete the cookies to get better price.

- Agoda    - Trivago            - Hipmunk       - Travelocity       - Matrix Airfare Search
- Priceline        - Backbid - Hotwair    - Kayak    - Booking    - Room 77
- Expedia         - Dealbase     - Hotel Sweep    - Room Key       - Momondo

By Morhaf Barmo

Morhaf Barmo Blog

Sustainability definition: scientific & simple

Sustainability easily explained (explainity® explainer video)

Writing the Thesis

How to Type, it can get done fast if you learn how to control the keys efficiently.

Why to stop using the comic Social networks, and to use useful ones.

Why to stop using the comic Social networks, and to use useful ones.

Lesson 1 - Part B: The Arabic alphabet , Numbers from 1 to 10, Notable Features.

Arabic alphabet

Arabic

Notable Features [1]

Arabic script [1]

Arabic consonants

Arabic vowel diacritics and other symbols [1]

Arabic numerals and numbers [1]

The Arabic Language [1]

Sample Arabic text (unvocalised) [1]

Sample Arabic text (vocalised) [1]

Transliteration

Translation [1]

Lesson 1 - Part A: al-ʻarabiyyah/ʻarabī .

Arabic learning resources

Arabic language learning links

What is the Arabic Alphabet?

What is the Arabic language?

Some Tutorial Videos, in order to know how to write the perfect article.

Here are some Tutorial Videos, in order to know how to write the perfect article.

- How to write the perfect newspaper article.

- How To Write Articles The Quick and Easy Way.

- Learn How To Write Articles Fast.

The Cost Of Living In Every Part Of The World In One Incredible Infographic

10 free sites to download audio books

10 free sites to download audio books

1- OpenCulture (Cultural and educational of high quality materials)

2- Books Should Be Free (More than 3,000 free audio books)

3- Librivox (More than 7488 books with 34 different languages)

4- PodiBooks (Novels and short stories and a lot of free books)

5- Lit2Go (Great location for hair and novels Organization and beautiful way)

6- ThoughAudio (Philosophical books, which are also related to the imagination)

7- Librophile (Thousands of audio books, and often collaborates Librvox and Gutenberg.)

8- Storynory (This site focuses on children books)

9- Learn Out Loud (Interested in educational files and offers more than 10 thousands)

10- The internet Archive (Is a huge of Internet sources)

- These are some of the other sites that you can search for any book you want:

The Complete guide to learn the Italian language for those who want to study or work in Italy

The Complete guide to learn the Italian language

for those who want to study or work in Italy

or

or

or

Useful Websites:

Daily talks to learn English from ShareAmerica site

Daily talks to learn English from ShareAmerica site

5 Ways to Follow Up Without Being Annoying when you send many e.mails to the same receiver

5 Ways to Follow Up Without Being Annoying when you send many e.mails to the same receiver:

Rule 1: Be Overly Polite and Humble

Rule 2: Persistent Doesn’t Mean Every Day

Rule 3: Directly Ask if You Should Stop Reaching Out

Rule 4: Stand Out in a Good Way

Rule 5: Change it Up

Creative Websites and Books to learn English excellently

Creative Websites and Books to learn English excellently:

First: E-education sites:

1- BBC website to learn English 2- British Council English language website

Second, programs and interactive sites:

1- Duolingo 2- Lingua.ly 3- Busuu 4- Memrise 5- Voxy 6- babbel

Third, self-learning books.

Why You Say It by Webb Garrison:

Eats, Shoots & Leaves: by Lynne Truss:

The Language Instinct by Steven Pinker:

Spoken Here by Mark Abley:

The F-Word edited by Jesse Sheidlower:

Mother Tongue by Joel Davis:

The Elements of Style by William Strunk and E.B. White:

The Power of Babel by John McWhorter:

The Unfolding of Language by Guy Deutscher:

Don't Sleep, There are Snakes by Daniel L. Everett:

Metaphors We Live By by Mark Johnson and George Lakoff:

Kant and the Platypus by Umberto Eco:

The Architecture of Language by Noam Chomsky: