<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Thu, 19 Dec 2024 03:17:00 +0000</lastBuildDate><category>Gardar</category><category>SDKI</category><category>Kategori: Fisiologis (Sub: Respirasi)</category><category>Sub Kategori SDKI</category><title>Mr. Green Healt Nurse</title><description></description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>27</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-2282872967671859813</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2019 16:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T09:01:26.053-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Sub Kategori SDKI</category><title>Kebutuhan Nutrisi Manusia Berdasarkan AKG Resmi</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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Kebutuhan nutrisi manusia tentu berbeda antara yang satu dengan yang lainnya, baik bayi, balita, anak-anak, remaja, sampai dengan orang tua memiliki angka kecukupan gizi yang bervariasi.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengeluarkan standar resmi angka kecukupan gizi (AKG) untuk berbagai nutrisi yang ada dan dikategorikan untuk berbagai kalangan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Hal ini sesuai dengan lampiran peraturan MenKes RI Nomor 75 Tahun 2013 tentang Angka kecukupan gizi yang dianjurkan untuk masyarakat Indonesia.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Apasaja kebutuhan nutrisi yang kita butuhkan sehari hari ?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Kebutuhan Dasar&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Energi,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Protein,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Lemak,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Karbohidrat,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Serat, dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Air&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Kebutuhan Vitamin&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Vitamin A, D, E, K,  B1, B2, B3, B5, B6,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Folat, B12,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Biotin,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kolin, dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Vitamin C&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Kebutuhan Mineral&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kalsium&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fosfor&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Magnesium&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Natrium&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kalium&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mangan&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tembaga&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kromium&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Besi&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Iodium&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Seng&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Selenium&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fluor&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/02/kebutuhan-nutrisi-manusia-berdasarkan.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5oCicUDsho-XbuMRPLH1VpP494s8WIwNGR1CNXF824uO8N4L-pdTkFdPQ7TOzxKJcoJDhZA74jrsq4etGslHHP3GFNEItNn9lgsOlwWbFT2NA2dHdXKNYSdM_lZXkgeptWalvnPRBUMk/s72-c/images-31.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-780090382161937148</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2019 16:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T09:01:26.061-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Sub Kategori SDKI</category><title>Sistem Sirkulasi Darah Manusia</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0-WoFAhUwwfjapSGjxEwZhpE_duBpc6a2dFuJFBG4fKl2Qqq9eoYgCr8H8K-X1sEHiMJESI_f9YY5TS1zw-1AMXqqpkx1OQY7segB6wq_mRpuQ1NuSnvZRd6QF24nIhN4Q_NjLg3wMeI/s1600/shutterstock_632646416-759x467.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;467&quot; data-original-width=&quot;759&quot; height=&quot;392&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0-WoFAhUwwfjapSGjxEwZhpE_duBpc6a2dFuJFBG4fKl2Qqq9eoYgCr8H8K-X1sEHiMJESI_f9YY5TS1zw-1AMXqqpkx1OQY7segB6wq_mRpuQ1NuSnvZRd6QF24nIhN4Q_NjLg3wMeI/s640/shutterstock_632646416-759x467.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Orang dewasa rata-rata memiliki hampir 5,5 liter darah dalam tubuhnya. Darah memiliki peran penting untuk mengalirkan oksigen, nutrisi, hormon, dan berbagai komponen penting lainnya untuk menjaga kesehatan Anda. Semua darah ini akan terus mengalir dari jantung ke seluruh tubuh dan kemudian kembali lagi ke jantung untuk diperbarui. Jalannya sirkulasi darah dalam tubuh diatur oleh sebuah sistem bernama sistem kardiovaskular. Sistem peredaran darah akan terus berjalan tanpa henti selama Anda hidup di dunia. Penasaran seperti apa cara kerja sistem peredaran darah manusia?&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Komponen utama sistem peredaran darah pada manusia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sistem peredaran darah manusia memiliki tiga komponen penting yang masing-masingnya saling berkaitan. Tiga komponen ini mengatur jalannya pengangkutan dan penerimaan kembali darah ke dan dari seluruh tubuh.&lt;/div&gt;
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Berikut merupakan tiga komponen utama sistem sirkulasi darah manusia:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;1. Jantung&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img height=&quot;426&quot; src=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/jantung-700x467.jpg?x54339&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Sel darah diproduksi dalam sumsum tulang. Nah, jantung adalah organ paling vital dalam sistem peredaran darah yang fungsinya memompa dan menerima darah ke seluruh tubuh.&lt;/div&gt;
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Letak jantung ada di antara paru-paru. Tepatnya di tengah dada, di bagian belakang kiri tulang dada. Ukuran jantung kira-kira sedikit lebih besar dari kepalan tangan Anda, yakni sekitar 200-425 gram. Jantung Anda terdiri atas empat ruang, yakni serambi (atrium) kiri dan kanan serta bilik (ventrikel) kiri dan kanan.&lt;/div&gt;
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Jantung memiliki empat katup yang memisahkan keempat ruang tersebut. &lt;a href=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/penyakit/penyakit-katup-jantung/&quot;&gt;Katup jantung&lt;/a&gt; berfungsi menjaga aliran darah mengalir ke arah yang benar. Katup ini termasuk katup trikuspid, mitral, paru, dan aorta. Setiap katup memiliki flaps, yang disebut leaflet atau cusp, yang membuka dan menutup sekali setiap jantung Anda berdetak.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;2. Pembuluh darah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img height=&quot;444&quot; src=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Arteri-672x467.jpg?x54339&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Pembuluh darah adalah pipa elastis yang menjadi bagian dari sistem sirkulasi darah. Pembuluh berfungsi untuk membawa darah dari jantung ke bagian tubuh lain atau sebaliknya.&lt;/div&gt;
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Ada tiga pembuluh darah utama yang terdapat di jantung, yaitu:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Arteri&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, membawa darah yang kaya akan oksigen dari jantung ke bagian tubuh lainnya. Arteri memiliki dinding yang cukup elastis sehingga mampu menjaga tekanan darah tetap konsisten.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Vena&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, pembuluh darah yang satu ini membawa darah yang miskin oksigen dari seluruh tubuh untuk kembali ke jantung. Dibandingkan dengan arteri, vena memiliki dinding pembuluh yang lebih tipis.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Kapiler&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, pembuluh darah ini bertugas untuk menghubungkan arteri terkecil dengan vena terkecil. Dindingnya sangat tipis sehingga memungkinkan pembuluh darah untuk bertukar senyawa dengan jaringan sekitarnya, seperti karbon dioksida, air, oksigen, limbah, dan nutrisi.&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;3. Darah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img src=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/komponen-darah_final-534x467.jpg?x54339&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Tubuh manusia rata-rata mengandung sekitar 4-5 liter darah. Darah berfungsi untuk mengangkut nutrisi, oksigen, hormon, dan berbagai zat lainnya dari dan ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tanpa darah, bisa dipastikan oksigen dan sari makanan akan sulit disalurkan dengan baik ke seluruh tubuh.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Darah terdiri atas beberapa komponen, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Plasma darah.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Plasma darah mengisi sekitar 55-60 persen dari volume darah dalam tubuh. Tugas utama plasma darah adalah mengangkut sel-sel darah untuk kemudian diedarkan ke seluruh tubuh bersama nutrisi, hasil limbah tubuh, antibodi, protein pembekuan darah, dan bahan kimia, seperti hormon dan protein yang bertugas untuk membantu menjaga keseimbangan cairan tubuh.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Sel darah merah (eritrosit).&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/hidup-sehat/fakta-unik/penyakit-anemia-makrositik/&quot;&gt;Sel darah merah&lt;/a&gt; bertugas membawa oksigen dari paru-paru untuk diedarkan ke seluruh tubuh. Sel darah ini juga bertugas mengangkut kembali karbon dioksida dari seluruh tubuh ke paru-paru untuk dikeluarkan.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Sel darah putih (leukosit).&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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Meski memiliki jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibanding sel darah merah, sel darah putih mengemban tugas yang tak main-main. Sel darah putih bertanggung jawab untuk melawan infeksi virus, bakteri, dan jamur yang memicu perkembangan penyakit. Hal ini disebabkan karena sel darah putih memproduksi antibodi yang akan membantu memerangi zat asing tersebut.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Keping darah (trombosit).&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/pusat-kesehatan/demam-berdarah-dengue-dbd/fakta-seputar-trombosit-darah&quot;&gt;Trombosit&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;memiliki peran penting proses pembekuan darah (koagulasi) saat tubuh terluka. Tepatnya, trombosit akan membentuk sumbatan bersama benang fibrin guna menghentikan perdarahan sekaligus merangsang pertumbuhan jaringan baru di area luka.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Mekanisme sistem peredaran darah manusia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img height=&quot;638&quot; src=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/pembuluh-01.png?x54339&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Peredaran darah sistemik&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Peredaran darah sistemik lebih sering disebut sebagai peredaran darah besar. Peredaran darah ini dimulai ketika darah yang mengandung oksigen dipompa dari bilik kiri jantung menuju seluruh tubuh dan akhirnya akan kembali lagi ke serambi kanan jantung.&lt;/div&gt;
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Secara sederhana, peredaran darah sistemik bisa digambarkan sebagai aliran darah dari jantung – seluruh tubuh – jantung.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Peredaran darah pulmonal&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Peredaran darah pulmonal lebih sering disebut dengan peredaran darah kecil. Peredaran darah ini dimulai saat darah yang mengandung CO2 alias karbon dioksida dipompa dari bilik kanan jantung menuju paru-paru.&lt;/div&gt;
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Dalam paru-paru terjadi pertukaran gas yang pada akhirnya mengubah karbon dioksida menjadi oksigen saat keluar dari paru-paru dan kembali lagi ke jantung (serambi kiri).&lt;/div&gt;
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Secara sederhana, peredaran darah pulmonal bisa digambarkan sebagai peredaran darah dari jantung – paru-paru – jantung.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Penyakit yang dapat mengganggu sistem peredaran darah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;img height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Mengulas-Lengkap-Penyebab-Hipertensi-yang-Wajib-Anda-Tahu.jpg?x54339&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Jika sistem peredaran darah Anda mengalami gangguan, hal tersebut tentu akan berdampak pada fungsi tubuh secara menyeluruh. Ya, organ tubuh bisa mengalami kerusakan dan menimbulkan berbagai penyakit yang serius.&lt;/div&gt;
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Beberapa penyakit paling umum yang dapat mengganggu sistem peredaran darah pada manusia meliputi:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/pusat-kesehatan/hipertensi-tekanan-darah-tinggi/&quot;&gt;Hipertensi&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Hipertensi alias tekanan darah tinggi menyebabkan jantung bekerja lebih keras untuk memompa darah. Jika dibiarkan tanpa pengobatan, hipertensi dapat menyebabkan komplikasi, seperti serangan jantung, stroke, atau bahkan gagal ginjal.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/hidup-sehat/fakta-unik/aneurisma-aorta-penyakit-bondan-winarno/&quot;&gt;Aneurisma aorta&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Aneurisma aorta adalah penggelembungan di dinding aorta. Aorta sendiri adalah pembuluh darah utama dan terbesar pada tubuh manusia. Aneurisma yang membesar bisa pecah dan menyebabkan perdarahan, bahkan kematian.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/hidup-sehat/tips-sehat/apa-itu-aterosklerosis-penyebab-stroke-penyakit-jantung/&quot;&gt;Aterosklerosis&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Aterosklerosis adalah penyempitan atau pengerasan pembuluh darah karena adanya penumpukan lemak, kolesterol, dan zat sisa lainnya di dinding pembuluh darah arteri. Kondisi ini lambat laun dapat menyumbat aliran darah, yang pada akhirnya meningkatkan risiko serangan jantung dan stroke.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/penyakit/penyakit-jantung-penyakit-kardiovaskuler/&quot;&gt;Penyakit jantung&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Penyakit jantung adalah istilah yang mencakup setiap gangguan pada jantung yang meliputi aritmia, arteri koroner, gagal jantung, kardiomiopati, serangan jantung, dan lain sebagainya.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hellosehat.com/penyakit/varises/&quot;&gt;Varises&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Varises adalah pembuluh darah vena yang membengkak dan tampak menonjol di permukaan kulit. Kondisi ini disebabkan oleh darah yang seharusnya dialirkan ke jantung, malah kembali ke kaki. Pasalnya, katup vena yang berfungsi mengangkut darah ke jantung tidak menutup dengan benar, akibatnya peningkatan tekanan membuat pembuluh darah vena jadi membesar.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/02/sistem-sirkulasi-darah-manusia.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0-WoFAhUwwfjapSGjxEwZhpE_duBpc6a2dFuJFBG4fKl2Qqq9eoYgCr8H8K-X1sEHiMJESI_f9YY5TS1zw-1AMXqqpkx1OQY7segB6wq_mRpuQ1NuSnvZRd6QF24nIhN4Q_NjLg3wMeI/s72-c/shutterstock_632646416-759x467.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-5894585927688926201</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2019 11:18:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T03:24:05.484-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kategori: Fisiologis (Sub: Respirasi)</category><title>SDKI 0003 Ganggun Pertukaran Gas</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;break-after: avoid; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: normal; margin: 2pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Fisiologis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;479&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s640/images.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Respirasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;DEFINISI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kelebihan atau kekurangan oksigenasi dan atau eliminasi karbondioksida pada membran alveolar - kapiler&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENYEBAB&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ketidakseimbangan ventilasi-perfusi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Perubahan membran alveolus-kapiler&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GEJALA &amp;amp; TANDA MAYOR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Subjektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dispnea&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Objektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;PCO2 meningkat/ menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;PO2 menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Takikardia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pH arteri meningkat/menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bunyi napas tambahan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GEJALA &amp;amp; TANDA MINOR&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Subjektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pusing&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penglihatan kabur&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Objektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sianosis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Diaphoresis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gelisah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Napas cuping hidung&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pola napas abnormal (cepat/ lambat, regular/ ierguler, dalam/ dangkal)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Warna kulit abnormal (mis. Pucat, kebiruan)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kesadaran menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;KONDISI KLINIS TERKAIT&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penyakit paru obstruktif kronis (PPOK)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gagal jantung kongestif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Asma&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pneumonia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tuberkulosis paru&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penyakit membran hialin&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Asfiksia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persisten pumonary hypertension of newborn&lt;/i&gt; (PPHN)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Prematuritas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Infeksi Saluran napas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/sdki-0003-ganggun-pertukaran-gas.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-9136279304330524045</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2019 11:13:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T09:01:26.065-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Sub Kategori SDKI</category><title>Sistem Respirasi Manusia, Alat Pernafasan dan Fungsinya</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img height=&quot;459&quot; src=&quot;https://www.ridwanaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Sistem-Respirasi-pernapasan-Manusia.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pengertian respirasi (pernafasan) adalah proses pengambilan gas oksigen dari lingkungan dan pengeluaran karbon dioksida dari dalam tubuh makhluk hidup. Bernafas merupakan salah satu ciri utama makhluk hidup. Proses pertukaran gas oksigen dan karbon dioksida berlangsung secara difusi. Oksigen akan menuju semua sel dalam semua jaringan melalui alat-alat pernafasan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://ridwanaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Sistem-Respirasi-pernapasan-Manusia.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;459&quot; src=&quot;https://ridwanaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Sistem-Respirasi-pernapasan-Manusia.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Di dalam sel-sel tersebut gas oksigen menuju mitokondria untuk melakukan respirasi seluler. Respirasi seluler adalah proses pemecahan glukosa untuk menghasilkan energi melalui proses glikolisis, siklus krebs dan transport elektron. Reaksi pemecahan glukosa membutuhkan glukosa dan oksigen sehingga mampu menghasilkan energi, air, dan gas karbondioksida.&lt;/div&gt;
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Sistem respirasi manusia dapat berlangsung berkat keberadaan alat-alat pernafasan. Alat pernafasan manusia terdiri dari rongga hidung, faring, trakea, bronkus, dan paru-paru. Bila salah satu organ pernafasan tidak mampu berfungsi secara normal maka bisa mempengaruhi kerja sistem pernafasan secara umum. Berikut ini penjelasan daftar nama alat pernafasan beserta fungsinya.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1. Rongga mulut&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Di dalam rongga mulut terdapat selaput lendir dan rambut yang berfungsi untuk menahan kontaminasi benda-benda asing, misalnya debu dan kuman, yang ikut masuk ke dalam rongga hidung. Selain itu, rongga mulut manusia juga memiliki konka yang mengandung banyak kapiler darah sehingga dapat menghangatkan udara yang akan masuk ke dalam sistem pernapasan.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://ridwanaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/rongga-mulut-gambar.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://ridwanaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/rongga-mulut-gambar.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. Pangkal tenggorokan (Faring)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Faring merupakan pertemuan antara saluran pernafasan (nasofarings) di bagian depan dan saluran pencernaan (orofarings) di bagian belakang. Saluran nafas akan terbuka ketika manusia berbicara, oleh karena itu jika kita makan sambil berbicara mungkinkan makanan masuk ke dalam saluran pernafasan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Jika makanan masuk ke dalam saluran pernafasan, biasanya saluran pernafasan akan terangsang dan berusaha mengeluarkan makanan tersebut lewat hidung. Bentuknya adalah peristiwa tersedak. Pada bagian belakang farings terdapat laring (tekak). Pada laring terdapat pita suara (pita vocalis). Bila pita suara bergetar karena masuknya udara pada faring, maka akan menimbulkan suara.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://ridwanaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/saluran-pernapasan-gambar-trakea-faring-bronkus.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://ridwanaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/saluran-pernapasan-gambar-trakea-faring-bronkus.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3. Batang tenggorokan (trakea)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Batang tenggorokan berupa cincin-cincin tulang rawan yang memiliki silia-silia pada dinding di dalamnya. Silia-silia ini berfungsi untuk menyaring benda-benda asing yang ikut masuk ke dalam saluran pernafasan. Sebagian trakea terletak di leher dan sebagian lagi terletak di rongga dada. Batang tenggorokan pada orang dewasa memiliki panjang sekitar 10 cm.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;4. Bronkus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Bronkus merupakan percabangan dari trakea. Trakea bercabang lagi menjadi dua, yaitu bronkus kanan dan bronkus kiri. Struktur lapisan mukosa bronkus hampir sama dengan trakea. Bronkus kanan dan bronkus kiri masing-masing bercabang-cabang lagi menjadi bronkiolus yang merupakan salah satu bagian paru-paru.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;5. Paru-paru (Pulmo)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Paru-paru terletak di dalam rongga dada, di bagian bawah berbatasan dengan diafragma, sedangkan di depan dan di samping dibatasi oleh tulang rusuk. Diafragma adalah pembatas antara rongga perut dengan rongga dada. Paru-paru kanan (pulmo dekster) terdiri dari 3 lobus. Sedangkan paru-paru kiri (pulmo sinester) terdiri dari 2 lobus.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://ridwanaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/struktur-paru-paru-bagus-gambar.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;https://ridwanaz.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/struktur-paru-paru-bagus-gambar.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Paru-paru manusia terbungkus oleh dua selaput, yaitu pleura dalam (pleura visceralis) dan pleura luar (pleura parietalis). Pleura dalam langsung menyelimuti paru-paru, sedangkan pleura luar bersebelahan dengan tulang rusuk. Antara kedua pleura tersebut terdapat rongga tulang rusuk. Antara kedua pleura tersebut terdapat rongga yang berisi cairan pleura yang berfungsi sebagai pelumas paru-paru.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Paru-paru tersusun atas bronkiolus, alveolus, jaringan elastik, dan pembuluh darah. Alveolus adalah kantung udara yang terdapat pada ujung-ujung bronkiolus. Alveolus memiliki selaput tipis dan pada permukaannya banyak terdapat muara kapiler darah, oleh karena itu dapat berlangsung pertukaran gas oksigen dan karbon dioksida secara difusi.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Cara Menjaga Kesehatan Organ Pernafasan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Untuk menjaga kesehatan fungsi alat-alat pernafasan, manusia membutuh udara segar yang kaya oksigen dan menghindari polusi udara. Asap rokok dan asap kendaraan bermotor merupakan penyebab paling umum mengapa banyak manusia mengalami gangguan fungsi pernafasan. Oleh karena itu, kita perlu memakai masker (penutup mulut dan hidung) ketika sedang menjalani aktifitas di luar ruangan.&lt;/div&gt;
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Usaha menjaga kesehatan organ pernafasan lainnya adalah menghindari kontak pertukaran udara dengan penderita penyakit yang bisa ditularkan melalui udara, misalnya penyakit TBC. Kebiasan buruk begadang dan mengkonsumsi minuman beralkohol juga ditengarai berpengaruh terhadap kerusakan fungsi jantung dan paru-paru. Semoga artikel ini bisa menambah wawasan Anda dalam usaha menjaga kesehatan fungsi pernafasan.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Referensi:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pernapasan&quot;&gt;www.id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pernapasan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.zaifbio.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/sistem-respirasi-manusia/&quot;&gt;www.zaifbio.wordpress.com/2010/01/13/sistem-respirasi-manusia/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ridwanaz.com/2012/06/sistem-respirasi-manusia-alat-pernafasan-dan-fungsinya.html&quot;&gt;https://www.ridwanaz.com/2012/06/sistem-respirasi-manusia-alat-pernafasan-dan-fungsinya.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/02/sistem-respirasi-manusia-alat.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-6544677116396716084</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2019 11:06:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T03:19:14.579-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kategori: Fisiologis (Sub: Respirasi)</category><title>SDKI 0005 Pola Napas Tidak Efektif</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Fisiologis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;479&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s640/images.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Respirasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;DEFINISI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Inspirasi dan/ atau ekspirasi yang tidak memberikan ventilasi adekuat.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENYEBAB&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Depresi pusat pernapasan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;hambatan upaya napas (mis. nyeri saat bernapas, kelemahan otot pernapasan)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Deformitas dinding dada&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Deformitas tulang dada&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gangguan Neuromuskuler&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gangguan Neurologis (mis. elektro ensepalo gram (EEG) positif, cedera kepala, gangguan kejang)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Imaturitas neurologis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penurunan energi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Obesitas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Posisi tubuh yang menghambat ekspansi paru&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sindrom hipoventilasi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kerusakan inervasi diafragma (kerusakan saraf C5 keatas)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cedera pada Medula spinalis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Efek agen farmakologis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kecemasan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GEJALA &amp;amp; TANDA MAYOR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Subjektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dispnea&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Objektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penggunaan otot bantu pernapasan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fase ekspirasi memanjang&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pola napas abnormal (mis. Takipnea, bradypnea, hiperventilasi, kussmaul, Cheyne-stokes)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GEJALA &amp;amp; TANDA MINOR&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Subjektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ortopnea&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Objektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pernapasan pursed-lip&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pernapasan cuping hidung&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Diameter thoraks anterior posterior meningkat&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ventilasi semenit menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kapasitas vital menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tekanan ekspirasi menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tekanan inspirasi menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ekskursi dada berubah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;KONDISI KLINIS TERKAIT&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Depresi sistem saraf pusat&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cedera Kepala&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Trauma thoraks&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gullain Bare Syndrome&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Multiple Sclerosis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Myasthenia Gravis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stroke&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kuadriplegi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Intoksikasi Alkohol&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/sdki-0005-pola-napas-tidak-efektif.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-1459420658518829916</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2019 11:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T03:18:59.390-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kategori: Fisiologis (Sub: Respirasi)</category><title>SDKI 0004 Gangguan Penyapihan Ventator</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Fisiologis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;479&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s640/images.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Respirasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;DEFINISI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Ketidak mampuan beradaptasi dengan pengurangan bantuan ventilator mekanik yang dapat menghambat dan memperlama proses penyapihan&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENYEBAB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;A. Fisiologis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hipersekresi jalan nafas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ketidakcukupan energi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hambatan upaya napas (mis. nyeri saat bernafas, kelemahan otot pernafasan, efek sedasi)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;B. Psikologis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kecemasan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Perasaan tidak berdaya&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kurang terpapar informasi tentang proses penyapihan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penurunan motivasi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. Situasional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ketidakadekuatan dukungan sosial&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ketidaktepatan kecepatan proses penyapihan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Riwayat kegagalan berulang dalam upaya penyapihan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Riwayat ketergantungan ventilator &amp;gt;4 hari&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GEJALA &amp;amp; TANDA MAYOR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Subjektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tidak tersedia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Objektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Frekuensi napas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penggunaan otot bantu napas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Napas megap-megap (gasping)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Upaya napas dan bantuan ventilator tidak sinkron&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Napas dangkal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Agitasi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Nilai gas darah arteri abnormal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GEJALA &amp;amp; TANDA MINOR&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Subjektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Lelah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kuatir mesin rusak&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fokus meningkatpada pernapasan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gelisah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Objektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Auskultasi suara inspirasi menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Warna kulit abnormal (mis. pucat, sianosis)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Napas paradoksabdominal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Diaforesis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ekspresi wajah takut&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tekanan darah meningkat&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kesadaran menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;KONDISI KLINIS TERKAIT&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cedera kepala&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Coronary artery bypass graft &lt;/i&gt;(CABG)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gagal napas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cardiac arrest&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Transplantasi jantung&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Displasia bronkopulmonal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/sdki-0004-gangguan-penyapihan-ventator.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-1040107064508336182</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2019 10:54:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T03:18:45.921-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kategori: Fisiologis (Sub: Respirasi)</category><title>SDKI 0002 Gangguan Ventilasi Spontan</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Fisiologis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;479&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s640/images.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Respirasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;DEFINISI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Penurunan cadangan energi yang mengakibatkan individu tidak mampu bernapas secara adekuat.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENYEBAB&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gangguan metabolisme&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kelelahan otot pernapasan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GEJALA &amp;amp; TANDA MAYOR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Subjektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dispnea&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Objektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penggunaan otot bantu napas meningkat&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Volume tidak menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;PCO2 meningkat&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;PO2 menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;SaO2 menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GEJALA &amp;amp; TANDA MINOR&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Subjektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;(tidak tersedia)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Objektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gelisah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Takikardia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;KONDISI KLINIS TERKAIT&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penyakit paru obstruktif kronis (PPOK)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Asma&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cedera kepala&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gagal napas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bedah jantung&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Adult respiratory distress syndrome&lt;/i&gt; (ARDS)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn&lt;/i&gt; (PPHN)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Prematuritas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Infeksi saluran napas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/sdki-0002-gangguan-ventilasi-spontan.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-8547681679646453392</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2019 10:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T03:18:31.165-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kategori: Fisiologis (Sub: Respirasi)</category><title>SDKI 0001 Bersihan Jalan Napas Tidak Efektif</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Fisiologis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;479&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s640/images.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Respirasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;DEFINISI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Ketidakmampuan membersihkan sekret atau obstruksi jalan nafas untuk mempertahankan jalan nafas tetap paten.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENYEBAB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fisiologis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Spasme jalan nafas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Hiperseksresi jalan nafas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Disfungsi Neuromuskuler&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Benda Asing dalam jalan nafas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Adanya jalan nafas buatan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sekresi yang tertahan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Hiperplasia dinding jalan nafas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Proses infeksi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Respon allergi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Efek agen farmakologis (mis. Anestesi)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Situasional&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Merokok aktif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Merokok pasif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Terpajan polutan&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GEJALA &amp;amp; TANDA MAYOR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Subjektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tidak tersedia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Objektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Batuk tidak efektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tidak mampu batuk&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sputum berlebih&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengi, wheezing dan/ atau ronkhi kering&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mekonium di jalan nafas (pada neonatus)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;GEJALA &amp;amp; TANDA MINOR&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Subjektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Dispnea&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sulit bicara&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Orthopnea&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Objektif&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gelisah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sianosis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bunyi nafas menurun&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Frekuensi nafas berubah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pola nafas berubah&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;KONDISI KLINIS TERKAIT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gullian Bare Syndrome&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sklerosis Multipel&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Myasthenia Gravis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Prosedur Diagnostik (mis. Bronchoscopy, Tranesophageal Echocardiography [TEE])&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Depresi Sistem saraf pusat&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cedera kepala&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stroke&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kuadriplegia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sindrom aspirasi mekonium&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Infeksi saluran nafas&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;font-family: sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;a&quot;&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/sdki-0001-bersihan-jalan-napas-tidak.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-8517974019217453516</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2019 05:52:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T08:47:44.790-08:00</atom:updated><title>Pneumonia Aspirasi </title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Definisi Pneumonia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Pneumonia aspirasi adalah komplikasi dari aspirasi paru.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aspirasi paru adalah masuknya makanan, asam lambung, air liur, atau benda asing lainnya ke paru-paru yang dapat memicu infeksi paru.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pada keadaan normal atau pada aspirasi dalam jumlah kecil, paru-paru memiliki mekanisme pertahanan untuk mengeluarkannya, misalnya dengan batuk.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Selain pneumonia aspirasi, aspirasi paru juga dapat mengakibatkan hal-hal berikut:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Infeksi bakteri&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;yang dapat memicu terjadinya empiema, abses paru-paru, dan gagal napas. Pneumonia aspirasi yang menetap dapat berkembang menjadi bronkiektasis.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pneumonitis kimia&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;yaitu iritasi zat kimia terhadap jaringan paru yang dapat memicu terjadinya gagal napas dan atau infeksi bakteri.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Obstruksi (penyumbatan) paru&lt;/b&gt;. Kondisi ini terjadi ketika benda asing yang masuk ke dalam paru cukup banyak atau berukuran besar.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Penyebab Pneumonia Aspirasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Penyebab utama pneumonia aspirasi adalah ketika kemampuan pertahanan paru-paru terganggu dengan adanya bakteri berbahaya dalam jumlah besar yang masuk bersama dengan benda asing, seperti makanan, minuman, atau air liur ke dalam saluran pernapasan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Beberapa hal di bawah ini dapat meningkatkan risiko seseorang untuk mengalami pneumonia aspirasi, di antaranya:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1. Gangguan kesadaran.&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Misalnya akibat penyalahgunaan alkohol dan obat terlarang, kejang, menggunakan obat bius, stroke, cedera kepala, epilepsi, demensia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. Gangguan menelan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kondisi ini dapat terjadi akibat:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Kelainan pada tenggorokan dan kerongkongan,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;seperti pada kanker esofagus, kanker tenggorokan, atau luka pada kerongkongan akibat terapi radiasi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Kelainan saraf,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;seperti pada multiple sclerosis, penyakit Parkinson, stroke, atau myasthenia gravis.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;4. Kondisi lainnya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Misalnya terlalu lama berbaring, meningkatnya usia, penyakit paru obstruktif kronis, dan penggunaan nasogastric toebe (&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;selang yang dipasang di hidung untuk pemberian makan&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Gejala Pneumonia Aspirasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pada umumnya, gejala utama yang dialami penderita pneumonia aspirasi adalah batuk berdahak setelah makan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Adapun beberapa gejala lainnya yang juga dapat menjadi tanda pneumonia aspirasi adalah:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Nyeri dada.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Napas pendek dan mengeluarkan suara mengi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Napas bau.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mudah merasa lemas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengeluarkan keringat berlebih.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sulit menelan makanan atau minuman.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Batuk dengan dahak berwarna hijau, bau tidak sedap, atau disertai darah.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kulit membiru.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Penderita penumonia aspirasi dapat mengalami gejala yang tidak spesifik seperti:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;demam,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pusing,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;mual,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;muntah, atau&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;penurunan berat badan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Diagnosis Pneumonia Aspirasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Dapat di curigai seorang pasien menderita pneumonia aspirasi berdasarkan gejala-gejala yang dialaminya, riwayat kesehatan, dan hasil dari pemeriksaan awal yang meliputi sesak napas, denyut jantung yang cepat, dan kelainan pada pemeriksaan paru-paru.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Untuk memastikan diagnosis, dapat dilakukan pemeriksaan lanjutan, seperti:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pemeriksaan darah&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;yang meliputi hitung darah lengkap, analisa gas darah, kultur darah, kadar elektrolit, dan fungsi ginjal.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pemeriksaan dahak (sputum),&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;misalnya kultur sputum.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tes pemindaian yang meliputi Rontgen dada atau CT scan.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Dapat juga dilakukan bronkoskopi, yaitu prosedur pemeriksaan dengan menggunakan alat yang dilengkapi dengan kamera untuk melihat tenggorokan sampai ke saluran napas yang lebih bawah.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pengobatan Pneumonia Aspirasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pengobatan tergantung dari seberapa berat penyakit. Penyakit yang berat membutuhkan perawatan di rumah sakit dan diberikan antibiotik.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Jika pasien mengalami kesulitan menelan, maka akan memberikan makanan melalui selang makan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Terapi suportif lainnya seperti pemberian oksigen, infus cairan, bronkodilator, kortikosteroid, alat bantu napas, dan fisioterapi dapat diberikan tergantung dari kondisi pasien.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pengangkatan dan penyedotan benda asing juga dapat dilakukan dengan alat suction (sedot) atau bronkoskopi.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Komplikasi Pneumonia Aspirasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pneumonia aspirasi yang tidak ditangani dapat memicu komplikasi lanjutan, seperti abses paru dan bronkientasis.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kondisi ini juga dapat menyebabkan saluran pernapasan gagal berfungsi dan berakibat fatal (gagal napas).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Pencegahan Pneumonia Aspirasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Berikut adalah beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah terjadinya pneumonia aspirasi:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menghindari konsumsi makanan atau minuman berlebihan agar tidak memicu aspirasi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Meninggikan tempat tidur bagi orang sakit pada saat makan atau minum.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Memasang selang makanan bagi yang tidak sanggup menelan dengan baik.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Berhati-hatilah ketika sedang menjalani pengobatan dengan obat yang dapat menimbulkan efek kantuk.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menjalani fisioterapi bagi pasien dengan kesulitan menelan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYtoybTS7x-hBRGs2YWbsqKa_lVPjINaKH_vYU-z1m07EUBZrjFgQ2zYQsK1ccu6jGQQ-zdDAa5NwUrbemgQpdBi1S2nqN_m1NrzAR3ps73TngxyM3sWY4dE7XeEMEgU01LmulGznxGso/s1600/pneumonia-aspirasi-alodokter.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;434&quot; data-original-width=&quot;650&quot; height=&quot;426&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYtoybTS7x-hBRGs2YWbsqKa_lVPjINaKH_vYU-z1m07EUBZrjFgQ2zYQsK1ccu6jGQQ-zdDAa5NwUrbemgQpdBi1S2nqN_m1NrzAR3ps73TngxyM3sWY4dE7XeEMEgU01LmulGznxGso/s640/pneumonia-aspirasi-alodokter.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/pneumonia-aspirasi.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYtoybTS7x-hBRGs2YWbsqKa_lVPjINaKH_vYU-z1m07EUBZrjFgQ2zYQsK1ccu6jGQQ-zdDAa5NwUrbemgQpdBi1S2nqN_m1NrzAR3ps73TngxyM3sWY4dE7XeEMEgU01LmulGznxGso/s72-c/pneumonia-aspirasi-alodokter.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-1462711447627389852</guid><pubDate>Fri, 01 Feb 2019 05:39:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T03:18:03.320-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Kategori: Fisiologis (Sub: Respirasi)</category><title>SDKI 0006 Resiko Aspirasi</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin: 2pt 0cm 0.0001pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Fisiologis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;479&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s640/images.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Respirasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;DEFINISI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Berisiko  mengalami masuknya sekresi gastrointestina, sekresiorofaring, benda cair atau padat kedalam saluran trakeo bronchial akibat disfungsi mekanisme protektif saluran napas.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;FAKTOR RISIKO&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penurunan tingkat kesadaran&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penurunan refleks muntah dan atau batuk&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gangguan menelan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Disfagia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kerusakan mobilitas fisik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Peningkatan residu lambung&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Peningkatan tekanan intragastrik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penurunan motilitas gastrointestinal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sfingter esofagus bawah inkompeten&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Perlambatan pengosongan lambung&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Terpasang selang nasogastrik&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Terpasang trakeostomi atau endotracheal tube&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Trauma/ pembedahan leher, mulut, dan atau wajah&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Efek agen farmakologis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ketidak mampuan koordinasi menghisap, menelan, dan bernapas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;KONDISI KLINIS TERKAIT&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cedera kepala&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Stroke&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cedera medula spinalis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gullaine Barre Syndrome&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penyakit Parkinson&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Keracunan obat dan alkohol&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pembesaran uterus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Miestenia Gravis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fistula trakeo esofagus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Striktura esofagus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sklerosis multipel&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Labio palatoskizis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Atresia esofagus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Laringomalasia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Prematuritas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/sdki-0006-resiko-aspirasi.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-5523911321223015318</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 15:23:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-31T07:23:29.385-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SDKI</category><title>Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia </title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Penyusunan diagnosa keperawatan dalam buku Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia dibuat berdasarkan hierarki kategori, sub kategori, dan diagnosis. Kategori adalah hierarki dasar, dimana di dalam kategori terdapat beberapa sub kategori, dan dalam sub kategori terdapat beberapa diagnosis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diagnosa keperawatan disusun, dan diberi kode berdasarkan urutan alfabet, yang bertujuan untuk memudahkan pencarian diagnosa keperawatan dalam sub kategori.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRQmfWZazQozA7Ih69N5wY5XqB7KlIapoQext5ZprsnKeeJ9fdZibXgKqNMaGwV1jJpYgLghXg2LNPIM9-Pe2MvWY34Nt01Y61vQKk1xbx_JC9PD6x8crDSFjtanhZxe0sZJMqD10zvqs/s1600/2016-02-21-22-45-31-1207265411.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRQmfWZazQozA7Ih69N5wY5XqB7KlIapoQext5ZprsnKeeJ9fdZibXgKqNMaGwV1jJpYgLghXg2LNPIM9-Pe2MvWY34Nt01Y61vQKk1xbx_JC9PD6x8crDSFjtanhZxe0sZJMqD10zvqs/s400/2016-02-21-22-45-31-1207265411.png&quot; width=&quot;398&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13px;&quot;&gt;PERSATUAN PERAWAT NASIONAL INDONESIA&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia terdiri atas lima kategori, yaitu:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Fisiologis:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Respirasi,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sirkulasi,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Nutrisi/ Cairan,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Eliminasi,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Aktivitas dan istirahat,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Neurosensori,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reproduksi dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sensualitas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;2. Psikologis:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Nyeri dan Kenyamanan,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Integritas Ego,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pertumbuhan dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Perkembangan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;3. Perilaku:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kebersihan diri,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penyuluhan dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pembelajaran.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;4. Relasional:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Interaksi Sosial.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;5. Lingkungan:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Keamanan dan Proteksi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia juga memiliki 14 sub kategori:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Respirasi;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sirkulasi;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Nutrisi/Cairan;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Eliminasi;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Aktivitas dan istirahat;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Neurosensori;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reproduksi dan Sensualitas;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Nyeri dan Kenyamanan;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Integritas Ego;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kebersihan diri;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penyuluhan dan Pembelajaran;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Interaksi Sosial; dan&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Keamanan dan Proteksi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/standar-diagnosis-keperawatan-indonesia.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRQmfWZazQozA7Ih69N5wY5XqB7KlIapoQext5ZprsnKeeJ9fdZibXgKqNMaGwV1jJpYgLghXg2LNPIM9-Pe2MvWY34Nt01Y61vQKk1xbx_JC9PD6x8crDSFjtanhZxe0sZJMqD10zvqs/s72-c/2016-02-21-22-45-31-1207265411.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-3546009916712014132</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 15:20:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-31T07:20:42.945-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SDKI</category><title>Daftar Diagnosa Keperawatan Kategori: Fisiologis</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Daftar diagnosa keperawatan dalam Buku Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Referensi intervesi keperawatan dari :Judith M. Wilkinson dan Nancy R. Ahern. Buku Saku DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN Diagnosis NANDA, Intervensi NIC, Kriteria hasil NOC Edisi 1 s/d 9. Alih Bahasa Ns. Esti Wahuningsih, S.Kep dan Ns. Dwi Widiarti, S,Kep. EGC. Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Fisiologis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s1600/images.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;299&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s400/images.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Respirasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0001 Bersihan Jalan Nafas Tidak Efektif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0002 Gangguan Penyapihan Ventilator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;0003 Gangguan Pertukaran Gas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0004 Gangguan Ventilasi Spontan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0005 Pola Nafas Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0006 Risiko Aspirasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFGkE0Y3q6D7OVXMc2DBQIzUYQzDMIQm2ki7lUT1u_nNhZDnPRTDSCTUUlTkXeaapjcHysj0OwI8TaeWqAG1pLqN4AFm2LD_FasiSrKDIxwBN_CEGABXGNZPQwJ-HHOqfd7c7QiGRKX_I/s1600/images-1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFGkE0Y3q6D7OVXMc2DBQIzUYQzDMIQm2ki7lUT1u_nNhZDnPRTDSCTUUlTkXeaapjcHysj0OwI8TaeWqAG1pLqN4AFm2LD_FasiSrKDIxwBN_CEGABXGNZPQwJ-HHOqfd7c7QiGRKX_I/s400/images-1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;336&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Sirkulasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0007 Gangguan Sirkulasi Spontan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0008 Penurunan Curah Jantung&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0009 Perfusi Perifer Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0010 Risiko Gangguan Sirkulasi Spontan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0011 Risiko Penurunan Curah Jantung&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0012 Risiko Perdarahan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0013 Risiko Perfusi Gastrointestinal Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0014 Risiko Perfusi Miokard Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0015 Risiko Perfusi Perifer Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0016 Risiko Perfusi Renal Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0017 Risiko Perfusi Serebral Tidak Efektif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Nutrisi/ Cairan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0018 Berat Badan Lebih&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0019 Defisit Nutrisi&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0020 Diare&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0021 Disfungsi Motilitas Gastrointestinal&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0022 Hipervolemia&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0023 Hipovolemia&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0024 Ikterus Neonatus&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0025 Kesiapan Peningkatan Keseimbangan Cairan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0026 Kesiapan Peningkatan Nutrisi&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0027 Ketidakstabilan Kadar Glukosa Darah&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0028 Menyusui Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0029 Menyusui Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0030 Obesitas&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0031 Risiko Berat Badan Berlebih&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0032 Risiko Defisit Nutrisi&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0033 Risiko Disfungsi Motilitas Gastrointestinal&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0034 Risiko Hipovolemia&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0035 Risiko Ikterus Neonatus&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0036 Risiko Ketidakseimbangan Cairan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0037 Risiko Ketidakseimbangan Elektrolit&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0038 Risiko Ketidakseimbangan Kadar Glukosa Darah&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0039 Risiko Syok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Eliminasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0040 Gangguan Eliminasi Urine&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0041 Inkontinensia Fiskal&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0042 Inkontinensia Urine Berlanjut&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0043 Inkontinensia Urine Berlebih&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0044 Inkontinensia Urine Fungsional&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0045 Inkontinensia Urine Refleks&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0046 Inkontinensia Urine Stres&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0047 Inkontinensia Urine Urgensi&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0048 Kesiapan Peningkatan Eliminasi Urine&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0049 Konstipasi&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0050 Retensi Urine&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0051 Risiko Inkontinensia Urine Urgensi&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0052 Risiko Konstipasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Aktivitas dan Istirahat&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0053 Disorganisasi Perilaku Bayi&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0054 Gangguan Mobilitas Fisik&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0055 Gangguan Pola Tidur&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0056 Intoleransi Aktivitas&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0057 Keletihan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0058 Kesiapan Peningkatan Tidur&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0059 Risiko Disorganisasi Perilaku Bayi&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0060 Risiko Intoleransi Aktivitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Neurosensori&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0061 Disrefleksia Otonom&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0062 Gangguan Memori&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0063 Gangguan Menelan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0064 Konfusi Akut&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0065 Konfusi Kronis&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0066 Penurunan Kapasitas Adaptif Intrakranial&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0067 Risiko Disfungsi Neuro vaskuler Perifer&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0068 Risiko Intoleransi Aktivitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Reproduksi dan Sensualitas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0069 Disfungsi Sensual&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0070 Kesiapan Persalinan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0071 Pola Sensual Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0072 Risiko Disfungsi Sensual&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0073 Risiko Kehamilan Tidak Dikehendaki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/daftar-diagnosa-keperawatan-kategori.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibFDy0H33QY6MexsqWCMUjQOgUdUGIWJMsKHimZHVVTO9t8MjKvSaiDCzTPjyk38vjnmmiJeZXydEqbSakRn8N5J3KNRJC9aSPiJ2cZyZ1hfMJ1J3_lI5G0Otzdxz_OFsxN9T2UAW28uY/s72-c/images.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-5204261213115216825</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 15:17:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-31T07:17:22.770-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SDKI</category><title>Daftar Diagnosa Keperawatan Kategori: Psikologis</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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Daftar diagnosa keperawatan dalam Buku Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Referensi intervesi keperawatan dari :Judith M. Wilkinson dan Nancy R. Ahern. Buku Saku DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN Diagnosis NANDA, Intervensi NIC, Kriteria hasil NOC Edisi 1 s/d 9. Alih Bahasa Ns. Esti Wahuningsih, S.Kep dan Ns. Dwi Widiarti, S,Kep. EGC. Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Psikologis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Nyeri dan Kenyamanan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0074 Gangguan Rasa Nyaman&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0075 Ketidak nyamanan Pasca Partum&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0076 Nausea&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0077 Nyeri Akut&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0078 Nyeri Kronis&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0079 Nyeri Melahirkan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK0AzwpoulBWAV8PGaIYANh9Li7hR2dQoeIcYrhPRQjLbycmKZWv5hb2rnNRMH3Z9_zwJe5QpOSARAIAjWY0c93CXmF9YozAvJKIeGzPRFSmPnvNSzlO0DhpjYnREPjZwmuLVsLylvO0A/s1600/images-5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK0AzwpoulBWAV8PGaIYANh9Li7hR2dQoeIcYrhPRQjLbycmKZWv5hb2rnNRMH3Z9_zwJe5QpOSARAIAjWY0c93CXmF9YozAvJKIeGzPRFSmPnvNSzlO0DhpjYnREPjZwmuLVsLylvO0A/s400/images-5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Integritas Ego&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0080 Ansietas&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0081 Berduka&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0082 Distres Spiritual&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0083 Gangguan Citra Tubuh&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0084 Gangguan Identitas Diri&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0085 Gangguan Persepsi Sensori&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0086 Harga Diri Rendah Kronis&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0087 Harga Diri Rendah Situasional&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0088 Keputusasaan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0089 Kesiapan Peningkatan Konsep Diri&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0090 Kesiapan Peningkatan Koping Keluarga&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0091 Kesiapan Peningkatan Koping Komunitas&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0092 Ketidak berdayaan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0093 Ketidakmampuan Koping Keluarga&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0094 Koping Defensif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0095 Koping Komunitas Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0096 Koping Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0097 Penurunan Koping Keluarga&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0098 Penyangkalan Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0099 Perilaku Kesehatan Cenderung Berisiko&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0100 Risiko Distres Spiritual&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0101 Risiko Harga Diri Rendah Kronis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0102 Risiko Harga Diri Rendah Situasional&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0103 Risiko Ketidak berdayaan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0104 Sindrom Pasca Trauma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv1CUf-Afe7OU-yw2_3GGfdhf8F2czaGZpOdDM5eozOqXLDidqBEddnqDUHtVZfgGTjSctxeTewKFhBZV0e3AblyXx51uAHrs1_1pHzoWglz52fT9HE4e_zG8w3UG02tKQZbk7BZbwV8w/s1600/2017-04-08-22-14-46--1985897844.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv1CUf-Afe7OU-yw2_3GGfdhf8F2czaGZpOdDM5eozOqXLDidqBEddnqDUHtVZfgGTjSctxeTewKFhBZV0e3AblyXx51uAHrs1_1pHzoWglz52fT9HE4e_zG8w3UG02tKQZbk7BZbwV8w/s400/2017-04-08-22-14-46--1985897844.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0105 Gangguan Tumbuh Kembang&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0106 Risiko Gangguan Perkembangan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0107 Risiko Gangguan Pertumbuhan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/daftar-diagnosa-keperawatan-kategori_31.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi46MsVkGS7CDbj_TK0CBxuHFA-HpCF2TdtpTTm85_pB9mbfsKa1uIU-3nGbI9bnhyphenhyphenlCaWT90KwJSi6sqRUeP3y5Fxo7S3IAdrBiufTV3Tpd-IRpU1OLEOSSLekVlVFAgI6zrS9rShuUMI/s72-c/images-4.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-5131330640108982834</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 15:15:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-31T07:15:18.458-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SDKI</category><title>Daftar Diagnosa Keperawatan Kategori: Prilaku</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Daftar diagnosa keperawatan dalam Buku Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Referensi intervesi keperawatan dari :Judith M. Wilkinson dan Nancy R. Ahern. Buku Saku DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN Diagnosis NANDA, Intervensi NIC, Kriteria hasil NOC Edisi 1 s/d 9. Alih Bahasa Ns. Esti Wahuningsih, S.Kep dan Ns. Dwi Widiarti, S,Kep. EGC. Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Prilaku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht2FA9RSRJ3ORCGkKC9RT4UE6_KnT9V8w6Odq2P_UysdsRXcC2Osi3VzOf3DyHSKbQIEKkgA4LKdMwvcF5lj93lMsoQ41wgJag1qlWd2RpMDP_-l_pOkNTMUJ0xmISkWHzOwIC53JdzPQ/s1600/2017-04-08-22-15-51--222626707.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;377&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht2FA9RSRJ3ORCGkKC9RT4UE6_KnT9V8w6Odq2P_UysdsRXcC2Osi3VzOf3DyHSKbQIEKkgA4LKdMwvcF5lj93lMsoQ41wgJag1qlWd2RpMDP_-l_pOkNTMUJ0xmISkWHzOwIC53JdzPQ/s400/2017-04-08-22-15-51--222626707.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Kebersihan Diri&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0108 Defisit Perawatan Diri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlzMIX_xJaW8e50aJxnk0nsLpBT_ypJq7yUNUq34HJCb2h8DFbK0NlqrQeiBH6yzbL-CMN3kCubiih7HThvfertCBIA1ur7e7ky8ruE5Xo3Bks7sgikSTwPFUutFsXkVpUWHAkTs6rUJc/s1600/2017-04-08-22-16-49--768112399.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlzMIX_xJaW8e50aJxnk0nsLpBT_ypJq7yUNUq34HJCb2h8DFbK0NlqrQeiBH6yzbL-CMN3kCubiih7HThvfertCBIA1ur7e7ky8ruE5Xo3Bks7sgikSTwPFUutFsXkVpUWHAkTs6rUJc/s400/2017-04-08-22-16-49--768112399.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Penyuluhan dan Pembelajaran&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0109 Defisit Kesehatan Komunitas&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0110 Defisit Pengetahuan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0111 Kesiapan Peningkatan Manajemen Kesehatan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0112 Kesiapan Peningkatan Pengetahuan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0113 Ketidak patuhan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0114 Manajemen Kesehatan Keluarga Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0115 Manajemen Kesehatan Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0116 Pemeliharaan Kesehatan Tidak Efektif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/daftar-diagnosa-keperawatan-kategori_35.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht2FA9RSRJ3ORCGkKC9RT4UE6_KnT9V8w6Odq2P_UysdsRXcC2Osi3VzOf3DyHSKbQIEKkgA4LKdMwvcF5lj93lMsoQ41wgJag1qlWd2RpMDP_-l_pOkNTMUJ0xmISkWHzOwIC53JdzPQ/s72-c/2017-04-08-22-15-51--222626707.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-5658895011249833572</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 15:12:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-31T07:12:43.965-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SDKI</category><title>Daftar Diagnosa Keperawatan Kategori: Lingkungan</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Daftar diagnosa keperawatan dalam Buku Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Referensi intervesi keperawatan dari :Judith M. Wilkinson dan Nancy R. Ahern. Buku Saku DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN Diagnosis NANDA, Intervensi NIC, Kriteria hasil NOC Edisi 1 s/d 9. Alih Bahasa Ns. Esti Wahuningsih, S.Kep dan Ns. Dwi Widiarti, S,Kep. EGC. Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Lingkungan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB4BRIQqFRdEHnbUBEo2HKQZdRgjXZc6hxJC4QeQxvOxcssRZMQ0Ro6ssG7Xf28gUirJQWFTTSf3af5-5N_fJ9zdgqFVZF59FznOWcJVElEYiRMcscXil6oebVWb9UQhvhY1SGhrfMjv4/s1600/images-6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;324&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB4BRIQqFRdEHnbUBEo2HKQZdRgjXZc6hxJC4QeQxvOxcssRZMQ0Ro6ssG7Xf28gUirJQWFTTSf3af5-5N_fJ9zdgqFVZF59FznOWcJVElEYiRMcscXil6oebVWb9UQhvhY1SGhrfMjv4/s400/images-6.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Sub kategori: Keamanan dan Proteksi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0128 Gangguan Integritas kulit/ jaringan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0129 Hipertermia&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0130 Hipotermia&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0131 Perilaku Kekerasan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0132 Perlambatan pemulihan pasca bedah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0133 Risiko Alergi&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0134 Risiko Bunuh Diri&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0135 Risiko Cedera&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0136 Risiko Cedera Pada Ibu&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0137 Risiko Cedera Pada Janin&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0138 Risiko Gangguan Integritas Kulit/ Jaringan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0139 Risiko Hipotermia&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0140 Risiko Hipotermia Per operatif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0141 Risiko Infeksi&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0142 Risiko Jatuh&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0143 Risiko Luka Tekan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0144 Risiko Mutilasi Diri&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0145 Risiko Perilaku Kekerasan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0146 Risiko Perlambatan Pemulihan Pascabedah&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0147 Risiko Termoregulasi Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0148 Termoregulasi Tidak Efektif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/daftar-diagnosa-keperawatan-kategori_22.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB4BRIQqFRdEHnbUBEo2HKQZdRgjXZc6hxJC4QeQxvOxcssRZMQ0Ro6ssG7Xf28gUirJQWFTTSf3af5-5N_fJ9zdgqFVZF59FznOWcJVElEYiRMcscXil6oebVWb9UQhvhY1SGhrfMjv4/s72-c/images-6.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-7633147243262463555</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 15:10:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-31T07:13:04.542-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SDKI</category><title>Daftar Diagnosa Keperawatan Kategori: Relasional</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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Daftar diagnosa keperawatan dalam Buku Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Referensi intervesi keperawatan dari :Judith M. Wilkinson dan Nancy R. Ahern. Buku Saku DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN Diagnosis NANDA, Intervensi NIC, Kriteria hasil NOC Edisi 1 s/d 9. Alih Bahasa Ns. Esti Wahuningsih, S.Kep dan Ns. Dwi Widiarti, S,Kep. EGC. Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kategori: Relasional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sub kategori: Interaksi Sosial&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0117 Gangguan Interaksi Sosial&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0118 Gangguan Komunikasi Verbal&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0119 Gangguan Proses Keluarga&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0120 Isolasi Sosial&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0121 Kesiapan Peningkatan Menjadi Orang Tua&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0122 Kesiapan Peningkatan Proses Keluarga&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0123 Ketegangan Peran Pemberi Asuhan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0124 Penampilan Peran Tidak Efektif&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0125 Pencapaian Peran Menjadi Orang Tua&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0126 Risiko Gangguan Perlekatan&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;0127 Risiko Proses Pengasuhan Tidak Efektif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/daftar-diagnosa-keperawatan-kategori_7.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbNLtMIN2urGHuljkPEQR6bboUq4crnCIcA12kljUqU9VR3ZGNyEDJRHT-NZu7VWv1BRzIfCLZDMP_5LZNdqcVHxz9DiDVYR14pFqrdhCbjoOrJkkfYL-Kp7BJteWWNdVvCgocuJq6xlI/s72-c/images.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-5750421520733863996</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 14:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T08:59:03.918-08:00</atom:updated><title>Sejarah, Jenis Dan Standarisasi Rumah Sakit Di Indonesia</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywyLP8TkzUrLzmy-ACPPB8gk3gV91j8ACDgzvTge1wHZyqEln-bvAj36iwLuNB72L2tsP6XqcMzan2MTy9KKBWekOWku7IrjrZxsLKLJETzz7UPSYYIHX0um2HnVt4kaozyY0i1MPyw4/s1600/20190124_094152.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;900&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1600&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywyLP8TkzUrLzmy-ACPPB8gk3gV91j8ACDgzvTge1wHZyqEln-bvAj36iwLuNB72L2tsP6XqcMzan2MTy9KKBWekOWku7IrjrZxsLKLJETzz7UPSYYIHX0um2HnVt4kaozyY0i1MPyw4/s640/20190124_094152.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Disusun Oleh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Dama Novantono, A.Md. Kep.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENGERTIAN RUMAH SAKIT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Menurut World Health Organization&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, Pengertian Rumah Sakit adalah suatu bagian dari organisasi medis dan sosial yang mempunyai fungsi untuk memberikan pelayanan kesehatan lengkap kepada masyarakat, baik kuratif maupun preventif pelayanan keluarnya menjangkau keluarga dan lingkungan rumah.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit juga merupakan pusat untuk latihan tenaga kesehatan dan penelitian biologi, psikologi, sosial ekonomi dan budaya.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Organisasi rumah sakit merupakan organisasi yang kompleks dan Unik. Kompleks karena terdapat permasalahan yang sangat rumit.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Unik karena di rumah sakit terdapat suatu proses yang menghasilkan jasa perhotelan sekaligus jasa medis dan perawatan dalam bentuk pelayanan kepada pasien yang rawat inap maupun berobat jalan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit merupakan suatu organisasi padat karya dengan latar belakang pendidikan berbeda-beda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam rumah sakit terdapat berbagai macam fasilitas pengobatan dan berbagai macam peralatan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Orang yang dihadapi di rumah sakit adalah orang-orang beremosi labil dan emosional karena sedang dalam keadaan sakit, termasuk keluarga pasien.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Oleh karena itu, pelayanan rumah sakit jauh lebih kompleks dari pada hotel.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit merupakan industri pada modal dan padat karya (padat sumber daya) serta padat teknologi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sumber daya manusia merupakan komponen utama proses pelayanan dalam rumah sakit.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Jenis produk atau jasa rumah sakit dapat berupa:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;private goods (pelayanan dokter, keperawatan farmasi, gizi),&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;public goods (layanan parkir, front office, cleaning service, house keeping, laundry) dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;externality (imunisasi).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;SEJARAH RUMAH SAKIT DAN KOMITE ETIK RUMAH SAKIT (KERS)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1. SEJARAH RUMAH SAKIT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;1.1 Awal Mula Sejarah Rumah Sakit Itu Ada&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam sejarah kuno, kepercayaan dan pengobatan berhubungan sangat erat. Salah satu contoh institusi pengobatan tertua adalah kuil Mesir.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kuil Asclepius di Yunani juga dipercaya memberikan pengobatan kepada orang sakit, yang kemudian juga diadopsi bangsa Romawi sebagai kepercayaan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kuil Romawi untuk Æsculapius dibangun pada tahun 291 SM di tanah Tiber, Roma dengan ritus-ritus hampir sama dengan kepercayaan Yunani.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Institusi yang spesifik untuk pengobatan pertama kali, ditemukan di India.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rumah sakit Brahmanti pertama kali didirikan di Sri Lanka pada tahun 431 SM, kemudian Raja Ashoka juga mendirikan 18 rumah sakit di Hindustan pada 230 SM dengan dilengkapi tenaga medis dan perawat yang dibiayai anggaran kerajaan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit pertama yang melibatkan pula konsep pengajaran pengobatan, dengan mahasiswa yang diberikan pengajaran oleh tenaga ahli, adalah Akademi Gundishapur di Kerajaan Persia.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Bangsa Romawi menciptakan valetudinaria untuk pengobatan budak, gladiator, dan prajurit sekitar 100 SM.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Adopsi kepercayaan Kristiani turut memengaruhi pelayanan medis di sana.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Konsili Nicea I pada tahun 325 memerintahkan pihak Gereja untuk juga memberikan pelayanan kepada orang-orang miskin, sakit, janda, dan musafir.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Setiap satu katedral di setiap kota harus menyediakan satu pelayanan kesehatan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Salah satu yang pertama kali mendirikan adalah Saint Sampson di Konstantinopel dan Brasil, bishop of Caesarea.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Bangunan ini berhubungan langsung dengan bagunan gereja, dan disediakan pula tempat terpisah untuk penderita lepra.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit abad pertengahan di Eropa juga mengikuti pola tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Di setiap tempat peribadahan biasanya terdapat pelayanan kesehatan oleh pendeta dan suster (&lt;i&gt;Frase Perancis untuk rumah sakit adalah hôtel-Dieu, yang berarti &quot;&lt;b&gt;hostel of God.&lt;/b&gt;&quot;&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Namun beberapa di antaranya bisa pula terpisah dari tempat peribadahan. Ditemukan pula rumah sakit yang terspesialisasi untuk penderita lepra, kaum miskin, atau musafir.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit dalam sejarah Islam memperkenalkan standar pengobatan yang tinggi pada abad 8 hingga 12.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rumah sakit pertama dibangun pada abad 9 hingga 10 mempekerjakan 25 staff pengobatan dan perlakuan pengobatan berbeda untuk penyakit yang berbeda pula.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Rumah sakit yang didanai pemerintah muncul pula dalam sejarah Tiongkok pada awal abad 10.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Perubahan rumah sakit menjadi lebih sekuler di Eropa terjadi pada abad 16 hingga 17.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Tetapi baru pada abad 18 rumah sakit modern pertama dibangun dengan hanya menyediakan pelayanan dan pembedahan medis. Inggris pertama kali memperkenalkan konsep ini.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Guy&#39;s Hospital&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;didirikan di Londonp ada 1724 atas permintaan seorang saudagar kaya Thomas Guy.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit yang dibiayai swasta seperti ini kemudian menjamur di seluruh Inggris Raya. Di koloni Inggris di Amerika kemudian berdiri Pennsylvania General Hospital di Philadelphia pada 1751.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Setelah terkumpul sumbangan £2,000, di Eropa Daratan biasanya rumah sakit dibiayai dana publik.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Namun secara umum pada pertengahan abad 19 hampir seluruh negara di Eropa dan Amerika Utara telah memiliki keberagaman rumah sakit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;line-height: 23.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;1.2 Sejarah Rumah Sakit Di Indonesia&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sejarah perkembangan rumah sakit di Indonesia pertama sekali didirikan oleh VOC tahun 1626 dan kemudian juga oleh tentara Inggris pada zaman Raffles terutama ditujukan untuk melayani anggota militer beserta keluarganya secara gratis.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Jika masyarakat pribumi memerlukan pertolongan, kepada mereka juga diberikan pelayanan gratis. Hal ini berlanjut dengan rumah sakit-rumah sakit yang didirikan oleh kelompok agama. Sikap karitatif ini juga diteruskan oleh rumah sakit CBZ di Jakarta.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit ini juga tidak memungut bayaran pada orang miskin dan gelandangan yang memerlukan pertolongan. Semua ini telah menanamkan kesan yang mendalam di kalangan masyarakat pribumi bahwa pelayanan penyembuhan di rumah sakit adalah gratis. Mereka tidak mengetahui bahwa sejak zaman VOC, orang Eropa yang berobat di rumah sakit VOC (kecuali tentara dan keluarganya) ditarik bayaran termasuk pegawai VOC.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Komite Etik Rumah Sakit (KERS), dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu badan yang secara resmi dibentuk dengan anggota dari berbagai disiplin perawatan kesehatan dalam rumah sakit yang bertugas untuk menangani berbagai masalah etik yang timbul dalam rumah sakit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. KOMITE ETIK RUMAH SAKIT (KERS)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
KERS dapat menjadi sarana efektif dalam mengusahakan saling pengertian antara berbagai pihak yang terlibat seperti dokter, pasien, keluarga pasien dan masyarakat tentang berbagai masalah etika hukum kedokteran yang muncul dalam perawatan kesehatan di rumah sakit.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Ada tiga fungsi KERS ini yaitu:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pendidikan,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Penyusun kebijakan dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Pembahasan kasus.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Jadi salah satu tugas KERS adalah menjalankan fungsi pendidikan etika.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Dalam rumah sakit ada kebutuhan akan kemampuan memahami masalah etika, melakukan diskusi multidisiplin tentang kasus mediko legal dan dilema etika biomedis dan proses pengambilan keputusan yang terkait dengan permasalahan ini. Dengan dibentuknya KERS, pengetahuan dasar bidang etika kedokteran dapat diupayakan dalam institusi dan pengetahuan tentang etika diharapkan akan menelurkan tindakan yang profesional etis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Komite tidak akan mampu mengajari orang lain, jika ia tidak cukup kemampuannya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Oleh sebab itu tugas pertama komite adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan anggota komite.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Etika kedokteran dewasa ini berkembang sangat pesat.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Di Indonesia etika kedokteran relatif baru dan yang berminat tidak banyak sehingga lebih sulit mencari bahan bacaan yang berkaitan dengan hal ini.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pendidikan bagi anggota komite dapat dilakukan dengan belajar sendiri, belajar berkelompok, dan mengundang pakar dalam bidang agama, hukum, sosial, psikologi, atau etika yang mendalami bidang etika kedokteran.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Para anggota komite setidaknya harus menguasai berbagai istilah/ konsep etika, proses analisis dan pengambilan keputusan dalam etika.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pengetahuan tentang etik akan lebih mudah dipahami jika ia diterapkan dalam berbagai kasus nyata.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Semakin banyak kasus yang dibahas, akan semakin jelaslah bagi anggota komite bagaimana bentuk tatalaksana pengambilan keputusan yang baik.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pendidikan etika tidak terbatas pada pimpinan dan staf rumah sakit saja. Pemilik dan anggota yayasan, pasien, keluarga pasien, dan masyarakat dapat diikutsertakan dalam pendidikan etika.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pemahaman akan permasalahan etika akan menambah kepercayaan masyarakat dan membuka wawasan mereka bahwa rumah sakit bekerja untuk kepentingan pasien dan masyarakat pada umumnya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Selama ini dalam struktur rumah sakit di Indonesia dikenal subkomite/ panitia etik profesi medik yang merupakan struktur dibawah komite medik yang bertugas menangani masalah etika rumah sakit. Pada umumnya anggota panitia ini adalah dokter dan masalah yang ditangani lebih banyak yang berkaitan dengan pelanggaran etika profesi.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Mengingat etika kedokteran sekarang ini sudah berkembang begitu luas dan kompleks maka keberadaan dan posisi panitia ini tidak lagi memadai.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit memerlukan tim atau komite yang dapat menangani masalah etika rumah sakit dan tanggung jawab langsung kepada direksi. Komite memberikan saran di bidang etika kepada pimpinan dan staf rumah sakit yang membutuhkan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Keberadaan komite dinyatakan dalam struktur organisasi rumah sakit dan keanggotaan komite diangkat oleh pimpinan rumah sakit atau yayasan rumah sakit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Proses pembentukan KERS ini, rumah sakit memulainya dengan membentuk tim kecil yang terdiri dari beberapa orang yang memiliki kepedulian mendalam dibidang etika kedokteran, bersikap terbuka dan memiliki semangat tinggi.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Jumlah anggota disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan dan keanggotaan komite bersifat multi disiplin meliputi:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;dokter (merupakan mayoritas anggota) dari berbagai spesialisasi,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;perawat,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;pekerja sosial,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;rohaniawan,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;wakil administrasi rumah sakit,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;wakil masyarakat,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;etikawan,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;dan ahli hukum.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;b&gt;JENIS-JENIS RUMAH SAKIT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Rumah sakit umum&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Melayani hampir seluruh penyakit umum, dan biasanya memiliki institusi perawatan darurat yang siaga 24 jam (ruang gawat darurat) untuk mengatasi bahaya dalam waktu secepatnya dan memberikan pertolongan pertama.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit umum biasanya merupakan fasilitas yang mudah ditemui di suatu negara, dengan kapasitas rawat inap sangat besar untuk perawatan intensif ataupun jangka panjang.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit jenis ini juga dilengkapi dengan fasilitas bedah, bedah plastik, ruang bersalin, laboratorium, dan sebagainya. Tetapi kelengkapan fasilitas ini bisa saja bervariasi sesuai kemampuan penyelenggaranya.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit yang sangat besar sering disebut Medical Center (pusat kesehatan), biasanya melayani seluruh pengobatan modern.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sebagian besar rumah sakit di Indonesia juga membuka pelayanan kesehatan tanpa menginap (rawat jalan) bagi masyarakat umum (klinik). Biasanya terdapat beberapa klinik/ poliklinik di dalam suatu rumah sakit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. Rumah sakit penelitian/ pendidikan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit penelitian/ pendidikan adalah rumah sakit umum yang terkait dengan kegiatan penelitian dan pendidikan di fakultas kedokteran pada suatu universitas/ lembaga pendidikan tinggi.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Biasanya rumah sakit ini dipakai untuk pelatihan dokter-dokter muda, uji coba berbagai macam obat baru atau teknik pengobatan baru.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit ini diselenggarakan oleh pihak universitas/ perguruan tinggi sebagai salah satu wujud pengabdian masyarakat/ Tri Dharma perguruan tinggi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Rumah sakit terspesialisasi&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Jenis ini mencakup trauma center, rumah sakit anak, rumah sakit manula, atau rumah sakit yang melayani kepentingan khusus seperti psychiatric (psychiatric hospital), penyakit pernapasan, dan lain-lain.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit bisa terdiri atas gabungan atau pun hanya satu bangunan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;4. Rumah sakit lembaga/ perusahaan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Rumah sakit yang didirikan oleh suatu lembaga/ perusahaan untuk melayani pasien-pasien yang merupakan anggota lembaga tersebut/ karyawan perusahaan tersebut.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Alasan pendirian bisa karena penyakit yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan lembaga tersebut (misalnya rumah sakit militer, lapangan udara), bentuk jaminan sosial/ pengobatan gratis bagi karyawan, atau karena letak/ lokasi perusahaan yang terpencil/ jauh dari rumah sakit umum.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Biasanya rumah sakit lembaga/ perusahaan di Indonesia juga menerima pasien umum dan menyediakan ruang gawat darurat untuk masyarakat umum.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;5. Klinik&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Fasilitas medis yang lebih kecil yang hanya melayani keluhan tertentu.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Biasanya dijalankan oleh Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat atau dokter-dokter yang ingin menjalankan praktik pribadi. Klinik biasanya hanya menerima rawat jalan. Bentuknya bisa pula berupa kumpulan klinik yang disebut poliklinik.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Sebuah klinik (&lt;i&gt;atau rawat jalan klinik atau klinik perawatan rawat jalan&lt;/i&gt;) adalah fasilitas perawatan kesehatan yang dikhususkan untuk perawatan pasien rawat jalan.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Klinik dapat dioperasikan, dikelola dan didanai secara pribadi atau publik, dan biasanya meliputi perawatan kesehatan primer kebutuhan populasi di masyarakat lokal, berbeda dengan rumah sakit yang lebih besar yang menawarkan perawatan khusus dan mengakui pasien rawat inap untuk menginap semalam.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;TIPE-TIPE RUMAH SAKIT&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Pelayanan RS di Indonesia saat ini sudah bersifat padat modal, padat karya, dan padat teknologi dalam menghadapi persaingan global. Dalam hal rujukan medik, RS juga diandalkan untuk memberikan pengayoman medik (pusat rujukan) untuk pusat-pusat pelayanan yang ada di wilayah kerjanya. Sifat pengayoman sangat erat kaitannya dengan klasifikasi Rumah Sakit.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Ada empat jenis RS berdasarkan klasifikasi Rumah Sakit di Indonesia yaitu kelas A, B, C, dan D.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Dan berubahnya RS kelas A dan B menjadi RS seadanya, bahkan ada yang menjadi Perusahaan Jawatan (Perjan), menejemen klasik RS di Indonesia sudah pasti mengalami perubahan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Perubahan dalam hal peningkatan profesionalisme staf, tersedianya peralatan yang lebih canggih, dan lebih sempurnanya sistem administrasi RS yang akan bermanfaat untuk peningkatan mutu pelayanan kesehatan RS.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Rumah sakit berdasarkan kemampuan yang dimilikinya dibagi menjadi lima macam jenis, yaitu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;1. Ramah Sakit Tipe A&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Merupakan rumah sakit yang mampu memberikan pelayanan kedokteran spesialis dan subspesialis luas, serta dijadikan tempat pelayanan rujukan tertinggi oleh pemerintah.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;u style=&quot;line-height: 23.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;2. Ramah Sakit Tipe B&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Merupakan rumah sakit yang mampu memberikan pelayanan kedokteran spesialis dan subspesialis terbatas, serta biasanya didirikan di setiap ibukota provinsi guna menampung rujukan dari RS kabupaten.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;u style=&quot;line-height: 23.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;3. Ramah Sakit Tipe C&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Merupakan rumah sakit yang memberikan pelayanan kedokteran spesialis terbatas misalnya pelayanan penyakit dalam, pelayanan penyakit bedah, pelayanan kesehatan anak serta pelayanan kebidanan dan kandungan.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;u style=&quot;line-height: 23.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;4. Ramah Sakit Tipe D&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Merupakan rumah sakit transisi yang akan ditingkatkan menjadi rumah sakit tipe C dan hanya memberikan pelayanan kedokteran umum dan kedokteran gigi.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;u style=&quot;line-height: 23.2px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;5. Ramah Sakit Tipe E&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Merupakan rumah sakit khusus yang hanya menyediakan satu macam pelayanan kedokteran.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;KESIMPULAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada pasien, keselamatan pasien merupakan prioritas utama rumah sakit tanpa membedakan segmen tersebut.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Dan dalam melaksanakan fungsi sosial seperti tersebut dalam di atas, setiap rumah sakit dengan antara lain menyediakan fasilitas untuk merawat penderita yang tidak/ kurang mampu sesuai peraturan yang berlaku.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Selain itu, dalam fungsi sosial tersebut, rumah sakit berpartisipasi dalam penanggulangan bencana alam nasional atau lokal dan melakukan misi kemanusiaan rumah sakit.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/sejarah-jenis-dan-standarisasi-rumah.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywyLP8TkzUrLzmy-ACPPB8gk3gV91j8ACDgzvTge1wHZyqEln-bvAj36iwLuNB72L2tsP6XqcMzan2MTy9KKBWekOWku7IrjrZxsLKLJETzz7UPSYYIHX0um2HnVt4kaozyY0i1MPyw4/s72-c/20190124_094152.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-747954090188137411</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 14:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-02-01T08:59:03.925-08:00</atom:updated><title>Motorik Individual Differences Dalam Proses Pembelajaran</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJx2KhJ7mReI3atW57u3WZnjyuRG5Ngf0-m95AJSYnTNQGy11T_oLaopn1ndeMtJ-l86EtkZ3kcrm-9csDxCAnt-nf95COisBvakzbtyPRNKHZhSBeMVr9y4Ed9H-mFI-DBh801KSQzew/s1600/rogo+sukmo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;189&quot; data-original-width=&quot;267&quot; height=&quot;453&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJx2KhJ7mReI3atW57u3WZnjyuRG5Ngf0-m95AJSYnTNQGy11T_oLaopn1ndeMtJ-l86EtkZ3kcrm-9csDxCAnt-nf95COisBvakzbtyPRNKHZhSBeMVr9y4Ed9H-mFI-DBh801KSQzew/s640/rogo+sukmo.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Disusun Oleh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Dama Novatono, A.Md. Kep.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Bab 1&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENDAHULUAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1.1 Latar Belakang&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Individu merupakan kesatuan yang terbatas yaitu sebagai manusia perseorangan bukan sebagai manusia keseluruhan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Setiap individu memiliki karateristik yang berbeda-beda atau disebut dengan individual defferences. Perbedaan dalam individu secara umum disebabkan oleh dua faktor, yaitu:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;faktor bawaan dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;faktor lingkungan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kedua hal tersebut akan membentuk karakter yang berbeda-beda dalam setiap individu yang menyebabkan terjadinya pola pamikiran, pemahaman dan tingkah laku yang berbeda pula dalam setiap individu.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Hal tersebut adalah hal yang dialami oleh setiap orang termasuk pasien dalam Asuhan Keperawatan di Rumah atau di Rumah Sakit, dimana tidak semua pasisn dapat memahami proses Asuhan Keperawatan yang disampaikan oleh Perawat dengan metode yang sama karena perbedaan dalam pola pemahaman atau daya tangkap yang berbeda.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Perbedaan individu penting dibahas dan dipahami oleh perawat agar para perawat bisa memahami perbedaan dari masing-masing pasien.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Setiap individu mempunyai karakteristik yang berbeda-beda, sehingga sering timbulnya permasalahan akibat perbedaan itu.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Oleh karena itu sebagai seorang perawat hendaknya mampu memahami karakteristik maupun sifat-sifat dari masing-masing individu atau pasiennya. Dengan cara maupun metode tertentu dan mengaplikasikannya langsung dalam Asuhan Keperawatan, sehingga mengetahui perbedaan pasiennya dan bagaimana cara untuk mengatasinya dengan cara-cara yang mudah di tangkap atau di pahami pasiennya.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1.2 Rumusan Masalah&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Apa yang dimaksud dengan perbedaan individu?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Apa saja faktor yang mempengaruhi perbedaan individu?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Apa saja jenis-jenis perbedaan individu?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Bagaimana implikasi perbedaan individu dalam proses Asuhan Keperawatan?&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1.3 Tujuan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengetahui pengertian individual differences.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perbedaan individu.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengetahui jenis-jenis perbedaan individu&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Mengetahui implikasi perbedaan individu dalam proses Asuhan Keperawatan.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;BAB II&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PEMBAHASAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.1 Pengertian Perbedaan Individu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pengertian Perbedaan Individu (Individual Different) menurut para ahli adalah sebagai berikut :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Menurut Lindgren (1980)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;makna perbedaan dan perbedaan individual menyangkut tentang variasi yang terjadi, baik variasi pada aspek fisik dan psikilogis.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Chaplin (1995:244)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;perbedaan individual adalah sebarang sifat atau perbedaan kuantitatif dalam suatu sifat, yang bisa membedakan satu individu dengan individu lainnya.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gerry (1963)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;dalam buku perkembangan peserta didik karya Sunarto dan B. Agung Hartono mengategorikan perbedaan individual seperti berikut:&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Perbedaan fisik&lt;/b&gt;, tingkat dan berat badan, jenis kelamin, pendengaran, penglihatan, dan kemampuan bertindak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Perbedaan sosial&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;termasuk status ekonomi, agama, hubungan keluarga, dan suku.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Perbedaan kepribadian&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;termasuk watak, motif, minat, dan sikap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Perbedaan inteligensi&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;dan kemampuan dasar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Perbedaan kecakapan&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;atau kepandaian di sekolah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Dari beberapa pengertian di atas maka dapat kita peroleh bahwa perbedaan individual adalah hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Psikologi Pribadi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;yang menjelaskan perbedaan psikologis maupun fisik antara orang-orang serta berbagai persamaannya.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.2 Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Perbedaan Individu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.2.1 Faktor Bawaan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Faktor bawaan merupakan faktor-faktor biologis yang diturunkan melalui pewarisan genetik orangtua.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pewarisan genetik ini dimulai pada saat terjadinya pembuahan, yaitu:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Ketika sel reproduksi perempuan yang disebut ovum dibuahi oleh sel reproduksi laki-laki yang disebut spermatozoon.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Hal ini terjadi kira-kira 280 hari sebelum lahir.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Dalam masing-masing sel reproduksi, baik&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;spermatozoa&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(sel reproduksi pada laki-laki) maupun sel telur atau&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;ovum&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(sel reproduksi pada perempuan) terdapat 23 pasang kromosom.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kromosom adalah partikel sseperti benang yang masing-masing didalamnya terdapat untaian partikel yang sangat kecil, yang disebut gen. Gen inilah pembawa ciri bawaan yang diwariskan orangtua kepada keturunannya (&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;hurlock, 1995&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Menurut&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Zimbardo dan Gerig (1999)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, Penyatuan antara sebuah seperma dan sebuah sel telur hanya menghasilkan satu diantara milyaran kemungkinan kombinasi gen. Salah satu kromosom yaitu kromosom sx merupakan pembawa kode gen untuk perkembangan karakteristik fisik laki-laki atau perempuan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.2.2 Faktor Lingkungan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Lingkungan menunjuk pada segala sesuatu yang berada diluar diri individu.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Faktor ini meliputi banyak hal, mulai dari setatus sosial ekonomi orang tua, pola gizi, stimulasi atau rangsangan, pola asuh orangtua, budaya, dan lain sebagainya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Berikut ini akan dijelaskan beberapa hal yang termasuk kedalam faktor lingkungan:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;STATUS SOSIAL EKONOMI&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Status sosial ekonomi orang tua meliputi tingkat pendidikan orang tua, pekerjaan orangtua, penghasialan orang tua.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Tingkat pendidikan orang tua berbeda satu dengan yang lainnya.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;POLA ASUH&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Pola asuh orangtua adalah pola perilaku yang digunakan untuk berhubungsn dengsn anak-anak.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Pola asuh yang diterapkan tiap keluarga berbeda dengan keluarga lainya.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;BUDAYA&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Budaya merupak pikiran, akal budi, hasil karya manusia, atau dapat di definisikan sebagai adat-istiadat.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Budaya dan kebudayaan sebagai sebuah rangkaian tindakan dan aktifitas manusia yang berpola dapat dilihat dalam tiga wujud, yaitu:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Wujud pertama adalah wujud ideal dari kebudayaan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Wujud kedua adah budaya sebagai suatu aktifitas dan tindakan berpola dari manusia dan masyarakat.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;Wujud ketiga kebudayaan sebagai benda-benda hasil karya manusia.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;URUTAN KELAHIRAN&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Walaupun masih terdapat kontroversi, beberapa penelitian membuktikan karakteristik kepribadian seseorang ditentukan salah satunya oleh urutan kelahirannya.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.3 Jenis-jenis Perbedaan Individu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Menurut Sugihartono dkk, (2007)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, terdapat beberapa jenis perbedaan individu yang banyak dikaji dalam hubungannya dalam pendidikan dan pembelajaran, yaitu :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.3.1 Perbedaan jenis kelamin dan gender&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Jenis kelamin menunjuk pada perbedaan dari sudut pandang biologis antara individu laki-laki dan perempuan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Adanya stereotip laki-laki dan perempuan (&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bem dalam Sugihartono dkk, 2007&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.3.2 Perbedaan kemampuan umum dan khusus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kemampuan umum didefinisikan sebagai prestasi komparatif individu dalam berbagai tugas, termasuk diantaranya kemampuan untuk menyelesaikan dan memecahkan masalah dengan waktu yang terbatas (&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sugihartono dkk ,2007&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;), yaitu:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Gifted (individu dengan skor IQ diatas 140)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Mereka memiliki kemungkinan mengalami kesulitan yang serius dalam mengikuti proses pembelajaran.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Retarded (individu dengan skor IQ 70)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;Klasifikasi perbedaan individu menurut panel mental retardasi, yaitu :&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mild retardation (IQ 50-70)&lt;/b&gt;, ia mampu memberi keterampilan-keterampilan praktis secara mendadak&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Moderate (IQ 36-50)&lt;/b&gt;, tampak lambat dalam beraktifitas seperti berbicara.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Savere retardation (IQ 20-36)&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;tingkat perkembangan motorik yang lambat, memiliki kemampuan komunikasi yang sedikit.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Profound retardation (IQ &amp;lt;20)&lt;/b&gt;, memiliki kemampuan sangat minimal dalam fungsi-fungsi.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.3.3 Perbedaan kepribadian&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Merupakan pola perilaku dan cara berpikir seseorang yang khas dalam menentukan penyesuaian diri dengan lingkungannya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Kepribadian menjelaskan adanya karakteristik yang membedakan satu individu dengan individu lainya.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Garis-garis besar model kepribadian, antara lain :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;A. Model Brigg-Myers&lt;/i&gt;, berkembang menjadi&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Myers-Brigg Type Indicator (MBTI)&lt;/i&gt;, terdiri dari:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Extraversion vs Introversion&lt;/i&gt;, bagaimana seorang individu bersikap dan berperilaku untuk mendapatkan dorongan atau energy berperilaku.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sensing &amp;amp; Intuttion&lt;/i&gt;, bagaimana individu memahami dan suatu informasi baru yang diperolehnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Thinking &amp;amp; Feeling&lt;/i&gt;, bagaimana individu mengambil keputusan, berdasar logika, prinsip, dan analisis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Judging &amp;amp; perceptive&lt;/i&gt;, pencarian bahan-bahan, menunda tindakan, dan membuat keputusan secara tepat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.3.4 Perbedaan gaya belajar&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Merupakan pola perilaku yang spesifik pada individu dalam proses menerima informasi baru dan mengembangkan keterampilan baru, serta proses menyimpan informasi atau keterampilan baru tersebut.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Menurut Horney dalam Sugihartono dkk, (2007), terdapat beberapa model/ pendekatan dalam belajar:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;a. Modalitas belajar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Belajar hanya dengan melihat, mendengar, menyentuh/membentuk atau melakukan aktivitas fisik saja terhadap apa yang sedang dipelajari&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;b. Belajar dengan otak kiri atau otak kanan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Dominasi otak kanan akan mendekati masalah secara acak dengan pilihan-pilihan visual dan menggambar peta, sedangkan dominasi otak kiri akan mempertimbangkan proses logis, verbal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;c. Belajar sosial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Belajar sendiri, berdua, kelompok atau bentuk lainnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;d. Lingkungan belajar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Belajar dipengaruhi lingkungan (dipengaruhi suara, dekorasi ruang, waktu pencahayaan dll)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;e. Emosi belajar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Motivasi, ketahanan dan tanggung jawab siswa dalam belajar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;f. Belajar konkrit dan abstrak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Konkrit memproses informasi dengan membentuk/ menyentuh atau memanipulasinya dengan menghitung uang atau kegiatan lainya secara langsung.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Abstrak melalui simbol-simbol abstrak dan konsep&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;g. Belajar global dan analitik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Global belajar dengan mengkategorikan secara luas, mengamati secara komprehensif. Analitik, secara sempit dan mengamati dengan detail&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;h. Belajar berdasarkan multiple intelligence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Belajar berdasar potensi kecerdasan yang dimilikinya, meliputi:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Kecerdasan Linguistic/ kebahasaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Kecerdasan Matematik-Logis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Kecerdasan Spasial/ Ruang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Kecerdasan Kinestik-Jasmani/ Gerak Tubuh&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Kecerdasan Musikal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Kecerdasan Interpersonal/ hubungan social&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.4 Implikasi Perbedaan Individu dalam Proses Pembelajaran&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Perbedaan individu sebagaimana telah diuraikan sebelumnya membawa implikasi terhadap cara perawat mengelolah proses pembelajaran bagi klien di rumah sakit. Dalam system klasikal tidak mudah bagi perawat untuk memperhatikan perbedaan tersebut secara lebih cermat serta menindaklanjutinya dengan pembelajaran. Untuk itu seorang perawat sebaiknya berusaha menemukan adanya perbedaan diantara pasien seawal mungkin sehingga dapat menindak lanjutinya dengan cepat dan tepat.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Salah satu karakteristik penting dalam Asuhan Keperawatan yang efektif adalah ketika proses Asuhan Keperawatan tersebut mampu merespon kebutuhan individual pasien.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Memang terlalu banyak perbedaan yang ada diantara pasien sementara perawat dituntut untuk mengajar suatu materi (Beban Dari Management Rumah Sakit) dalam waktu yang sama.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Namun demikian Asuhan Keperawatan memerlukan sensitivitas terhadap perbedaan individu.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Perawat dapat membuat variasi metode maupun media dalam proses pembelajaran.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Perawat yang dapat mengakomodasi kebutuhan individual menunjukkan bahwa mereka ingin merangkul seluruh pasien yang di rawat inap dalam seluruh proses pembelajaran.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Selanjutnya pasien memiliki kemungkinan yang lebih besar untuk aktif berpartisipasi dalam asuhan keperawatan ketika mereka tahu bahwa perawat mereka mempertimbangkan kebutuhan mereka sebagai individu.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Adapun peran perawat dalam mengatasi perbedaan individu, yaitu sebagai berikut:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menggunakan pendekatan Asuhan Keperawatan yang fleksibel disertai penggunaan multimedia dan multimetode.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Memahami pilihan gaya belajar pasien kemudian menyediakan lingkungan pelayanan kesehatan yang mendukung gaya pelayanan kesehatan yang baik mereka.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Memperhatikan perbedaan kemampuan pasien.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Memberikan pengalaman-pengalaman asuhan keperawatan yang menggabungkan pilihan cara pemberian asuhan keperawatan, menggunakan metode mangajar, insentif, alat, dan situasi yang direncanakan sesuai dengan pilihan pasien.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Menggunakan kombinasi&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;cooperative learning&lt;/i&gt;, pembelajaran individual, dan pembelajaran kelompok, atau antara aktivitas-aktivitas keperawatan yang berpusat pada perawat dengan pembelajaran yang berpusat pada pasien.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Berikan waktu yang cukup untuk memproses dan memahami informasi.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Banyak program Asuhan Keperawatan yang dapat dipilih oleh Perawat sebagai implikasi dari adanya perbedaan individual diantara pasien, khususnya perbedaan kemampuan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Dari sekian banyak bentuk program pendidikan yang dapat dipilih, terdapat tiga jenis program yang terbayak dilaksanakan yaitu:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1) Program remedial&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pemberian layanan keperawatan kepada pasien yang mengalami kesulitan atau hambatan dengan memberikan pelajaran dan atau tugas tambahan secara individual sehingga mereka dapat mengikuti pembelajaran secara klasikal dan menyelesaikan program sesuai dengan waktu yang ditentukan serta mencapai hasil belajar secara optimal.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2) Program pengayaan (&lt;i&gt;Enrichment&lt;/i&gt;)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Memberian pelayanan keperawatan sesuai potensi kecerdasan dan bakat istimewa yang dimiliki pasien, dengan penyediaan kesempatan dan fasilitas kesehatan tambahan yang bersifat perluasan/ pendalaman, setelah yang bersangkutan menyelesaikan hasil pemeriksaan yang diprogramkan untuk pelayanan asuhan keperawatan lainnya.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3) Program percepatan (Acceleration)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pemberian pelayanan keperawatan sesuai potensi kecerdasan dan bakat istimewa yang dimiliki oleh pasien, dengan memberi kesempatan kepada mereka untuk dapat menyelesaikan program regular dalam jangka waktu yang lebih singkat dibanding teman-temannya.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;BAB III&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PENUTUP&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;3.1 Kesimpulan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Perbedaan individual secara umum adalah hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan psikologi pribadi yang menjelaskan perbedaan psikologis antara orang-orang serta berbagai persamaannya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Perbedaan individu mengkaji perbedaan dan persamaan individu secara psikologis dalam lingkungan kesehatan dan pendidikan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Faktor penyebab terjadinya perbedaan individu antara lain adalah:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;faktor bawaan/ heredity dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;faktor lingkungan.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Perbedaan-perbedaan individual yang nampak diantaranya adalah perbedaan jenis kelamin dan gender, perbedaan kemampuan, perbedaan kepribadian, serta perbedaan gaya belajar.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Perbedaan-perbedaan individual membawa implikasi terhadap cara guru mengelola proses Asuhan Keperawatan bagi Pasien di Rumah dan/ atau Rumah Sakit.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tiga jenis program yang terbayak dilaksanakan yaitu:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Program remidial,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Program pengayaan (Enrichment), dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Program percepatan (Acceleration).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;DAFTAR PUSTAKA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Anonim. 2013. Program Pengajaran Individual. Diunduh dari&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/20472/3/Chapter%20II.pdf&quot;&gt;http://repository.usu.ac.id&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;pada tanggal 11Novemberr 2014.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Deazy Wulan. 2010. Srategi Pembelajaran. Dinduh dari&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://deazywulan.wordpress.com/&quot;&gt;http://deazywulan.wordpress.com&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;pada tanggal 11&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;November 2014.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://khairyararastiti.wordpress.com/tugas-mata-kuliah/psikologi-pendidikan&quot;&gt;https://khairyararastiti.wordpress.com/tugas-mata-kuliah/psikologi-pendidikan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;https://novrizalbinmuslim.wordpress.com/2014/03/21/kemampuan-guru-didalam-mengatasi-kesulitan-belajar&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.academia.edu/9251909/MAKALAH_PERBEDAAN_INDIVIDU_INDIVIDUAL_DIFFERENCES_-_Bilingual&quot;&gt;http://www.academia.edu/9251909/MAKALAH_PERBEDAAN_INDIVIDU_INDIVIDUAL_DIFFERENCES_-_Bilingual&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Sugihartono. 2012. Psikologi Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: UNY Press.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/motorik-individual-differences-dalam.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJx2KhJ7mReI3atW57u3WZnjyuRG5Ngf0-m95AJSYnTNQGy11T_oLaopn1ndeMtJ-l86EtkZ3kcrm-9csDxCAnt-nf95COisBvakzbtyPRNKHZhSBeMVr9y4Ed9H-mFI-DBh801KSQzew/s72-c/rogo+sukmo.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-3732908572657191649</guid><pubDate>Thu, 31 Jan 2019 14:22:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-31T06:43:53.200-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">SDKI</category><title>Konsep Diagnosa Keperawatan</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;DEFINISI&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Diagnosis Keperawatan merupakan:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Suatu penilaiankritis mengenai respon klien terhadap masalahkesehatan atau proses kehidupan yang dialaminya baikyang berlangsung actual atau potensial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;KLASIFIKASI DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Pada &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia (SDKI)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, Diagnosis Keperawatan diklasifikasikan kedalam 5 kategori dan terdiri dari 14 subkategori.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBaz5h0SjKfeLd1wTzwbqw33UbsYfq1U9i_upMG_Txf8PczLQhgeP9AdFf-iV0GQW1oPBmbO5XcXDaSg3CD8sXxpRqGhHBQdqzJRg7qivKaQ2rt5rMlTnxSPyWlLn6E9cRvgYPjV05-1M/s1600/Screenshot_2019-01-31-21-02-18-1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;363&quot; data-original-width=&quot;720&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBaz5h0SjKfeLd1wTzwbqw33UbsYfq1U9i_upMG_Txf8PczLQhgeP9AdFf-iV0GQW1oPBmbO5XcXDaSg3CD8sXxpRqGhHBQdqzJRg7qivKaQ2rt5rMlTnxSPyWlLn6E9cRvgYPjV05-1M/s1600/Screenshot_2019-01-31-21-02-18-1.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;JENIS DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Diagnosis keperawatan terdiri dari diagnosis keperawatan positif dan negatif.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Diagnosis keperawatan positif meliputi &lt;i&gt;diagnosis keperawatan promosi kesehatan&lt;/i&gt;, sedangkan diagnosis keperawatan negatif terdiri dari &lt;i&gt;diagnosis keperawatan aktual&lt;/i&gt; dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;diagnosis keperawatan&amp;nbsp;risiko&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia4SnhzSC8ue1k8VmEReA67l_vSbmWfSgSPMnElUR9vwD5in7bUGGxD8KGCXvBigCy0_F_FgB-L3kBAMRhd7KJ0dWDBtfPu_tf0v5tS36ttiJwSrPpfjfnvRsfnMfJDtrnIvDPN25QTD0/s1600/Screenshot_2019-01-31-21-02-18-2.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;362&quot; data-original-width=&quot;720&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia4SnhzSC8ue1k8VmEReA67l_vSbmWfSgSPMnElUR9vwD5in7bUGGxD8KGCXvBigCy0_F_FgB-L3kBAMRhd7KJ0dWDBtfPu_tf0v5tS36ttiJwSrPpfjfnvRsfnMfJDtrnIvDPN25QTD0/s1600/Screenshot_2019-01-31-21-02-18-2.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;KOMPONEN DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Komponen diagnosis keperawatan terdiri dari 2 komponenmeliputi Masalah (problem) dan Indikator Diagnostik. Ada 2 komponen dalam Indikator diagnostic meliputi Deskriptor dan Fokus Diagnostik.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikgKzOHixooaCUJWVi-Xwwso41yIrrcIBRucvAMViuDZDzY_QUP1DrAR9lY-mtGqfWbhLIthZn5yEeGdBrajl5CQXc42HjMOhD7T9tlkAlaASFcGxxprtVaPpVXNm2cURyIpyJfx8Bk8o/s1600/Screenshot_2019-01-31-21-02-26-1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;412&quot; data-original-width=&quot;720&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikgKzOHixooaCUJWVi-Xwwso41yIrrcIBRucvAMViuDZDzY_QUP1DrAR9lY-mtGqfWbhLIthZn5yEeGdBrajl5CQXc42HjMOhD7T9tlkAlaASFcGxxprtVaPpVXNm2cURyIpyJfx8Bk8o/s1600/Screenshot_2019-01-31-21-02-26-1.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;PERUMUSAN DIAGNOSIS KEPERAWATAN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Perumusan/ penulisan diagnosis disesuaikan dengan jenis diagnosis keperawatan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1.   Penulisan diagnosis 3 bagian&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Metode Penulisan diagnosis ini dilakukan pada jenis diagnosis aktual.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Masalah Berhubungan Dengan (b.d) Penyebab Dibuktikan Dengan (d.d) Tanda Dan Gejala&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Contoh:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Bersihan Jalan Nafas Tidak Efektif (b.d) spesme-spesme jalan nafas (d.d) Batuk Tidak Efektif, Spuntum Berlebihan, Mengi, Dispnea, Gelisah&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2.   Penulisan diagnosis 2 bagian&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Penulisan diagnosis keperawatan ini digunakan pada jenis diagnosis risiko dan promosi kesehatan.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;a. Diagnosis Risiko&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Masalah Berhubungan Dengan (d.d) Faktor Resiko&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Contoh:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Resiko Aspirasi dibuktikan dengan Penurunan Tingkat Kesadaran&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #38761d; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;b. Diagnosis Promosi Kesehatan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Masalah Berhubungan Dengan (d.d) Tanda Dan Gejala&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Contoh:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;Kesiapan Peningkatan Eliminasi Urin (d.d) Pasien Ingin Meningkatkan Eliminasi Urin, Jumlah Dan Karakterisrik Urin&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Itulah penjelasan kami tentang Konsep Diagnosa Keperawatan yang sesuai dengan Standar Diagnosis Keperawatan Indonesia (SDKI)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2019/01/konsep-diagnosa-keperawatan.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBaz5h0SjKfeLd1wTzwbqw33UbsYfq1U9i_upMG_Txf8PczLQhgeP9AdFf-iV0GQW1oPBmbO5XcXDaSg3CD8sXxpRqGhHBQdqzJRg7qivKaQ2rt5rMlTnxSPyWlLn6E9cRvgYPjV05-1M/s72-c/Screenshot_2019-01-31-21-02-18-1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-6112358093356137590</guid><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 2018 14:20:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-25T22:08:44.806-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Gardar</category><title>Early Warning Score (EWS)</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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An early warning score (EWS) is a guide used by medical services to quickly determine the degree of illness of a patient. It is based on the six cardinal vital signs (respiratory rate,oxygen saturation, temperature, blood pressure, pulse/ heart rate, AVPU response) and one other observation.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;The Basis Of An EWS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The resulting observations are compared to a normal range to generate a single composite score, for instance based on the following diagram:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-8qIGALOwPPeM1wxnryQzL2BJyQ8ZIrqo49Lvpyn-_njjwUvjb13lSELYJ2MGH92y2oF5bhiJD8hnawAA-L6WYRFKgdI1nc2ZUSZVvVp6L6FfweeOORWo2P4sCEZFpE-ja_xurVs9a0/s1600/Screenshot_2018-07-31-20-37-56-1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;676&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1280&quot; height=&quot;338&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-8qIGALOwPPeM1wxnryQzL2BJyQ8ZIrqo49Lvpyn-_njjwUvjb13lSELYJ2MGH92y2oF5bhiJD8hnawAA-L6WYRFKgdI1nc2ZUSZVvVp6L6FfweeOORWo2P4sCEZFpE-ja_xurVs9a0/s640/Screenshot_2018-07-31-20-37-56-1.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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A score of five or more is statistically linked to increased likelihood of death or admission to an intensive care unit.&lt;/div&gt;
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Within hospitals, the EWS is used as part of a &quot;track-and-trigger&quot; system whereby an increasing score produces an escalated response varying from increasing the frequency of patient&#39;s observations (for a low score) up to urgent review by a rapid response or Medical Emergency Team (MET call).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;The Ideal EWS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Throughout the world the EWS is based on the principle that clinical deterioration can be seen through changes in multiple physiological measurements, as well as large changes within a single variable.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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However, the scale is calibrated to different populations and sometimes expanded to include additional parameters, specific to different parts of the world.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
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The parameters scored may vary, as well as the weighting of the scores for worsening deterioration. Some systems also assign scores to other parameters including urine output, oxygen saturation, flow rate of oxygen administration and pain scores.&lt;/div&gt;
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There is a lack of consensus on what constitutes the &#39;ideal&#39; early warning score system. Comparing different systems in clinical use shows variation in which parameters are scored and how those scores are assigned to differing levels of deterioration. There is however some evidence that certain parameters are better at predicting which patients will die within 24 hours than others. This has led to a call in several countries for the development of a national early warning score that would allow a standardised approach to assessing and responding to deteriorating patients.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;Early Warning Score Variations&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A range of Early Warning Scores have been developed in response to the needs of specific patient types (e.g. PEWS for children) or to support local best practice (NEWS in the UK).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;u&gt;These Include:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
● Paediatric Early Warning Score&lt;br /&gt;
PEWS&lt;br /&gt;
Designed to support the use of Track and Trigger with patients under 16, who have different normal ranges for observations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
● Modified Early Obstetric Warning Score&lt;br /&gt;
MEOWS&lt;br /&gt;
Designed to support the use of Track and Trigger for all women receiving care from maternity services.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
● Modified Early Warning Score&lt;br /&gt;
MEWS&lt;br /&gt;
Modified to meet the requirements of many people in various clinical situations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
● National Early Warning Score&lt;br /&gt;
NEWS&lt;br /&gt;
Developed by the Royal College of Physicians to provide a national standard in the UK for Early Warning Scores.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
● Hamilton Early Warning Score&lt;br /&gt;
HEWS&lt;br /&gt;
Modified to identify critical events during hospitalization.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;Regional Variation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust (LTHT), England 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wellington Hospital, New Zealand 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDFhgcvNH7N0tXGm3ShQRKY1_1roke0WhtdiKbNO2jSYySyvDh-pnS5yabD2Ic2XYzT4xzA1lmYLClszmXl_O5eSpUB2UuFdks5o5Z_NoNZohi0AI_z_yaHJkMfiXsFkoUJRXDcSHfm54/s1600/Screenshot_2018-07-31-21-15-46-1-1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;593&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1280&quot; height=&quot;296&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDFhgcvNH7N0tXGm3ShQRKY1_1roke0WhtdiKbNO2jSYySyvDh-pnS5yabD2Ic2XYzT4xzA1lmYLClszmXl_O5eSpUB2UuFdks5o5Z_NoNZohi0AI_z_yaHJkMfiXsFkoUJRXDcSHfm54/s640/Screenshot_2018-07-31-21-15-46-1-1.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9eLopLKb8cjKM20tXVmctjkou8crutS88B4duORyrGrYigHP4j3qIJKXvjqpFl8g2FOhw-0G88CLnIRXs2wzV8_CCngy8UkiFCH3DxIohDqJDItHj2KtDBY0_KBGvMcn9jf5RxAMgHI0/s1600/Screenshot_2018-07-31-21-15-59-1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;456&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1280&quot; height=&quot;228&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9eLopLKb8cjKM20tXVmctjkou8crutS88B4duORyrGrYigHP4j3qIJKXvjqpFl8g2FOhw-0G88CLnIRXs2wzV8_CCngy8UkiFCH3DxIohDqJDItHj2KtDBY0_KBGvMcn9jf5RxAMgHI0/s640/Screenshot_2018-07-31-21-15-59-1.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
This matrix links the MEWS with a coloured band that corresponds to that on the observation chart. This not only provides visual cues to deterioration but also makes it easier to assign a score once the colours are learned.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpNaIlpoDLqpiumhs_Thq0WmlgQkwOoGRe74erQHOH21ASlwUBXo8-DMQN-_ABMkM3CyyJZlth7361FmnAOC_cLWCZbu-0af0I3i-9ZtrLxKkZUTRXRgdFATmwPhYTnM7i9V7HbQj58_o/s1600/440px-Wellington_EWS_reference_table.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;136&quot; data-original-width=&quot;440&quot; height=&quot;196&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpNaIlpoDLqpiumhs_Thq0WmlgQkwOoGRe74erQHOH21ASlwUBXo8-DMQN-_ABMkM3CyyJZlth7361FmnAOC_cLWCZbu-0af0I3i-9ZtrLxKkZUTRXRgdFATmwPhYTnM7i9V7HbQj58_o/s640/440px-Wellington_EWS_reference_table.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
This system also demonstrates &#39;single parameter&#39; triggering whereby an extreme deterioration results in a mandatory MET call which ensures immediate attendance by a Medical Emergency Team to the bedside of the sickest patients.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;National Early Warning Scoe, UK&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In the UK, the Royal College of Physicians has introduced a national early warning score (NEWS) to replace local or regional scores. The NEWS score is the largest national EWS effort to date, but still remains problematic in the UK due to its lack of universal implementation ability (it has exclusion criteria) and it has yet to have its retrospective validation study published.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;Sundsvall Regional Hospital, Swedan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The following parameters are used to estimate MEWS at Sundsvall Regional Hospital, Sweden:&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIGGPYudis8iRIBzEiGQkbdLzSFHcK4zNRS2AWJ3gTPkAJDaWzVjcfDa97BLDjpJdYPA9WSOh2KbGquuPNtpMjpo-7Jqth_5uRXgcE60k4k4Si2NhFh5x3dZukOhm7gMpEGVX4IULRcUY/s1600/Screenshot_2018-07-31-21-06-45-1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;665&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1280&quot; height=&quot;332&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIGGPYudis8iRIBzEiGQkbdLzSFHcK4zNRS2AWJ3gTPkAJDaWzVjcfDa97BLDjpJdYPA9WSOh2KbGquuPNtpMjpo-7Jqth_5uRXgcE60k4k4Si2NhFh5x3dZukOhm7gMpEGVX4IULRcUY/s640/Screenshot_2018-07-31-21-06-45-1.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Following are guidelines for re-estimating MEWS:&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj63wjkQLNLgwxpbAi4J_41TV3SOZFrzbkKZDT23CEMcSXJ3ZRg9psUibCSJZMzYkVPBGE8R-ZGNHpvzb1Fv7LJDdaKhCYci8B5mZ3QOq7NYWIT_xbguuZI_P8XwPV0j6_tXdbuMWR3nyk/s1600/Screenshot_2018-07-31-21-06-16-1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;522&quot; data-original-width=&quot;720&quot; height=&quot;464&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj63wjkQLNLgwxpbAi4J_41TV3SOZFrzbkKZDT23CEMcSXJ3ZRg9psUibCSJZMzYkVPBGE8R-ZGNHpvzb1Fv7LJDdaKhCYci8B5mZ3QOq7NYWIT_xbguuZI_P8XwPV0j6_tXdbuMWR3nyk/s640/Screenshot_2018-07-31-21-06-16-1.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Subbe C.P.; Kruger M.; Gemmel L. (2001). &quot;Validation of a modified Early Warning Score in medical admissions&quot;.Quarterly Journal of Medicine. 94 (10): 521–6.doi:10.1093/ qjmed/ 94.10.521.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Morgan RJ, Williams F, Wright MM (1997). &quot;An early warning scoring system for detecting developing critical illness&quot;. Clin Intensive Care. 8: 100.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Psirides A, Hill J, Hurford S (2013). &quot;A review of rapid response team activation parameters in New Zealand hospitals&quot;.Resuscitation. 84 (8): 1040–1044.doi:10.1016/ j.resuscitation. 2013.01.022. PMID 23376581.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Prytherch DR, Smith GB, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2010). &quot;ViEWS—Towards a national early warning score for detecting adult inpatient deterioration&quot;. Resuscitation.81 (8): 932–937. doi: 10.1016/ j.resuscitation.2010.04.014.PMID 20637974.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/resources/national-early-warning-score-news&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;http://www.wellingtonicu.com/Data/NZEWS%20Proposal.pdf&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cadman, Jeni. &quot;PEWS - NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement&quot;. www.institute.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2016-05-10.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;MEOWS-Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital MEOWS Guidelines&quot;. www.nnuh.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2016-05-10.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) has led the development of a new National Early Warning Score (NEWS) report&quot;. www.rcplondon.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-05-10.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;The Admission Hamilton Early Warning Score (HEWS) Predicts the Risk of Critical Event during Hospitalization&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Brown, H. (2010). Graded Response Observation Chart (Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust - Revision date: November 2012)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;http://www.wellingtonicu.com/AboutUs/Services/EWS/&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;National Early Warning Score Development and Implementation Group (NEWSDIG) (2012). National Early Warning Score (NEWS): standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. London: Royal College of Physicians. ISBN 978-1-86016-471-2.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical guideline 50: Acutely ill patients in hospital. London, 2007.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Acute care toolkit 6: the medical patient at risk: recognition and care of the seriously ill or deteriorating medical patient&quot; (PDF). Royal College of Physicians of London. May 2013.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (Apr 2013). &quot;The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death&quot;. Resuscitation. 84 (4): 465–70.doi:10.1016/ j.resuscitation.2012.12.016.PMID 23295778.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Modified Early Warning Score MEWS, document by The Management Team for the County Hospital of Sundsvall-Härnösand. 2011-02-07.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;EXTERNAL LINKS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Modified Early Warning Score online&lt;br /&gt;
National Early Warning Score online&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
☆☆☆☆☆&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2018/07/early-warning-score-ews.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-8qIGALOwPPeM1wxnryQzL2BJyQ8ZIrqo49Lvpyn-_njjwUvjb13lSELYJ2MGH92y2oF5bhiJD8hnawAA-L6WYRFKgdI1nc2ZUSZVvVp6L6FfweeOORWo2P4sCEZFpE-ja_xurVs9a0/s72-c/Screenshot_2018-07-31-20-37-56-1.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-7119942468937913147</guid><pubDate>Tue, 31 Jul 2018 13:20:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-25T22:08:22.318-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Gardar</category><title>Triage (The Priority Of Patients)</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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Triage (/ˈtriːɑːʒ, triˈɑːʒ/) is the process of determining the priority of patients&#39; treatments based on the severity of their condition. This rations patient treatment efficiently when resources are insufficient for all to be treated immediately. The term comes from the French verb trier, meaning to separate, sift or select. Triage may result in determining the order and priority of emergency treatment, the order and priority of emergency transport, or the transport destination for the patient.&lt;/div&gt;
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Triage may also be used for patients arriving at the emergency department, or telephoning medical advice systems, among others. This article deals with the concept of triage as it occurs in medical emergencies, including the prehospital setting, disasters, and emergency department treatment&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The term triage may have originated during the Napoleonic Wars from the work ofDominique Jean Larrey. The term was used further during World War I by French doctors treating the battlefield wounded at the aid stations behind the front. Those responsible for the removal of the wounded from a battlefield or their care afterwards would divide the victims into three categories:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Those who are likely to live, regardless of what care they receive;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Those who are unlikely to live, regardless of what care they receive;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Those for whom immediate care might make a positive difference in outcome.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
For many emergency medical services (EMS) systems, a similar model may sometimes still be applied. In the earliest stages of an incident, such as when one or two paramedics exist to twenty or more patients, practicality demands that the above, more &quot;primitive&quot; model will be used. However once a full response has occurred and many hands are available, paramedics will usually use the model included in their service policy and standing orders.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
As medical technology has advanced, so have modern approaches to triage, which are increasingly based on scientific models. The categorizations of the victims are frequently the result of triage scores based on specific physiological assessment findings. Some models, such as the START model may be algorithm-based. As triage concepts become more sophisticated, triage guidance is also evolving into both software and hardware decision support products for use by caregivers in both hospitals and the field.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs4MfKwZxPwP19-STaGxBlhZokPmspJ_OIRQMZ8Cj5256MvEYKfhp0x0wyRhYuJZk4FKnCneCg5KHn99GaynaCXtl9c5zodI0OwMnZsLNawyubPgZ4_81B4RVT-AuoDy1mtr6CSccuz0s/s1600/220px-13049_2012_Article_483_Fig2_HTML.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;150&quot; data-original-width=&quot;220&quot; height=&quot;436&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs4MfKwZxPwP19-STaGxBlhZokPmspJ_OIRQMZ8Cj5256MvEYKfhp0x0wyRhYuJZk4FKnCneCg5KHn99GaynaCXtl9c5zodI0OwMnZsLNawyubPgZ4_81B4RVT-AuoDy1mtr6CSccuz0s/s640/220px-13049_2012_Article_483_Fig2_HTML.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;TYPES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;This section is for concepts in triage. See other sections for specific triage tools, methods, and systems&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;1. Simple triage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Simple triage is usually used in a scene of an accident or &quot;mass-casualty incident&quot; (MCI), in order to sort patients into those who need critical attention and immediate transport to the hospital and those with less serious injuries. This step can be started before transportation becomes available.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Upon completion of the initial assessment by physicians, nurses or paramedical personnel, each patient may be labelled which may identify the patient, display assessment findings, and identify the priority of the patient&#39;s need for medical treatment and transport from the emergency scene. At its most primitive, patients may be simply marked with coloured flagging tape or with marker pens. Pre-printed cards for this purpose are known as a triage tags.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;2. Tags&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
A triage tag is a prefabricated label placed on each patient that serves to accomplish several objectives:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
identify the patient.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;bear record of assessment findings.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;identify the priority of the patient&#39;s need for medical treatment and transport from the emergency scene.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;track the patients&#39; progress through the triage process.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;identify additional hazards such as contamination.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Triage tags may take a variety of forms. Some countries use a nationally standardized triage tag, while in other countries commercially available triage tags are used, and these will vary by jurisdictional choice. The most commonly used commercial systems include the METTAG, the SMARTTAG, E/T LIGHT tm and the CRUCIFORM systems. More advanced tagging systems incorporate special markers to indicate whether or not patients have been contaminated by hazardous materials, and also tear off strips for tracking the movement of patients through the process. Some of these tracking systems are beginning to incorporate the use of handheld computers, and in some cases, bar code scanners.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;3. Advanced triage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;For classifications, see the specific section for that topic.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
In advanced triage, doctors and specially trained nurses may decide that some seriously injured people should not receive advanced care because they are unlikely to survive. It is used to divert scarce resources away from patients with little chance of survival in order to increase the chances for others with higher likelihoods.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The use of advanced triage may become necessary when medical professionals decide that the medical resources available are not sufficient to treat all the people who need help. The treatment being prioritized can include the time spent on medical care, or drugs or other limited resources. This has happened in disasters such as terrorist attacks, mass shootings, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tornadoes, thunderstorms, and rail accidents. In these cases some percentage of patients will die regardless of medical care because of the severity of their injuries. Others would live if given immediate medical care, but would die without it.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In these extreme situations, any medical care given to people who will die anyway can be considered to be care withdrawn from others who might have survived (or perhaps suffered less severe disability from their injuries) had they been treated instead. It becomes the task of the disaster medical authorities to set aside some victims as hopeless, to avoid trying to save one life at the expense of several others.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If immediate treatment is successful, the patient may improve (although this may be temporary) and this improvement may allow the patient to be categorized to a lower priority in the short term. Triage should be a continuous process and categories should be checked regularly to ensure that the priority remains correct given the patient&#39;s condition. A trauma score is invariably taken when the victim first comes into hospital and subsequent trauma scores are taken to account for any changes in the victim&#39;s physiological parameters. If a record is maintained, the receiving hospital doctor can see a trauma score time series from the start of the incident, which may allow definitive treatment earlier.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;4. Continuous integrated triage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Continuous integrated triage is an approach to triage in mass casualty situations which is both efficient and sensitive to psychosocial and disaster behavioral health issues that affect the number of patients seeking care (surge), the manner in which a hospital or healthcare facility deals with that surge (surge capacity) and the overarching medical needs of the event.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Continuous integrated triage combines three forms of triage with progressive specificity to most rapidly identify those patients in greatest need of care while balancing the needs of the individual patients against the available resources and the needs of other patients. Continuous integrated triage employs:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Group (Global) Triage (i.e., M.A.S.S. triage)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Physiologic (Individual) Triage (i.e., S.T.A.R.T.)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hospital Triage (i.e., E.S.I. or Emergency Severity Index)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
However any Group, Individual and/ or Hospital Triage system can be used at the appropriate level of evaluation.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;5. Reverse triage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Usually, triage refers to prioritising admission. A similar process can be applied to discharging patients early when the medical system is stressed. This process has been called &quot;reverse triage”. During a &quot;surge&quot; in demand, such as immediately after a natural disaster, many hospital beds will be occupied by regular non-critical patients. In order to accommodate a greater number of the new critical patients, the existing patients may be triaged, and those who will not need immediate care can be discharged until the surge has dissipated, for example through the establishment of temporary medical facilities in the region.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;6. Undertriage and Overtriage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;● Undertriage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Undertriage is underestimating the severity of an illness or injury. An example of this would be categorizing a Priority 1 (Immediate) patient as a Priority 2 (Delayed) or Priority 3 (Minimal). Historically, acceptable undertriage rates have been deemed 5% or less.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;● Overtriage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Overtriage is the overestimating of the severity of an illness or injury. An example of this would be categorizing a Priority 3 (Minimal) patient as a Priority 2 (Delayed) or Priority 1 (Immediate). Acceptable overtriage rates have been typically up to 50% in an effort to avoid undertriage. Some studies suggest that overtriage is less likely to occur when triaging is performed by hospital medical teams, rather than paramedics or EMTs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;OUTCOMENS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
This section is for general concepts in triage-based treatment options and outcomes. For specific triage systems and methods see the sections dedicated to that topic.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;1. Palliative care&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
For those patients that have a poor prognosis and are expected to die regardless of the medical treatment available, palliative care such as painkillers may be given to ease suffering before they die.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;2. Evacuation&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In the field, triage sets priorities for evacuation or relocation to other care facilities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;3. Alternative care facilities&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Alternative care facilities are places that are set up for the care of large numbers of patients, or are places that could be so set up. Examples include schools, sports stadiums, and large camps that can be prepared and used for the care, feeding, and holding of large numbers of victims of a mass casualty or other type of event. Such improvised facilities are generally developed in cooperation with the local hospital, which sees them as a strategy for creating surge capacity. While hospitals remain the preferred destination for all patients, during a mass casualty event such improvised facilities may be required in order to divert low-acuity patients away from hospitals in order to prevent the hospitals becoming overwhelmed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;4. Secondary (in-hospital) triage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
In advanced triage systems, secondary triage is typically implemented by emergency nurses, skilled paramedics, or battlefield medical personnel within the emergency departments of hospitals during disasters, injured people are sorted into five categories.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some crippling injuries, even if not life-threatening, may be elevated in priority based on the available capabilities. During peacetime, most amputation injuries may be triaged &quot;Red&quot; because surgical reattachment must take place within minutes, even though in all probability the person will not die without a thumb or hand.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;SPECIFIC SYSTEMS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;This section is for examples of specific triage systems and methods. For general triage concepts, see the sections for types of triage, treatment options, and outcomes.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;1. Practical applied triage&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
During the early stages of an incident, first responders may be overwhelmed by the scope of patients and injuries. One valuable technique is the Patient Assist Method (PAM). The responders quickly establish a casualty collection point (CCP) and advise, either by yelling, or over a loudspeaker, that &quot;anyone requiring assistance should move to the selected area (CCP)&quot;. This does several things at once, it identifies patients that are not so severely injured, that they need immediate help, it physically clears the scene, and provides possible assistants to the responders. As those who can move, do so, the responders then ask, &quot;anyone who still needs assistance, yell out or raise your hands&quot;; this further identifies patients who are responsive, yet maybe unable to move. Now the responders can rapidly assess the remaining patients who are either expectant, or are in need of immediate aid. From that point the first responder is quickly able to identify those in need of immediate attention, while not being distracted or overwhelmed by the magnitude of the situation. Using this method assumes the ability to hear. Deaf, partially deaf, or victims of a large blast injury may not be able to hear these instructions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;2. Scoring systems&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Examples of scoring systems used:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;A. Triage Revised Trauma Score (TRTS)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In Western Europe the Triage Revised Trauma Score (TRTS) is sometimes used and integrated into triage cards.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;B. Injury Severity Score (ISS)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The Injury Severity Score (ISS) is another example of a trauma scoring system. This assigns a score from 0 to 75 based on severity of injury to the human body divided into three categories:&lt;br /&gt;
A. (face/ neck/ head),&lt;br /&gt;
B. (thorax/ abdomen),&lt;br /&gt;
C. (extremities/ external/ skin).&lt;br /&gt;
Each category is scored from 0 to 5 using the Abbreviated Injury Scale, from uninjured to critically injured, which is then squared and summed to create the ISS. A score of 6, for &quot;unsurvivable&quot;, can also be used for any of the three categories, and automatically sets the score to 75 regardless of other scores. Depending on the triage situation, this may indicate either that the patient is a first priority for care, or that he or she will not receive care owing to the need to conserve care for more likely survivors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;3. S.T.A.R.T. model&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
S.T.A.R.T. (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment) is a simple triage system that can be performed by lightly trained lay and emergency personnel in emergencies. It is not intended to supersede or instruct medical personnel or techniques. It has been taught to California emergency workers for use inearthquakes. It was developed at Hoag Hospital in Newport Beach, California for use by emergency services. It has been field-proven in mass casualty incidents such astrain wrecks and bus accidents, though it was developed for use by community emergency response teams (CERTs) and firefighters after earth quakes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Triage separates the injured into four groups:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The expectant who are beyond help&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The injured who can be helped byimmediate transportation&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The injured whose transport can be delayed&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Those with minor injuries, who need help less urgently&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
Triage also sets priorities for evacuation and transport as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Deceased are left where they fell. These people are not breathing and an effort to reposition their airway has been unsuccessful.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Immediate or Priority 1 (red) evacuation by MEDEVAC if available or ambulance as they need advanced medical care at once or within 1 hour. These people are in critical condition and would die without immediate assistance.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Delayed or Priority 2 (yellow) can have their medical evacuation delayed until allimmediate persons have been transported. These people are in stable condition but require medical assistance.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Minor or Priority 3 (green) are not evacuated until all immediate and delayedpersons have been evacuated. These will not need advanced medical care for at least several hours. Continue to re-triage in case their condition worsens. These people are able to walk, and may only require bandages and antiseptic.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;4. Hospital systems&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Within the hospital system, the first stage on arrival at the emergency department is assessment by the hospital triage nurse. This nurse will evaluate the patient&#39;s condition, as well as any changes, and will determine their priority for admission to the emergency department and also for treatment. Once emergency assessment and treatment are complete, the patient may need to be referred to the hospital&#39;s internal triage system.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
For a typical inpatient hospital triage system, a triage nurse or physician will either field requests for admission from the ER physician on patients needing admission or from physicians taking care of patients from other floors who can be transferred because they no longer need that level of care (i.e. intensive care unit patient is stable for the medical floor). This helps keep patients moving through the hospital in an efficient and effective manner.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
This triage position is often done by a hospitalist. A major factor contributing to the triage decision is available hospital bed space. The triage hospitalist must determine, in conjunction with a hospital&#39;s &quot;bed control&quot; and admitting team, what beds are available for optimal utilization of resources in order to provide safe care to all patients. A typical surgical team will have their own system of triage for trauma and general surgery patients. This is also true for neurology and neurosurgical services. The overall goal of triage, in this system, is to both determine if a patient is appropriate for a given level of care and to ensure that hospital resources are utilized effectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;CONVENTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
In an advanced triage process injured people are sorted into categories. Conventionally there are five classifications with corresponding colors and numbers although this may vary by region.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Black/ Expectant: They are so severely injured that they will die of their injuries, possibly in hours or days (large-area burns, severe trauma, lethal radiation dose), or in life-threatening medical crisis that they are unlikely to survive given the care available (cardiac arrest, septic shock, severe head or chest wounds); their treatment is usuallypalliative, such as being given painkillers, to reduce suffering.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Red/ Immediate: They require immediate surgery or other life-saving intervention, and have first priority for surgical teams or transport to advanced facilities; they &quot;cannot wait&quot; but are likely to survive with immediate treatment.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Yellow/ Observation: Their condition is stable for the moment but requires watching by trained persons and frequent re-triage, will need hospital care (and would receive immediate priority care under &quot;normal&quot; circumstances).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Green/ Wait (walking wounded): They will require a doctor&#39;s care in several hours or days but not immediately, may wait for a number of hours or be told to go home and come back the next day (broken bones without compound fractures, many soft tissue injuries).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;White/ Dismiss (walking wounded): They have minor injuries; first aid and home care are sufficient, a doctor&#39;s care is not required. Injuries are along the lines of cuts and scrapes, or minor burns.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;1. Australia and New Zealand&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
The Australasian Triage Scale (abbreviatedATS and formally known as the National Triage Scale) is a triage system that is implemented in both Australia and New Zealand. The scale has been in use since 1994. The scale consists of 5 levels, with 1 being the most critical (resuscitation), and 5 being the least critical (nonurgent).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSoxGd7lHAGY160AQChqZZhJstNspFCF6xj3mDEy5bJsXmb6SdByVZqLbykuWx91SD7-APYoi5rHuP_G6DZZc71nKUjEBF4ns0aNucD8FPaktY50gFil0dPIWDAZb1RlzNCP4zXK1Q03c/s1600/Screenshot_2018-07-31-17-58-58-1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;569&quot; data-original-width=&quot;720&quot; height=&quot;504&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSoxGd7lHAGY160AQChqZZhJstNspFCF6xj3mDEy5bJsXmb6SdByVZqLbykuWx91SD7-APYoi5rHuP_G6DZZc71nKUjEBF4ns0aNucD8FPaktY50gFil0dPIWDAZb1RlzNCP4zXK1Q03c/s640/Screenshot_2018-07-31-17-58-58-1.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;2. Canada&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
In the mid-1980s, The Victoria General Hospital, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, introduced paramedic triage in its Emergency Department. Unlike all other centres in North America that employ physician and primarily nurse triage models, this hospital began the practice of employing Primary Care level paramedics to perform triage upon entry to the Emergency Department. In 1997, following the amalgamation of two of the city&#39;s largest hospitals, the Emergency Department at the Victoria General closed. The paramedic triage system was moved to the city&#39;s only remaining adult emergency department, located at the New Halifax Infirmary. In 2006, a triage protocol on whom to exclude from treatment during a flu pandemic was written by a team of critical-care doctors at the behest of the Ontario government.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
For routine emergencies, many locales in Canada now employ the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) for all incoming patients. The system categorizes patients by both injury and physiological findings, and ranks them by severity from 1–5 (1 being highest). The model is used by both paramedics and E/R nurses, and also for pre-arrival notifications in some cases. The model provides a common frame of reference for both nurses and paramedics, although the two groups do not always agree on scoring. It also provides a method, in some communities, for benchmarking the accuracy of pre-triage of calls using AMPDS (What percentage of emergency calls have return priorities of CTAS 1,2,3, etc.) and these findings are reported as part of a municipal performance benchmarking initiative in Ontario. Curiously enough the model is not currently used for mass casualty triage, and is replaced by the START protocol and METTAG triage tags.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2lXnPT2lUa71dIq1_8MUAke53D82sE2PjpPI8UfqyhAbLWS1RpjUsgMg7XBNCp5G5OrCvqxdxgXFzaNA90CAPUnfXOlN1aCdIz7Ih8QvdDsSj3xW0FwX_BMmiXPoTqKKi0Vc8WTbaMK8/s1600/Screenshot_2018-07-31-18-04-19-1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;549&quot; data-original-width=&quot;720&quot; height=&quot;488&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2lXnPT2lUa71dIq1_8MUAke53D82sE2PjpPI8UfqyhAbLWS1RpjUsgMg7XBNCp5G5OrCvqxdxgXFzaNA90CAPUnfXOlN1aCdIz7Ih8QvdDsSj3xW0FwX_BMmiXPoTqKKi0Vc8WTbaMK8/s640/Screenshot_2018-07-31-18-04-19-1.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;3. Filand&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Triage at an accident scene is performed by a paramedic or an emergency physician, using the four-level scale of:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #bf9000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #274e13;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Can wait,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Has to wait,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Cannot wait, and&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Lost.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;4. France&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
In France, the Prehospital triage in case of a disaster uses a four-level scale:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;DCD: décédé (deceased), or urgence dépassée (beyond urgency)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;UA: urgence absolue (absolute urgency)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;UR: urgence relative (relative urgency)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;UMP: urgence médico-psychologique (medical-psychological urgency) orimpliqué (implied, i.e. lightly wounded or just psychologically shocked).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
This triage is performed by a physician called médecin trieur (sorting medic). This triage is usually performed at the field hospital (PMA–poste médical avancé, i.e. forward medical post). The absolute urgencies are usually treated onsite (the PMA has an operating room) or evacuated to a hospital. The relative urgencies are just placed under watch, waiting for an evacuation. The involved are addressed to another structure called the CUMP–Cellule d&#39;urgence médico-psychologique (medical-psychological urgency cell); this is a resting zone, with food and possibly temporary lodging, and a psychologist to take care of the brief reactive psychosis and avoid post-traumatic stress disorder.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
In the emergency department of a hospital, the triage is performed by a physician called MAO–médecin d&#39;accueil et d&#39;orientation(reception and orientation physician), and a nurse called IOA– infirmière d&#39;organisation et d&#39;accueil (organisation and reception nurse). Some hospitals and SAMU organisations now use the &quot;Cruciform&quot; card referred to elsewhere.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
France has also a Phone Triage system for Medical Emergencies Phone Demands in its Samu Medical Regulation Centers through the 15 medical free national hot line. &quot;Medical Doctor Regulator&quot; decides what is to be the most efficient solution = Emergency Telemedecine or dispatch of an Ambulance, a General Practitioner or a Physician+ Nurse + Ambulance Man, Hospital based MICU (Mobile Intensive Care Unit).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;5. Hong Kong&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In Hong Kong, triage in Accident &amp;amp; Emergency Departments is performed by experienced registered nurses, patients are divided into five triage categories: Critical, Emergency, Urgent, Semi-urgent and Non-urgent.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;6. Japan&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In Japan, the triage system is mainly used by health professionals. The categories of triage, in corresponding color codes, are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #bf9000;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #274e13;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;Category I:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;Used for viable victims with potentially life-threatening conditions.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;Category II:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;Used for victims with non-life-threatening injuries, but who urgently require treatment.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;Category III:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;Used for victims with minor injuries that do not require ambulance transport.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Category 0:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Used for victims who are dead, or whose injuries make survival unlikely.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;7. Spain&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In Spain, there are 2 models which are the most common found in hospitals around the country:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The Sistema Estructurado de Triaje (SET), which is an adaptation of the Model Andorrà de Triatge (MAT). The system uses 650 reasons for medical appointment in 32 symptomatic categories, that together with some patient information and basic exploratory data, classifies the emergency within 5 levels of urgency.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;The &quot;Manchester&quot;, based on the system with the same name in the UK, use 51 reasons for consultation. Through some yes/no questions, addressed in a diagram, it classifies the emergency in 5 severities.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
Some autonomous communities in Spain, like Navarre and the Valencian Community, have created their own systems for the community own hospitals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;8. United Kingdom&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
In the UK, the commonly used triage system is the Smart Incident Command System, taught on the MIMMS (Major Incident Medical Management (and) Support) training program. The UK Armed Forces use this system on operations. This grades casualties from Priority 1 (needs immediate treatment) to Priority 3 (can wait for delayed treatment). There is an additional Priority 4 (expectant, likely to die even with treatment) but the use of this category requires senior medical authority.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the UK and Europe, the triage process used is sometimes similar to that of the United States (see below), but the categories are different:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Dead&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Patients who have a trauma score of 0 to 2 and are beyond help&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Priority 1&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Patients who have a trauma score of 3 to 10 (RTS) and need immediate attention&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Priority 2&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Patients who have a trauma score of 10 or 11 and can wait for a short time before transport to definitive medical attention&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #274e13;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Priority 3&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Patients who have a trauma score of 12 (maximum score) and can be delayed before transport from the scene&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;9. United States&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Triage in a multi-scale destruction, disaster, catastrophic, casualty event, such as following a tornado or an explosion in a populated area, first responders follow a similar triage category scale as the US military. The civilian medical industry uses a similar system for triage. Normally medical personnel aren&#39;t immediately available on scene. First responders are usually the first to arrive on scene. They could be police, fire rescue, paramedics, or community individuals with disaster training (CERT certified). They are trained to perform first aid, basic life saving and rescue techniques while performing the greatest good, for the greatest number of people. They will rapidly classify victims and sort them into 4 categories, treating quickly as they go. This system is intended to rapidly identify and classify victims for arriving transport or advanced care medical personnel such as doctors and nurses. The local National Guard and other military units responding would be using the military system of triage rather than civilian. The triage categories are general and the names may vary by region of the nation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #274e13;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Minimal:&lt;br /&gt;
Known as walking wounded or uninjured, green classified individuals typically require very little medical aid if any. Their injuries are minor, usually scrapes, cuts, and bruising with normal capillary refill. They can walk, function freely without assistance, are cognizant, and able to respond accurately to questioning. These individuals will sometimes be asked to assist the responder with transport and applying direct aid to other victims. They will afterwards be staged in an area to be checked more thoroughly later.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Injured - Moderate:&lt;br /&gt;
Yellow individuals require medical attention but it is not needed immediately. Individuals in this category may have cuts, bruises, lacerations, some confusion, minor fractures, and a capillary refill between 4 and 7 seconds (sometimes longer in cold environments). Field dressing of the wounds is usually applied quickly. Fractures are stabilized and individuals listed as green will be asked to assist with collection of yellow individuals for transport to the medical staging area.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Immediate - Severe:&lt;br /&gt;
Red requires immediate medical attention and will not survive if not seen soon. A person with a severe head injury, multiple fractures to the skeletal system, fractures in delicate areas such as the spinal cord, massive confusion, in-cohesive, unable to answer simple questions, unresponsive but with vital signs, arterial bleeding, internal bleeding, or capillary refill exceeding 7 seconds is classified red. Immediate aid is applied to stop external arterial bleeding and airways are adjusted to ensure un-obstruction as they are carefully moved to a medical staging area, usually with the aid of those marked green or unable to provide medical assistance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Presumed Deceased:&lt;br /&gt;
Individuals listed as black have died. The person&#39;s pulse and breathing is checked to confirm no vitals present. In low scale disaster with few victims involved, immediate CPR is started in attempt to revive the vital signs. In larger events with more victims, the head is positioned to open the airway, the body is rolled onto its side and the responder will move on to the next victim. The positioning is done so if the body&#39;s vitals return, vomiting will not be as likely to choke the victim. The bodies will not be collected until all surviving individuals have been removed from the immediate disaster area. There will be a body collection staging area set up away from any medical staging areas. Usually this will begin the recovery phase.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;10. United States military&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A battlefield situation, however, requires medics and corpsmen to rank casualties for precedence in MEDEVAC or CASEVAC. The casualties are then transported to a higher level of care, either a Forward Surgical Teamor Combat Support Hospital and re-triaged by a nurse or doctor. In a combat situation, the triage system is based solely on resources and ability to save the maximum number of lives within the means of the hospital supplies and personnel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The triage categories (with corresponding color codes), in precedence, are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Immediate:&lt;br /&gt;
The casualty requires immediate medical attention and will not survive if not treated soon. Any compromise to the casualty&#39;s respiration, hemorrhage control, or shock control could be fatal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: yellow;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Delayed:&lt;br /&gt;
The casualty requires medical attention within 6 hours. Injuries are potentially life-threatening, but can wait until the Immediate casualties are stabilized and evacuated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #38761d;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Minimal:&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Walking wounded,&quot; the casualty requires medical attention when all higher priority patients have been evacuated, and may not require stabilization or monitoring.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: black;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Expectant:&lt;br /&gt;
The casualty is expected not to reach higher medical support alive without compromising the treatment of higher priority patients. Care should not be abandoned, spare any remaining time and resources after Immediate and Delayed patients have been treated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Afterwards, casualties are given an evacuation priority based on need:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Urgent&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Evacuation is required within two hours to save life or limb.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Priority&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Evacuation is necessary within four hours or the casualty will deteriorate to &quot;Urgent&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Routine&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Evacuate within 24 hours to complete treatment.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
In a &quot;naval combat situation&quot;, the triage officer must weigh the tactical situation with supplies on hand and the realistic capacity of the medical personnel. This process can be ever-changing, dependent upon the situation and must attempt to do the maximum good for the maximum number of casualties.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Field assessments are made by two methods:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;1. Primary Survey&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Primary survey (used to detect &amp;amp; treat life-threatening injuries).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;2. Secindary Survey&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Secondary survey (used to treat non-life-threatening injuries) with the following categories:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Class I: Patients who require minor treatment and can return to duty in a short period of time.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Class II: Patients whose injuries require immediate life sustaining measures.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Class III: Patients for whom definitive treatment can be delayed without loss of life or limb.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Class IV: Patients requiring such extensive care beyond medical personnel capability and time.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;11. Germany&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Preliminary assessment of injuries is usually done by the first ambulance crew on scene, with this role being assumed by the first doctor arriving at the scene. As a rule, there will be no cardiopulmonary resuscitation, so patients who do not breathe on their own or develop circulation after their airways are cleared will be tagged &quot;deceased&quot;. Also, not every major injury automatically qualifies for a red tag. A patient with a traumatic amputation of the forearm might just be tagged yellow, have the bleeding stopped, and then be sent to a hospital when possible. After the preliminary assessment, a more specific and definite triage will follow, as soon as patients are brought to a field treatment facility. There, they will be disrobed and fully examined by an emergency physician. This will take approximately 90 seconds per patient.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The German triage system also uses four, sometimes five colour codes to denote the urgency of treatment. Typically, every ambulance is equipped with a folder or bag with coloured ribbons or triage tags.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The urgency is denoted as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;LIMITATIONT OF CURRENT PRACTICE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Notions of mass casualty triage as an efficient rationing process of determining priority based upon injury severity are not supported by research, evaluation and testing of current triage practices, which lack scientific and methodological bases. START and START-like (START) triage that use color-coded categories to prioritize provide poor assessments of injury severity and then leave it to providers to subjectively order and allocate resources within flawed categories. Some of these limitations include:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Lacking the clear goal of maximizing the number of lives saved, as well as the focus, design and objective methodology to accomplish that goal (a protocol of taking the worst Immediate – lowest chances for survival – first can be statistically invalid and dangerous).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Using trauma measures that are problematic (e.g., capillary refill) and grouping into broad color-coded categories that are not in accordance with injury severities, medical evidence and needs. Categories do not differentiate among injury severities and survival probabilities, and are invalid based on categorical definitions and evacuation priorities.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ordering (prioritization) and allocating resources subjectively within Immediate and Delayed categories, which are neither reproducible nor scalable, with little chance of being optimal.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Not considering/ addressing size of incident, resources, and injury severities and prioritization within its categories – e.g., protocol does not change whether 3, 30 or 3,000 casualties require its use, and regardless of available resources to be rationed.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Not considering differences in injury severities and survival probabilities between types of trauma (blunt versus penetrating, etc.) and ages.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Resulting in inconsistent tagging and prioritizing/ ordering of casualties and substantial overtriage&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Research indicates there are wide ranges and overlaps of survival probabilities of the Immediate and Delayed categories, and other START limitations. The same physiologic measures can have markedly different survival probabilities for blunt and penetrating injuries. For example, a START Delayed (second priority) can have a survival probability of 63% for blunt trauma and a survival probability of 32% for penetrating trauma with the same physiological measures – both with expected rapid deterioration, while a START Immediate (first priority) can have survival probabilities that extend to above 95% with expected slow deterioration. Age categories exacerbate this. For example, a geriatric patient with a penetrating injury in the Delayed category can have an 8% survival probability, and a pediatric patient in the Immediate category can have a 98% survival probability. Issues with the other START categories have also been noted. In this context, color-coded tagging accuracy metrics are not scientifically meaningful.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Poor assessments, invalid categories, no objective methodology and tools for prioritizing casualties and allocating resources, and a protocol of worst first triage provide some challenges for emergency and disaster preparedness and response. These are clear obstacles for efficient triage and resource rationing, for maximizing savings of lives, for best practices and National Incident Management System (NIMS) compatibilities, and for effective response planning and training.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Inefficient triage also provides challenges in containing health care costs and waste. Field triage is based upon the notion of up to 50% overtriage as being acceptable. There have been no cost-benefit analyses of the costs and mitigation of triage inefficiencies embedded in the healthcare system. Such analyses are often required for healthcare grants funded by taxpayers, and represent normal engineering and management science practice. These inefficiencies relate to the following cost areas:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Tremendous investment in time and money since 9/ 11 to develop and improve responders&#39; triage skills.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Cited benefits from standardization of triage methodology, reproducibility and interoperability, and NIMS compatibilities.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Avoided capital costs for taxpayer investment in additional EMS and trauma infrastructure.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Wasteful daily resource utilization and increased operating costs from acceptance of substantial levels of overtriage.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Prescribed values of a statistical life and estimated savings in human lives that could reasonably be expected using evidence-based triage practices.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ongoing performance improvements that could reasonably be expected from a more objective optimization-based triage system and practices&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;ETHICAL IMPLICATION&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Because treatment is intentionally delayed or withheld from patients, advanced triage has ethical implications.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bioethical concerns have historically played an important role in triage decisions, such as the allocation of iron lungs during the polio epidemics of the 1940s and of dialysis machines during the 1960s.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
As many health care systems in the developed world continue to plan for an expected influenza pandemic, bioethical issues regarding the triage of patients and the rationing of care continue to evolve. Similar issues may occur for paramedics in the field in the earliest stages of mass casualty incidents when large numbers of potentially serious or critical patients may be combined with extremely limited staffing and treatment resources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Research continues into alternative care, and various centers propose medical decision-support models for such situations. Some of these models are purely ethical in origin, while others attempt to use other forms of clinical classification of patient condition as a method of standardized triage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary&quot;. Retrieved 2008-12-05.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;NHS Direct website&quot;. Retrieved2008-12-02.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Iserson KV, Moskop JC (March 2007). &quot;Triage in medicine, part I: Concept, history, and types&quot;. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 49(3): 275–81.doi:10.1016/ j.annemergmed. 2006.05.019. PMID 17141139.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Chipman M, Hackley BE, Spencer TS (February 1980). &quot;Triage of mass casualties: concepts for coping with mixed battlefield injuries&quot;. Mil Med. 145 (2): 99–100.PMID 6768037.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Transforming Triage Technology&quot;. National Research Council of Canada. Retrieved 2008-12-02.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Webster&#39;s Online Dictionary&quot;. Retrieved2008-12-02.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Idoguchi K, Mizobata Y, et al. (2006).&quot;Usefulness of Our Proposed Format of Triage Tag&quot;. Journal of Japanese Association for Acute Medicine. 17 (5): 183–91. doi: 10.3893/ jjaam.17.183.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Nocera A (Winter 2000). &quot;Australian disaster triage: a colour maze in the Tower of Babel&quot; (PDF). Australian Journal of Emergency Management: 35–40.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;METTAG Corporate website&quot;. Retrieved2008-12-05.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Smart Triage Tag, (TSG Associates Corporate website&quot;. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved2008-12-05.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Beidel, Eric (December 2010). &quot;Military Medics, First Responders Guided By Simple Light&quot;. nationaldefensemagazine.org.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Lakha, Raj; Tony Moore (2006). Tolley&#39;s handbook of disaster and emergency management. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-7506-6990-X.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Medical Surge Capacity and Capability&quot; (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-14. Retrieved2008-12-04.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Husted, Ernie (15 April 2011). &quot;Principles of Triage During A Mass Casualty Incident: MASS, START, Id-me, RPM&quot; (PDF). http://www.ohioresponds.gov. Ohio Responds. Retrieved 24 May 2014. External link in |website= (help)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;National Disaster Life Support Foundation website&quot;. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved2008-12-04.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gabor D. Kelen; Melissa L. McCarthy; Chadd K. Kraus; Ru Ding; Edbert B. Hsu; Guohua Li; Judy B. Shahan; James J. Scheulen; Gary B. Green (2009). &quot;Creation of Surge Capacity by Early Discharge of Hospitalized Patients at Low Risk for Untoward Events&quot;. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness: S1–S7.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Turegano-Fuentes F, Perez-Diaz D, et al. (2008). &quot;Overall Assessment of the Response to Terrorist Bombings in Trains, Madrid, 11 March 2004&quot;. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 34 (5): 433–41.doi:10.1007/ s00068-008-8805-2.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Code Orange Plan (Assiniboine Regional Health Authority)&quot; (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-05.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Chapter 8: Clinical and Public Health Systems Issues Arising from the Outbreak of Sars in Toronto (Public Health Agency of Canada website)&quot;. Retrieved 2008-12-05.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b Mehta S (April 2006). &quot;Disaster and mass casualty management in a hospital: How well are we prepared?&quot; (PDF). J Postgrad Med. 52 (2).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;The Field Triage (European Trauma Course)&quot;. Retrieved 2008-12-02.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Burstein, Jonathan L.; Hogan, David (2007). Disaster medicine. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/ Lippincott Williams &amp;amp; Wilkins. p. 25. ISBN 0-7817-6262-6.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Template:Cite: Visser, L., Montejano, A., Grossman, V. (2015). &#39;&#39;Fast Facts for the Triage Nurse&#39;&#39;. Springer Publishers: New York City. http://www.springerpub.com/fast-facts-for-the-triage-nurse.html&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b Aacharya RP, Gastmans C, Denier Y (2011). &quot;Emergency department triage: an ethical analysis&quot;. BMC Emergency Medicine. 11: 16. doi: 10.1186/ 1471-227X-11-16. PMC 3199257. PMID 21982119. Retrieved2011-12-09.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Policy on the Australasian Triage Scale&quot; (PDF). Australasian College for Emergency Medicine. November 2000. Retrieved 2011-12-10.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Christ M, Grossmann F, Winter D, Bingisser R, Platz E (December 2010).&quot;Modern triage in the emergency department&quot;. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. 107 (50): 892–98.doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0892.PMC 3021905  . PMID 21246025. Retrieved2011-12-09.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians website)&quot;. Archived from the original on 2008-12-10. Retrieved2008-12-02.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;METTAG Triage Tags&quot;. Retrieved2008-12-02.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;David L. Hoyt; Wilson, William J.; Grande, Christopher M. (2007). Trauma. Informa Healthcare. ISBN 0-8247-2919-6.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Telemedical support of emergency prehospital care in mass casualty incidents&quot;(PDF). Retrieved 2008-12-04.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Beck A, Bayeff-Filloff M, Bischoff M, Schneider BM (November 2002). &quot;[Analysis of the incidence and causes of mass casualty events in a southern Germany medical rescue area]&quot;. Unfallchirurg (in German). 105 (11): 968–73. doi:10.1007/s00113-002-0516-2.PMID 12402122.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Guide to Accident &amp;amp; Emergency (A&amp;amp;E) Service&quot;. Hospital Authority. Retrieved2012-11-29.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;TSGassociates.co.uk&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Major Incident Medical Management and Support Course&quot; (PDF). Retrieved2008-12-04.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Jill Windle; Manchester Triage Group Staff; Mackway-Jones, Kevin; Marsden, Janet (2006). Emergency triage. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 0-7279-1542-8.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;US Army Study Guide&quot;. Retrieved2008-12-04.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Koehler RH, Smith RS, Bacaner T (August 1994). &quot;Triage of American combat casualties: the need for change&quot;. Mil Med. 159(8): 541–47. PMID 7824145.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b c d e f g h i j Sacco, W, Navin, M, Fiedler, K, et al. &quot;Precise Formulation and Evidence Based Application of Resource Constrained Triage.&quot; Acad Emerg Med Vol. 12 No. 8 August 2005 pp. 759–70. onlinelibrary.wiley via http://saccotriage.com/stm-publications.html&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b c d e f g h i j Sacco, W, Navin, M, Fiedler, K, et al. &quot;A New Resource Constrained Triage Method Applied to Penetrating-Injured Victims.&quot; Journal of Trauma Vol. 63 No.2 August 2007 pp. 316–25. http://journals.lww.com/jtrauma/pages/default.aspx&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b c d e Navin, M, Sacco, W, and McGill, G. &quot;Application of a New Resource-Constrained Triage Method to Military-Age Victims.&quot;Military Medicine Vol. 174 December 2009 pp. 1247–55. http://www.amsus.org/index.php/journal&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b c d Kahn, C, Schultz, C, Miller, C, and Anderson, C. &quot;Does START Triage Work?: An Outcomes Assessment After a Disaster.&quot;Annals of Emergency Medicine Vol. 54 No. 3 pp. 424–30. http://www.annemergmed.com&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b c d e f g h i j Navin, M and Sacco, W. &quot;Science and Evidence-Based Considerations for Fulfilling the SALT Triage Framework.&quot;Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness Vol. 4 No. 1 March 2010 pp. 10–12. http://www.dmphp.org&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b c d e f Navin, M, Sacco, W, and Waddell, R. &quot;Operational Comparison of the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment Method and the Sacco Triage Method in Mass Casualty Exercises.&quot; Journal of Trauma Vol. 69 No. 1 July 2010 pp. 215–25. http://journals.lww.com/jtrauma/pages/default.aspx.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b c d e Navin, M, Sacco, W, and McCord, T. &quot;Does START Triage Work? The Answer is Clear!&quot; Annals of Emergency Medicine Vol. 55 No. 6 June 2010 pp. 579–80. http://www.annemergmed.com&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b c d Lindsey, J. New Triage Method Considers Available Resources. JEMS July 2005 pp. 92–93. http://saccotriage.com/pdf/JEMS_7_05_New_Triage_v2.pdf&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b c d e f g Navin, M and Waddell, R. Triage is Broken. EMS Magazine August 2005 pp. 1–3. http://www.emsworld.com/article/10323785/triage-is-broken or http://saccotriage.com/pdf/Triage_is_Broken_8_05.pdf.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b c d e f Learner, EB, Schwartz, RB, and Coule, PL et al. &quot;Mass Casualty Triage: An Evaluation of the Data and Development of a Proposed National Guideline.&quot; Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness Vol. 2 September 2008 pp. 525–34. http://www.dmphp.org/cgi/content/full/2/Supplement_1/S/25.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;START Triage Wikipedia simple triage and rapid treatment.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Navin, M, Sacco, W and Waddell, R. Pennsylvania Triage Program Demonstrates Profound Inconsistencies of Current Protocols and Advantages of the Sacco Triage Method. Report to Pennsylvania Department of Health pp. 1–36. January 2004. http://saccotriage.com/pdf/PA_demonstration_program_distribution.pdf.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b US Department of Homeland Security. National Incident Management System. December 2008. http://www.fema.gov/national-incident-management-system&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Villani, D. Director, Department of Public Safety, Okaloosa County, Florida. letter to FEMA asking if START and STM are NIMS compatible. September 2007. http://saccotriage.com/pdf/Florida_official_letter_toFEMA.pdf&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fluman, A. FEMA Letter to Dino Villani, former State of Florida EMS Director, summarizing FEMA Evaluation and Testing Program of STM NIMS compatibilities and operational effectiveness and suitability. December 2007. http://saccotriage.com/pdf/FEMAresponseNIMS.pdf&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Brown, D. &quot;Crisis Seen in Nation&#39;s ER Care.&quot; The Washington Post June 2006. https://www.washingtonpost.com&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Appelbaum, B. As U.S. &quot;Agencies Put More Value on a Life, Businesses Fret.&quot; The New York Times. February 2011. https://www.nytimes.com&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Who dies, who doesn&#39;t: docs decide flu pandemic guidelines (CBC News Item)&quot;. 2006-11-21. Retrieved 2008-12-02.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Christian MD, Hawryluck L, Wax RS, et al. (November 2006). &quot;Development of a triage protocol for critical care during an influenza pandemic&quot;. CMAJ. 175 (11): 1377–81. doi: 10.1503/ cmaj.060911. PMC 1635763  .PMID 17116904.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
☆☆☆☆☆&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2018/07/triage-priority-of-patients.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs4MfKwZxPwP19-STaGxBlhZokPmspJ_OIRQMZ8Cj5256MvEYKfhp0x0wyRhYuJZk4FKnCneCg5KHn99GaynaCXtl9c5zodI0OwMnZsLNawyubPgZ4_81B4RVT-AuoDy1mtr6CSccuz0s/s72-c/220px-13049_2012_Article_483_Fig2_HTML.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-3591793360585740325</guid><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jul 2018 13:26:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-25T22:07:30.030-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Gardar</category><title>The Revised Trauma Score (RTS)</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiht3KhRvNZMYHMHMcGI0iAJmvj1GOhx-SKzS_J4GA2BJwOnvn6-e2UlIjLAXymbPPbiDrgVeoqPi2yn2NTjeo90ZnlDQJRL4yP36TpWanz0KqZ2COCs3W4LnNOm-mSz_7MphoiY09l27M/s1600/images-7.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;479&quot; data-original-width=&quot;638&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiht3KhRvNZMYHMHMcGI0iAJmvj1GOhx-SKzS_J4GA2BJwOnvn6-e2UlIjLAXymbPPbiDrgVeoqPi2yn2NTjeo90ZnlDQJRL4yP36TpWanz0KqZ2COCs3W4LnNOm-mSz_7MphoiY09l27M/s1600/images-7.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The Revised Trauma Score (RTS) is a physiologic scoring system, designed for use in based on the initial vital signs of a patient. A lower score indicates a higher severity of injury.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHUe6jV26AmEcO0I77h_Va5gzNZf5tYjzfrNuAliCZH5xT81u8CyVLULwY8_YI_3KRDEsTFhOootsQTlCrv-7EjhSgRKkcaa5MAsLQJ6fdqZfCZWi-rtc8VvfLR0s9RUTT73F3iCd533I/s1600/240px-RTS_Fast_Ref_Chart.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;409&quot; data-original-width=&quot;241&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHUe6jV26AmEcO0I77h_Va5gzNZf5tYjzfrNuAliCZH5xT81u8CyVLULwY8_YI_3KRDEsTFhOootsQTlCrv-7EjhSgRKkcaa5MAsLQJ6fdqZfCZWi-rtc8VvfLR0s9RUTT73F3iCd533I/s1600/240px-RTS_Fast_Ref_Chart.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The Revised Trauma Score is made up of a three categories: Glasgow Coma Scale,systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate. The score range is 0–12. In START triage, a patient with an RTS score of 12 is labeled delayed, 11 is urgent, and 3–10 is immediate. Those who have an RTS below 3 are declared dead and should not receive certain care because they are highly unlikely to survive without a significant amount of resources.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl_zIEjjQreb9SF9j_-lm00DmTXwbQJ1EHSNPES0mgiU8Kxgz6lUBLs8XiqnMjFQSZpNvxxYcQY_DfFsH2Ewbb8y63H5XUvgnABQxTcaFGGke1oHRiClzCBIwXfwKhPw6VR1-QlY6hJ20/s1600/Screenshot_2018-07-30-20-21-09-1.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;607&quot; data-original-width=&quot;720&quot; height=&quot;538&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl_zIEjjQreb9SF9j_-lm00DmTXwbQJ1EHSNPES0mgiU8Kxgz6lUBLs8XiqnMjFQSZpNvxxYcQY_DfFsH2Ewbb8y63H5XUvgnABQxTcaFGGke1oHRiClzCBIwXfwKhPw6VR1-QlY6hJ20/s640/Screenshot_2018-07-30-20-21-09-1.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
These three scores (Glasgow Coma Scale, Systolic Blood Pressure, Respiratory Rate) are then used to take the weighted sum by RTS = 0.9368 GCS + 0.7326 SBP + 0.2908 RR. Values for the RTS are in the range 0 to 7.8408. The RTS is heavily weighted towards the Glasgow Coma Scale to compensate for major head injury without multisystem injury or major physiological changes. A threshold of RTS &amp;lt; 4 has been proposed to identify those patients who should be treated in a trauma centre, although this value may be somewhat low.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Carnazzo AJ, Copes W, Fouty WJ (September 1981). &quot;Trauma score&quot;. Crit. Care Med. 9 (9): 672–6.doi:10.1097/00003246-198109000-00015.PMID 7273818.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Taber, Clarence Wilbur; Venes, Donald (2009). Taber&#39;s cyclopedic medical dictionary. F a Davis Co. p. 2366. ISBN 0-8036-1559-0.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Gann DS, Gennarelli TA, Flanagan ME (May 1989). &quot;A revision of the Trauma Score&quot;. The Journal of Trauma. 29 (5): 623–9.doi:10.1097/00005373-198905000-00017.PMID 2657085&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
☆☆☆☆☆&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2018/07/the-revised-trauma-score-rts.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiht3KhRvNZMYHMHMcGI0iAJmvj1GOhx-SKzS_J4GA2BJwOnvn6-e2UlIjLAXymbPPbiDrgVeoqPi2yn2NTjeo90ZnlDQJRL4yP36TpWanz0KqZ2COCs3W4LnNOm-mSz_7MphoiY09l27M/s72-c/images-7.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-8469331876374591549</guid><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jul 2018 13:20:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-25T22:05:58.099-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Gardar</category><title>The Rancho Los Amigos Scale (RLAS)</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The Rancho Los Amigos Scale (RLAS), a.k.a. the Rancho Los Amigos Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale (LOCF) or Rancho Scale, is a medical scale used to assess individuals after a closed head injury, including traumatic brain injury, based on cognitive and behavioural presentations as they emerge from coma. It is named after the Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, located in Downey, California, United States inLos Angeles County.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx83aXPWc_E66GtkkgBiQVqlkBO7fh0RVcvrSgxYdjXv43_1ZRke30n8WVtM3kudWWT6PxV8_PRRxQS79f2J1QsI8FsRQIyoj3x0wCsqx8moCvvIJu4m4iuE1Yp1-UdMNOt8lXT6PcRE4/s1600/tbi-loc-stroke-oct-30pptx-slide-1-53-638.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;479&quot; data-original-width=&quot;638&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx83aXPWc_E66GtkkgBiQVqlkBO7fh0RVcvrSgxYdjXv43_1ZRke30n8WVtM3kudWWT6PxV8_PRRxQS79f2J1QsI8FsRQIyoj3x0wCsqx8moCvvIJu4m4iuE1Yp1-UdMNOt8lXT6PcRE4/s1600/tbi-loc-stroke-oct-30pptx-slide-1-53-638.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
After being assessed based on the LOCF, individuals with brain injury receive a score from one to eight. A score of one represents non-responsive cognitive functioning, whereas a score of eight represents purposeful and appropriate functioning.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Each of the eight levels represents the typical sequential progression of recovery from brain damage. However, individuals progress at different rates and may plateau at any stage of recovery. These patients are scored based on combinations of the following criteria:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;responsiveness to stimuli&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;ability to follow commands&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;presence of non-purposeful behavior&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;cooperatioconfusion&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;attention to environment&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;focus&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;coherence of verbalization&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;appropriateness of verbalizations and actions&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;memory recall&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;orientation&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;judgement and reasoning&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
LOCF scores are used by the health care professionals for standardized communication about patient status and can be used by physiatrists, physical therapists,occupational therapists, recreational therapists, and speech language pathologistsas the basis for treatment planning.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
This eight-level scale was found to possess test-retest and interrater reliability as well as concurrent and predictive validity. It is widely used clinically and is often paired with the Glasgow Coma Scale in health care facilities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;REFERENCES&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center. (1 March 2011). The Rancho Levels of Cognitive Functioning. Retrieved May 15, 2011, from https://web.archive.org/web/20110514024558/http://rancho.org/Research_RanchoLevels.aspx&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Fulk, G. D. (2007). Traumatic Brain Injury. In S. B. O’Sullivan &amp;amp; T. J. Schmitz (Eds.), Physical Rehabilitation (5th ed., pp. 895-935). Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Gouvier, W. D., Blanton, P. D., LaPorte, K. K., &amp;amp; Nepomuceno, C. (1987). Reliability and validity of the Disability Rating Scale and the Levels of Cognitive Functioning Scale in monitoring recovery from severe head injury.Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 68(2), 94-97.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
☆☆☆☆☆&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2018/07/the-rancho-los-amigos-scale-rlas.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx83aXPWc_E66GtkkgBiQVqlkBO7fh0RVcvrSgxYdjXv43_1ZRke30n8WVtM3kudWWT6PxV8_PRRxQS79f2J1QsI8FsRQIyoj3x0wCsqx8moCvvIJu4m4iuE1Yp1-UdMNOt8lXT6PcRE4/s72-c/tbi-loc-stroke-oct-30pptx-slide-1-53-638.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-5490207249970822734</guid><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jul 2018 13:13:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-25T22:03:41.711-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Gardar</category><title>The Blantyre Coma Scale</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The Blantyre coma scale is a modification of the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale, designed to assess malarial coma in children.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp5eovhLAxzqxLbzhHXsXPlU7N3MA9K4hgE9TAL55K7s1UG-WrrSbBTVJKmmrM5CaL-LSucaWTqFErLex_5lsJdVWkaLLW0DC3GwvQWsgXkTGDiIy2tRRhWxTaBDgzEM_SXSGC0p0leH8/s1600/images-6.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;479&quot; data-original-width=&quot;638&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp5eovhLAxzqxLbzhHXsXPlU7N3MA9K4hgE9TAL55K7s1UG-WrrSbBTVJKmmrM5CaL-LSucaWTqFErLex_5lsJdVWkaLLW0DC3GwvQWsgXkTGDiIy2tRRhWxTaBDgzEM_SXSGC0p0leH8/s1600/images-6.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
It was designed by Drs. Terrie Taylor and Malcolm Molyneux in 1987, and named for the Malawian city of Blantyre, site of the Blantyre Malaria Project.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;USING THE SCALE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
The score assigned by the Blantyre coma scale is a number from 0 to 5. The score is determined by adding the results from three groups: Motor response, verbal response, and eye movement.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
The minimum score is 0 which indicates poor results while the maximum is 5 indicating good results. All scores under 5 are considered abnormal.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Eye movement&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;1 - Watches or follows&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;0 - Fails to watch or follow&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Best motor response&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;2 - Cries appropriately with pain, or, if verbal, speaks&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;1 - Moan or abnormal cry with pain&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;0 - No vocal response to pain&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&quot;Blantyre Coma Scale for Young Children&quot;.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Taylor, T. (2009) Caring for children with cerebral malaria: insights gleaned from 20 years on a research ward in Malawi. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103 (Suppl 1): S6-S10 DoI: 10.1016/ j.trstmh. 2008. 10. 049&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
☆☆☆☆☆&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2018/07/the-blantyre-coma-scale.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp5eovhLAxzqxLbzhHXsXPlU7N3MA9K4hgE9TAL55K7s1UG-WrrSbBTVJKmmrM5CaL-LSucaWTqFErLex_5lsJdVWkaLLW0DC3GwvQWsgXkTGDiIy2tRRhWxTaBDgzEM_SXSGC0p0leH8/s72-c/images-6.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6969956660503828711.post-7584499906873458935</guid><pubDate>Mon, 30 Jul 2018 13:05:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2019-01-25T22:01:14.661-08:00</atom:updated><category domain="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#">Gardar</category><title>The AVPU Scale</title><description>&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; trbidi=&quot;on&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The AVPU scale (an acronym from &quot;alert, voice, pain, unresponsive&quot;) is a system by which a health care professional can measure and record their level of consciousness.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
It is a simplification of the Glasgow Coma Scale, which assesses a patient response in three measures: Eyes, Voice and Motor skills.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The AVPU scale should be assessed using these three identifiable traits, looking for the best response of each.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;MEANING OF THE MNEMONIC&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
The AVPU scale has four possible outcomes for recording (as opposed to the 13 possible outcomes on the Glasgow Coma Scale). The assessor should always work from best (A) to worst (U) to avoid unnecessary tests on patients who are clearly conscious. The four possible recordable outcomes are:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;ALERT&lt;/b&gt;: The patient is fully awake (although not necessarily oriented). This patient will have spontaneously open eyes, will respond to voice (although may be confused) and will have bodily motor function.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px;&quot;&gt;VERBAL&lt;/b&gt;: The patient makes some kind of response when you talk to them, which could be in any of the three component measures of eyes, voice or motor - e.g. patient&#39;s eyes open on being asked &quot;Are you OK?&quot;. The response could be as little as a grunt, moan, or slight move of a limb when prompted by the voice of the rescuer.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;PAIN&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;: The patient makes a response on any of the three component measures on the application of pain stimulus, such as a central pain stimulus like a sternal rub or a peripheral stimulus such as squeezing the fingers. A patient with some level of consciousness (a fully conscious patient would not require a pain stimulus) may respond by using their voice, moving their eyes, or moving part of their body (includingabnormal posturing).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;color: red; line-height: 23.2000007629395px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;UNRESPONSIVE&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;: Sometimes seen noted as &#39;Unconscious&#39;, this outcome is recorded if the patient does not give any eye, voice or motor response to voice or pain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
In first aid, an AVPU score of anything less than A is often considered an indication to get further help, as the patient is likely to be in need of more definitive care. In the hospital or long term healthcare facilities, caregivers may consider an AVPU score of less than A to be the patient&#39;s normal baseline.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
In some emergency medical servicesprotocols, &quot;Alert&quot; can be subdivided into a scale of 1 to 4, in which 1, 2, 3 and 4 correspond to certain attributes, such as time, person, place, and event. For example, a fully alert patient might be considered &quot;alert and oriented x 4&quot; if he/she could correctly identify the time, their name, their location, and the event.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
EMS crews may begin with an AVPU assessment, to be followed by a GCS assessment if the AVPU score is below &quot;A.&quot;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
The AVPU scale is not suitable for long-term neurological observation of the patient; in this situation, the Glasgow coma scale is more appropriate.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4ogaL0EkG9_7a_wxPojKDMbST0qmxup52HeSBUUWYT2heZR8gBydzDqvKIK7r9QljaDtYdqbzRSgEfBTeqVajANVn-xYLg0XdUUOJY7-qBATXSxZcD4ajTAJhziifDO2kNR4qZsMXX_4/s1600/images-5.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;479&quot; data-original-width=&quot;638&quot; height=&quot;480&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4ogaL0EkG9_7a_wxPojKDMbST0qmxup52HeSBUUWYT2heZR8gBydzDqvKIK7r9QljaDtYdqbzRSgEfBTeqVajANVn-xYLg0XdUUOJY7-qBATXSxZcD4ajTAJhziifDO2kNR4qZsMXX_4/s640/images-5.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Limitations&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
As mentioned above, it should not be used for long-term follow up of neurological status.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Comparison with other classification systems&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
When compared to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) the AVPU classification of alertness has been suggested to correspond in the following manner:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
1. Alert = 15 GCS&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
2. Voice Responsive = 12 GCS&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
3. Pain Responsive = 8 GCS&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
4. Unconscious/DOA = 3 GCS&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
(Kelly, Upex and Bateman, 2004)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;References&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Kelly, CA; Upex A; Bateman DN. (February 2005). &quot;Comparison of consciousness level assessment in the poisoned patient using the alert/ verbal/ painful/ unresponsive scale and the Glasgow Coma Scale&quot;. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 44 (2): 108–113.doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.028.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;a b McNarry, AF; Bateman, DN (January 2004). &quot;Simple bedside assessment of level of consciousness: comparison of two simple assessment scales with the Glasgow Coma scale&quot;. Anaesthesia. 59 (1): 34–7.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03526.x.PMID 14687096&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
☆☆☆☆☆&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;blogger-post-footer&quot;&gt;Mr. Green Healt Nurse&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>https://greenhealtnurse.blogspot.com/2018/07/the-avpu-scale.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Bitter Coffee Park)</author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4ogaL0EkG9_7a_wxPojKDMbST0qmxup52HeSBUUWYT2heZR8gBydzDqvKIK7r9QljaDtYdqbzRSgEfBTeqVajANVn-xYLg0XdUUOJY7-qBATXSxZcD4ajTAJhziifDO2kNR4qZsMXX_4/s72-c/images-5.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>