<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848</id><updated>2025-11-27T12:49:00.941-08:00</updated><category term="Mosquito"/><category term="jakarta pest control"/><category term="pest control"/><category term="Culicidae"/><category term="Injeksi rayap"/><category term="Memasang umpan rayap di rumah"/><category term="Memberantas rayap"/><category term="Metode injeksi rayap"/><category term="Metode pengumpanan rayap"/><category term="Sistem pengumpanan rayap di dalam dan di luar rumah"/><category term="species"/><category term="termite control"/><title type='text'>Mosquito</title><subtitle type='html'>CV Jakarta Pest Control adalah perusahaan jasa penyedia pest control dan anti rayap.&#xa;</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>11</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-1886466723754943895</id><published>2020-09-19T09:47:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2020-09-19T09:47:32.022-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Metode injeksi rayap"/><title type='text'>Metode injeksi rayap</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;BLOG_video_class&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/XqjMMMSF2RY&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; youtube-src-id=&quot;XqjMMMSF2RY&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #4c1130; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Metode injeksi rayap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rayap dikenal sebagai serangga sosial yang berukuran kecil smpai sedang dan hidup dalam koloni. Satu koloni rayap terdiri dari kasta reproduktif yaitu ratu dan raja rayap, kasta prajurit dan kasta pekerja. Hamor semua jenis rayap tanah memiliki kasta pekerja yang bentuknya hampir mirip satu sama lainnya, sehingga bila identifikasi rayap menggunakan kasta ini sangat sulit. Pada umumnya pengenalan jenis rayap menggunakan kasta prajuritkarena hampir semua jenis rayap memiliki prajurit yang bentuknya berbeda.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pengetahuan mengenai keragaman genetik rayap sangat penting untuk mengetahui keragaman populasi rayap yang merupakan informasi awal untuk tindakan pengendalian. Tingkatan keragaman genetik rayap akan memberikan kejelasan menegai dasar genetikbagi respon seleksi yang terjadi pada serangga terutama terhadap berbagai kondisi lingkungan. Oleh karena itu informasi mengenai keragaman genetik merupakan informasi dasar dan penting yang harus diketahui terlebih dahulu sebelum upaya pengendalian dilakukan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ada tiga kelompok yang menjadai musuh alami rayap yaitu predator, parasit dan patogen. Dalam siklus hidupnya, ketika laron terbang keluar sarang merupakan saat yang rentan diserang predator dan parasit. Predator yang menyerang laron ketika terbang diantaranya burung pemakan serangga, kelelawar pemakan serangga dan capung. Selain itu, pemangsa lainnya berupa katak dan ikan. Ketika laron mendarat di permukaan tanah pun tidak lepas dari serangan predator seperti semut, kumbang, kalajengking dan laba-laba. Semut merupakan predator yang cukup ganas meyerang rayap hingga ke dalam sarang rayap. Predator rayap juga bisa berbentuk mamalia besar seperti trenggiling, tupai, landak dan beruang yang mampu membongkar sarang rayap.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Predator rayap sering melakukan penyamaran kimiawi ketika melakukan penetrasi ke sarang rayap. Contohnya serangga predator rayap yang memiliki banyak kelenjar untuk menghasilkan senyawa alkohol alifatik 3 oktanol dan 2 undekanol.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Senyawa tersebut mampu menghambat rayap melepaskan senyawa peringatan dininya ketika predator memasuki liang kembara di dalam sarang rayap. Predator semut mampu menghasilkan suatu senyawa dari mandibelnya yang menyebabkan rayap tidak bisa mengenali pemangsanya.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Ada juga beberapa jenis patogen yang mampu mematikan rayap walaupun masih dalam skala laboratorium. Patogen tersebut diantaranya jamur patogenik.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/1886466723754943895/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/1886466723754943895' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/1886466723754943895'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/1886466723754943895'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2020/09/metode-injeksi-rayap.html' title='Metode injeksi rayap'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/XqjMMMSF2RY/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-7831525772076168972</id><published>2020-09-19T09:42:00.004-07:00</published><updated>2020-09-19T09:42:40.544-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sistem pengumpanan rayap di dalam dan di luar rumah"/><title type='text'>Sistem pengumpanan rayap di dalam dan di luar rumah</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;BLOG_video_class&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/lME_EFg7hok&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; youtube-src-id=&quot;lME_EFg7hok&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;background-color: #04ff00;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Rayap sebagai hama&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rayap merupakan bagian yang sangat penting di dalam daur ulang nutrisi tanaman melalui proses disintegrasi dan dekomposisi material organik dari kayu dan tanaman. Namun rayap seringkali merusak kayu sebagai bahan dari konstruksi bangunan dan material berselulosa lainnya di dalam bangunan gedung atau rumah. Rayap bisa juga menyerang pohon dan tanaman hidup sehingga menjadi hama yang merugikan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Serangan rayap pada bangunan merupakan masalah yang merugikan. Kerusakan yang ditimbulkan oleh rayap tidak terjadi sekaligus melainkan secara perlahan-lahan koloni rayap menggerogoti kayu dan bahan berselulosa lainnya di dalam bangunan. Gangguan inilah yang menjadikan rayap sebagai hama yang merugikan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Oleh karena itu serangan rayap dapat mencapai bagian yang tinggi pada bangunan bertingkat. Jenis rayap yang dapat naik sampai bangunan tinggi adalah rayap jenis Coptothermes. Pemberantas jenis rayap Coptothermes ini umunya adalah dengan sistem pengumpanan rayap. Hal ini biasanya baru disadari oleh pemilih bangunan / rumah ketika sudah terdapat jalur rayap aktif di dalam bangunan / rumahnya. Terkecuali bila belum terdapat jalur rayap aktif maka kita bisa menerapkan sistem injeksi rayap.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/7831525772076168972/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/7831525772076168972' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/7831525772076168972'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/7831525772076168972'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2020/09/sistem-pengumpanan-rayap-di-dalam-dan.html' title='Sistem pengumpanan rayap di dalam dan di luar rumah'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/lME_EFg7hok/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-6895808021908253850</id><published>2020-09-19T09:38:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2020-09-19T09:38:58.479-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Metode pengumpanan rayap"/><title type='text'>Metode pengumpanan rayap</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;BLOG_video_class&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/AIgqh6FRq-A&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; youtube-src-id=&quot;AIgqh6FRq-A&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Setiap jenis rayap memiliki perbedaan wilayah jelajah yang dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik rayap, kualitas habitat dan kemampuan bergerak (mobilitas) rayap. Semakin banyak sumber makanan yang tersedia di tempat hidupnya, wilayah jelajah rayap menjadi lebih sempit. Berbeda dengan tempat tinggal yang jarang sumber makanannya, rayap akan bergerak menjelajah ke tempat yang lebih luas. Karena itu tidak mengherankan jika rayap bisa beraktivitas jauh dari sarang utamanya (koloninya). Di lapangan sering ditemukan adanya serangan rayap di gedung bertingkat sampai lantai 40 padahal sarag rayap berada jauh di bawah gedung.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rayap dapat membentuk jalur / semacam terowongan untuk naik ke atas rumah melalui celah dinding / pondasi, kusen, pipa air dan kabel listrik. Rayap dapat mengikuti jalur kabel listrik di dalam rumah / di gedung untuk mencari makanannya yaitu kayu atau yang mengandung selulosa. Aktivitas rayap akan dapat terdengar jelas pada malam hari ketika memakan kayu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Koloni rayap dapat menembus tembok / dinding rumah agar bisa naik dari pondasi sampai ke atap rumah. Tujuannya adalah untuk mencari makanan. Dala video di atas terlihat gundukan tanah yang dibangun oleh koloni rayap untuk menjadi terowongan / jalur masuk dalam suat bangunan / rumah.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Terlihat jelas bahwa satu koloni rayap itu berjumlah sangat banyak dan sulit dihitung. Koloni rayap terdiri dari 4 jenis rayap yaitu rayap tipe pekerja, prajurit, raja dan Ratu. Dalam hal ini yang bertugas mencari makanan adalah jenis rayap pekerja. Cara untuk memberantas koloni rayap yang sudah naik ke dalam bangunan adalah dengan sistem pengumpanan rayap. Dengan sistem pengumpanan rayap ini diharapkan koloni rayap tersebut dapat dieliminasi sampai tuntas sampai ke ratunya. Sistem pengumpanan rayap ini memnag memakan waktu yang agak lama. Biasanya dapat dieliminasi total sekitar 3 sampai 6 bulan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Koloni rayap dapat menembus tembok / dinding rumah agar bisa naik dari pondasi sampai ke atap rumah. Tujuannya adalah untuk mencari makanan. Dala video di atas terlihat gundukan tanah yang dibangun oleh koloni rayap untuk menjadi terowongan / jalur masuk dalam suat bangunan / rumah.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Terlihat jelas bahwa satu koloni rayap itu berjumlah sangat banyak dan sulit dihitung. Koloni rayap terdiri dari 4 jenis rayap yaitu rayap tipe pekerja, prajurit, raja dan Ratu. Dalam hal ini yang bertugas mencari makanan adalah jenis rayap pekerja. Cara untuk memberantas koloni rayap yang sudah naik ke dalam bangunan adalah dengan sistem pengumpanan rayap. Dengan sistem pengumpanan rayap ini diharapkan koloni rayap tersebut dapat dieliminasi sampai tuntas sampai ke ratunya. Sistem pengumpanan rayap ini memnag memakan waktu yang agak lama. Biasanya dapat dieliminasi total sekitar 3 sampai 6 bulan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/6895808021908253850/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/6895808021908253850' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/6895808021908253850'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/6895808021908253850'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2020/09/metode-pengumpanan-rayap.html' title='Metode pengumpanan rayap'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/AIgqh6FRq-A/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-7511234610855843960</id><published>2020-09-19T09:35:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2020-09-19T09:35:12.660-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memasang umpan rayap di rumah"/><title type='text'>Memasang umpan rayap di rumah</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;BLOG_video_class&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/9K3Dqb59NLs&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; youtube-src-id=&quot;9K3Dqb59NLs&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #04ff00; color: red; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;Sistem Pengumpanan Rayap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sistem pengumpanan rayap bertujuan untuk memeberantas total koloni rayap. Sistem pengumpanan rayap ini diterapkan pada rumah jadi yang sudah terkena serangan rayap. Umpan rayap tersebut berbentuk tissue yang mengandung hexaflumoron. Rayap yang memakan tissue tersebut akan mendistribusikan makanan tersebut ke semua koloni rayap dengan cara trofalaksis. Trofalaksis rayap adalah perilaku rayap yang apabila bertemu satu sama lainnya akan saling berciuman dan menggesekkan tubuhnya. Hal ini yang menunjang sistem pengumpanan rayap sehingga koloni rayap tersebut dapat diberantas tuntas sampai pada ratunya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Laron yang terbang secara acak dan berkelompok akan berusaha melepaskan sayapnya dengan jalan menggoyang-goyangkan tubuhnya dan menggerak-gerakkan sayap seperti mau terbang. Ketika sayap telah lepas aktivitas kawin akan dimulai. Sering terlihat pasangan laron yang berjalan beriringan. Laron betina berjalan di depan dan laron jantan mengikuti di belakangnya. Pasangan laron tersebut akan mencari tempat yang cocok untuk dijadikan sarang guna membangun koloni baru (proses kopulasi awal).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Beberapa jenis rayap seperti Kalotermes melakukan kopulasi setelah 10 - 12 hari, jenis Coptotermes 1 -3 hari, sedangkan jenis Macrotermes 3 - 8 hari. Setelah proses awal berjalan, ratu rayap mulai bertelur menghasilkan koloni rayap-rayap baru untuk memperbesar koloni. Ada hal unik yang terjadi pada ratu rayap yaitu umurnya bisa mencapai 20 tahun bahkan 50 tahun lebih lama dibandingkan dengan umur raja rayap. Ukuran badan ratu rayap pun lebih besar (khususnya bagian abdomen / perut) dibandingkan dengan ukuran badan raja rayap.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/7511234610855843960/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/7511234610855843960' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/7511234610855843960'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/7511234610855843960'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2020/09/memasang-umpan-rayap-di-rumah.html' title='Memasang umpan rayap di rumah'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/9K3Dqb59NLs/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-6987664086920199383</id><published>2020-09-19T09:29:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2020-09-19T09:29:03.114-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memberantas rayap"/><title type='text'>Memberantas rayap</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;BLOG_video_class&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/o3Idxf5a7Gg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; youtube-src-id=&quot;o3Idxf5a7Gg&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Rayap merupakan salah satu spesies dari kelas insekta yang memiliki bentuk seperti semut yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan semut putih atau anai-anai atau rinyuh.Rayap ini dikenal sebagai hama, tidak banyak orang yang tahu manfaat dari rayap ini yang menguntungkan untuk manusia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Di dunia ini rayap memiliki 3.000 spesies dan yang hidup di Indonesia sekitar 200 spesies. Salah satunya adalah rayap tanah yang mudah diketahui karena bangunan sarangnya yang unik. Bentuk sarang rayap tanah ini seperti gundukan tanah atau bukit kecil yang ukurannya beragam tergantung umur kolonirayap yang hidup di dalamnya. Konstruksi sarang tersebut sangat kokoh dan tahan terhadap hujan dan panas matahari.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #01ffff; color: red;&quot;&gt;Sistem Injeksi Rayap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sistem injeksi rayap ini bertujuan untuk mencegah naiknya rayap melalui dinding pondasi rumah. Sitem injeksi ini sangat cocok diterapkan untuk rumah yang masih dalam tahap pondasi agar chemical anti rayap dapat masuk langsung ke dalam tanah. Dengan sistem injeksi rayap yang diterapkan untuk rumah yang masih dalam tahap pondasi ini bisa diberikan garansi yang cukup lama (5 tahun).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sedangkan untuk rumah yang sudah jadi dan belum terkena rayap maka dapat dilakukan sistem injeksi rayap dengan cara pengeboran di sekeliling pondasi. Pengeboran tersebut dilakukan sampai ke dalam tanah agar chemical anti rayap dapat membentengi dinding pondasi dari serangan rayap. Diameter lubang bor sekitar 1 cm dan apabila sudah diberikan chemical anti rayap dapat ditutup kembali dengan semen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #01ffff; color: red;&quot;&gt;Sistem Pengumpanan Rayap&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sistem pengumpanan rayap bertujuan untuk memeberantas total koloni rayap. Sistem pengumpanan rayap ini diterapkan pada rumah jadi yang sudah terkena serangan rayap. Umpan rayap tersebut berbentuk tissue yang mengandung hexaflumoron. Rayap yang memakan tissue tersebut akan mendistribusikan makanan tersebut ke semua koloni rayap dengan cara trofalaksis. Trofalaksis rayap adalah perilaku rayap yang apabila bertemu satu sama lainnya akan saling berciuman dan menggesekkan tubuhnya. Hal ini yang menunjang sistem pengumpanan rayap sehingga koloni rayap tersebut dapat diberantas tuntas sampai pada ratunya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Kedua sistem pengendalian rayap memiliki tujuan yang sama yaitu membasmi rayap namun berbeda dalam penerapannya.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/6987664086920199383/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/6987664086920199383' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/6987664086920199383'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/6987664086920199383'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2020/09/memberantas-rayap.html' title='Memberantas rayap'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/o3Idxf5a7Gg/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-8867640477532967107</id><published>2020-09-19T09:23:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2020-09-19T09:23:54.305-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Injeksi rayap"/><title type='text'>Injeksi rayap</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;BLOG_video_class&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/7DaMEhu7Tgs&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; youtube-src-id=&quot;7DaMEhu7Tgs&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Injeksi rayap&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rayap merupakan serangga yang sudah akrab dengan manusia.Namun, rayap selalu diidentikan sebagai hama perusak bangunan, perumahan, arsip buku, tanaman dan sebagainya. Padahal pada awalnya rayap merupakan serangga yang berperan sebagai pembersih sampah alam.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Namun, setelah terganggunya habitat rayap, untuk menjaga kelangsungan hidupnya mereka mulai masuk ke pemukiman manusia guna mencari sumber makanan. Kerugian akibat serangga rayap perusak di Indonesia bisa mencapai 224 sampai 238 milyar rupiah per tahun. Berbagai cara telah dilakukan untuk mencegah dan mengendalikan serangan rayap perusak, baik secara alami, mekanis, maupun kimia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/8867640477532967107/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/8867640477532967107' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/8867640477532967107'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/8867640477532967107'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2020/09/injeksi-rayap.html' title='Injeksi rayap'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/7DaMEhu7Tgs/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-8036042088706691121</id><published>2014-01-31T08:51:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2014-01-31T08:51:58.778-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Jasa Anti Rayap dan Pest Control</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
JAKARTA PEST CONTROL adalah perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang jasa pelayanan Pest Control dan Termite Control. JAKARTA PEST CONTROL dibentuk tahun 2010, walaupun baru berdiri&amp;nbsp; tetapi sumber daya manusia, peralatan serta tekhnik pengendalian bisa disejajarkan dengan perusahaan Pest Control dan Termite Control terkemuka di Indonesia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Hal ini terbukti dengan diberikannya kesempatan dan kepercayaan rutin oleh beberapa perusahaan untuk menangani permasalahan hama di tempatnya. Kepercayaan yang diberikan tidak&amp;nbsp; terlepas dari dukungan sumber daya manusia yang handal dan mempunyai pengalaman bertahun tahun dibidang pengendalian hama.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Pelayanan yang kami berikan mengacu kepada IPM (Integrated Pest Management) atau pengendalian hama terpadu sehingga memberikan rasa aman baik manusia, binatang, harta benda serta lingkungan, dan tidak mengganggu , melukai atau mematikan hama bukan sasaran.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Cakupan pelayanan Jakarta Pest Control meliputi area :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;apple-tab-span&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Hunian/Perumahan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Meliputi rumah tinggal, villa &amp;amp; unit apartemen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Komersial&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Meliputi &amp;nbsp;hotel, gedung, apartemen, perkantoran, restaurant, supermarket, &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;sarana pendidikan, sarana kesehatan dll.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Industri&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Meliputi gudang, kontainer, pabrik pengolahan makanan &amp;amp; non makanan dll.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Jenis pelayanan Jakarta Pest Control sebagai berikut :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Integrated Insect Management&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Pengendalian secara terpadu pada serangga meliputi serangga terbang (lalat, nyamuk dll) dan serangga merayap (kecoa, semut, , laba-laba dll).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Integrated Rodent Management&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Pengendalian secara terpadu pada tikus meliputi tikus got, tikus atap &amp;amp; tikus&amp;nbsp; rumah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;•&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Integrated Pest Management&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Pengendalian secara terpadu pada tikus &amp;amp; serangga.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Integrated Termite Management&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Pengendalian rayap secara terpadu, berupa :&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;A. Chemical Barrier System (CBS)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Pengendalian rayap dengan sistem injeksi &amp;amp; penyemprotan untuk bangunan&amp;nbsp;yang belum jadi (pre-construction) dan yang sudah jadi (post-construction).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Metode &amp;nbsp;Chemical Barrier System (CBS) ditujukan untuk :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;a. Untuk bangunan yang belum dibangun (Pre-Construction Building)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;b. Untuk bangunan yang sudah dibangun (Post-Construction Building)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Cakupan hama : Semua Jenis Rayap Tanah (Subterranean Termites)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PROSEDUR PEKERJAAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Prosedur pekerjaan tersebut akan dilakukan dengan cara sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Pre- Construction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a. Foundation Treatment (Pondasi)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Ditujukan untuk membuat lapisan penghalang agar koloni rayap di bawah tanah tidak bisa masuk ke bangunan melalui pondasi/lantai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Tahapan pelaksanaannya sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;i. Dilakukan penyemprotan ke dalam galian pondasi dan dinding pondasi sebanyak + 5 liter/m2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;ii. Dilakukan penyemprotan pada tanah urug setelah pondasi terpasang secara bertahap hingga seluruh pondasi tertutup oleh tanah urug.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b. Soil Treatment (Lantai tanah)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Ditujukan untuk melindungi seluruh lantai bangunan dari kemungkinan naiknya rayap ke atas di kemudian hari.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Tahapan pelaksanaannya sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;i. Penyemprotan dilakukan setelah proses urugan tanah selesai dan diratakan untuk membuat lantai kerja. Penyemprotan juga bisa dilakukan saat tanah urug sudah ditimbun dengan pasir lantai kerja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;ii. Dilakukan penyemprotan pada lapisan teratas tanah urug pada lantai bangunan sebanyak + 5 liter/m2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;c. Wood Treatment (Kayu)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Ditujukan untuk melapisi kayu dengan termitisida sebelum di-finishing untuk mencegah adanya serangan di kemudian hari.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Tahapan pelaksanaannya sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;i. Dilakukan pelaburan/penyemprotan termitisida pada seluruh kusen kayu yang belum di cat pada bangunan, sesuai tahapan pembangunan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;ii. Dilakukan pelaburan/penyemprotan termitisida pada seluruh kayu struktur atap yaitu pada kuda-kuda dan plafon sebelum dipasang dengan tujuan agar pelaburan/penyemprotan dapat lebih menyeluruh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;iii. Larutan termitisida yang akan disemprotkan pada kayu itu sebanyak 0,3 ltr/m2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Post-Construction&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a. Foundation Treatment (Pondasi)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Ditujukan untuk membuat lapisan penghalang agar koloni rayap di bawah tanah tidak bisa masuk ke bangunan melalui pondasi/lantai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Tahapan pelaksanaannya sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;i. Dilakukan pengeboran lantai (diameter 8 mm) pada kedua sisi dari dinding pondasi setiap 30-40 cm, dengan 5 ltr larutan/m1 sesuai kondisi di lapangan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;ii. Larutan termitisida kemudian diinjeksikan ke tiap lubang ±(2 liter) sehingga membentuk ikatan lapisan penghalang di dalam tanah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;iii. Dilakukan penutupan lubang dengan semen berwarna serupa dengan warna lantai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b. Soil Treatment (Lantai tanah)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Ditujukan untuk melindungi seluruh lantai bangunan dari kemungkinan naiknya rayap ke atas di kemudian hari.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Tahapan pelaksanaannya sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;i. Penyemprotan dilakukan setelah proses urugan tanah selesai dan diratakan untuk membuat lantai kerja. Penyemprotan juga bisa dilakukan saat tanah urug sudah ditimbun dengan pasir lantai kerja.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;ii. Dilakukan penyemprotan pada lapisan teratas tanah urug pada lantai bangunan sebanyak + 5 liter/m2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;c. Wood Treatment (Kayu)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Ditujukan untuk melapisi kayu dengan termitisida sebelum di-finishing untuk mencegah adanya serangan di kemudian hari.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Tahapan pelaksanaannya sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;i. Dilakukan pelaburan/penyemprotan termitisida pada seluruh kusen kayu yang belum di cat pada bangunan, sesuai tahapan pembangunan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;ii. Dilakukan pelaburan/penyemprotan termitisida pada seluruh kayu struktur atap yaitu pada kuda-kuda dan plafon sebelum dipasang dengan tujuan agar pelaburan/penyemprotan dapat lebih menyeluruh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;iii. Larutan termitisida yang akan disemprotkan pada kayu itu sebanyak 0,3 ltr/m2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;B. Termite Baiting System (TBS)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Pengendalian rayap dengan sistem pengumpanan yang dapat menuntaskan seluruh koloni rayap di bawah tanah.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Di Indonesia pada umumnya ada tiga jenis rayap tanah yang paling sering menyerang bangunan antara lain rayap tanah jenis macrotermes, microtermes, dan coptotermes. Rayap tanah hidup dan berkembang biak optimal didalam tanah pada kedalaman 1 – 2 meter. Rayap membangun kerajaannya dengan cara berkoloni dan hidup secara berkasta. Kasta tertinggi adalah ratu dan raja, tentara, dan pekerja merupakan kasta terendah. Kasta pekerja yang bertugas merawat dan memberi makan kasta-kasta lain dalam satu koloni. Sifat transfer makanan dari rayap satu ke ribuan rayap lainnya adalah cara kerja mereka sehingga meyebabkan kecepatan kerusakan terhadap bahan bahan yang mengandung sellulosa seperti, kayu, kertas karpet, kabel dll yang merupakan makanan pokok rayap. Tingkat kerusakan dan daya jelajah dari tiga jenis rayap tanah yang paling hebat adalah jenis Coptotermes. Berdasarkan hasil survey dan kondisi bangunan yang sudah terinfestasi rayap maka kami merekomendasikan tindakan pengendalian dengan sistem pengumpan ( Termite baiting system ).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Adapun keuntungan dari TBS ini sehingga kami merekomendasikan dengan system tersebut adalah :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Termite Baiting System tidak akan mengganggu atau merubah struktur &amp;nbsp;bangunan yang ditempati. Dengan sistem ini tidak perlu melakukan pengeboran pada interior maupun exterior.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Termite Baiting System tidak hanya membentengi bangunan dari serangan &amp;nbsp;rayap, namun dapat memusnahkan koloni rayap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Dapat memberikan proteksi dari serangan rayap selama mungkin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;System ini sangat cocok untuk highrise building.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;METODE PELAKSANAAN TERMITE BAITING SYSTEM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Metode&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;:&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Termite Baiting System (TBS) dengan menggunakan metode pengumpanan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Cakupan hama&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;: &amp;nbsp; Rayap Tanah (Subterranean Termite) jenis Coptotermes Sp dan rayap jenis macro / micro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;PROSEDUR PEKERJAAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;a.&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Installation&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Dilakukan pemasangan sistem pengumpanan pada lokasi :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Above-Ground Station (AG)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Stasiun umpan yang dipasang langsung pada bangunan yang terserang. (hanya dipasang jika sudah ada serangan rayap aktif). Berisikan racun rayap berbentuk tissue yang disukai rayap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;In-Ground Station (IG)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Stasiun umpan yang ditanam ke dalam tanah di sekeliling bangunan setiap ± 5-8 m. Stasiun umpan berisikan kayu umpan untuk memancing rayap yang sedang mencari makanan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;b.&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Monitoring&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Dilakukan pemeriksaan rutin pada In-Ground Station tiap 2 minggu sekali. Jika ditemukan adanya serangan rayap aktif pada kayu umpan, maka kayu umpan diganti dengan recuit II. &amp;nbsp;Monitoring juga dilakukan pada Above-Ground Station untuk memastikan apakah umpan telah termakan dan jumlah umpan masih mencukupi sampai monitoring selanjutnya. Pada saat melakukan monitoring, dilakukan pula inspeksi pada area disekitar station dan area kritikal lainnya untuk mengetahui adanya infestasi rayap baru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;c.&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Elimination&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Dilakukan pemeriksaan rutin &amp;amp; penambahan tissue di dalam In-Ground &amp;amp; Above-Ground Station tiap 2 minggu sampai koloni rayap habis tereliminasi (umumnya 3-6 bulan)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;d.&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-tab-span&quot; style=&quot;white-space: pre;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Monitoring Lanjutan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 18.399999618530273px;&quot;&gt;Setelah proses eliminasi koloni selesai, teknisi akan tetap melakukan monitoring pada Above-Ground Station dan mengganti Recruit II pada In-Ground Station dengan WMD / kayu umpan kembali.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Jakarta Pest Control&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Telp &amp;nbsp;: 021 - 9604.6408&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;HP &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;: 0813.8650.1642.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/8036042088706691121/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/8036042088706691121' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/8036042088706691121'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/8036042088706691121'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2014/01/jasa-anti-rayap-dan-pest-control.html' title='Jasa Anti Rayap dan Pest Control'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-1918772433458330129</id><published>2012-02-21T18:40:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2012-02-21T18:45:17.424-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="jakarta pest control"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mosquito"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pest control"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="termite control"/><title type='text'>Jakarta Pest Control Treatment</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Mosquito&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;extermination&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;pest control&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;looks like the image&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;below:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Mosquito&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;spraying&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;done indoors&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;out&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Incredible&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;room&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Contact Us :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Jakarta Pest Control&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Jl. Pulomas 2C&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Jakarta Timur&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Phone &amp;nbsp; : 021-9604.6408&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Mobile&amp;nbsp; : 0813.8650.1642&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGWIDD50pGXtZUcNfAJrSQKdwxrLTkstpzYXqe2sDISYq-zICq4I8bz3SnbOyE1iOS6tQIhtjxH4Ma7KZ1l8QRosptJJiwa2XFfsPx6bRXBWs2TR4vSQBWQhGZwrX5yH_FzU_-L5zV7wK5/s1600/jakartapestcontrol+LOGO.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGWIDD50pGXtZUcNfAJrSQKdwxrLTkstpzYXqe2sDISYq-zICq4I8bz3SnbOyE1iOS6tQIhtjxH4Ma7KZ1l8QRosptJJiwa2XFfsPx6bRXBWs2TR4vSQBWQhGZwrX5yH_FzU_-L5zV7wK5/s320/jakartapestcontrol+LOGO.png&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/1918772433458330129/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/1918772433458330129' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/1918772433458330129'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/1918772433458330129'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2012/02/jakarta-pest-control-treatment.html' title='Jakarta Pest Control Treatment'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3_kShyphenhyphenTJxQcDd4Z8b09EAzj_QRYzx8q5FuVJ9RzPIDVpnLvqCn3oifvRcrFubOZN2SQeMTjPgxBZ3aFpbu8_5wkI4mWjc_2roX_GJxv3WbiJxHEQalLH2dF0cuKQinRIFKoN_SYmeINLT/s72-c/100711-1040.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total><georss:featurename>Jalan Pulomas Timur 2C, Jakarta Capital Region 13210, Indonesia</georss:featurename><georss:point>-6.177927 106.885906</georss:point><georss:box>-6.1799005000000005 106.88343850000001 -6.1759535 106.8883735</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-9204787867230357803</id><published>2011-10-30T08:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-02-21T18:44:54.620-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="jakarta pest control"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mosquito"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pest control"/><title type='text'>Mosquito Control</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Mosquito control&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;by using spraying&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;both inside and&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;outside&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the room&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;While&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;spraying&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;mosquitoes&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;in the room&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;done in&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;all parts of&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;the room&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Contact Us :&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Jakarta Pest Control&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Jl. Pulomas 2C&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Jakarta Timur&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Phone &amp;nbsp; : 021-9604.6408&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Mobile&amp;nbsp; : 0813.8650.1642&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/9204787867230357803/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/9204787867230357803' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/9204787867230357803'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/9204787867230357803'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2011/10/mosquito-control-by-using-spraying-both.html' title='Mosquito Control'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXRnguu293xAgddiwcZbQ-mh2FGuyeW7GpwZrI_9tstXcQhF2vUPD_srqIbV-FptBBGx7PCfpNArrAcMgLnGEVV28FbZqkGRBvO23IxXEqSU6mH74PXCFy37oFfXD-PhServld9OsMiOa2/s72-c/210511-1133.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total><georss:featurename>Jalan Pulomas 2C, Jakarta Capital Region 10510, Indonesia</georss:featurename><georss:point>-6.176384 106.882188</georss:point><georss:box>-6.1783575 106.8797205 -6.1744105 106.8846555</georss:box></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-6077066551766419262</id><published>2011-10-26T04:16:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-10-26T04:16:38.945-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Easy Ways to Eliminate Mosquitoes Bite Due bumps</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;result_box&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Cara Mudah Menghilangkan Bentol Akibat Gigitan Nyamuk&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Cara Mudah Menghilangkan Bentol Akibat Gigitan Nyamuk - Nyamuk, selain suaranya yang mengganggu tidur di malam hari, gigitannya juga membuat kulit menjadi gatal.&quot;&gt;How
 to Easily Eliminate Mosquito bites: Due bumps - Mosquitoes, in addition
 to his voice that disrupt sleep at night, bite also make your skin 
itch.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Salah-salah, jika kita menggaruk, kulit menjadi terluka.&quot;&gt;One-one, if we scratch, the skin becomes injured. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Anak-anak berekasi lebih parah terhadap gigitan nyamuk dibandingkan orang dewasa.&quot;&gt;Children react more severely against mosquito bites than adults.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Ada sekitar 3500 jenis nyamuk.&quot;&gt;There are about 3500 species of mosquitoes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Beberapa jenis itu memakan darah manusia.&quot;&gt;It takes some kind of human blood. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nyamuk betina merupakan salah satu jenis yang memerlukan nutrisi tertentu dari darah untuk bisa bertahan hidup.&quot;&gt;Female mosquitoes is one type that requires certain nutrients from the blood to survive. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Mereka memiliki hidung seperti jarum yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan darah &#39;korban&#39;.&quot;&gt;They have a nose like a needle used to collect blood &#39;victim&#39;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Luka terbuka, lebih rawan digigit nyamuk.&quot;&gt;Open wounds, more prone to being bitten by mosquitoes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Nyamuk biasanya menyntikkan air liur sampai menembus kulit.&quot;&gt;Mosquitoes usually menyntikkan saliva to penetrate the skin. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Air liur ini mengandung bahan kimia yang dikenal sebagai antikoagulan yang bisa menghambat pembekuan darah, sehingga luka tak kunjung kering.&quot;&gt;Saliva contains a chemical known as an anticoagulant that can inhibit blood clotting, so the wound never dry.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Bahan kimia dalam air liur nyamuk yang tertinggal ini menyebabkan respon alergi ringan berupa tanda merah dan gatal setelah beberapa jam, bahkan sampai beberapa hari.&quot;&gt;Chemicals
 in mosquito saliva left behind this cause a mild allergic response in 
the form of red marks and itching after a few hours, even up to several 
days. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Untungnya, ada beberapa tips yang bisa dicoba untuk mengurangi gatal-gatal karena digigit nyamuk.&quot;&gt;Fortunately, there are a few tips that can be tried to reduce the itching due to mosquito bites.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;1.&quot;&gt;1. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Campurkan dua cangkir cuka putih ke dalam bak yang berisi air panas.&quot;&gt;Combine two cups of white vinegar into a tub of hot water. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Anda bisa berendam selama 20 menit.&quot;&gt;You can soak for 20 minutes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Air panas yang ditambah cuka membantu mengurangi gatal.&quot;&gt;Hot water is added vinegar helps reduce itching. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Selain itu, anda juga bisa mengoleskan cuka menggunakan cotton buds pada bekas gigitan yang masih terasa gatal.&quot;&gt;In addition, you can also apply vinegar to use cotton buds to the bite marks are still itchy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;2.&quot;&gt;2. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Ampas teh kemasan yang sudah dipakai juga bisa mengurangi gatal, dengan mengoleskannya ke kulit.&quot;&gt;Tea waste packaging that has been used also to reduce the itching, rub it into the skin. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Kandungan tannin yang masih ada di dalam teh bisa digunakan untuk melawan alergi.&quot;&gt;The content of tannins that are still in the tea can be used to fight allergies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;3.&quot;&gt;3. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Gunakan minyak pohon teh untuk dioleskan di bekas gigitan.&quot;&gt;Use tea tree oil to rub on the bite marks. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Banyak ditemui di toko kesehatan, atau dijual online.&quot;&gt;Mostly found in health stores, or sold online. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Minyak pohon teh berfungsi sebagai antiseptik dan antibiotik ampuh untuk mengurangi rasa gatal dan menyengat.&quot;&gt;Tea tree oil serves as a potent antiseptic and antibiotics to reduce the itching and stinging.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;4.&quot;&gt;4. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Tempelkan es di kulit yang gatal.&quot;&gt;Paste the ice on the skin that itch. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Dinginnya es bisa membuat mati rasa untuk sementara waktu.&quot;&gt;The cold ice can make numb for a while. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Selain itu juga bisa mengurangi efek &#39;air liur nyamuk&#39; yang disimpan dibawah kulit.&quot;&gt;It also can reduce the effects of &#39;mosquito saliva&#39; that is stored under the skin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;5.&quot;&gt;5. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Bisa juga membuat penangkal gatal dengan daun lavender, kemangi atau pisang.&quot;&gt;Can also create an antidote to itch with lavender leaves, basil or bananas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Basahi dan hancurkan, oleskan pada bekas gigitan nyamuk.&quot;&gt;Moisten and mash, apply to the mosquito bite. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;( republika.co.id )&quot;&gt;(Republika.co.id)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/6077066551766419262/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/6077066551766419262' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/6077066551766419262'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/6077066551766419262'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2011/10/easy-ways-to-eliminate-mosquitoes-bite.html' title='Easy Ways to Eliminate Mosquitoes Bite Due bumps'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2007212686648111848.post-355996439984426869</id><published>2008-11-16T06:17:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2008-11-27T06:46:28.109-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Culicidae"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mosquito"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="species"/><title type='text'>Mosquito</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mosquitoes&lt;/b&gt; are insects in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_%28biology%29&quot; title=&quot;Family (biology)&quot;&gt;family&lt;/a&gt; &lt;b&gt;Culicidae&lt;/b&gt;. They have a pair of scaled wings, a pair of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halteres&quot; title=&quot;Halteres&quot;&gt;halteres&lt;/a&gt;, a slender body, and long legs. The females of most mosquito &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species&quot; title=&quot;Species&quot;&gt;species&lt;/a&gt; suck blood (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematophagy&quot; title=&quot;Hematophagy&quot;&gt;hematophagy&lt;/a&gt;) from other animals, which has made them the most deadly &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_%28biology%29&quot; title=&quot;Vector (biology)&quot;&gt;disease vector&lt;/a&gt; known, killing millions of people over thousands of years and continuing to kill millions per year by the spread of infectious diseases.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-0&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;2&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-2&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;3&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Length varies but is rarely greater than 16 mm (0.6 &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch&quot; title=&quot;Inch&quot;&gt;inch&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-3&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;4&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, and weight up to 2.5 &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milligram&quot; title=&quot;Milligram&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;mg&lt;/a&gt; (0.04 &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_%28measure%29&quot; title=&quot;Grain (measure)&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;grain&lt;/a&gt;). A mosquito can fly for 1 to 4 hours continuously at up to 1–2 km/h&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-4&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;5&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; travelling up to 10 km in a night. Most species are &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal&quot; title=&quot;Nocturnal&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;nocturnal&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepuscular&quot; title=&quot;Crepuscular&quot;&gt;crepuscular&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn&quot; title=&quot;Dawn&quot;&gt;dawn&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusk&quot; title=&quot;Dusk&quot;&gt;dusk&lt;/a&gt;) feeders. During the heat of the day most mosquitoes rest in a cool place and wait for the evenings. They may still bite if disturbed. Mosquitos are adept at infiltration and have been known to find their way into residences via deactivated air conditioning units.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-5&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-5&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;6&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Feeding Habits&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;p&gt;Both male and female mosquitoes are &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar_source&quot; title=&quot;Nectar source&quot;&gt;nectar&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_feeder&quot; title=&quot;Fluid feeder&quot;&gt;feeders&lt;/a&gt;, but the females of many species are also capable of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematophagy&quot; title=&quot;Hematophagy&quot;&gt;hematophagy&lt;/a&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.cricoid.info/2008/11/medically-important-mosquitoes.html&quot; class=&quot;external text&quot; title=&quot;http://www.cricoid.info/2008/11/medically-important-mosquitoes.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;drinking blood&lt;/a&gt; ]). Females do not require blood for their own survival, but they do need supplemental substances (like protein and iron) to develop eggs. Prior to and during blood feeding, they inject saliva into the bodies of their source(s) of blood. Female mosquitoes hunt their blood host by detecting &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide&quot; title=&quot;Carbon dioxide&quot;&gt;carbon dioxide&lt;/a&gt; (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Octen-3-ol&quot; title=&quot;1-Octen-3-ol&quot;&gt;1-Octen-3-ol&lt;/a&gt; from a distance.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mosquitoes of the genus &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxorhynchites&quot; title=&quot;Toxorhynchites&quot;&gt;Toxorhynchites&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; never drink blood.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-6&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-6&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;7&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; This &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus&quot; title=&quot;Genus&quot;&gt;genus&lt;/a&gt; includes the largest extant mosquitoes, the larvae of which prey on the larvae of other mosquitoes. These mosquito eaters have been used in the past as mosquito control agents, with varying success.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-7&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-7&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;8&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Mosquito saliva&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt; &lt;p&gt;In order for the mosquito to obtain a blood meal it must surmount the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate&quot; title=&quot;Vertebrate&quot;&gt;vertebrate&lt;/a&gt; physiological responses. The mosquito, as with all blood-feeding &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropods&quot; title=&quot;Arthropods&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;arthropods&lt;/a&gt;, has evolved mechanisms to effectively block the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemostasis&quot; title=&quot;Hemostasis&quot;&gt;hemostasis&lt;/a&gt; system with their saliva which contains a complex mixture of secreted proteins. Mosquito saliva affects &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_constriction&quot; title=&quot;Vascular constriction&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;vascular constriction&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_clotting&quot; title=&quot;Blood clotting&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;blood clotting&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet&quot; title=&quot;Platelet&quot;&gt;platelet&lt;/a&gt; aggregation, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation&quot; title=&quot;Inflammation&quot;&gt;inflammation&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunity&quot; title=&quot;Immunity&quot;&gt;immunity&lt;/a&gt;, and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis&quot; title=&quot;Angiogenesis&quot;&gt;angiogenesis&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-autogenerated4_8-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-autogenerated4-8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Universally, hematophagous arthropod saliva contains at least one anticlotting, one anti-platelet, and one vasodilatory substance. Mosquito saliva also contains enzymes that aid in sugar feeding&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-9&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-9&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;10&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_agents&quot; title=&quot;Antimicrobial agents&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;antimicrobial agents&lt;/a&gt; to control bacterial growth in the sugar meal.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-10&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-10&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;11&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The composition of mosquito saliva is relatively simple as it usually contains fewer than 20 dominant &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteins&quot; title=&quot;Proteins&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;proteins&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-autogenerated1-11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;12&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Despite the great strides in knowledge of these molecules and their role in bloodfeeding achieved recently, scientists still cannot ascribe functions to more than half of the molecules found in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod&quot; title=&quot;Arthropod&quot;&gt;arthropod&lt;/a&gt; saliva.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-autogenerated1-11&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;12&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;It is now well recognized that the feeding ticks, sandflies, and, more recently, mosquitoes have an ability to modulate the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_response&quot; title=&quot;Immune response&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;immune response&lt;/a&gt; of the animals (hosts) they feed on.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-autogenerated4_8-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-autogenerated4-8&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;9&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The presence of this activity in vector saliva is a reflection of the inherent overlapping and interconnected nature of the host &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemostatic&quot; title=&quot;Hemostatic&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;hemostatic&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammatory&quot; title=&quot;Inflammatory&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;inflammatory&lt;/a&gt;/&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunological&quot; title=&quot;Immunological&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;immunological&lt;/a&gt; responses and the intrinsic need to prevent these host defenses from disrupting successful feeding. The mechanism for mosquito saliva-induced alteration of the host immune response is unclear, but the data has become increasingly convincing that such an effect occurs. Early work described a factor in saliva that directly suppresses &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNF-%CE%B1&quot; title=&quot;TNF-α&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;TNF-α&lt;/a&gt; release, but not antigen-induced &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histamine&quot; title=&quot;Histamine&quot;&gt;histamine&lt;/a&gt; secretion, from activated &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_cells&quot; title=&quot;Mast cells&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;mast cells&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-12&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-12&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;13&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Experiments by Cross et al. (1994) demonstrated that the inclusion of &lt;i&gt;Ae. aegypti&lt;/i&gt; mosquito saliva into naïve cultures led to a suppression of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin&quot; title=&quot;Interleukin&quot;&gt;interleukin&lt;/a&gt; (IL)-2 and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFN-%CE%B3&quot; title=&quot;IFN-γ&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;IFN-γ&lt;/a&gt; production, while the cytokines &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL-4&quot; title=&quot;IL-4&quot;&gt;IL-4&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL-5&quot; title=&quot;IL-5&quot;&gt;IL-5&lt;/a&gt; are unaffected by mosquito saliva.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-autogenerated2-13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Cellular proliferation in response to IL-2 is clearly reduced by prior treatment of cells with SGE.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-autogenerated2-13&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;14&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Correspondingly, activated &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenocyte&quot; title=&quot;Splenocyte&quot;&gt;splenocytes&lt;/a&gt; isolated from mice fed upon by either &lt;i&gt;Ae. aegypti&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;Cx. pipiens&lt;/i&gt; mosquitoes produce markedly higher levels of IL-4 and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IL-10&quot; title=&quot;IL-10&quot;&gt;IL-10&lt;/a&gt; concurrent with suppressed IFN-γ production.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-autogenerated3_14-0&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-autogenerated3-14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;15&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Unexpectedly, this shift in cytokine expression is observed in splenocytes up to 10 days after mosquito exposure, suggesting that natural feeding of mosquitoes can have a profound, enduring, and systemic effect on the immune response.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-autogenerated3_14-1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-autogenerated3-14&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;15&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell&quot; title=&quot;T cell&quot;&gt;T cell&lt;/a&gt; populations are decidedly susceptible to the suppressive effect of mosquito saliva, showing enhanced mortality and decreased division rates.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-15&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-15&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;16&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Parallel work by Wasserman et al. (2004) demonstrated that T- and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-cell&quot; title=&quot;B-cell&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;B-cell&lt;/a&gt; proliferation was inhibited in a dose dependent manner with concentrations as low as 1/7th of the saliva in a single mosquito.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-16&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-16&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;17&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Depinay et al. (2005) observed a suppression of antibody-specific T cell responses mediated by mosquito saliva and dependent on mast cells and IL-10 expression.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-17&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-17&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;18&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A recent study suggests that mosquito saliva can also decrease expression of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon&quot; title=&quot;Interferon&quot;&gt;interferon&lt;/a&gt;−α/β during early mosquito-borne virus infection.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-18&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-18&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;19&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; The contribution of type I interferons (IFN) in recovery from infection with viruses has been demonstrated &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; by the therapeutic and prophylactic effects of administration of IFN-inducers or IFN,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-19&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-19&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;20&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and recent research suggests that mosquito saliva exacerbates &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virus&quot; title=&quot;West Nile virus&quot;&gt;West Nile virus&lt;/a&gt; infection,&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-20&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-20&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;21&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; as well as other mosquito-transmitted viruses.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-21&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-21&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;22&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;&quot;&gt;Life Cycle of a Mosquito&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Arial;&quot;&gt;Mosquitoes of different species lay their eggs in a variety of water sources that range from small containers to vast expanses of marshland. The larval stage is always aquatic and shuttles from the subsurface where it filter feeds on micro-organisms to the surface to obtain oxygen through a snorkel-like breathing apparatus. The pupal stage does not feed but unlike most Insect pupae is extremely active. The adult emerges from the pupal case using air pressure and assume a terrestrial existence.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Mosquitoes and health&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width: 182px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Yellow_fever_Africa_2005.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; title=&quot;Endemic range of yellow fever in Africa (2005)&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Yellow_fever_Africa_2005.png/180px-Yellow_fever_Africa_2005.png&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;190&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Yellow_fever_Africa_2005.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Endemic range of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever&quot; title=&quot;Yellow fever&quot;&gt;yellow fever&lt;/a&gt; in Africa (2005)&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width: 182px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Yellow_fever_South_America_2005.png&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; title=&quot;Endemic range of yellow fever in South America (2005)&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yellow_fever_South_America_2005.png/180px-Yellow_fever_South_America_2005.png&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;237&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Yellow_fever_South_America_2005.png&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Endemic range of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever&quot; title=&quot;Yellow fever&quot;&gt;yellow fever&lt;/a&gt; in South America (2005)&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mosquitoes are a &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_%28biology%29&quot; title=&quot;Vector (biology)&quot;&gt;vector&lt;/a&gt; agent that carries disease-causing &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus&quot; title=&quot;Virus&quot;&gt;viruses&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite&quot; title=&quot;Parasite&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;parasites&lt;/a&gt; from person to person without catching the disease themselves. Female mosquitoes suck blood from people and other animals as part of their eating and breeding habits. When a mosquito bites, she also injects saliva and anti-coagulants into the blood which may also contain disease-causing viruses or other parasites. This cycle can be interrupted by killing the mosquitoes, isolating infected people from all mosquitoes while they are infectious or vaccinating the exposed population. All three techniques have been used, often in combination, to control mosquito transmitted diseases. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_screen&quot; title=&quot;Window screen&quot;&gt;Window screens&lt;/a&gt;, introduced in the 1880s, were called &quot;the most humane contribution the 19th century made to the preservation of sanity and good temper.&quot;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-22&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-22&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;23&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mosquitoes are estimated to transmit disease to more than 700 million people annually in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa&quot; title=&quot;Africa&quot;&gt;Africa&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America&quot; title=&quot;South America&quot;&gt;South America&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America&quot; title=&quot;Central America&quot;&gt;Central America&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico&quot; title=&quot;Mexico&quot;&gt;Mexico&lt;/a&gt; and much of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia&quot; title=&quot;Asia&quot;&gt;Asia&lt;/a&gt; with millions of resulting deaths. In &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe&quot; title=&quot;Europe&quot;&gt;Europe&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia&quot; title=&quot;Russia&quot;&gt;Russia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland&quot; title=&quot;Greenland&quot;&gt;Greenland&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada&quot; title=&quot;Canada&quot;&gt;Canada&lt;/a&gt;, the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&quot; title=&quot;United States&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia&quot; title=&quot;Australia&quot;&gt;Australia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand&quot; title=&quot;New Zealand&quot;&gt;New Zealand&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan&quot; title=&quot;Japan&quot;&gt;Japan&lt;/a&gt; and other temperate and developed countries, mosquito bites are now mostly an irritating nuisance; but still cause some deaths each year.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-23&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-23&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;24&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Historically, before mosquito transmitted diseases were brought under control, they caused tens of thousands of deaths in these countries and hundreds of thousands of infections.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-24&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-24&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;25&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Mosquitoes were shown to be the method by which &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever&quot; title=&quot;Yellow fever&quot;&gt;yellow fever&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria&quot; title=&quot;Malaria&quot;&gt;malaria&lt;/a&gt; were transmitted from person to person by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reed&quot; title=&quot;Walter Reed&quot;&gt;Walter Reed&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Gorgas&quot; title=&quot;William C. Gorgas&quot;&gt;William C. Gorgas&lt;/a&gt; and associates in the U.S. Army Medical Corps first in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba&quot; title=&quot;Cuba&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/a&gt; and then around the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal&quot; title=&quot;Panama Canal&quot;&gt;Panama Canal&lt;/a&gt; in the early 1900s.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-25&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-25&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;26&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-26&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-26&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;27&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Since then other diseases have been shown to be transmitted the same way.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The mosquito genus &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles&quot; title=&quot;Anopheles&quot;&gt;Anopheles&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; carries the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria&quot; title=&quot;Malaria&quot;&gt;malaria&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite&quot; title=&quot;Parasite&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;parasite&lt;/a&gt; (see &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium&quot; title=&quot;Plasmodium&quot;&gt;Plasmodium&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;). Worldwide, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria&quot; title=&quot;Malaria&quot;&gt;malaria&lt;/a&gt; is a leading cause of premature mortality, particularly in children under the age of five, with around 2 million deaths annually, according to the Centers for Disease Control. Some species of mosquito can carry the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis&quot; title=&quot;Filariasis&quot;&gt;filariasis&lt;/a&gt; worm, a parasite that causes a disfiguring condition (often referred to as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantiasis&quot; title=&quot;Elephantiasis&quot;&gt;elephantiasis&lt;/a&gt;) characterized by a great swelling of several parts of the body; worldwide, around 40 million people are living with a filariasis disability. The viral diseases &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever&quot; title=&quot;Yellow fever&quot;&gt;yellow fever&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever&quot; title=&quot;Dengue fever&quot;&gt;dengue fever&lt;/a&gt; are transmitted mostly by &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti&quot; title=&quot;Aedes aegypti&quot;&gt;Aedes aegypti&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; mosquitoes. Other viral diseases like &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyarthritis&quot; title=&quot;Polyarthritis&quot;&gt;epidemic polyarthritis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_Valley_fever&quot; title=&quot;Rift Valley fever&quot;&gt;Rift Valley fever&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_River_Fever&quot; title=&quot;Ross River Fever&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;Ross River Fever&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_encephalitis&quot; title=&quot;St. Louis encephalitis&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;St. Louis encephalitis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virus&quot; title=&quot;West Nile virus&quot;&gt;West Nile virus&lt;/a&gt; (WNV), &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis&quot; title=&quot;Japanese encephalitis&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;Japanese encephalitis&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Crosse_encephalitis&quot; title=&quot;La Crosse encephalitis&quot;&gt;La Crosse encephalitis&lt;/a&gt; and several other &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalitis&quot; title=&quot;Encephalitis&quot;&gt;encephalitis&lt;/a&gt; type diseases are carried by several different mosquitoes. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_equine_encephalitis&quot; title=&quot;Eastern equine encephalitis&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;Eastern equine encephalitis&lt;/a&gt; (EEE) and &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_equine_encephalitis&quot; title=&quot;Western equine encephalitis&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;Western equine encephalitis&lt;/a&gt; (WEE) occurs in the United States where it causes disease in humans, horses, and some bird species. Because of the high mortality rate, EEE and WEE are regarded as two of the most serious mosquito-borne diseases in the United States. Symptoms range from mild flu-like illness to encephalitis, coma and death.&lt;sup id=&quot;cite_ref-27&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito#cite_note-27&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;28&lt;span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Viruses carried by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod&quot; title=&quot;Arthropod&quot;&gt;arthropods&lt;/a&gt; such as mosquitoes or ticks are known collectively as &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbovirus&quot; title=&quot;Arbovirus&quot;&gt;arboviruses&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_virus&quot; title=&quot;West Nile virus&quot;&gt;West Nile virus&lt;/a&gt; was accidentally introduced into the United States in 1999 and by 2003 had spread to almost every state with over 3,000 cases in 2006.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot;&gt;Mosquito control&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;thumb tright&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner&quot; style=&quot;width: 182px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mosquito_larvae.jpg&quot; class=&quot;image&quot; title=&quot;Larvae in stagnant water&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Mosquito_larvae.jpg/180px-Mosquito_larvae.jpg&quot; class=&quot;thumbimage&quot; width=&quot;180&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;124&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt; &lt;div class=&quot;magnify&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mosquito_larvae.jpg&quot; class=&quot;internal&quot; title=&quot;Enlarge&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;11&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Larvae in stagnant water&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p&gt;There are many methods used for mosquito control. Some target the larval stage, while others are used to kill or repel adults. Much of modern mosquito control is no longer dependent on &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide&quot; title=&quot;Pesticide&quot;&gt;pesticides&lt;/a&gt; but specialized &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism&quot; title=&quot;Organism&quot;&gt;organisms&lt;/a&gt; that eat mosquitoes, or infect them with a disease that kills them.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Template-Fact&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources since October 2008&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&quot; title=&quot;Wikipedia:Citation needed&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; Such methods can even be used in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_Area&quot; title=&quot;Conservation Area&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;Conservation Areas&lt;/a&gt;, like the &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth_refuge&quot; title=&quot;Forsyth refuge&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;Forsyth refuge&lt;/a&gt;&quot;, where some major mosquito control is performed and monitored using &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killifish&quot; title=&quot;Killifish&quot;&gt;killifish&lt;/a&gt;&quot; and juvenile &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel&quot; title=&quot;Eel&quot;&gt;eels&lt;/a&gt;. The success is documented with most advanced underwater &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope&quot; title=&quot;Microscope&quot;&gt;microscopes&lt;/a&gt; like the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoSCOPE&quot; title=&quot;EcoSCOPE&quot;&gt;ecoSCOPE&lt;/a&gt;. However, outbreaks of human mosquito-borne diseases may still result in &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fogging&quot; title=&quot;Fogging&quot;&gt;fogging&lt;/a&gt; with products that are less toxic than those used in the past.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A few varieties of the natural &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil&quot; title=&quot;Soil&quot;&gt;soil&lt;/a&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria&quot; title=&quot;Bacteria&quot;&gt;bacteria&lt;/a&gt; &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis&quot; title=&quot;Bacillus thuringiensis&quot;&gt;Bacillus thuringiensis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, especially &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis_israelensis&quot; title=&quot;Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis&quot;&gt;Bt israelensis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt; (Bti), are used to interfere in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestion&quot; title=&quot;Digestion&quot;&gt;digestion&lt;/a&gt; systems of larvae. It can be dispersed by hand or dropped by &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter&quot; title=&quot;Helicopter&quot;&gt;helicopter&lt;/a&gt; in large areas. Unfortunately Bti is no longer effective after the larvae turn into pupae, because they stop eating. At this point larviciding oils, such as Golden Bear, can be used which increase the water tension until the pupae and larvae cannot break the surface to obtain air and therefore drown.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Template-Fact&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources since September 2008&quot; style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot;&gt;[&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed&quot; title=&quot;Wikipedia:Citation needed&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; A chemical commonly used in the &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States&quot; title=&quot;United States&quot;&gt;United States&lt;/a&gt; is &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methoprene&quot; title=&quot;Methoprene&quot;&gt;methoprene&lt;/a&gt;, considered slightly &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic&quot; title=&quot;Toxic&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;toxic&lt;/a&gt; to larger animals, which mimics and interferes with natural growth hormones in mosquito larvae, preventing development. Methoprene is frequently distributed in time-release &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briquette&quot; title=&quot;Briquette&quot;&gt;briquette&lt;/a&gt; form in breeding areas. &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malathion&quot; title=&quot;Malathion&quot;&gt;Malathion&lt;/a&gt; has also been sprayed in metropolitan areas like &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City&quot; title=&quot;New York City&quot;&gt;New York City&lt;/a&gt; to decrease the mosquito population and prevent the spread of &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Nile_Virus&quot; title=&quot;West Nile Virus&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot;&gt;West Nile Virus&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/feeds/355996439984426869/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/2007212686648111848/355996439984426869' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/355996439984426869'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2007212686648111848/posts/default/355996439984426869'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://antotea1.blogspot.com/2008/11/mosquito.html' title='Mosquito'/><author><name>antotea2</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/15102771891869319143</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>