Mr Electrical

Arbic to English dictionary

2013-08-17T08:08:00.002-07:00

Cultures of Energy: Power, Practices, Technologies

2013-08-01T03:00:00.003-07:00

2013 | ISBN-10: 1611321654, 1611321662 | 352 pages | PDF | 3 MB

This path-breaking volume explores cultures of energy, the underlying but under-appreciated dimensions of both crisis and innovation in resource use around the globe.

Theoretical chapters situate pressing energy issues in larger conceptual frames, and ethnographic case studies reveal energy as it is imagined, used, and contested in a variety of cultural contexts.

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Electrical Studies For Trades, 5th edition

2013-08-01T02:49:00.002-07:00

Electrical Studies For Trades, 5th edition

2013 | ISBN-10: 113327823X | 608 pages | PDF | 63 MB

Packed with real-world examples, vivid illustrations, and the latest developments from the field, "Electrical Studies for Trades, 5th Edition" is ideal for current and future service technicians in air conditioning and refrigeration, construction, and facilities management - and anyone else who needs a practical knowledge of electricity.

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Teach Yourself PIC Microcontrollers for Absolute Beginners

2013-08-01T02:45:00.005-07:00

Teach Yourself PIC Microcontrollers for Absolute Beginners

English | ISBN: n/a | 147 pages | PDF | 3.11 MB

This book, is an entry level text for those who want to explore the wonderful world of microcontrollers. Electronics has always fascinated me, ever since I was a child, making small crystal radio was the best project I still remember.

I still enjoy the feel when I first heard my radio. Over the period of years and decades electronics has progressed, analogs changed into digital and digital into programmable.

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Red Rover: Inside the Story of Robotic Space Exploration, from Genesis

2013-06-02T21:47:00.000-07:00

ISBN: 0465055982 | 2013 | EPUB | 256 pages | 3 MB

In its eerie likeness to Earth, Mars has long captured our imaginations?both as a destination for humankind and as a possible home to extraterrestrial life. It is our twenty-first century New World; its explorers robots, shipped 350 million miles from Earth to uncover the distant planet��s secret

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Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects

2013-06-02T21:43:00.001-07:00

ISBN: 1593274483 | 2013 | PDF | 392 pages | 10 MB

Learn the Basics, Build the Projects, Create Your Own
The Arduino is a cheap, flexible, open source microcontroller platform designed to make it easy for hobbyists to use electronics in homemade projects. With an almost unlimited range of input and output add-ons, sensors, indicators, displays, motors, and more, the Arduino offers you countless ways to create devices that interact with the world around you.

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PC.com - April 2013

2013-06-01T22:35:00.001-07:00

English | 164 Pages | True PDF | 176.79 Mb

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Concentrating solar power technology: Principles, developments and applications

2013-06-01T22:28:00.001-07:00

2012 | 708 Pages | ISBN: 1845697693 | PDF | 11 MB

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technology represents one of the most advanced renewable energy systems capable of large scale power production. By concentrating direct sunlight using mirrors and/or lenses, much higher operating temperatures are achieved, allowing existing solar technologies to covert energy at much higher efficiencies than usual

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Make: Technology on Your Time Volume 33

2013-06-01T22:12:00.001-07:00

English | ISBN: 1449327656 | 2013 | PDF | 160 pages | 25 MB

MAKE Volume 33 has great projects for makers of all skill levels Arduino projects, internet gadgets, food, music, personal fabrication, astronomy, electronics, and more. In our special Codebox section you'll learn about software of interest to makers, including circuit board design, 3D CAD and printing, microcontrollers and creative coding, and programming for kids, featuring Microsoft's SmallBasic, Scratch, and the extremely popular Kickstarter-funded project Makey Makey. And you'll meet fascinating makers, like the maniacs behind the popular Power Wheels Racing events at Maker Faire.

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Electronic Letter Box

2013-01-16T23:13:00.001-08:00

Electronic Letter Box

The circuit illustrated below is used as an electronic letter box. When letter is kept in this box then a LED glows which indicates that letter is inside the Box.

This circuit uses a popular timer I.C which is 555. I.C 555 is connected as comparator with pin 6 connected with positive supply, the output goes high-1 when the trigger pin 2 is at lower than 1/3 level of the supply voltage. Conversely the output goes low-0 , when it is above 1/3 level. So small change in the voltage of pin 2 is enough to change the output of pin 3 from 1 to 0 and 0 to 1. The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any intermediate stage. It is power by 9V battery for portable use. The circuit is economic in power consumption. Pin 4,6&8 is connected to the positive supply and pin 1 is grounded.

To detect the present of letter we have used LDR and a source of light. LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the brightness of the light which is falling on it. It has a resistance of about 1 megaohms when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 2-5 k ohms when brightly illuminated. It responds to a large part of the light spectrum.

The source of light and LDR is so adjusted in the letter box that light will directly fall on the LDR but when letter is kept inside then it will block the beam of light and LDR will be under darkness.

We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and 100 K variable resistance connected in series. Voltage is directly proportional to conductance so more voltage we will get by this divider when LDR is getting light and low voltage in darkness. Divided voltage is given to pin 2nd of 555. As soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of the pin 2 drops 1/3 of the supply voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED glows.

we can also useWe can also use two LED at output pin 3, for present LED 1 and for absent LED 2. For this method one LED is connected as forward bias and other is connected as reverse bias to indicate both high and low conditions. To limit the current of LED resistance is used in series.

For source light, use LED of colour red or white. For LED 2 and 3 you can use any other color- green, red, yellow or blue.

Circuit Diagram of Electronic Letter Box

Component List :
1) LED 3 pc's
2) LDR 1pc
3) Resistance 470 Ohms 3pcs
4) Variable resistance/preset 100 K
5) IC 555
6) Battery 9V with Snap
7) Switch

LED= Light Emitting Diode
LDR= Light Dependent Resistance
IC = Integrated Circuit

Servo Magazine No.12 - December 2012

2012-12-18T07:38:00.003-08:00

Servo Magazine Issue 12 - December 2012 (True PDF)
English | 84 pages | True PDF | 13.98 Mb

SERVO Magazine is a monthly robotics publication produced by T&L Publications.It has been an active member of the robotics community, sponsoring such events as the FIRST Robotics Competition, the Robonexus robotics convention and the Tetsujin robotics competition.

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Elektor Electronics UK - December 2012

2012-12-17T13:32:00.001-08:00

True PDF | 84 pages | English | 24.19 MB

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Distribution Panels

2012-12-16T04:27:00.000-08:00

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Electrical Power Transmission 1

2012-12-16T04:20:00.000-08:00

Electrical Power Transmission system

Electrical power is generated at different generating stations. These generating stations are not necessarily situated at the load center. During construction of generating station number of factors to be considered from economical point of view. These all factors may not be easily available at load center, hence generating station are not normally situated far away from load center.

Load center is the place where maximum power is consumed. Hence there must be some means by which the generated power must be transmitted to the load center.Electrical Transmission system is the means of transmitting power from generating station to different load centers.

Factor to be considered for constructing a generating station

During planning of construction of generating station the following factors to be considered for economical generation of electrical power.

1) Easy availability of water for Thermal Power Generating Station.

2) Easy availability of land for construction of power station including it's staff township.

3) For Hydral Power station there must be a dam on river. So proper place on the river must be chosen in such a way that the construction of the dam can be done in most optimum way.

4) For thermal station easy availability of fuel is one of the most important factors to be considered.

5) Better communication for goods as well as employees of the power station also to be kept into consideration.

6) For transporting very big spare parts of turbines, alternators etc, there must be wide road ways, rain communication, and deep and wide river must pass away nearby the power station.

7) For nuclear power plant, it must be situated in such a distance from common location so that there may be any effect from nuclear reaction the heath of common people.

many other factors also to be considered, but there are beyond the scope of our discussion.

All the factors listed above are very difficult to be available at load center. The power station or generating station must be situated where all the facilities are easily available. This place may not be necessarily at the load center. The power generated at generating station then transmitted to the load center by means of electrical power transmission system as we said earlier.

The power generated at generating station is in low voltage level as low voltage power generation has some economical values. Low voltage power generation is more economical than high voltage power generation. At low voltage level, bot weight and wide of insulation is less in the alternator, this directly reduces the cost and size of alternator. But this low voltage level power can not be transmitted directly to the consumer end as because this low voltage power transmission is not at all economical. Hence although low voltage power generation is economical but low voltage electrical power transmission is not economical. Electrical power is directly proportional to the product of electrical current and voltage of system. So for transmitting certain electrical power from one place to another, if the voltage of the power is increased then associated electric current of this power is reduced. Reduced current means less I²R loss in the system, less cross sectional area of the conductor means less capital involvement and decreased current causes improvement in voltage regulation of the system and improved voltage regulation indicates quality power. Because of these three reasons electrical power mainly transmitted at high voltage level.

Again at distribution end for efficient distribution of the transmitted power, it is stepped down to its desired low voltage level

So it can be concluded that first the electrical power is generated at low voltage level then it stepped up to high voltage for efficient transmission of electrical energy. Lastly for distribution of electrical energy or power to different consumers it is stepped down to desired low voltage level.

This brief discussion of electrical transmission system and network, but now we will discussed little bit more details about transmission of electrical energy.

Transmission of Electrical Energy

Fundamentally there are two systems by which electrical energy can be transmitted

(1) High Voltage DC Electrical Transmission System
(2) High voltage AC Electrical Transmission System

There are some advantages in using DC transmission system

i) Only two conductor are required for Dc transmission system. It is further possible to use only one conductor of DC transmission system if earth is utilized as return path of the system.
ii) The potential stress on the insulator of DC transmission system is about 70% of same voltage AC transmission system. Hence less insulation cost is involved in DC transmission system.
iii) Inductance, capacitance, phase displacement and surge problems can be eliminated in DC system.

Even having these advantages in DC system, generally electrical energy is transmitted by three(3) phase AC transmission system.

i)The alternating voltages can easily be stepped up & down, which is not possible in DC transmission system.
ii) Maintenance of AC substation is quite easy and economical compared to DC syte.
iii) The transforming in AC sub station is much easier than motor - generator sets in DC system

But AC transmission system also have some disadvantages like,

i) The volume of conductor used in AC system is much higher than that of DC
ii)The reactance of the line, affects the voltage regulation of electrical power transmission system
iii) Problems of skin effects and proximity effects only found in AC system.
iv) AC transmission system is more likely to be affected by corona than DC system.
v) Construction of AC electrical power transmission network is more completed than DC system.
vi) Proper synchronizing is required before inter connecting two or more transmission lines together, Synchronizing can totally be omitted in DC transmission system.

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND DESIGN

2012-12-15T21:22:00.000-08:00

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Instrumentation, Measurement, Circuits and Systems

2012-12-14T04:15:00.002-08:00

2012 | ISBN: 3642273335 | PDF | 1048 pages | 25 MB

bThe volume includes a set of selected papers extended and revised from the 2011 International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Technology, held on London, UK, November 24-25, 2011. Mechanical engineering technology is the application of physical principles and current technological developments to the creation of useful machinery and operation design. Technologies such as solid models may be used as the basis for finite element analysis (FEA) and / or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of the design. Through the application of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), the models may also be used directly by software to create "instructions for the manufacture of objects represented by the models, through computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining or other automated
processes, without the need for intermediate drawings. This volume covers the subject areas of mechanical engineering and technology, and also covers interdisciplinary subject areas of computers, communications, control and automation. We hope that researchers, graduate students and other interested readers benefit scientifically from the book and also find it stimulating in the process

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Machine Design - 5 April 2012

2012-12-11T18:20:00.001-08:00

True PDF | 86 pages | English | 16.14 MB

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The Industrial Electronics Handbook, Second Edition (Five Volume Set)

2012-12-11T18:13:00.000-08:00

2011 | ISBN-10: 1439802890 | PDF | 4052 pages | 122 MB

The Industrial Electronics Handbook

Industrial electronics systems govern so many different functions that vary in complexity��from the operation of relatively simple applications, such as electric motors, to that of more complicated machines and systems, including robots and entire fabrication processes.

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Electric & Hybrid Vehicle Technology Magazine - July 2012

2012-12-11T09:52:00.000-08:00

True PDF | English | 225 Pages | 86.08 MB

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Everyday Practical Electronics - Full Year 2012 Collection

2012-12-11T09:37:00.002-08:00


English \| True PDF \| 12 issues \| 310 Mb

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MATLAB for Engineers - Applications in Control, Electrical Engineering, IT and Robotics by Karel Perutka

2012-12-11T07:36:00.002-08:00

Details of Book: MATLAB for Engineers
Book: MATLAB for Engineers - Applications in Control, Electrical Engineering, IT and Robotics
Authors: Karel Perutka
ISBN: 9789533079141 InTech
Publication Date: Oct 2011

Description:

The book presents several approaches in the key areas of practice for which the MATLAB SOFTWERE package was used. Topics covered include applications for: -Motors -Power systems -Robots -Vehicles The rapid development of technology impacts all areas. Authors of the book chapters, who are experts in their field, present interesting solutions of their work. The book will familiarize the readers with the solutions and enable the readers to enlarge them by their own research. It will be of great interest to control and electrical engineers and students in the fields of research the book covers.

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Nuts and Volts - Full Year 2012 Issues Collection

2012-12-11T07:16:00.000-08:00

English | True PDF | 12 issues | 227 MB

magazine about electrical and electronics engineering

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IEEE GREEN BOOK

2012-12-11T01:43:00.001-08:00

Description: The problems of system grounding, that is, connection to ground of neutral, of the corner of the delta, or of the midtap of one phase, are covered. The advantages and disadvantages of grounded vs. ungrounded systems are discussed. Information is given on how to ground the system, where the system should be grounded, and how to select equipment for the ground of the neutral circuits. Connecting the frames and enclosures of electric apparatus, such as motors, switchgear, transformers, buses, cables, conduits, building frames, and portable equipment, to a ground system is addressed. The fundamentals of making the interconnection of a ground conductor system between electric equipment and the ground rods, water pipes, etc., are outlined. The problems of static electricity— how it is generated, what processes may produce it, how it is measured, and what should be done to prevent its generation or to drain the static charges to earth to prevent sparking—are treated. Methods of protecting structures against the effects of lightning are also covered. Obtaining a low-resistance connection to earth, use of ground rods, connections to water pipes, etc., are discussed. A separate chapter on electronic equipment is included.

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Electrical convertions

2012-12-11T01:30:00.000-08:00

How to convert watts to lumens

How to convert electric power in watts (W) to luminous flux in lumens (lm).

You can calculate lumens from watts and luminous efficacy.

Watt and lumen units represent different quantities, so you can't convert watts to lumens.

Watts to lumens calculation formula

The luminous flux Φ_V in lumens (lm) is equal to the power P in watts (W), times the luminous efficacy η in lumens per watt (lm/W):

Φ_V(lm) = P_(W) × η_(lm/W)

lumens = watts × (lumens per watt)

lm = W × (lm/W)

Example

What is the luminous flux of a lamp that has power consumption of 60 watts and luminous efficacy of 15 lumens per watt?

Φ_V = 60W × 15lm/W = 900lm

Luminous efficacy table

Light type	Typical luminous efficacy (lumens/watt)
Tungsten incandescent light bulb	12.5-17.5 lm/W
Halogen lamp	16-24 lm/W
Fluorescent lamp	45-75 lm/W
LED lamp	30-90 lm/W
Metal halide lamp	75-100 lm/W
High pressure sodium vapor lamp	85-150 lm/W
Low pressure sodium vapor lamp	100-200 lm/W
Mercury vapor lamp	35-65 lm/W

Securing scada systems

2012-12-11T01:17:00.001-08:00

Book Description

Bestselling author Ron Krutz once again demonstrates his ability to make difficult security topics approachable with this first in-depth look at SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems
Krutz discusses the harsh reality that natural gas pipelines, nuclear plants, water systems, oil refineries, and other industrial facilities are vulnerable to a terrorist or disgruntled employee causing lethal accidents and millions of dollars of damage-and what can be done to prevent this from happening
Examines SCADA system threats and vulnerabilities, the emergence of protocol standards, and how security controls can be applied to ensure the safety and security of our national infrastructure assets

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