multi variety

Airport Simulator

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Thu, 23 Jun 2011 03:52:00 +0000

Airport Simulator

Organize and maintain an entire airport. Choose the best place for the airport, build the terminal, car parks and other enhancements. You manage the aircraft yourself -climb into the machine and drive it to the runway, drive the baggage to the shipment and operate the defroster. Think of everything and be diligent to avoid accidents. The better organized you are, the more successful you will be.

Game Features:

* Detailed scenery in 3D graphics

* Intriguing, ongoing story

* Weather effects, day / night shift

* Various tasks

* Long lasting fun factor

* Free choice of the level, once you have accomplished all tasks

* Extensive background information

* Intuitive control via keyboard and mouse.

System Requirements:

* Windows ® Me / 2000 / XP / Vista / 7

* Intel or AMD up from 1.5 GHz

* RAM: 1000 MB RAM

* Hard drive space 500MB

* Graphics: Geforce ® ATI Radeon ® up from 128 MB

* DirectX: 9.0c or higher

Download

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http://www.fileserve.com/file/znqH2f9/Airport Simulator.SPEEDDL.rar

http://rapidshare.com/files/450172373/Airport_Simulator.SPEEDDL.rar

Saint Adalbert of Prague (b. ca. 939–956–d. 997)

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Thu, 23 Jun 2011 03:48:00 +0000

Saint Adalbert of Prague (b. ca. 939–956–d. 997)

Archbishop and missionary to Poland

Also known as: Apostle of the Prussians; Adelbert; Voitech, Voytiekh, Voytech, Wojtech; Apostle of Bohemia Christened Wojtech, Adalbert was born in Libice, Bohemia, to a princely family.

The dates of his birth are placed anywhere from 939 to 956. He studied under archbishop St. Adalbert of Magdeburg and took his mentor’s name when the archbishop died in 981. Adalbert became the second bishop of Prague in 983, but his righteous efforts to convert the Bohemian pagans made an enemy of Duke Boleslaus II of Bohemia, and Adalbert left for Rome in 990.

Released from his responsibilities by Pope John XV (r. 985–996), Adalbert joined the Benedictine monastery of SS. Boniface and Alexius. But two years later, Duke Boleslaus agreed to accept Adalbert’s authority, and Pope John XV sent Adalbert back to Prague.

The Bohemian people cheered his return, and he founded the monastery of Brevnov with Majolus of Cluny. Adalbert’s relations with Duke Boleslaus and the nobility worsened, however, after an adulterous but penitent noblewoman seeking sanctuary in a convent was dragged out and killed. Adalbert excommunicated everyone involved and was forced to flee again to Rome in 995. This time Boleslaus massacred some of

Adalbert’s family, and he did not return to Prague.

Adalbert’s next mission was to Hungary, where he evangelized the Magyars and may have baptized Kings Geysa and Stephen. But at the invitation of Prince

Boleslaus I of Poland, he traveled to Pomerania to evangelize the Prussians. The Prussian nobility and the pagan priests liked him no better than had the Bohemians, and Adalbert and his missionaries were assassinated as Polish spies in 997 near Danzig.

One account says Prince Boleslaus I buried Adalbert’s body at Gniezno, Poland; another says that the prince ransomed the body for its weight in gold.

Despite his disappointments, Adalbert exercised considerable influence. He was friends with Holy Roman Emperor Otto III and inspired St. Boniface of Querfurt. Adalbert composed Czech and Polish hymns in the vernacular and is credited with writing the Polish battle song, “Boga-Rodzica.” His righteous zeal for religious compliance, which was not well appreciated, included extraction of the teeth of anyone found breaking fast on a holy day. His relics were taken to Prague in 1039.

Canonized: 999

Feast: April 23

Patronage: Bohemia (part of the Czech Republic);

Poland

; Prussia

Saint Adalbald of Ostrevant (d. ca. 650–652)

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Thu, 23 Jun 2011 03:46:00 +0000

Saint Adalbald of Ostrevant (d. ca. 650–652)

Also known as: Adalbald d’Ostrevant Adalbald of Ostrevant was born in Flanders to a noble family

His mother or grandmother (sources differ) was St. Gertrude, founder of the monastery at Hamage.

Adalbert served at the Merovingian court of King Dagobert I, great-great-grandson of Clovis I and St. Clotilde of the Franks, and Dagobert’s successor, Clovis II. While in Dagobert’s service against the rebellious Gascons, Adalbert fell in love with Rictrude (later sainted herself), the daughter of a Gascon noble family. Her relatives forbade the union, but Rictrude married Adalbert anyway. They had four children: St. Maurontius, St. Clotsindis, St. Eusebia and St. Adalsindis. Rictrude’s kin never accepted Adalbald, reportedly jealous of his reputation and political position.

Members of her family assassinated Adalbald while he was traveling to Gascony. Devastated, Rictrude nevertheless retrieved the body and buried it. Almost immediately, rumors spread of miraculous healings at the tomb. Rictrude continued her work, reputedly founding the abbey at Marchiennes.

Feast: February 2

Patronage: parents of large families

FOREX TRADE INTRODUCTION

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Thu, 23 Jun 2011 03:31:00 +0000

FOREX TRADE INTRODUCTION

There is one thing that most traders have in common: They have taken on the challenge of forecasting and trading the financial markets, of searching for those small islands of lucrative inefficiency in a vast sea of efficient market behavior.

For one of the authors, Jeffrey Katz, this challenge was initially a means to indulge an obsession with mathematics. Over a decade ago, he developed a model that provided entry signals for the Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) and OEX. While these signals were, at that time, about 80% accurate, Katz found himself second-guessing them. Moreover, he had to rely on his own subjective determinations of such critical factors as what kind of order to use for entry, when to exit, and where to place stops. These determinations, the essence of discretionary trading, were often driven more by the emotions of fear and avarice than by reason and knowledge.

As a result, he churned and vacillated, made bad decisions, and lost more often than won. For Katz, like for most traders, discretionary trading did not work.

If discretionary trading did not work, then what did? Perhaps system trading was the answer. Katz decided to develop a completely automated trading system in the form of a computer program that could generate buy, sell, stop, and other necessary orders without human judgment or intervention. A good mechanical system, logic suggested, would avoid the problems associated with discretionary trading, if the discipline to follow it could be mustered. Such a system would provide explicit and well-defined entries, “normal” or profitable exits, and “abnormal” or money management exits designed to control losses on bad trades, A fully automated system would also make it possible to conduct historical tests, unbiased by hindsight, and to do such tests on large quantities of data.

Thorough testing was the only way to determine whether a system really worked and would be profitable to trade, Katz reasoned. Due to familiarity with the data series, valid tests could not be performed by eye. If Katz looked at a chart and “believed” a given formation signaled a good place to enter the market, he could not trust that belief because he had already seen what happened after the formation occurred. Moreover, if charts of previous years were examined to find other examples of the formation, attempts to identify the pattern by “eyeballing” would be biased. On the other hand, if the pattern to be tested could be formally defined and explicitly coded, the computer could then objectively do all the work: It would run the code on many years of historical data, look for the specified formation, and evaluate (without hindsight) the behavior of the market after each instance. In this way, the computer could indicate whether he was indeed correct in his hypothesis that a given formation was a profitable one. Exit rules could also be evaluated objectively.

Finally, a well-defined mechanical trading system would allow such things as commissions, slippage, impossible tills, and markets that moved before he could to be factored in. This would help avoid unpleasant shocks when moving from computer simulations to real-world trading. One of the problems Katz had in his earlier trading attempt was failing to consider the high transaction costs involved in trading OEX options. Through complete mechanization, he could ensure that the system tests would include all such factors. In this way, potential surprises could be eliminated, and a very realistic assessment could be obtained of how any system or system element would perform. System trading might, he thought, be the key to greater success in the markets.

Download Mafia II (2010)

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Thu, 23 Jun 2011 03:13:00 +0000

Download Mafia II (2010)

Vito Scaletta has started to make a name for himself on the streets of Empire Bay as someone who can be trusted to get a job done. Together with his buddy Joe, he is working to prove himself to the Mafia, quickly escalating up the family ladder with crimes of larger reward, status and consequence... the life as a wise guy isn't quite as untouchable as it seems.

Action-Packed Gameplay: Intense gunplay, white-knuckle car chases and visceral hand-to-hand combat - it will take all that and more to become a "made man".

Epic Gangster Story: Inspired by iconic mafia drama, the compelling characters and cinematic presentation will pull players into the allure and impossible escape of life in the Mafia.

Immersive World and Period: Enter the world of Empire Bay -World War II is raging in Europe and the architecture, cars, music and clothing all echo the period in stunning detail. As time passes, hot rod cars, 50s fashion and some of the era's best music reflect the birth of a cool new era.

Illusion Engine: 2K Czech's proprietary Illusion Engine, allows gamers to explore

Empire Bay's 10 square miles of beautifully rendered outdoor environments and intricately designed interiors.

Soundtrack Reflects the Mood of the Era: Players will be immersed in the Golden Era of America as Mafia II features tracks from some of the era's most influential artists.

Install Notes

1) Burn or mount.

2) Install the game.

3) Play game.

MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

OS: Microsoft Windows XP

(SP2 or later) / Windows Vista / Windows 7

CPU: Pentium D 3Ghz or AMD Athlon 64 X2 3600+ (Dual core) or higher

RAM: 1.5 GB

GPU: nVidia GeForce 8600 / ATI HD2600 Pro or better

Hard Drive space: 8 GB

Sound Card: 100% DirectX 9.0c compatible sound card

Peripherals: Keyboard and mouse or Windows compatible gamepad

RECOMMENDED SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

OS: Microsoft Windows XP (SP2 or later) / Windows Vista / Windows 7

CPU: 2.4 GHz Quad Core processor

RAM: 2 GB

GPU: nVidia GeForce 9800 GTX / ATI Radeon

HD 3870 or better

Hard Drive Space: 10 GB

Sound Card: 100% DirectX 9.0c compliant card

Peripherals: Keyboard and mouse or Windows compatible gamepad

PHSYX/APEX ENHANCEMENTS SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:

OS: Microsoft Windows XP (SP2 or later) / Windows Vista / Windows 7

Minimum CPU: 2.4 GHz Quad Core processor

Recommended CPU: 2.66 GHz Core i7-920

RAM: 2 GB

Download Links

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Download Apollo Simulator game

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Thu, 23 Jun 2011 03:07:00 +0000

Download Apollo Simulator game

As a child you dreamed of being an astronaut, and surf the cosmos? Apollo Simulator realize your dreams! You will perform a variety of missions to land on the moon. Also, you can walk on the planet itself and explore using the latest equipment!

Download

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Air Conflicts Arcade / Flight

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Thu, 23 Jun 2011 03:04:00 +0000

Air Conflicts Arcade / Flight

In a time of war, many are those whose story is never heard. In WWII the skies were, for the first time, a major battle-front. Many brave young people gave their lives, flying in tin cans filled with explosives and ammunition. This game is dedicated to the men and women on all sides who fought bravely in the service of their country. Air Conflicts is an arcade flight simulator game set in World War II, featuring the aircraft of this period and historically inspired missions. The emphasis is on intense dogfights, daring bombing raids and exciting aerial missions.

Main Features:

* 10 non-linear campaings with more than action 200 missions (patrols, manoeuvres, strategic bombing, air support, air superiority, interdiction, paratroops and supply deployment, prevent bombing missions).

* Authentic historical timeline and missions with focus on the gameplay.

* Easy control over aircraft and fun air battles.

* Fly for Royal Air Force, Luftwaffe or Red Army Air Force.

* Fly with 12 authentic planes (Spitfire, Mosquito, Avro Lancaster, He-111, Ju-87 Stuka, Bf-109, Gloster Meteor, Gotha 229, DB3, IL2, Lavochkin 5, Bisnovat 5).

* Advanced ranking system, with authentic medals and ranks.

* Play three multiplayer modes up to 8 players on LAN.

System Requirements:

CPU: Intel Pentium IV 1.2 GHz compatible processor

RAM: 512 MB

VGA: GeForce 3 128MB or higher

Sound Card compatible DirectX 9.0

OS: MS Windows XP,

DirectX: MS DirectX 9.0 (release December 2005 or later)

Download from FileServe

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http://www.fileserve.com/file/fdRDC8U/Air_Conflicts.part2.rar

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World war one in the Balkans

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 09:44:00 +0000

World war one in the Balkans

After repelling three Austrian invasions during August-December 1914, Serbia fell to combined invasion by Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria, (the latter of which joined the Central Powers in September, 1915) in October 1915. The Serbian army was defeated at Gjilan Kosovo (near the ancient mining city of Novo Brdo), then retreated into Albania and Greece. In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at Salonica in Greece to offer assistance and to pressure the Greek government into war against the Central Powers. Unfortunately for the Allies, the pro-allied Greek government of Eleftherios Venizelos was dismissed, by the pro-German King Constantine I, before the allied expeditionary force had even arrived. The King then further prevented official Greek entry into the war for two years, until 1917.

Meanwhile, the Salonica Front proved entirely immobile, so much so that it was joked that Salonica was the largest German prisoner of war camp. Only at the very end of the war, after most of the German and Austro-Hungarian troops had been removed, leaving the Front held by the Bulgarians alone, were the Entente powers able to make a breakthrough. This led to Bulgaria's signing an armistice on September 29, 1918.

Italian participation: world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 09:43:00 +0000

Italian participation: world war one

Italy

had been allied to the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires since 1882, but had its own designs against Austrian territory in the Trentino, Istria and Dalmatia, and maintained a secret 1902 understanding with

France

, effectively nullifying its alliance commitments. Italy refused to join Germany and Austria-Hungary at the beginning of the war, because their alliance was defensive, while Austria had declared war on Serbia. The Austrian government started negotiations to obtain Italian neutrality in exchange for French territories (Tunisia), but Italy joined the Entente by signing the London Pact in April and declaring war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915; it declared war against Germany fifteen months later.

In general, the Italians enjoyed numerical superiority, but were poorly equipped. The Italians went on the offense to achieve their territorial goals. In the Trentino front, the Austro-Hungarian defence took advantage of the elevation of their bases in the mostly mountainous terrain, which was anything but suitable for military offensives. After an initial Austro-Hungaric strategic retreat to better positions, the front remained mostly unchanged, while Austrian Kaiserschützen and Standschützen and Italian Alpini fought bitter close combat battles during summer and tried to survive during winter in the high mountains. The Austro-Hungarians counter-attacked in the Altopiano of Asiago towards Verona and Padua in the spring of 1916 (Strafexpedition), but they also made little progress.

Beginning in 1915, the Italians mounted 11 major offensives on the other front, the Isonzo front (the part of the border north of Trieste), all repelled by the Austro-Hungarians, who had the higher ground. In the summer of 1916, the Italians captured the town of Gorizia. After this minor victory, the front remained practically stable for over one year, despite several Italian offensives, again all on the Isonzo front. In the fall of 1917, thanks to the improving situation on the Eastern front, the Austrians received large reinforcements, including German assault troops. On October 26, they launched a crushing offensive that resulted in the victory of Caporetto: the Italian army was routed, but after retreating more than 100km, it was able to reorganise and hold at the Battle of the Piave River. In 1918, the Austrians repeatedly failed to break the Italian line, and, decisively defeated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, surrendered to the Entente powers in November.

Throughout the war, Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff, Conrad von Hötzendorf had a deep hatred for the Italians because he had always perceived them to be the greatest threat to his state. Their betrayal in 1915 enraged him even further. His hatred for Italy blinded him in many ways, and he made many foolish tactical and strategic errors during the campaigns in Italy.

Ottoman Empire: world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 09:39:00 +0000

Ottoman Empire: world war one

The Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in October–November 1914, due to the secret Turko-German Alliance signed in August 1914, threatening Russia's Caucasian territories and Britain's communications with India and the East via the Suez canal. The British Empire opened another front in the South with the Gallipoli (1915) and Mesopotamian campaigns. In Gallipoli, the Turks were successful in repelling the ANZACs (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps), forcing their eventual withdrawal and evacuation. In Mesopotamia, by contrast, after the disastrous Siege of Kut (1915–16), British Empire forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917. Further to the west in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, initial British failures were overcome with Jerusalem being captured in December 1917 and the Egyptian Expeditionary Force,under Field Marshall Edmund Allenby, going on to break the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918.

Russian armies generally had the best of it in the Caucasus. Vice-Generalissimo Enver Pasha, supreme commander of the Turkish armed forces, was a very ambitious man, with a dream to conquer central Asia. He was not, however, a practical soldier. He launched an offensive with 100,000 troops against the Russians in the Caucasus in December of 1914. Insisting on a frontal attack against Russian positions in the mountains in the heart of winter, Enver lost 86% of his force at the Battle of Sarikamis. The Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, General Nikolai Yudenich, with a string of victories over the Ottoman forces, drove the Turks out of much of present-day Armenia, and tragically provided a context for the deportation of the Armenian population in eastern Armenia.

In 1917, Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed senior control over the Caucasus front. Nicholas tried to have a railway built from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories with a view to bringing up more supplies for a new offensive in 1917. But, in March of 1917 (February in the pre-revolutionary Russian calendar), the Czar was overthrown in the February Revolution and the Russian army began to slowly fall apart.

Canada's greatest military victories: world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 09:37:00 +0000

Canada

's greatest military victories: world war one

Throughout 1915-17, the British Empire and France suffered many more casualties than

Germany

, but both sides lost millions of soldiers to injury and disease. Around 800,000 soldiers from the British Empire were on the Western Front at any one time. 1,000 battalions, each occupying a sector of the line from the North Sea to the Orne River, operated on a month-long four-stage rotation system, unless an offensive was underway. The front contained over 6,000 miles of trenches. Each battalion held its sector for around a week before moving back to support lines and then further back to the reserve lines before a week out-of-line, often in the Poperinge or Amiens areas.

In the British-led Battle of Arras during the 1917 campaign, the only military success was the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps under Sir Arthur Currie. It provided the allies with great military advantage and greatly contributed to the identity of Canada. See the Battle of Vimy Ridge for more information

War begins: world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 09:35:00 +0000

War begins: world war one

Advances in military technology meant that defensive firepower out-weighed offensive capabilities, making the war particularly murderous, as tactics had failed to keep up. Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances; artillery, now vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground a nightmarish prospect. By 1915 both sides were using poison gas. Neither side ever won a battle with gas, but it made life even more miserable in the trenches and became one of the most feared, and longest remembered, horrors of the war.

After the First Battle of the Marne, both Entente and German forces began a series of outflanking manoeuvres to try to force the other to retreat, in the so-called Race to the Sea. Britain and France soon found themselves facing entrenched German positions from Lorraine to Belgium's Flemish coast. Britain and France sought to take the offensive, while Germany defended occupied territories. One consequence was that German trenches were much better constructed than those of their enemy: Anglo-French trenches were only intended to be 'temporary' before their forces broke through German defences. Some hoped to break the stalemate by utilizing science and technology. In April 1915, the Germans used chlorine gas for the first time, opening a four mile wide hole in the Allied lines when French colonial troops retreated before it. This breach was closed by Canadian soldiers at both the Second Battle of Ypres and Third Battle of Ypres, (where over 5000 Canadian soldiers were gassed to death), earning German respect.

Neither side proved able to deliver a decisive blow for the next four years, though protracted German action at Verdun throughout 1916, and the Entente's failure at the Somme, in the summer of 1916, brought the exhausted French army to the brink of collapse. Futile attempts at more frontal assaults, at terrible cost to the French poilu (infantry), led to mutinies which threatened the integrity of the front line, after the Nivelle Offensive in spring of 1917. News of the Russian Revolution gave a new incentive to socialist sentiments among the troops. Red flags were hoisted and the Internationale was sung on several occasions. At the height of the mutiny, 30,000 to 40,000 French soldiers participated.

World war One: Hopes and fears

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 09:33:00 +0000

World war One: Hopes and fears

In 1914, the perception of war was romanticized by many people, and its declaration was met with great enthusiasm. The common view on both sides was that it would be a short war of manoeuvre, with a few sharp actions (to "teach the enemy a lesson") and would end with a victorious entry into the enemy capital, then home for a victory

parade or two and back to "normal" life. Many thought it would have finished by Christmas of that year. Others, however, regarded the coming war with great pessimism and worry. Some military figures, such as Lord Kitchener and Erich Ludendorff, predicted the war would be a long one. Some political leaders, such as Bethmann Hollweg in Germany, were concerned by the potential social consequences of a war. International bond and financial markets entered severe crises in late July and early August reflecting worry about the financial consequences of war.

The perceived excitement of war captured the imagination of many in the warring nations. Spurred on by propaganda and nationalist fervor, many eagerly joined the ranks in search of adventure. Few were prepared for what they actually encountered at the front.

Haut-Rhin, France 1917 :world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 09:30:00 +0000

Haut-Rhin, France 1917 :world war one

The Serbians occupied defensive positions against the Austrians. The first attack came on August 16, between parts of the 21st Austro–Hungarian division and parts of the Serbian Combined division. In harsh night-time fighting, the battle ebbed and flowed, until Stepa Stepanovic rallied the Serbian line. Three days later the Austrians retreated across the Danube, having suffered 21,000 casualties as against 16,000 Serbian. This marked the first major Allied victory of the war. The Austrians had not achieved their main goal of eliminating Serbia, and it became increasingly likely that Germany would have to maintain forces on two fronts.

The Schlieffen plan to deal with the Franco-Russian alliance involved delivering a knock-out blow to the French and then turning to deal with the more slowly mobilized Russian army. Rather than invading eastern France directly, German planners deemed it prudent to attack France from the north. To do so, the German army had to march through Belgium. Germany demanded free passage from the Belgian government, promising to treat Belgium as Germany's firm ally if the Belgians agreed. When Belgium refused, Germany invaded and began marching through Belgium anyway, after first invading and securing Luxembourg. It soon encountered resistance before the forts of the Belgian city of Liège, although the army as a whole continued to make rapid progress into France. Britain sent an army to France (the British Expeditionary Force, or BEF), which advanced into Belgium. The first British soldier killed in the war was John Parr, on 21 August 1914, near Mons.

Initially the Germans had great successes in the Battle of the Frontiers (14–24 August 1914). However, the delays brought about by the resistance of the Belgian, French and British forces; the unexpectedly rapid mobilization of the Russians; and overly-ambitious objectives upset the German plans. Russia attacked in East Prussia, diverting German forces intended for the Western Front. Germany defeated Russia in a series of battles collectively known as the Second Battle of Tannenberg (17 August – 2 September).

This diversion exacerbated problems of insufficient speed of advance from railheads, not allowed for by the German General Staff, allowed French and British forces to finally halt the German advance on Paris at the First Battle of the Marne (September 1914) and the Entente forced the Central Powers into fighting a war on two fronts. The German army had fought its way into a good defensive position inside France and had permanently incapacitated 230,000 more French and British troops than it had lost itself in the months of August and September. Yet staff incompetence and leadership timidity, as Ludendorff had needlessly transferred troops from the right to protect Sedan, cost Germany the chance for an early knockout.

About World War I

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 09:28:00 +0000

About World War I

Some of the first hostilities of the war occurred in Africa and in the Pacific Ocean, in the colonies and territories of the European powers. On August 1914 a combined French and British Empire force invaded the German protectorate of Togoland in West Africa. Shortly thereafter, on August 10, German forces based in South-West Africa attacked South Africa, part of the British Empire. Another British Dominion, New Zealand, occupied German Samoa (later Western Samoa) on 30 August; on September 11 the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force landed on the island of Neu Pommern (later New Britain), which formed part of German New Guinea. Within a few months, the Entente forces had driven out or had accepted the surrender of all German forces in the Pacific. Sporadic and fierce fighting, however, continued in Africa for the remainder of the war.

In Europe, the Central Powers — the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire - suffered from mutual miscommunication and lack of intelligence regarding the intentions of each other's army. Germany had originally guaranteed to support Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but practical interpretation of this idea differed. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover her northern flank against Russia. Germany, however, had planned for Austria-Hungary to focus the majority of its troops on Russia while Germany dealt with France on the Western Front. This confusion forced the Austro-Hungarian army to split its troop concentrations from the south in order to meet the Russians in the north. The Serbian army, coming up from the south of the country, met the Austrian army at the Battle of Cer on 12 August

A Culmination of European History: world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Mon, 29 Mar 2010 09:26:00 +0000

A Culmination of European History: world war one

A localized war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia was almost a given due to Austro-Hungarian Empire's deterriorating world position and the Pan-Slavic, separationist movement in the Balkans, which garnered the support of Slavic elements in Russia, primarily due to Russia's own wishes for a warm water port. Imperial Russia's expansion eastwards is a historical theme that deserves attention - a "threat" only reinforced by the experiences of the Germans in the Napoleonic Wars and Thirty Year's War - where their precarious position in the center of Europe led to the decision for an active defense such as the Schlieffen Plan. France's fury over "losing" the Alsace and Lorraine territories in the Franco-Prussian War gave way to a new word, revanchism, and Germany failed to isolate the French after the League of the Three Emperors fell apart. Overall, the "problems" of 1914 relate directly to problems that are a culmination of historical developments in Europe.

Nationalism, Romanticism world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Sun, 28 Mar 2010 19:00:00 +0000

Nationalism, Romanticism world war one

The civilian leaders of the European powers found themselves facing a wave of nationalist zeal that had been building across Europe for years, as memories of war faded or were convoluted into a romantic fantasy that resonated in the public conscience. Frantic diplomatic efforts to mediate the Austrian-Serbian quarrel simply became irrelevant, as public opinion (and elite opinion) in key countries demanded war to uphold national honor. Almost all the belligerents envisioned there would be glorious consequences to follow the war. The patriotic enthusiasm, unity and ultimate euphoria that took hold during the "Spirit of 1914" was full of that very optimism regarding the post-war future. (and left a distinct mark on a young Adolf Hitler). Also, the Socialist-Democratic movement had begun to exert pressure on aristocrats throughout Europe, who optimistically hoped a victory would reunite the country.

Economic imperialism of world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Sun, 28 Mar 2010 18:57:00 +0000

Economic imperialism of world war one

Lenin famously asserted that the worldwide system of imperialism was responsible for the war. In this he drew upon the economic theories of English economist John A. Hobson who had earlier predicted the outcome of economic imperialism, or unlimited competition for expanding markets, would lead to a global military conflict in his 1902 book entitled 'Imperialism'[1]. This argument proved persuasive to leftists in the immediate wake of the war and helped explain the popularity of Marxism and Communism among those who suffered most in the conflict. Lenin's 1917 pamphlet "Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism" [2] made the argument, specifically, that large banking interests in the various capitalist-imperialist powers had pulled the strings in the various governments and led them into the war. Related to the idea of economic "shadow forces" working behind the scenes to escalate the conflict, was a thesis, particularly popular in the U.S., that various arms dealers and military industries had led the Great Powers into the war, this is the so-called "Merchants of Death" thesis. However, in the context of the period, it is unclear how these industries had a direct and specific influence on policy-making, and how this sector of the economy was more influential than other industrial and trade sectors, which would presumably be damaged through disrupted trade flows and the loss of markets by a large-scale global war.

Militarism and Authoritarianism :world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Sun, 28 Mar 2010 18:54:00 +0000

Militarism and Authoritarianism :world war one

President of the United States Woodrow Wilson and many Americans blamed the war on militarism, and this was a theme that figured prominently in anti-German propaganda throughout France, Great Britain and, from 1915 onwards, in the

United States

. The idea was that the Kaiser Wilhelm II and his autocratic Prussian government had a thirst for military power and glory, and such goals took priority over the needs and wishes of the people. The implication was that a "democratic" government would not have instigated the war, as it was widely proposed that Germany was ultimately responsible. True peace required the abdication of such rulers, the end of the aristocratic system, and consequently, the end of militarism. Wilson fought a "war to end all wars", explaining, "I cannot consent to take part in the negotiation of a peace which does not include freedom of the seas because we are pledged to fight not only to do away with Prussian militarism but with militarism everywhere. Neither could I participate in a settlement which did not include league of nations because peace would be without any guarantee except universal armament which would be intolerable." [October 30, 1918 in Herbert Hoover, Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson p 47] Wilson also acknowledged what he called British and French militarism, hoping his plans for the League of Nations would be able to secure a permanent peace.

Naval supremacy was a goal of Britain and Germany, both following American Admiral Mahan's influential thesis that control of the oceans was vital to a great nation, which therefore had to have a great fleet. In the context of the social-Darwinistic spirit in Germany, economic and military conflict between "races" or nationalities was seen to be inevitable by many military leaders, and the prestige of attaining to or preserving world power was an important consideration for politicians not only for relative international power considerations but domestic satisfaction ones. Germany's decision to increase its navy might is the prime example of this. Not only did increasing naval might serve to channel latent industrial potential into increasing relative power and eroding Britain's hegemony of the seas, the navy served as a national icon which could harness domestic aspirations for "weltmacht" or world power status. However, this led to military rivalry with Britain, which in turn increased its naval might and became less and less favorable toward Germany

Plans, Distrust and Mobilization: world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Sun, 28 Mar 2010 18:49:00 +0000

Plans, Distrust and Mobilization: world war one

Closely related is the thesis adopted by many political scientists that the war plans of each power automatically escalated the conflict until it was out of control. Fritz Fischer and his followers have emphasized the inherently aggressive nature of Germany's Schlieffen Plan, which outlined how Germany would defend itself in the event of a two front war. If Germany was at war with both France and Russia, it must quickly eliminate one or the other from combat in order to stand a chance at winning the war. Time was of the essence. Due to French fortifications along the border with Germany, the plan called for a violation of Belgium's, and possibly the Netherlands' neutrality. In a greater context, France's own Plan XVII, called for an offensive thrust into the industrial Ruhr Valley that would cripple the German ability to wage war.

Russia

's revised Plan XIX implied the mobilization of armies against both Austria-Hungary and Germany. All three created an atmosphere where generals and planning staffs of all the belligerent nations were anxious to capitalize on early offensive maneuvers to seize decisive victories. These military general staffs had elaborate mobilization plans with precise timetables, none more so than Germany, for whom it was decisive to consolidate victory against France before facing the slower-mobilizing Russia. Once the mobilization orders were issued it was understood by both generals and statesman alike that there was little or no possibility of turning back. Furthermore, the problem of communications in 1914 should not be underestimated; all nations still used telegraphy and ambassadors as the main form of communication, resulting in delays from hours to even days.

Arms Races and Alliances in world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Sun, 28 Mar 2010 18:44:00 +0000

Arms Races and Alliances in world war one

Another cause of the war was the building of alliances and the related arms race. An example of the latter is the launch of the HMS Dreadnought, a revolutionary battleship that rendered all previous warships obsolete as "pre-dreadnoughts" upon its introduction. Ironically, this weakened Britain's power as a seafaring nation and sparked a major naval arms race in shipbuilding, as the new type of vessel opened up a brand-new chapter in naval warfare, annihilating the old status-quo. The major participants in the race were Britain and Germany, tying in with the concept of new imperialism which gave way to the need for alliances. Overall, nations in the Triple Entente became fearful of the Triple Alliance and vice versa. Paul Kennedy is the historian who has most recently promulgated this thesis.

Guilt of Austria-Hungary and Germany

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Sun, 28 Mar 2010 18:43:00 +0000

Guilt of Austria-Hungary and

Germany

Early explanations, prominent in the 1920s, stressed the official version of responsibility as described in the Treaty of Versailles and Treaty of Trianon. This alleviated the victors from the consequential guilt of what turned out to be a costly and fruitless bloodbath and was not a baseless accusation; it was Austria, backed by Berlin, that attacked Serbia on July 29 and it was Germany that invaded Belgium on August 3, in accordance with the Schlieffen Plan. Though drastically simplified, such an overview clearly portrays Germany and Austria-Hungary as the aggressors, and therefore, those bearing responsibility. Not surprisingly, this resulted in the humiliation of Germany, which included the demand that Germany pay all the war costs (including pensions) of the Allies. This directly affected the global economy and indirectly contributed to the Great Depression.

The War Guilt clause, or Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, was a major issue in internal German politics in the 1920s and 1930s and worked to the favor of the Nazis, who rode the coattails of German nationalism all the way to the Reichstag. The two became largely indistinguishable. Many prominent British figures, especially economist John Maynard Keynes, rejected the Guilt clause that the French avidly supported. Since 1960, the idea that Germany was primarily responsible was revived by academics such as Fritz Fischer, Imanuel Geiss, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Wolfgang Mommsen, and V.R. Berghahn. Fischer, for example, emphasized that Germany wanted to control most of Europe or at the very least, unite it through Germany. However, as Fischer points out, diplomatic efforts to do so often centered around Anglo-Germanic cooperation. Likewise, aside from small Germanic territorial enclaves in Belgium, it is unclear exactly what the Germans had to gain in a war, whereas the French and British had territorial and economic-related ambitions, respectively.

Causes of world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Sun, 28 Mar 2010 18:41:00 +0000

Causes of world war one

On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, of the Black Hand Gang, assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand while he was visiting Sarajevo. The Archduke was there to assert imperial authority over a disputed province. Though this assassination started the cascade of events that quickly produced war, the causes of the war were multiple and complex. Historians and political scientists have grappled with this question for nearly a century without reaching a consensus. Some of the more prominent explanations are outlined below.

Introduction about world war one

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Sun, 28 Mar 2010 18:39:00 +0000

Introduction about world war one

World War I is infamous for the protracted stalemate of trench warfare along the Western Front, embodied within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland. Hostilities were also prosecuted, however, by more dynamic invasion and battle, by fighting at sea and - for the first time - in and out from the air. Also, there were some battles that foreshadowed the rapid movement of WWII, take for example the Battle of St. Mihel in 1918. Here, within a matter of one day, American troops, supported by tanks, airplanes, and artillery, advanced over 20 miles, clearing a salient that had been a thorn in the side of the French army since 1914. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. In World War I, only some 5% of the casualties (directly caused by the war) were civilian - in World War II, this figure approached 50%.

Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, as modified by the mid-19th century national revolutions, the processes of European national unification and European colonialism. Three European land empires were shattered and subsequently dismembered to varying degrees: the German, the Austro-Hungarian and the Russian. In the Balkans and the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire experienced the same fate. Three European imperial dynasties, represented by the Hohenzollern, the Habsburg and the Romanov families in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia respectively, also fell during the war.

World War I witnessed the first advent of Communism as a means of government in Russia. The following decades would see the transformation of the old Russian Empire into the

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

, a global power. In the east, the demise of the Ottoman Empire paved the way for the states such as Republic of Turkey and a number of successor states and territories throughout the Middle East. In Central Europe, the new states of Czechoslovakia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Yugoslavia were born and Austria, Hungary and Poland were re-created. Shortly after the war, in 1923, Fascists came to power in Italy; in 1933, 14 years after the war, Nazism took over Germany. Problems unresolved or created by the war would be highly important factors in the outbreak, within 20 years, of World War II.

The First World War

noreply@blogger.com (varietyblogs) — Sun, 28 Mar 2010 18:36:00 +0000

The First World War

World War I, also known as the First World War, and (before 1939) the Great War, the War of the Nations, and the War to End All Wars, was a world conflict lasting from August 1914 to the final Armistice (cessation of hostilities) on November 11, 1918. The Allied Powers (led by Britain and France, and, after 1917, the United States) defeated the Central Powers (led by the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire), and led to the collapse of four empires and a radical change in the map of Europe. The Allied powers are sometimes referred to as the Triple Entente, and the Central Powers are sometimes referred to as the Triple Alliance.