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noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 11 Mar 2013 23:47:00 -0700

د بلوچستان مسئله او د هغي درست حل

احسان الله

بلوچستان درقبي لحاظ سره د پاکستان د ټولو نه غټه صوبه ده چي رقبه يي 347190 مربع کلوميټره ده چي د پاکستان د ټولي رقبي څه 43 في صده جوړيږي.ديواندازي مطابق د صوبي آبادي تقريباًاته ميلينه ده.په دے کښي څلويښت فيصده پښتانه دي چي د علاقي په مغرب اوشمال کښي د افغانستان بارډر سره خواکښي پراته دي.براهوي بلوچيان چي شل فيصده دی دتربت جنوبي اړخ ته پراته دي چي پکښي دپينجګور، بيله،خوزداراو قلات څه علاقي هم پکښي رازي ددواړه قومونه ښه امن خوښونکي اوکاروباري دي.باقي پاتي مرکزي او په مشرقي سرحد پراته بلوچيان چي بارډري يي سنده او پنجاب صوبوسره لګي مهمي علاقي دي کوم کښي چي مري،بګټي،مينګل،رنداو دغه شان نور قبائل اوسيګي چي ډيري پکښي امن خوښي قبائل دي خومسئله څه بګټي،مري او مينګل قبائلو کښي ده کوم چي په علاقي خپل تسلط غواړي. دا قبائل په خپل ميځ کښي هم وران دي او د يو بل تسلط لاندي يا يوبل سره هم ژوند تيرول نه غواړي.

دجعرافي اوقدرتي وسائلولحاظ سره دا صوبه د پاکستان اهم ترين صوبه ده. دا صوبه پاکستان دوه ملکونو يعني ايران چي ورسره د صوبي832 کلوميټره سرحداودافغانستان 1120 کلوميټره سرحد لګيدلي دے.دغه باؤنډري په يواړخ دادے صوبي اهميت سيوا کوي او په بل اړخ صوبي کښي دمسئلوپيدا کولوغټه وجه ده ځکه چي بغاوت کونکي شرپيدا کړي اوبيا دغه ملکونو ته تختي او وخت په وخت د بيرون ملکونو په اشارو دغه کارونه کوي.

دپاکستان جوړيدو نه وړاندي بلوچستان بيله صوبه نه وه بلکي د قلات، خاران، مکران اولس بيله په شان په وړو رياستونو باندي مشتمل يوه علاقه وه چي فيرنګي ايجنټان پري نګرانان وو. قلات په ټولو کښي غټ رياست وودهندوستان تقسيم نه دوه ورځي وړاندي ددغه رياستونوواک لرونکو په دے شرط په پاکستان کښې دشرکت اعلان وکړو چي درياستونو آزادحيثيت به برقرارساتلي شي بلوچ سردارنويي هم حمايت وکړو په مئي 1948 کښي ميراحمد يار چي د قلات حکمران ووپاکستان سره الحاق وکړو.په دغي تري خپل رور مير عبدالکريم خفه شواو د بغاوت اعلان يي وکړو هغه په دغه وخت کښي دقلات ګورنروواوډيرطاقتورکس ګنړلي کيدوخودپاکستان حکومت له ويري افغانستان ته وتښتيدواوهلته نه به يي حملي کولي.

په دغه علاقه کښي وخت په وخت لانجي رواني وي خودغي اصل زوردون يونټ جوړولو نه پس ونيو ځکه چي بلوچ سرداران د وړومبي ورځي نه د آزاد رياستونوپه حيڅ پاکستان کښي شموليت کړي وو خوون يونټ جوړولو يي دغه سوچ بدل کړواود حکومت خلاف يي بغاوت شروع کړوچي مشري يي بلوچ سردار نواب نوروز خان کوله. ايوب دورکښي هغه ګرفتار کړي شو اوحيدرآباد جيل کښي پري په فوجي عدالت کښي مقدمه وچلولي شوه اوهغه ته دخاندان نورپنځه کسانوسره پهانسي ورکړي شوه.څه وخت پس د نواب شير محمد بجراني،مينګل او بګټي قبائلودعلاقي په وسائلو کښي خپله يعني د سردارانوحصه غوښتلو باندي ګوريلاجنګ شروع کړوچي ډير لګ وخت کښي د علاقي ډير ځايونو کښي ښور شو. بغاوت ختمولو له پاره ايوب خان د خبرو اترو په ځائي فوج استعمال وکړو چي درست قدم نه وو دغي قدم بلوچيانو کښي د ملک سره مينه ختمول شروع کړل. يحي خان چي د ملک صدر شو نو د ولي خان په وينه يي ون يونټ ختم کړواو دغي رياستونو له يي د بلوچستان صوبي درجه ورکړه کوم چي دغه بغاوت وقتي طور ختم کړو.

د 1970 په اتخاباتوکښي بلوچستان د بيلي صوبي په حيث اليکشن کښي حصه واغسته چي پکښي د ولي خان نيشنل عوامي پارټي په ټوټل 20 سيټونو کښي3 وګټل او د مولانا مفتي محمود چي 3 سيټونه يي ګټلي وو سره په بلوچستان صوبه کښي حکومت جوړ کړوخو دبهټو له وجهي دغه اتحادي حکومت ډيرزرختم شوکوم چي بلوچستان کښي يو ځل بيا بغاوت ته دعوت ورکړو دے ځل د بغاوت سربراهي نواب خير بخش مري کوله. دغه بغاوت زر ختم شو. د مشرف په وخت کښي د صوبي حالت ډيرخراب شو. نواب اکبر بګټي اوبالاچ مري وفاق ته 15نقاتي ايجنډامخي ته کيښوده چي پکښي دبلوچستان خودمختاري سره سره د صوبي په وسائلوکښي بلوچ سردارانو ته خپل حق ورکړي شي دغي کښي هغوي په بلوچستان کښي نورو فوجي چهاونړو جوړولوهم مخالفت وکړو.په دغي حکومت هډو سوچ ونه کړوپه جواب کښي نواب اکبر بګټي په صوبه کښي په فوج حملي او ګيس لائنونه الوزول شروع کړل اود ګوريله جنګ شروع يي وکړه ديورپورټ مطابق "د اکبربګټې کسانو په يو ورځ څلور نيم سوه راکټونه دسوئي په هغه ځائي فائر کړل کوم ځائي نه چي ګيس راوباسلي شي". نواب اکبر بګټي نه يواځي د ايف سي بلکي ليويز، صوبائي حکومت او د ټولو نه اهم د پاکستان خلاف کار کوو.ددغي مخ نيوي له پاره صوبائي حکومت په ايف سي او ليوي کښي بهرتي شروع کړه چي نه يواځي د بګټي مخه ونيولي شي بلکي د بلوچستان ځوانانو ته نوکري هم ورکړي د حکومت له ويري.نواب اکبر بګټي د خپلو ملګرو سره غرونو ته وتښتيدواوهلته نه به يي حملي کولي کوم چي حکومت د هغه خلاف قدم پورته کولو باندي مجبوره کړو او په 2006 کښي په يو غار کښي سره د څلور فوجي افسرانوووژل شو.

د نواب اکبر بګټي مرګ د بلوچستان بيلولوخبري ته وده ورکړه او بغاوت کونکو بلوچيانودغه خپله پاليسي وګرزوله او په دغي يي کار شروع کړو.په دغه دوران کښي د بلوچ نيشنل موومنټ مشر غلام محمد بلوچ ووژلي شواوددغي ذمه وارپاکستاني ايجنسي وګرزولي شوي .د غلام محمد مرګ حالات نور هم خراب کړل اوآزادي غوښتونکي تنظيمونو اوس خپلي کاروائي په آآزادي سره کول شروع کړي. په دے لړکښي په12 اګست 2009 خان آف قلات مير سليمان داؤځان دبلوچستان حکمران وګرځواو په نوي بلوچستان کښي يي د ايران بلوچ حصي شاملولو مطالبه هم وکړه. دهغه مطابق دغي له پاره هغه ته دډيرملکونه خاص کر يورپي ملکونونه سپورټ ميلاويګي.برهمداغ بګټي چي په افغانستان کښي ناست دےاودهغه دوينامطابق هغه ته د هندوستان نه علاوه دامريکي سي آئی اےاړخ نه هم سپورټ ميلاويګي.

لکه څنګه چي بره ذکر وکړي شو چي دا ټول کارونه ډير وخت راسي په بلوچستان کښي راروان دي خو حکومت بيا هم ځان کونړ کړي دے په سوونو خلق بےقصوره مري اوتپوس يي چا نه کوو خوکله چي دا خبره د امريکي کانګرس کميټي دانساني حقوقو په بنياد راوچته کړه نو د پاکستان حکومت او سياستدانان چي د خپل جنګ ځان نه وزګار نه ووراويخ شواووائي چي دے کښي دا امريکي څه کار دے زمونږ مسئله ده مونږ به يي حل کوو.نو کله به يي حل کوي چي خدائے مکه دغه صوبه بيله شي بيا.او پاتي شوه د امريکي خبره نو هغوي سره خو خبره کول ضروري دي چي زمونږ کار کښي کار نه لري هغوي دا جوازوړاندي کوي چي دا مسئله مونږ دانساني حقوق خلاف ورزي کولو په وجه کړي کوم چي يو درست جواز نه دے ځکه چي د انساني حقوقو خلاف ورزي خو د بلوچستان نه زيات ددنيا په نورو ډيرو ځايونو لکه فلسطين،کشميراونور ډيرو ځايونو کښي هم کيږي نو دوي ته هغه نه ښکاري اويواځي بلوچستان ورته ښکاري.

اصل خبره وس دا پيدا کيږي چي بلوچستان کښي د نړي نور ملکونه ولي دلچسپي اخلي ؟هغوي د باغي بلوچوامدادولي کوي؟ددے شاته يو بيل تاريخ او مطلبونه دي .دبلوچستان جرړي په ايران او افغانستان کښي هم شته. امريکي د وړومبي ورځي نه پاکستان په خپل لاس کښي اغستي دي اوددغي په ذريعه يي افغانستان ته ځان دننه کړواو تر وسه پوري په افغانستان کښي دي خوکاميابيدل يي ګران ښکاري. وس يي سترګي ايران ته راواړولي چي ايران کښي به ځان ځائي کړي خو ايران ورله د ګوتي ځائي هم نه ورکوي نودغي مقصد له پاره يي داکوشش شروع کړو چي د پاکستان بلوچستان باغي قبائل په اوګه به ټوپک کيګدي او ايران ته به ځان دننه کړي.په دے شان به امريکه په يو تير دوه ښکاره وکړي يوبه ايران ته ځان دننه کړي او بل به د بلوچستان صوبه د پاکستان نه بيله کړي کوم چي ددوي د زړۀ غټ ارمان دے.

ددغي مقاصد پوره کولو له پاره يي دا خبره راپورته کړي چي بلوچستان کښي د انساني حقوقوخلاف ورزي کيږي اودغي له پاره څه کول پکار دي او د بلوچيانو په خله کښي يي آزاد بلوچستان اچولي دے چي ورسره دايران بلوچ علاقي شاملولوخبره هم کوي. حالانکي دغه بلوچيانوته هم پته ده چي امريکه او نور يورپي ملکونه د خدائي له پاره ددوي امدادنه کوي اوکه دوي امداد کول غوښتل نووسه پوري يي ولي نه کوو.هغوي ته د پاکستان اوايران يو بل ته جوښتيدل هم ښه نه ښکاري ځکه يي پاکستان ته د بلوچيانومسئله راوچته کړيده چي دوي ايران ته نزدي نه شي اودغي مقصد حاصلولو له پاره يي د خزاني خله باغيانه سوچ لرونکي بلوچيانو ته کولو کړي ده د دغي په بدله کښي دغه بلوچيان په صوبه کښي انتشار خورولو له پاره معصومه خلق وجني .

داخودبيروني ملکونو په بلوچستان کښي حال وو.وس راځوپه صوبه کښي دننه دوفاقي حکومت کارکردګي ته چي دصوبي دےحالت ته راوستو کښي دهغوي څومره لاس دے اوهغه کوم عوامل دي چي حالات يي دے ځائي ته راورسول؟. لکه څنګه چي بره ذکر وشو چي بلوچستان د پاکستان ټولو نه غټۀ صوبه ده اودقدرتي وسائل نه هم ډکه ده اود پاکستان حکومت تري هم ښه فائده وچته وي خود پارليماني نظام حکومت اصولو مطابق هغوي له د دغه وسائلو په بدله کښي دومره نه ورکوي کوم چي د صوبي حق دے او کوم چي ورکوي هغه هم د نيشت برابر دے څو وخت وړاندي په بلوچستان کښي د سرو غرونه راښتلي وو وفاقي حکومت د بلوچ قوم د تپوس نه غير د دغي ټيکه بيروني کمني له په ډير ارزان قيمت ورکړي وي کوم چي د بلوچ عوام سره ډير زياتي دے نو ځکه خود صوبي خلق د وفاقي حکومت نه متنفره دي که وفاقي حکومت بلوچستان ځان سره ساتل غواړي نو صوبي له به وس داوسائلونه زياته حصه ورکوي چي ددوي سره د تيرو شپيتوکالو شوي زياتي ازاله وشي.دے نه علاوه وفاقي حکومت دے په.صوبه کښي دا تعليم شرح زياتولو له پاره کار وکړي اونوي کول له دے نه يواځي په دغه صوبه کښي بلکي وفاق او نورو صوبو کښي هم خپله کوټه ورکړي چي د هغوي مرورتيا ختمه شي. دے سره سره حکومت له پکار دي چي عوام سره خپله رابطه جوړه کړي او ځان داهغوي مسئلونه باخبره ساتي کوم چي دوي ته مخي ته دي هسي نه چي ددوي دغه مسئلي نورخلق خپل مطلب له پاره استعمال کړي لکه څنګه چي وس استعماليږي.که دا کارحکومت وړاندي کړي وي نونن به داصوبي داحال نه وو.

دپاکستان حکومت له پکاردي چي دبلوچيانوپه مسئلو کښي دے د زړه دخلاصه دلچسپي او دهغوي هغه مسئلي دے په وړومبي فرصت کښي حل کړي کومي چي حل کول ضروري دي. ځکه چي دنني اختلافات بيروني قوتونه استعمالوي او په دغه لړ کښي خپل مطلبونه وباسي دے حکومت له پکاردي چي دغه اختلافات زر تر زره ختم کړي اوبلوچيان رونړه دے بيا خپل کړي هسي نه چي دوي په دے کار کښي سستي کوي اواوبه دسرنه واوړي اوبيا لاس مروړي اوڅه کولي نه شي.که داسي وشو نو بيا پاکستان ته موقع ميلاويدل ګران دي چي هغوي دغه صوبه خپله کړي .دا فوج اواپريشن په ځائي دےدامسئله په اتفاق سره په ناسته حل کړي.

دپاکستان سياستدانواوخاص کرد بلوچستان سياسدانان دےددےمسئلي کښي ذاتي دلچسپي واخلي چي دمسئله په آرام سره حل کړي.حکومت به دا مسئله حل کولو کښي ډيراحتياط نه کاراخلي.دے له پاره دے يوه جرګه جوړه کړې شي چي پکښي د بلوچستان نمائندګي ډيره وي سياستدانانواو قبائلي مشرانو سره سره داسي خلق دے هم پکښي راوبلي کوم ته چي بلوچ قوم د عزت په سترګه ګوري.دے نه علاوه په دے جرګه کښي دنورو صوبوسره سره دا وفاق نمائندګي هم ضروري ده.دجرګي غړي که د هر ځائي نه وي اعتباري پکاردي چي.داجرګي خبري اتري بهر ته نه وباسي ځکه چي دے مسئله کښي ډير ملکونه ګوتي وخي اوهغوي به د نه غواړي چي دامسئله دے تر هغي حل شي ترکومي چي د هغوي مطلب نه وي پوره شوي.بل داچي دوي کوم سردارانو سره دا خبري کوي چي وړومبي دوي هغوي اعتماد کښي اغستي وي او قسمي کړي يي وي چي دغه خبرو اترو نه درنه څوک خبر نه شي. دے جرګه کښي به د مهم رول د بلوچ عوام وي او هم دلته به هغوي خپله نماندګي ثابتوي. په جرګه کښي به بلوچ سرداران اومشران ډيرډيمانډونه کوي خوحکومت به ورسره ډير مني اوصرف هغه به نه مني کوم چي ملکي بقا ته نقصان رسوي.سياستدانان که په حکومت کښي دي اوکه په اپوزيشن کښي ،که ددے صوبي دي اوکه د نورو صوبو دي خپلي فائدي اونقصان دے يواړخ ته کيږدي اودبلوچ عوام فائدي خبره دے وکړي چي يوځل بيا بلوچستان خپل کړي اودوي سره تير شوي ذياتو ازاله وشي.

فاټا؟

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Mon, 4 Mar 2013 02:45:00 -0800

احسان الله

يو داسي علاقه چي د پاکستان حکومت يي خپل جا ګير ګنړي خوهغه نماندګي نه ورکوي کوم چي د دے علاقي حق دے په ځائي د دے چي دپاکستان حکومت دا خپله کړي ور سره د ميرنے مور سلوک کوي.لکه څنګه چي د پاکستان ځنے ليډران دا خپلول نه غواړي دغه شان ددي علاقے د ملکانانو او عوام تر مينځه هم يو تضاد موجود دے دَ دواړو طرفو مفادات دَ يوقسم دَترقي په غوښتو کښي تفاوتونه لري.

که دفا ټا په تا ريخ نظر واچولي شي نو دا به معلومه شي چي ددے علاقي مثال د هغي يتيم دے چي د هغه ماشوم توب ډيرپه عذاب کښي تير شوي وي او وس يي بدو ته پام شوي وي او دغه خوا او شاه خلق تري تنګ وي خو څه وائيلي نه شئ او غواړي چي د هغه سره مصلحت وکړي خو وخت پرې تير وي.دوي غواړي چي د په څه رضا کړي خوهغه نه مني.دفا ټا مثال بلکل هم د دغه يتيم دے ځکه چي ټول عمر ورسره د يتيم سلوک شوي دي چا ورته توجه نه دا ورکړي او هر حکمران د خپل مقاصدو له پاره استعمال کړي ده اوهيڅ قسمه سهوليات يي ورله نه دي ورکړي ځکه خو هغوي د مجبوري نه هغه کارونه شروع کړل کوم چي دوي له نه وو پکار خومجبوري انسان ډيرهغه کارونوکولوباندي مجبوره کړي کوم چي هغه کول نه غواړي.د فا ټا د خلقو دغه مجبوري وه چي هغوي ته په خپل کور کلي کښي هغه سهوليات نه وو کوم چي د پاکستان حکومت ذمه واري وه چي دوي له په خپل کورکلي کښي ورله د مزدوري څه اسباب جوړ کړي خپل بنيادي حقوق ورکړي خوحکومت دغه اهمي سيمي ته هيڅ توجه نه د ورکړي او داسي يي هيره کړي چي هډو نوم يي نه اخلي.او دادوي قصداداسي کوي ځکه چي د حکومت په خيال دغي علاقي ته دوي دغه سهوليات ورکړل نو بياکيدي شي چي د دے علاقي خلق او دغه علاقه په دوي کار وو نه لري.

دغه ټولي زړي خبري دي کومي چي مو نږد راروان 60 کالو راسي کوو او واورو خو مني يي څوک نه او نه پري څوک عمل کوي.که څه کوي هغه به دغه قبائل په خپله کوي حالانکه د خوااو شا سيمو خلق د دوي په حق کښي ټول عمر لګيا وو خو چا يي هم نه اوريدل.د افغانستان مسئلي ددي علاقي اهميت ډير زيات سيوا کړو.دغي د پاکستان مشران دے خبري ته مجبوره کړل چي د قبائلي علاقه باره کښي مکمل سوچ پکار دے ګني دا به ددےدلته حالات نور هم خراب کړي.

د تيرو څو ورځو راسي په پاکستان کښي د نوي صوبي جو ړولو خبري کيږي.بعض سياستدانان پکښي داهزاري صوبي جوړولو خبري کوي بعض پکښي دا سرائيکي صوبي خبري کوي او بعض پکښي په سنده کښي د يو نوي صوبي جو ړولوخبري کوي کومي چي عجيبه دي ځکه چي دا هغه مسئلي دي کومي چي چيړل نه دي پکار خو داخبري هغه سياسي پارټي کوي دکوموچي په دغه صوبي جوړولو کښي د خپل مقاصد نه علاوه هيڅ نشته هغوي داخبري صرف دے له پاره کوي چي په متعلقه صوبي کښي خپل ووټ بينک جوړ کړي او بس.د هغوي د سره څه مطلب نشته چي دغه نوي صوبه چي دوي جوړول غواړي دابه څنګه چلوي آيا د پکستان حکومت دومره وسائل لري چي دغه نوي صوبي سپورټ کړي.دغه سياسي پارټي دے خبري ته سوچ ولي نه کوي چي په صوبو کښي صوبي جوړول به پاکستان سالميت ته څومره نقصان رسوي.دغه سياسي پارټو له پکار دي چي په دے خبره سوچ وکړي چي نوي صوبي جوړول خو آسان دي خو چلول يي ګران دي دا وسائل غواړي.په ځائي د دے چي دوي په صوبو کښي صوبي جوړي کړي دوي د هغه ځايونو خبري وکړي کوم ځائي کښي چي صوبي جوړول ضروري دي لکه فاټا.خو سوال دا دي چي دوي د فاټا صوبي جوړولو يا دا په پښتونخوا کښي ضم کولوخبره ولي وکړي؟ ځکه دغه ځائي کښي د دوي له پاره څه خاص اهميت نه لري او که دا دوي له اهميت نه لري نو که بل چادجوند او مرګ سوال هم وي دوي پکښي هيڅ دلچسپي نه لرې.که څه اهميت لرې نو بل چا له پاره به لري.

د پاکستان دے جمهوري حکومت دومره توره وکړه چي ددغي علاقه غير نه يي د غير د ليبل کوز کړو ځکه چي دے کښي د فريرنګي دور تور قانون FCR کښي يي ضروري تراميم وکړل کوم چي ډير نه ووخو دحکومت دغه سيمه خپلولو يوآغاز وکړو. دغي نه پس يي دے علاقي کښي پوليټيکل پارټيز ايکټ عملي کړواو سياسي پارټوته يي دے علاقي ته د دننه کيدو لار جوړه کړه.ډيري مذهبي پارټي وړاندي نه په څه نه څه طريقه دننه شوي دي او په دغه سيمه کښي يي خپل ځائي جوړ کړي د دغي غټه وجه دغه علاقي خلقو مذهب سره ډير جوښتوالي دے.دغه مذهبي پارټو به په څه نه څه طريقه خپلي هلي ځلي کولي خو نورو پارټو ته يي ځائي نه ورکو خو دے ايکټ دغه مسله هم حل کړه او سياسي پارټي خپلي هلي ځلي وس په آسانه دغه سيمه کښي شروع کولي شي.

که د پاکستان سياسي پارټو فا ټا باره کښي سوچ وکړي نو ډيره به ښه وي ځکه چي وس دا مسله حل کول ضروري دي ځکه فاټا وس نه يواځي د پاکستان بلکي دا د ټولي نړي مسئله ده او دا علاقه وس هغوي له پاره د پاکستان نه ډير اهميت لري ځکه چي هغوي دا علاقه خپل مذموم مقاصد له پاره ډيره زياته استعمال کړه خو وس د دے علاقي نه ويره محسوسه وي هغوي هم ددے علاقي مکمل حل غواړي.

په دي وخت کښي د فاټا باره کښي ډيري خبري اتري رواني دي څوک وائي فاټا دے يوه بيله صوبه جوړه کړي شي څوک وائي فاټا دے په پښتونخوا کښي ضم کړي شي. په دے ځقله سرف د عوامي نيشنل پارټي موقف راغلے دے کوم چي نه يواځي ددغي علاقي عوام فائده کښي دے بلکي جمهوريت ته هم نزدے دے هغه وائي چي د دغه ځائے د خلقو خوښه ده هغوي چي هره فيصله وکړه هغه به مونږ ته منظوره ويي. پارټي د دے مسئلي درست حل له پاره يوه جرګه د لطيف آفريدي ايډوکيټ په مشري کښي جوړه کړي چي دفاټا مسئلي درست حل راوباسي د جرګي مشر دا خبره سر ګنده کړي چي دوي به په وړومبي فرصت کښي د دغه علاقي د خلقو يوه جرګه رابلي چي د هغوي موقف معلوم کړي او بيا به دغه موقف وړاندي بوزي. دغي نه پس به د ټولو سياسي پارټو يوه لويه جرګه راغواړي چي هغوي ته د علاقي د خلقو موقف وړاندي کړي.

فاټا باره کښي د عوامي نيشنل پارټي موقف دا دي چي فاټا له بيل تشخص ورکولو او يا په پښتونخوا کښي ضم کولو نه وړاندي دےد دغه خلقو رائے وړومبي معلومه کړي شي چي هغوي څه وائي آيا هغوي په دے صوبه کښي ضم کيدل غواړي که ځان له يو بيل تشخص غواړي.د پارټي ليډر شپ دا راتلونکي اليکشن په لړ کښې يو نوي تجويز هم وړاندي کړي چي تر کومه دغه دري اپشنو باندي غور کيږي تر هغي دے فاټا ته د پښتونخوا اسمبلي کښ حصه ورکړي شي چي ددغه محکومي علاقي عوام ته هم د خپل ځان قدر معلوم شي او د پاکستان حکومت دي دا يو ټيسټ په توګه خپله کړي چي ددي نتيجه څه راوځي.د عوامي نيشنل پارټي دا يو ډير ښه او مثبت او سو چ دے. د پارټي مشران به په دے خبره صدر او وزير اعظم سره خبري اتري کوي خو سوال دا پيدا کيږي چي آيا نوري پارټي د مذهبي نه علاوه به د خبره سپورټ کړي که نه؟ ځکه چي هم هغه زړه خبره چي هغوي به ولي دا خبره سپورټ کوي د هغوي دلته څه خاص مفادات نشته او که شته نو هغه ډير کم دي خو هغوي دا خبره ولي هيروي چي ددے علاقي سياسي مفادات او اهميت څکو هم د نظر نه نشي غورځولي.

وس رازو دے خبري ته چي آيا دپاکستان حکومت به دومره غټ قدم اغستو جوګه دے چي فاټا ته د يوي بيلي صوبي شناخت ورکړي.زما په خيال به د مشکله وي ځکه چي د پاکستان 65 کاله تاريخ باندي نظر واچولي شي نو دا به معلومه شي چي جمهوري حکومت خپل وخت هيڅ کله نه دے مکمل کړي او نه چا دغه وخت مکمل کولو ته پريښودي چي ملکي مسئلي حل کړي.دا وړمبي جمهوري حکومت به وي کوم چي خپل جمهوري وخت پوره کړي نو ځکه يي دومره مسئلي حل کړي او وس يي مخه فاټآ ته شوي خو يو ورسره وخت نشته او بل اپوزيشن پارټي يي نورو مسئلو کښي اغږي نو ځکه يي دَ فاټا مسئلي نه ماتيګي خو بيا هم خپل کو شش کوي چي دا مسئله په صيح توګه د عوامو سوچ مطابق حل کړي.

دا خو د حکومت خبره شوه وس رازودفاټا عوام ته که هغوي ته دفاټا مستقبل فيصله کولو اختيار ورکړي شي نو هغوي به هيڅ کله هم په دے خبره متفق نه شي چي فاټا دے يوه بيله صوبه جوړه کړي شي ځکه چي اووه واړه ايجنسي به دا غواړي چي د صوبي دارالخلافه دے دغه ايجنسي کښي وټاکلي شي نو په دي به د هغوي لانجه رازي اوکه فرض که هغوي په يو اجنسي کښي په دارلخلافه رضا هم شو نو هغوي ته به دغه ايجنسي ته تګ ډير ګران وي چرته چي دارالخلافه جوړه کړي شي ځکه چي که په نقشه کښي ايجنسو ته وکتي شي نو دا به معلومه شي چي ټولي ايجنسي يو بل پسي پرتي دي داسي ايجنسي پکښي نشته چي هغي ته نوري ايجنسو نه راتګ آسان وي فرض که دغه دارلخلافه په خيبر ايجنسي کښي وټاکلي شي نو اورکزئي،کرم اومومند ايجنسو نه خو دے ته تګ آسان دے خو باجوړ، جنوبي او شمالي ته دغي ته تګ ډير ګران دے دغي له پاره به هغه دوه ايجنسي کراس کوي او بيا به چرته خيبر ايجنسي ته رسي کومه چي ګرانه نه بلکي ناممکنه ده.

دريمه د چي که فاټا له دبيلي صوبي شناخت ورکړي شي نو آيا فاټا کښي دومره وسائل شته چي هغه به خپل ځان سپورټ کړي يا با وفاق ته څه ورکړي چي د غي په بدله کښي هغه دوي له څه ورکړي ځکه چي د پارليماني نظام حکومت طريقه کار هم دغه دے چي صوبي به خپل وسائل د ضرورت نه زيات وفاق ته ورکوي او وفاق به د دغي په بدله کښي دغه صوبي له هغه څيز ورکوي کوم چي دغه صوبي کښي کمي وي او زما په خيال فا ټا سره دومره وسائل نشته چي وړومبي پري خپل ضروريات پوره کړي او بيا زياتي وفاق ته ورکړي.

لنډه دا چي د دے مسئلي حل هم دغه کيدے شي چي فاټا دے مکمله د پښتونخوا حصه جوړه کړي شي ځکه چي پښتونخوا دو مره وسائل لري چي ځان سره سراه فاټا هم وساتي . وس هم فاټا مکمل که نه وي نو ډير حده پوري په دے صوبي بوج ده.مثال په توګه فاټا ځوانان دلته تعليم حاصلوي او کاروبار هم دلته کوي کوم چي د دے صوبي نوي کول ته ډيره ګرانه کړي ده او هغوي پوزيشن اغستو سره هم هغه شعبو ته نشي تلي کوم چي د هغوي د ژوند مقصد وي ځکه چي د فاټا ځوانان په دغه پوسټونو په ميرټ وشي او که پاتي شي نو بيا د فاټا په کوټه وشي کومه چي ډيره تشويشناکه خبره ده. دتعليم نه علاوه هم ډير څيزونه داسي دي چي هغي کښي د فاټا خلقو د صوبي ته ډيره مسئله جوړه کړي.

حکومت او سياسي پارټو له پکار دي چي خپل مفادات دے يو اړخ ته کيږدي او په صوبو کښي صوبي جوړولو په ځائي دادے مسئلي درست حل راوباسي چي د دغه سيمي خلقو د پيړو راسي راروانه محرومي ازاله وشي.حکومت دے دغه علاقي نه تعليم يافته کسان را مخکښي کړي چي بے لالچه کارونه وکړي او خپل مستقبل باره کښي درستي فيصلي وکړي او دا علاقه مخ په وړاندي بوځي.

Illaaq Ghair (Strange Land)

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 21 Feb 2013 22:25:00 -0800

Illaaq Ghair (Strange Land)

By Ihsanullah

The word Tribal Area was first used by British which literally mean Qabaili Illaqa. The wording is still used very frequently in every part of the world due to the importance of the area. Interestingly the resident of the tribal area used another wording Ilaqa Ghair for tribal area which literally means alien, foreign or strange land. The terminology used by the residence of the tribal belt or most of the Pashtoons. If the word Illaqa Ghair is thoroughly examine it would be easily to find out that the way the rulers treated the area before and after creation of Pakistan it is the exact wording I think to use for the area in the present context. Under government of Pakistan jurisdiction separate rules and regulation i.e. Frontier Crime Regulation (FCR) is specified for the area which simply means that they treated the area strangely. Pakistan Government is right to their claim that the area is come in their jurisdiction but in practically they do nothing for the area or in the area. Now the question arise that if Pakistan government claims that FATA is in their jurisdiction then why they used separate rules and regulation for it and why they neglect the area? It simply means that they also behave the area strangely. Neither any government nor any leader of Pakistan give proper attention to the area in all respects whether that is economic, political or other developmental areas. They totally ignored the area and their residence till 80s.

British divided the whole tribal belt in four agencies (unsettled area) that includes Khyber, Kurram, North Waziristan, South Waziristan and six Frontier regions (settled areas). After the creation of Pakistan the other three agencies Orakzai, Bajauar and Mohmand were established to make easier the administration. The distribution of the region was made on tribal base in the specific region. They give the name of that particular tribe to that agency. During British rule Tribal area gives a tough resistance to British in their forward policy to conquer the area and enter in Afghanistan. After many attack they couldn't conquer the area which compel the British to sign agreements with tribal chiefs to keep tribal peaceful. In those agreement tribal chief ensure that they would keep the tribal peaceful but in return British would pay allowances to them. British agree but sadly those allowances were not enough to fulfill the all needs of the area. However tribal were happy to get some money because of no other opportunity in the area of earning money. British were also happy by keeping the tribal peaceful by giving a small amount of allowances. Despite those allowances, British deliberately can't take any interests in development of the area and keep the area underdeveloped.

After independence of Pakistan all barbarian treaties of tribal belt with British were abrogated under Indian Independence Act, 1947 but keeps intact the Frontier Crime Regulation. Constitutionally tribal belt became independent and now it was up to the new state, Pakistan to sign fresh agreements with tribal elders in their own way. As like British the new born country Pakistan also used the same tactics by signing treaties with tribal chiefs through their political agents of different agencies in 1947 which declare tribal belt as a part of Pakistan. It was ruled by the central government directly through the Khyber Pakhtun Khawa Governor which was a wrong decision. 1n 1951-52 Governor enhance the structure of those agreements to get greater control and authority in the Tribal belt. Pakistan government took the decision of keeping the tribal belt directly under their jurisdiction from the fear that it might be possible that tribal would join Afghanistan or Khyber Pakhtunkhawa province to make a new independent Pukhtunistan state. That is why central government couldn't make it a separate province or to join it with Khyber Pakhtun Khawa. In the same context Government of Pakistan also kept the area underdeveloped like British from the fear that if they were developed they might aware of their rights which might create problems for them in the near future. Following the foot step of British, Pakistan government gives some sort of special allowances to the tribal chiefs and keeps them silent misery of the area continue. To keep tribal unaware of their rights government couldn't allow the political activities in the area. In this case they also faviour Maliks by giving representation into National Assembly through Electoral College. After independence only one member from FATA can be elected for National Assembly of Pakistan and that member would be nominate by the political agent. Later on the number of tribal members for National Assembly would enhance to 8. The rules of electing those members were also changed. The new rule was called Electoral College. In this rule 35,500 maliks were registered out of which only 8 may be elected. Political agent (the most powerful man in the tribal area) can select the malik of the particular agency for the National Assembly. In 1996, almost 50 years after independence adult franchise (casting of vote right for every citizen) were introduced in FATA. In 2002 through Legal Frame Work Order (LFO) the number of seats fro tribal area was increased to 12. Under article 247 sub-sections 7 of 1973 constitution, Supreme Court of Pakistan are barred from exercising jurisdiction over FATA. The draconian FCR is the supreme law of the FATA which couldn't be challenges any where in Pakistan.

If Pakistan government treated the area in such a rude and strange manner then what can be expect from the innocent tribal? They were regularly depressed in one or other way through out the history which compel the tribal to think negatively. Due to lack of professionalism, lack of industries, lack of education, lack of awareness tribal think for an alternatives profession to earn money. And finally they find an easy way to earn money by helping the foreigners to settle them in the area. This was started in 70s the situation was not good in neighbour Afghanistan. They just give shelter to the foreigners and get lot of money. Those foreigners prepared tribal for war against Russia in Afghanistan and termed it Jihad. Tribal also carried the arms from Pakistan to Afghanistan through mules and donkeys which also became a good source of income for them. In this way it became a very useful business for them. In short for earning money they were used to fight war in Afghanistan as Mujahideens. Later on they were declared terrorist, they turn against those who used them and the result is in their hands.

In short we can say that FATA is the most misunderstood land of the world. Neither Pakistan government nor any other country of the world tries to think about the fact that what is the problem with the tribal area? If Pakistan government and international community want to get rid of the violence in the tribal area they should take some sort of bold steps. They first indulge the tribal in some useful activities which not only give them a profession for earning money and kept them busy. This would save their time and they couldn't waste their times in thinking about wasteful activities. Their salary should be high because if they give the small amount of money they would think for another source of money and defiantly that source would be Talibans (foreigner’s agents). According to Crisis Group Report of October 2009, 'The Taliban’s rank and file reportedly receive a monthly salary of rupees (Rs.) 15,000 (almost $190), much more than many other occupations – including the tribal levies who earn a monthly salary of Rs. 3,500 (roughly $43).'

Secondly government should strict the immigration rules with Afghanistan. This could restrict the militants to the place where he is. In this way militant couldn't move freely in both Pakistan and Afghanistan.

Thirdly government should think properly to give a separate provincial status to tribal area. It might be two provinces due to its large area or government should add some adjacent area to Khyber Pakhtunkhawa in it and the other give a separate status. Avoid the addition of FATA totally in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa because it might create problems in administration.

Fourthly if international community wants to help Pakistan in handling FATA problem they should give opportunity to young educated tribal in their own countries.

Many other reforms may also be brought in FATA to handle the problem of violence in FATA. Most importantly Pakistan government should give time because it will take years to bring peace in the Pukhtoon region otherwise the plane may be destroyed and it will cost much more than the present destructions.

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Thu, 21 Feb 2013 22:24:00 -0800

Educational Philosphy of Baacha Khan

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Fri, 8 Feb 2013 01:41:00 -0800

Educational Philosphy of Baacha Khan

Ihsanullah

Pakhtuns were ruled indirectly by Mughals, Sikh and British. Usually invaders found prominent people with in pakhtuns and ruled through them. Most of the invaders tries to impose themselves over pkahtuns but can’t succeed. Of all those British was the wise one. They subjugate pakhtuns through Sikhs and ruled them indirectly. Fear from pakhtuns abilities, British planed to destroy them in every field of life particularly in education.

After capturing most of the Indian Sub-continent territory, British starts struggle for spreading Christianity. They introduced missionary activities. Through those missionary activities British aimed conversion of pakhtuns to Christianity to defend themselves in Indian Sub-continent. For that dirty purpose British used the sacred profession of doctors and teachers. They establish missionary hospitals and schools in different parts of the region. They penalized people like Dr. Penal, Dr. Edward Herbert, Dr. Clark and Dr. Pander for those missionary activities. These people used their professions for missionary activities. Herbert Edward (first British Commissioner of Peshawar) opens Edward Mission School at Peshawar in 1853. Sir Robert Croft was appointed its first Principal. Initially it was a primary school but later on given the status of Higher Secondary and then the famous Edward College.

To stop such activities some one has to come forward for the rescue of Islam and revival of pakhtuns. In such a critical situation a man with charismatic qualities appear on the hopeless scenario of the region and give a hope to the society. That man was Haji Abdul Wahid popularly known as Haji Sahib of Turangzai. He felt that both Sikhs and British want to destroy pakhtuns socially and economically. Pakhtuns were indulged in un-Islamic activities which disturb their social life. To get rid of those un-Islamic activities, Haji Sahib starts a movement for the reformation of pakhtun society. During that movement he felt that for the success of this movement it is important to impart religious education in the innocent masses. For this purpose he opens a chain of Madaris (religious schools) through out the region to counteract missionary schools. Haji Sahib couldn’t establish those madaris himself but common pakhtuns established those madaris with their own funds and Haji Sahib only manages those madaris. The number of those madaris is ambiguous. The British record suggested it as 34 but other sources place them 72, 120 and 150 respectively. Haji Sahib himself inspects the schools every month. The system was going very well which annoyed the British. And they open a war against him and his schools. He was arrested in 1910 and sent to Jail. This forced him to leave the settled area and migrated to Mohmand Agency where he lived till his death (1937).

Migration of Haji Sahib disturbs his educational plane. Though his disciples reopen those schools but couldn’t maintain the discipline. It was near that the whole system might flop. In the meantime an admirer of Haji Sahib came forward and took the responsibility of educating pakhtuns. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was the name of that person and world knows him as Baacha Khan. He was a landlord but knows exactly that what pakhtuns would needed? He was a part of Haji Sahib social reforms movement but greatly impressed by his educational plane. In attachment with that educational plane, Baacha Khan and Maulvi Abdul Aziz open a madrasa-cum-school in 1910 at Utmanzai. The mullahs opposed the plane by declaring it as a missionary school but they have no real alternative. They oppose Baacha Khan and his colleagues on different occasion.

After establishing that school at Utmanzai, Baacha Khan indulged in family matters which disturb his educational plane. His busyness continued till 1920. During that spare of time, Baacha Khan visited the whole region frequently. In his visit he noted ignorance and illiteracy among pakhtuns. From those experiences he concluded that for the revival of pakhtun society a revolution is needed. And revolution needs leaders and scholars. Indeed education is prerequisite for producing such type of leaders and scholars. To educate pakhtuns, Baacha Khan kept the foundation of Azad Islamia School in 1921 at Utmanzai. Maqsud Jan Khan of Bannu became the first headmaster of that Azad School at Utmanzai. His elder brother Amir Mumtaz Khan joins the school as a teacher. Both these brother left Islamia College Peshawar during Khilafat movement studying in B.A. They were gifted by his father Amir Mukhtar Khan to the Azad School of Baacha Khan. When Maqsod Jan left the school to continue his education, his elder brother Amir Mumtaz Khan became the headmaster of this school. Lack of teaching staff compels Bacha Khan to teach himself in the school. His both sons Khan Abdul Ghani Khan and Khan Abdul Wali Khan were among the first students of that school.

The idea of Azad School became so popular among pakhtuns which is a pleasing moment for the founder but that shocked the British. They weren’t interested in the uplift of the pakhtuns. To stop Baacha Khan from such activities they used different tactics. They humiliate Khan Teachers, by giving greed of enough salary and offer them better posts in Govt. schools but can’t succeed to defame Khan’s educational plane. In 1921 they arrested Baacha Khan under 40 FCR when he was busy in making a football ground for school children and sentenced three years imprisonment. His imprisonment works in favour of schools and in no times the number of school branches raises rapidly. Most of those branches were open in Charsaddah, Mardan, Swabi and Nowshehra tehsils.

Azad Schools was affiliated with Jamia Millia, Delhi, on December 1, 1923. Jamia Millia conducts its examinations and a number of students after passing matriculation in Azad Schools joined Jamia Millia for further education. The schools mainly followed the Jamia syllabus with necessary modification required by the local environment. Pashto was adopted as medium of instruction but certain subjects were thoughts in English. The curriculum also included teaching of the Holy Quran, Hadith, Fiqah, Arabic language and Islamic history to impart religious education in the Pakhtuns.

Successful experience of Azad Schools boosts Baacha Khan Confidence. He starts thinking about the establishment of a society for the reformation of pakhtuns. In 1921 he established the society with the name of ‘Anjuman-e-Islah Afaghina’ (Society for the reformation of Afghans). The society aimed to encourage the economic, social and educational uplift of pakhtuns. He stressed upon the pakhtuns to take on professions for earning money despite using their valid time in useless activities. To set an example, Baacha Khan himself open a shop at Gur Mandi (sugar cane market) and start working by himself in his own fields. The establishment of this association also aimed that it would take the responsibility of supervision of Azad schools chain and work for the opening of other schools.

During his tours he observed that Pakhtuns were not even conscious that Pashto was their language, and wherever they went, they adopt the local language and forget their mother tongue. They don’t teach their language to others and did not care to read and write in Pashto. For propagation of Pashto language, Baacha Khan started ‘Pakhtun’ journal in May 1928. He was the editor of the journal. Yearly subscription of the journal was Rs. 4 rupees. To attract the attention of the students, its yearly subscription was reduced to two and half rupees. Journal is of medium size having forty pages. Initially the journal was published in Rawalpidi, then in Amritser and finally at Peshawar. The journal contained well written articles on different subjects like politics, Pashto literature, Pashto poetry, Islamic history, gender issues, Indian affairs, social problems of pakhtun society, Afghan affairs and etc. In no time Pakhtun journal became a mouth piece of the pakhtuns. People not only in pakhtunkhawa but abroad also demanded for the journal. Its circulation was reached from 500 to 3000 which show how famous is this journal among pakhtuns. The main reason of its famousness was that there is no Pashto journal in the region till 1928. Other reason was its topics which mostly cover all fields of the region.

British were first feared from the Azad Schools and then from Pakhtun magazine of Baacha Khan. That’s why he was continuously involved in one or other matter and banned the journal. After release Baacha Khan starts republishing that magazine. This was even continued after the creation Pakistan but they all don’t shake Baacha Khan from his educational plane. He continued his struggle of educating Pakhtun till his death. His mission was carried on by his disciples even after his death.

In 2007 Baacha Khan Trust (BKT) reorganizes chains of Baacha Khan Azad Schools under Baacha Khan Trust Education Foundation (BKTEF) label. Muhammad Raza was appointed its Managing Director. He works hard for its propagation and in no time he spread a chain of those schools through out Pakhtunkhawa and FATA. Round about 14 branches were open. Among those Mathra Branch is the pioneer which was opened on 1^st September 2007 at a place donated by Muhammad Hashim Babar, former Awami National Party leader. This was followed 13 more branches which were open in different parts of the region. Among those 2 branches were open in Peshawar, (Mathra and Nautia), Malakand (Totakan and Dargai) and Karak District. A branch in Charsadda, Mardan, Swabi, Dir upper, Landi Kotal, Chitral, Thal and Kohat were also opened later on.

BKTEF was under supervision of board of directors which comprise 11 members. Presently Dr. Khadim Hussain is working as its Managing Director. With promotion of primary education BKTEF also working for Youth leadership and Culture Development. Beside this it also worked in civil society and environmental projects as well. BKTEF follow Oxford syllabus with necessary modification according to the environment. The schools mainly focused on development of Pashto in addition with I.T and religious knowledge. Medium of instruction is Pashto and English. BKTEF used to give free of cost education. Foundations provide books, uniforms free of cost and its fee structure is nominal.

Establishment of BKTEF is a great achievement of BKT. The system not only educates pakhtuns but it also promotes Non-violence philosophy of Baacha Khan. In current context Pakhtuns need this philosophy badly to shake off the label of violent and terrorist. BKTEF play its part by promoting primary education and other projects like community development and youth leadership. Beside these projects foundation should start a project focusing non-violence philosophy and find specialists in this field to deliver lectures on it and aware masses of its importance.

The foundation achieves their goals but needs more improvement. Foundation can improve it further if they follow the disciplines of Baacha Khan for which he struggle in his entire life. Those disciplines are to live simply, be punctual, trust worthy, avoid useless activities and work hard. If they follow these very principles then a time wills come when this system wills rules over all other education system that was followed in the region.

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Jan 2013 00:50:00 -0800

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Ihsanullah

1889/90: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was born in the house of Behram Khan at Utmanzai, Charsaada.

1896: He was admitted in village mosque.

1898: Admitted in Municipal Board High School Peshawar.

1901: Admitted in Edward Mission High School, Kohati Gate Peshawar.

1906: Refused Commission Guides- the most prestigious army corps in the royal British defence.

1908: Joined the Islamic School at Aligarh.

1909: Decided against studying in England.

1910: Open a school with the assistance of Maulvi Abdul Aziz at his hometown Utmanzai.

1911: Joined the reform movement of Haji Sahib of Turangzai.

1912: Married to Meharqanda, daughter of Yar Muhammad Khan of Rajar.

1913: His first son Abdul Ghani was born.

1913: Attended a meeting of Muslim League in Agra.

1914: On the invitation of Sheikh Mahmud-ul-Hasan went to Deoband with Maulvi Fazal Rabi and Maulvi Fazal Mahmud Makhfi.

1914: Went to Bajaur to perform Chilla (Meditation in Seclusion).

1915: The British authorities banned his mission of opening mosque schools.

1915: In December his second son Abdul Wali Khan was born.

1918: His first wife died in an epidemic.

1919: Started his political career with protest against Rowalt Act.

1919: Arrested on charges of sedition. Released on the surety of Rs.30, 000/.

1919: Married for the second time with “Nambata”, cousin of his first wife and daughter of Sultan Muhammad Khan.

1920: Went to Delhi to attend the Khilafat Conference.

1920: Migrated to Kabul in Hijrat Movement.

1920: Provincial Khilafat Committee was reconstituted and Abdul Gaffar Khan was appointed as its president.

1920: Collected funds in Frontier Province for the Khilafat cause. The fund should be reserved for running the educational institutions in the province that has been closed in 1915 by the Government.

1921: Baacha Khan kept the foundation of Azad Islamia School in 1921 at Utmanzai.

1921: He founded the “Anjuman-i-Islah-ul-Afghania” (Society for the reform of the Afghans).

1921: From his second wife a daughter named Mehar Taja was born on 25^th May, 1921.

1921: He was arrested on 17^th December and sentenced three years rigorous imprisonment under 40 F.C.R (Frontier Crime Regulation). The charges registered against him were that he took active part in Hijrat movement and the return setup of Azad School.

1921: Refused the Govt. offer in jail brought by his elder brother, Dr. Khan Sahib and some other prominent Pakhtun leaders. The government offers that he was free to open the Azad schools but should stop the country side visits, he would be release.

1922: When he was in Jail his third son Abdul Ali Khan (the educationalist) was born from his second wife on 20^th August 1922 (Died on 19^th February 1997).

1923: His mother died when he was in Dera Ghazi Khan Jail.

1923: His elder brother Dr. Khan Sahib got his doctorate from Saint Thomas Hospital, London.

1924: He was release from Jail.

1924: On release from Jail, a Jirga at Utmanzai give him the title “Fakhr-e-Afghan” (Pride of Afghans).

1924: He visited extensively the whole Frontier Province to see the Azad schools run by the Khudai Khidmatgars.

1926: He went to Calcutta to attend the annual meeting of All Indian National Congress.

1926: His father Behram Khan was died.

1926: Went to Mecca to perform Hajj with his second wife and elder sister.

1926: After performing Hajj, he with his wife visit to different places in Saudi Arabia, Palestine and etc. During his visit in Palestine his wife was died in Baith-ul-Muqaddas.

1928: After return from Hajj in May 1928, he starts the publication of monthly journal “Pukhtoon” in Pashto language.

1928: He established a group of young people by the name of “Jawan-e-Subah Sarhad” (Youth league of Frontier Province). This league was later on changed into the famous movement “Khudai Khidmatgar” (Servants of God).

1928: Went to Calcutta with his colleagues to attend the Khilafat Conference. In Calcutta he met with Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Dr. Muhammad Iqbal and Ali brothers to discuss the Frontier and Afghanistan situation.

1928: On 11^th November he was appointed as vice president of Frontier Provincial committee.

1929: He went to Lahore to attend the annual meeting of the congress, which demanded for the complete freedom of India.

1929: He went to Lucknow to attend the Congress meeting. He met Ghandi and Nehru for the first time.

1929: He celebrated the victory of Kabul by Nadir Khan over Bacha-i-Saqao in Hashtnagar along Khudai Khidmatgars.

1929: He visited India to mobilize the support for the Pakhtun stands over the Afghanistan issue.

1929: He reorganized the formal “Jawan-e-Subah Sarhad” (Youth league of Frontier Province) “Khudai Khidmatgar” (Servants of God). It was a social reform organization. With the passage of time harsh attitude of British turn it into political organization.

1929: He resigned from the president ship of Khilafat Committee because the body became anti-Congress.

1929: On 18^th and 19^th April the first official meeting of Khudai Khidmatgar was convened at Utmanzai. About 200 red shirts attend the meeting.

1929: In September, he founded the political wing of Khudai Khidmatgar “Zalmo Jirga” (Youth league). Later on it was called the “Afghan Jirga” (Afghan league).

1930: On April 23^rd Abdul Gaffar Khan addressed a mass meeting at Utmanzai exhorting people to participate in civil disobedience movement.

1930: In April, “Pakhtoon” Magazine was banned.

1930: On 23^rd April Baacha Khan was arrested at Nahqi under F.C.R (Frontier Crime Regulation) and imprisoned for three years with his colleagues.

1930: In response of Baacha Khan arrest, massacre of Kissa Khwani Bazaar take place on 23^rd April.

1930: On 2^nd May, the people of Frontier strike against the Government.

1930: On May 13^th the army besieged Utmanzai to force the people to leave the Khudadi Khidmatgar movement.

1930: On 28^th May, massacre of Takkar take place.

1930: During imprisonment Bacha Khan promised that he and his Khudai Khidmatgars join the Congress if they can help them in their release from Jail.

1931: After one year imprisonment Bacha Kahn released with other Khudai Khidmatgars form Dera Gahzi Khan Jail under Ghandi-Irwin Pact.

1931: In March he went to Karachi with 100 Khudai Khidmatgars to attend the Congress meeting in which he was invited formally for the first time.

1931: In April Bacha Khan went to Delhi to attend the Congress session.

1931: On 9^th June Bacha Khan proceed with Ghandi to Bombay to attend the Working committee meeting.

1931: In July Devdas Ghandi, Mahatma Ghandi son reached to Peshawar to study the frontier situation carefully. He stayed with Bacha Khan at his home town Utmanzai.

1931: To limit the influence of Khudai Khidmatgar movement Govt. start the Khaksar movement. Inayatullah Mashriqi, head master of Govt. high school Peshawar was appointed its first president.

1931: On 30^th July Chief Commissioner of frontier Province Sir Stuart Pears interviewed Bacha Khan.

1931: On 13^th August Bacha Khan went to Bombay to attend the All Indian National Congress meeting. It was decided that a new committee was open in the province by the name of Frontier Congress Committee or Frontier Province Jirga.

1931: On 25^th August Bacha Khan went with Ghandi and Nehru to Simla for meeting with Viceroy.

1931: His movement was banned and arrested on 24^th December from his home town Utmanzai and awarded three years rigorous imprisonment.

1934: On 17^th August Baacha Khan undertook one week fast in sympathy with Ghandi fast.

1934: On 27^th August Baacha Khan was released after three year imprisonment but his entry in Punjab and Frontier Province was still banned.

1934: On 30^th September Baacha Khan addressed in a public meeting at Calcutta on the Hindu Muslim unity.

1934: In Bombay he addressed a meeting which was classified as seditious. Due to that addressed he was rearrested on 7^th December from Wardah, United Province.

1936: In August he was released but his entry in the N.W.F.P and Punjab was still banned. He went again to Wardah and stayed there with Ghandi.

1937: In February general election 1937 result was declared in which Congress cum Khudai Khidmatgar secure 19 seats win out of 50 seats.

1937: In March Baacha Khan with Ghandi proceed to Delhi to attend the All Indian National Congress Committee meeting.

1937: The bane on Baacha Khan entry in Frontier and Punjab was lifted on 26^th August.

1937: Baacha Khan left for Frontier on 15^th October after 6 years exile. He was received by Wali Khan in Utmanzai.

1937: After return to the Frontier, Baacha Khan set out an extensive tour of the N.W.F.P and Baluchistan to reorganize Khudai Khidmatgar movement.

1938: On 1^st May Ghandi reached to Frontier Province on his 8 days visit.

1938: Baacha Khan and Ghandi left for Calcutta to attend the Congress working committee meeting.

1938: Ghandi setout his second visit of one month to Frontier Province.

1938: Pukhtoon magazine was restarted.

1940: Baacha Khan left for Ramgarh, Bihar in March to attend the annual session of All Indian National Congress.

1940: Baacha Khan attends Congress Working Committee meeting in October. Full confidence was shown by the member on him for leading the civil obedience movement in N.W.F.P.

1941: On 23^rd December Baacha Khan went to Bardoli to attend the working committee meeting.

1941: Baacha Khan arranged the training camps for Khudai Khidmatgars throughout the Frontier Province.

1942: Baacha Khan and Ghandi both resign from all Indian National Congress and its working committee regarding its cooperation with Government in World War II.

1942: In July Baacha Khan established “Markaz-i-Ala-i-Khudai Khidmatgaran” (Main office of Khudai Khidmatgars) at Sardaryab, 14 miles away from Peshawar.

1942: On 27^th October, Baacha Khan was arrested with 50 Khudai Khidmatgars when he was delivering a speech in Mirwaiz Dheri, Mardan during Quite India Movement. Baacha Khan was beat by the police. His two ribs were broken arrested and send to Haripur Jail for two years.

1945: On 14^th March Dr. Khan Sahib accepts Lord Cunningham invitation to form Congress ministry in Frontier Province.

1945: On 17^th March Baacha Khan and all other political leaders were released under general amnesty announced by Lord Wavell, Viceroy of India.

1945: Both Baacha Khan and Ghandi rejoin Congress and its Working Committee again in Bombay.

1945: On 25^th June Baacha Khan and Dr. Khan Sahib attend Wavell Conference at Simla as a Congress representative.

1946: Baacha Khan was elected as a member of Central Legislative Assembly of India.

1946: In September Baacha Khan left for Delhi to discussed matters related to interim Govt. with Ghandi.

1947: On 22^nd April Baacha Khan addressed the first Asian relation Conference.

1947: In May “Zalmai Pakhtun” (Young Pakhtun) was established by Baacha Khan under his own guidance headed by his elder son Ghani Khan (Liwany pholsophy).

1947: On 21^st June “Pakhtunistan” demand was raised in “Bannu Resolution”.

1947: Baacha Khan attends a meeting with Ghandi, Mountbatten and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Congress entrusted the task of referendum in N.W.F.P to Baacha Khan but he boycotted from referendum.

1947: On 22^nd August, after the creation of Pakistan, Dr. Khan Ministry was illegally replaced with Qayum Khan.

1948: In early month Baacha Khan went to Karachi to attend the session of first constitution Assembly of Pakistan.

1948: On 23^rd February Baacha Khan took the oath of allegiance to Pakistan.

1948: On 5^th March Baacha Khan addressed to the first legislative Assembly of Pakistan in Urdu.

1948: In March Baacha Khan formed a political party “Jamiat-ul-Awam” in collaboration of G.M Sayed, Abdul Majeed Sindhi, Sheikh Hishamuddin and Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai. Baacha Khan was unanimously nominated as party president.

1948: In mid April Muhammad Ali Jinnah visit NWFP. Baacha Khan welcomes him in frontier.

1948: On 13^th May Baacha Khan announced that his movement of Khudai Khidmatgar would extend to all Provinces of Pakistan. His Khudai Khidmatgar movement would serve as a volunteer corps to Jamiat-ul-Awam, recently established by him.

1948: In May Baacha Khan returned to NWFP and starts his visit throughout the Province to wake up the masses against the Government.

1948: After ending the northern districts tour Baacha Khan was planning to start his visit in southern district. Before starting his tour he was arrested on 15^th June and imprisoned him for three years.

1948: On 12^th August Babara incident take place. During that time Baacha Khan was in Jail.

1948: In mid September NWFP Government declare Khudai Khidmatgar movement unlawful and their center at Sardaryab was destroyed.

1950: In June his three years imprisonment was expired but his imprisonment was extended for six months many times under Bengal regulation 1818.

1952: In February his colleague and best friend, the former education minister in Dr. Khan ministry, Qazi Attaullah was died in Jail.

1952: In April Baacha Khan went through a serious operation in Mayo Hospital Lahore.

1954: In January Baaha Khan and imprisoned Khudai Khdamatgarans were released, but he was confined to Rawalpindi Circuit house.

1954: In March Baacha Khan was permitted to attend Bengal session of the Pakistan parliament. He addressed to the parliament in Urdu in which he explain the causes on the base of which he was imprisoned.

1954: In September Baacha Khan opposed One-Unit system. On the issue of One-Unit he was disagree with his elder brother Dr. Khan Sahib, Chief Minister of western Unit of Pakistan.

1955: In July the Govt. lift bane on the entry of Baacha Khan in Frontier.

1955: On 16^th September Baacha Khan ended his frontier tour and then started his campaign in Baluchistan invited by Abdus Samad Khan Achakzai.

1955: He was arrested in a way to Baluchistan in September with two other companions and send to Mach Jail but release on 26^th September.

1956: On 16^th June Baacha Khan and Abdus Samad Khan Achakzai were rearrested at Shahi Bagh, Peshawar and Quetta respectively. Baacha Khan was alleged to the safety and territorial integrity of Pakistan, while abdus Samad Khan was arrested under public safety Act.

1956: On 6^th September Baacha Khan trail was opened in Lahore High Court of under Justice Shabir Ahmad.

1956: On September 6^th Baacha Khan submitted a 19 pages written statement to the court in which he writes about his all career.

1957: On 24^th January the court give him rigorous punishment and to pay rupees 14,000/-. Baacha Khan refused and his property was confiscated.

1957: Baacha Khan was released.

1957: On 27^th January Baacha Khan joined Pakistan National Party, merger of six opposition parties.

1957: The Chief Minister of West Pakistan, Dr. Khan Sahib was dismissed on 7^th July.

1957: In July Baacha Khan, G.M. Sayed and Mian Iftikharuddin formed National Awami Party.

1958: Baacha Khan published a pamphlet titled Pukhtanu au One-Unit (Pakhtun and One-Unit) against One-Unit scheme in West Pakistan.

1958: On 13^th September Baacha Khan was arrested at Quetta for defying the district magistrate order of banning Baacha Khan entry in Baluchistan. He was arrested in Quetta taken to Peshawar and release there.

1958: On 11^th October Baacha Khan with eight prominent leaders of East Pakistan was arrested under Pakistan Safety Act. Abdus Samad Khan Achakzai was also arrested and sentenced fourteen years rigorous imprisonment.

1959: On 4^th April Baacha Khan was released. He started tour of frontier Province. Baacha Khan and all other politician disqualified from elective body until 1966 under EBDO (Elective bodies disqualification order).

1961: On 12^th April Baacha Khan was arrested from D.I. Khan on his tour of southern side of Frontier Province under maintenance of Public Order Ordinance.

1962: Amnesty International, a non political organization declared him “Prisoner of the year”.

1962: In December Amnesty International demanded for the release of Baacha Khan because government extended his imprisonment period for every six months.

1964: On 30^th January Baacha Khan was released from Haripur Jail when his health was deteriorated alarmingly.

1964: On 27^th May Jawahir Lal Nehru was died. Baacha Khan send deeply grieved telegram to his daughter.

1964: In September Baacha Khan was allowed by the Government to go to Great Britain for treatment. In London he met with Mr. Oleof Careo, the former governor general of NWFP.

1964: On 12^th December Baacha Khan went to Afghanistan from United Kingdom.

1965: Baacha Khan attends the inauguration ceremony of ‘Pakhtunistan day’ on 31^st August in Pakhtoonistan square at Kabul.

1969: In May, the Indian awarded Baacha Khan with “Nehru peace award for 1969” for promotion international goodwill and understanding.

1969: In June, the Indian Prime Minister Mrs. Indra Gandhi visited Kabul where she met with Baacha Khan and presented him a copy of Holy Quran and some Indian Khadi (kadhar) cloths.

1969: Baacha Khan went to India via Berut (Lebnan) in September from Kabul.

1970: In February Baacha Khan came back to Afghanistan from India.

1972: On 24 December Baacha Khan was brought back to Pakistan after eight years exile by a Jirga. The Jirga comprised Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Muhammad Afzal Khan, Maulana gul Badshah and Maulana Abdul Bari.

1975: On 2^nd April a case was registered against Baacha Khan and he was detained on 13^th April sent to Khanpur rest house.

1976: On 27^th August Baacha Khan was released.

1977: On 1^st October general Zia-ul-Haq met with Baacha Khan on his tour to Peshawar.

1978: On 2^nd March Baacha Khan left Pakistan for Afghanistan to compose his autobiography in Pushto “Zama Zhwand aau Jadd-o-Juhad” (My life and struggle).

1980: On 26^th March Baacha Khan left Kabul for India for his medical check up.

1980: On July 18^th Baacha Khan return to Kabul from India.

1980: On 31^st August Baacha Khan left Kabul for USSR for his treatment.

1980: On 11^th October Baacha Khan return to Kabul.

1981: On 13^th February Baacha Khan fell ill.

1981: On 19^th August Baacha Khan was called by Afghan President Babrak Karmal to discuss different matters.

1981: On 6^th November left Kabul for India.

1982: Returned to Kabul from India on 1^st January.

1982: On 3rd March Baacha Khan got injuries when he fell down from his bed in his room at Jalalabad, admitted in Hospital at Kabul.

1982: On 28^th April Baacha Khan returned to Pakistan.

1983: Started a campaign against the proposed construction of Kalabagh Dam.

1983: Baacha Khan visit throughout the Frontier Province to mobilize the public opinion against the Government in the regarding construction of Kalabagh Dam.

1984: Baacha Khan was kept under house arrest due to his anti-Kalabagh Dam opinion.

1984: On 1^st April Baacha Khan went to Kabul for Medical treatment.

1984: On may 6^th Baacha Khan return to Pakistan from Kabul.

1984: On 19^th July Baacha Khan left for Kabul accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. Wali Khan and Muhammad Azam Khan of Mardan.

1984: On 29^th September Baacha Khan returned to Pakistan.

1985: All Indian National Congress invite Baacha Khan for the centenary celebration. Baacha Khan left Peshawar for India on 26^th December accompanied by Wali Khan and his grandson Zulfiqar Ali Khan.

1986: On 4^th January Baacha Khan returned to Peshawar.

1986: Baacha Khan addressed for the last time in Pakhtoonkhuwa on 19^th April in World Pushto Conference.

1987: In May Baacha Khan fell ill seriously and admitted in the Lady reading Hospital Peshawar.

1987: On 4^th June due to paralytic attack Baacha Khan was transferred to All India Medical Institute of Medical Science by the invitation of Indian government. Baacha Khan stayed there up to August 16^th.

1987: In India Baacha Khan was awarded by greatest Indian Award “Baharat Raten”.

1987: Baacha Khan was brought back to Pakistan in August and admitted in Lady Reading Hospital for treatment.

1988: From August to 20th January Baacha Khan was remained in Coma. He breathed his last on 20^th January at 6:35 A.M.

1988: His Namaz-i-Janaza was held on Thursday 21^st January at 3:00 PM at Jinnah Park Peshawar.

1988: On 22^nd January Baacha Khan was buried at Jalalabad in his own house according to his will.

Bibliography

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Zama Jwand aw Jadujuhad, Peshawar, Baacha Khan Research Centre, 2012.
Asma Begum, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan as a Social Reformer, M.A Thesis submitted to Pakistan Study Centre, University of Peshawar.
Farid Ahmed, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, A Profile, M.A Thesis submitted to Pakistan Study Centre, University of Peshawar.
Eknath Eswaran, Badshah Khan, A Man to match his Mountain, New Delhi, Penguin Books Limited, 1999.
D.G. Tendulkar, Faith is a Battle, Bombay, Gandhi Peace Foundation, 1967.
Rai Bahadur Diwan Chand, The Evolution of North West Frontier Province, Peshawar, Saeed Book Bank.
Farigh Bukhari, Tehreek-e-Azadi aur Baacha Khan, Fiction House, 1991.

Peace Situation in Pakhtoon’s Region Causes and Remedies

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Jan 2013 00:42:00 -0800

Peace Situation in Pakhtoon’s Region

Causes and Remedies

Ihsanullah

Peace is a word which is used very often in daily life particularly during violent situation. Though the word is used commonly and look like an easy word but it is very difficult to define it in a sentence. Generally the word peace is used for friendship, harmony, pacification, and neutrality etc. But actually it isn’t enough to describe the nature of peace and peacemakers. Any attempt to articulate the nature of peace and peacemaking required that it must address those conditions which are favorable to their emergence. Freedom, human rights, and justice are among such prerequisites. It also includes some proactive strategies such as conflict resolution, nonviolent action, community building, and democratization of authority.

Peace is one of the integral parts of human life. If any human being lacks this factor it would be very difficult for him to keep his aliveness in this universe. Same is the case in the society that without its existence, it is very difficult to keep the society alive. The peacefulness in the society depends on human internal satisfaction or simply their internal peace which dependent on different external factors like education, economic support, safety to their lives, profession and rights etc. If a person is satisfied with these external factors he/she would mainly be satisfied internally which may be resultant into a peaceful society. If any society lacks these factors, it disturbs the human internal satisfaction which leads into violence that disturbs peace. As Dalai Lama state that; ‘we can never bring peace in the outer world until we make peace with our selves.’ In the same manner Buddha stated that; ‘Peace comes from within. Do not seek it without.’
It simply means that if an individual is satisfied internally, then it is possible that society may also remain peaceful.

The human race faced the greatest ever challenge which is still existed, to live freely in this world without facing any threat of violence. Violence is not only existed during war but it also exists every where, in schools, home or society etc. swhere there is injustice, there is conflict as Albert Einstein stated that; ‘ Peace is not merely the absence of war but the presence of justice, of law, of order--in short, of government.’ Violent situation in the presence of all these injustice and evils etc in the society is too dangerous as compare to environment in which all these elements are absent.

Causes which led to violent situation in Pakhtoon’s Region

Every conflict has lots of root causes which play a leading role in creating that conflict. If these causes are not find out then it is very difficult to stop the conflict from spreading. The ongoing violent situation in pakhtoon region of Pakistan is one of the main conflicts. Though the conflict arose in recent past but it has some root causes since five or six centuries which also played important role in creating that violent situation which adversely affected the entire pakhtoon region. To get them out of this huge conflict it is important to find out the root causes that lead to the present violent situation. Though there are many causes but we have to discussed few of them which were the root causes. Those are as below:

• Strategic Importance of the Region

Strategically pakhtoon region is of great importance. It lies in the way from central and west Asian to the South Asian sub-continent, through various passes, especially the world famous Khyber Pass which led Central Asia and Afghanistan to India. Its border touches to those of China, the USSR, the disputed territory of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in the north, and Afghanistan to the West, all along from the Pamirs to rugged terrain of South Waziristan. To its South-east is the Punjab province, and to its south-west the Sindh province. Above all the world three famous passes Khyber, Gomal and Tochi are more important and renowned ones. Most of the invaders like Aryans, Hindus, Buddhists, Tartars, Mongols, Turks, Mughals, Iranian and Afghans entered into India to capture the empires of Delhi. Beside those, Europeans (Portuguese, Dutch and British) came India with the same wish to colonize India using sea routs. Though they used different routs but the aim was same to expand their empire to Central Asian states. The other purpose was to secure their borders from Russian invasion. For this they continued their invasion over pakhtoon region to enter Afghanistan but couldn’t succeed. They were restricted to pakhtoon region of India for a long time but succeeded due to their modern war equipment. They entered Afghanistan and remained there for long time but finally came out with a treaty with Afghanistan to protect their borders from Russian aggression. In 1893 a border treaty was signed between British and Afghan King Amir Abdur Rehman popularly known as Durand Line. Durand line marked boundary between Afghanistan and Indian Sub-continent.
This strategic position of pakhtoon region gives a clear edge over other areas not only before independence 1947 but after independence as well. But, continuous invasions affected the residence adversely. After independence pakhtoons expected some sort of relief from the new rulers but their strategy remained same as like British before independence that compelled pakhtoons for starting insurgency against the government. In this way the peaceful environment of the region is disturbed.

• Deprived of their Rights

Historically speaking pakhtoons were kept deprived of their due rights. As said earlier that every invader attacked on Indian sub-continent from this side. In those invasions pakhtoon first gave tough resistance to most of the invaders but due to less equipment they were passed and captured most parts or some parts of India. That’s why during their rule in India, invaders tried to keep them quit by force and ignored them in giving their rights. While pakhtoon were busy with them as they didn’t want to accept the foreign dominancy according to their nature. Due to that, pakhtoons couldn’t emphasize on getting their due rights. During Moughal period, pakhtoons were ruled by irritated manner. Moughal King Babar attacked on India with the help of Persia and captured the kingdom of Delhi from Ibrahim Lodhi, last pakhtoon king of Sultanat-e-Delhi. After capturing the kingdom, pakhtoons remained under their dominance. That’s why pakhtoons continued their struggle against Mughals in their entire period. They couldn’t accept them as rulers and broke out continuous wars and gave tough resistance to the Moughals. Pakhtoons remained peaceful in the initial years of Aurangzeb Alamgir rule because he used Islamic sentiments as a tactic and also disunited pakhtoon tribes to keep them quite and peaceful. But when pakhtoon came to know the tactics of Aurangzeb, they united against him to get their rights. Khushkhal Khan Khattak was one of the most important figures who initially supported Mughals and worked for them but when the problem of preserving pakhtoon independence arose between pakhtoons and Aurangzeb, he joined Afridis against Moughals. About the religious policy of Moughals, Khuskhal Khan Khattak in his poetry state that;

“Majesty belong to Justice,
For Justice alone the power to command;
I will never submit to a tyrant.
The Mosque is the house of God;
I will never pray in it to any other master.
If the Prophet could raise his head
From under the earth where he is buried,
I would whether he would recognize
The followers who do not follow him.
I will prefer to pray in Moughal prison,
For the glories of the past and of our ancestor
Which, alas ! their sons have lost.”

The betraying of pakhtoon rights was continued in British period as well, when they overthrew the Sikh’s empire. British gave importance to the region due to its strategic importance and ignored them in their rights.

On 9th November, 1901 NWFP with its adjacent areas was separated from Punjab. British felt that the land and its people need special treatments. They didn’t like the new ideas of masses freedom, reforms and responsible government which were becoming popular in Punjab and other parts of India. Besides giving same rights to the province and it masses, special laws and regulation like Frontier Crime Regulation was introduced. According to this regulation people could be given any sort of punishment without bringing them into the courts and they didn’t have the right to defend themselves in any court. The court also had no power to challenge any decision under that regulation. They ignored the province in constitutional reforms as well. When Minot-Marley reforms of 1909 and Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919 were introduced in the rest of India, the Frontier was ignored deliberately. On this regular ignorance, pakhtoons demanded for their constitutional rights from British Government. After the end of World War-I, the demand of full fledge reforms for the region was increased. The government formed a committee in April 1922. It comprised three British, three Muslims and two Hindus headed by Foreign Secretary Denny Bray. The committee agreed on constitutional reforms and rights for the region but government ignored the committee reports. This was followed by another commission popularly known as Simon Commission. The commission also approved the constitutional reforms in the region. Government once again ignored the commission reports due to some reasons and pakhtoon region couldn’t get their rights whether constitutional, social or economic etc. This was continued until the creation of Pakistan.

After the creation of Pakistan it was believed that government would give their due rights to pakhtoons but all those promises went in vain. Central government promised for many times but couldn’t fulfill their promises. This inhumanity was continued till 1973 but after the inclusion of article 161 (1) & (2) in 1973 constitution it was believed that the problem of hydro-electric power and natural gases was solved. As stated in article 161 (1) & (2) of the constitution that:

“1) Notwithstanding the provisions of Article 78 the net proceeds of the Federal duty of excise on natural gas levied at well-head and collected by the Federal Government, and of the royalty collected by the Federal Government, shall not form part of the Federal Consolidated Fund and shall be paid to the Province in which the well-head of natural gas is situated.
(2) ‘The net profits earned by the Federal Government, or any undertaking established or administered by the Federal Government from the bulk generation of power at a hydro-electric station shall be paid to the Province in which the hydro-electric station is situated.”
After 1973 constitution’s implementation, it became clear that the federal government would give due shares to NWFP and other provinces but all went in vain. Though federal government agreed with NWFP on net profit few times but later on couldn’t fulfill their promise. .
Despite all that discrimination pakhtoon showed patience but the situation became worse when a revolution broke out in Afghanistan when King Sardar Daud was executed with his family in royal palace on 27th April 1978. Due to that revolution most of the pakhtoons in Afghanistan migrated to Pakistan and settled in pakhtoon region i.e. FATA and NWFP. Pakhtoon inside the Durand Line welcome their Pakhtoon brothers but they couldn’t bear too much migration and demanded for a help from the central government. At that time Pakistan government got donation from international community particularly USA, Gulf states on the name of those muhajirins and gave only a very small amount to NWFP province despite the fact that the whole burden of those muhajirins was taken by the province and its adjacent area i.e. FATA till day. This deprivation of pakhtoons from their rights compelled them to get their due right but wasn’t succeeded. These not only adversely affected their lives socially but their profession was also taken by those muhajirins of Afghanistan. Thus the poorness rates in pakhtoons were increased very rapidly. These conditions compelled them to adopt violent manner as in a famous Pashto proverb state that; ‘Che Tang Shi no Pa Jhang Shi’ (When you are tired then you might go for a fight). The same is the case with pakhtoon because they left no stone unturned to get independence from British but their entire struggle went in vain and they were kept distraught, that’s why Pakhtoons adopted aggressive measures which disturbed the peaceful environment of the region.

• Interruption in the neighbor Afghanistan

Pakistan interruption or intervention in the neighbor Afghanistan government affairs is one of the mains cause of the present violent situation in pakhtoon’s region. The harshness between both neighbors was started in 1946 just before the creation of Pakistan when it became clear that British will leave the Indian sub-continent very soon and hand over the region to India and Pakistan, the two new states. In this context Afghan government send a delegation to British government of undivided India and claimed that as they are lifting India, the Durand Line treaty would be collapse automatically. They also demanded the restoration of Indian area conquered during Ahmad Shah Durrani Empire . British rejected the Afghan’s claim, after which Afghan government put forward another request that the Durand Line Agreement was signed in distress which was also rejected by the British. Before partition Afghan government raisedك the issue of greater Pukhtunistan to undermine the Durand line treaty but that also couldn't work. On other hand India also supported Afghanistan to promote the idea that very soon Pakistan would collapse. Afghanistan continued their struggle even after the creation of Pakistan. When Pakistan applied for United Nation membership in 1948, Afghanistan was among the first states that didn't accept Pakistan as a state in United Nation. After that day hostility was started between both the countries. Afghanistan was the strong partner of Russia while India also joined the camp. In fear of Afghanistan and Indian aggression, Pakistan joined US camp against Russia. Both Russia and USA were strong revivals to become a super power. The joining of Pakistan in US camp was a big boost for US because in the region India, Iran and Afghanistan joined the Russian camp. USA needed a partner badly in the region to challenge the supremacy of Russia. Pakistan joined US camp for the simple reason to protect their selves from Indian aggression but this decision proved to be wrong when Pakistan wasn’t supported by USA in 65 and 71 wars against India in spite of having arms treaties like CENTO and SEATO with USA. At that time the joining of Pakistan to US camp is quite right decision but with the passage of time it proved to be wrong decision especially after the 9/11 incident when they targeted Pakhtoon’s region for counter terrorism. Had Pakistan leaders not follow the US camp blindly and make important changes in treaties with USA or may abrogate all the treaties then it would not have been the situation as like in the present day. Our leaders didn't learn from the history and went ahead with the same partner that not only disgraced Pakistan status on international level but it becomes a front line state in war on terror.
To support its ally, Pakistan on its part started interruption in Afghanistan during Sardar Daud government. Afghan King pronounced a war against Islamic revivals in 1974-75, and established bases in Pakistan and provided support to Afghan Mujahideen against Daud government. For this purpose the training of the Afghan exile Islamic revival leaders was must. Pakistan Federal government assigned the task to the then Commander in Chief of Frontier Corp, Nasirullah Khan Babar at Peshawar. With the help of Pakistan Government and American CIA, civil war was broke out in Afghanistan, USA on his part supported Mujahideens while Russia on their part supported Afghan government. The war started and finally on 27th April 1978, in a bloodless coup Sardar Daud was executed with his family. The coup is famously known as ‘Sour Revolution’. After that many puppet government were constituted in Afghanistan with the help of Russia but couldn’t work because Pakistan on behest of US working to weaken Russia in Afghanistan. The United States, seeing the Sour coup as a victory for communism which wasn’t acceptable to USA and they also energized their works against the Soviet invasion through Mujahideens by one or other way.
Mujahideens in Afghanistan belonged to different factions but they all shared the sacred ideology of Islam to varying degree. Islamic ideology kept them united. Mujahideen worked together under the training of ISI, which was supported and guided by the American CIA. Mostly the Mujahideens belonged from Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pakistan had been the major player of the game. Through Pakistani support, America entered Afghanistan, defeated Russia there through indirect means (Mujahideens) and stabilized her selves. Due to worse situation in Afghanistan large number of people, estimated 3 millions in two years (1978 to 1980) migrated to Pakhtoon’s area of Pakistani border NWFP and FATA.
Pakistani government would spend about $ 1.5 millions expenditure per day on these Afghan refugees. About 55 percent aid was received by Pakistan from UN agencies like UNHCR, WFP which was joined by some other international NGO’s. Many countries like USA, China, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Korea, UAE, Indonesia, France, Canada, Switzerland, Australia, Germany etc. also send their donation to Pakistan for Afghan refugees. Despite this aid, Pakistan also received a large amount of donation from Islamic Solidarity Fund and Islamic development Bank. According to an estimate all these countries contributed more than $ 750 million to Pakistan. Major amounts of those foreign donations were consumed by Pakistani establishment despite the fact that the whole responsibility of MUhajireens was taken by NWFP and its adjacent areas.
With the passage of time Taliban were getting stronger and creating resistance for USA in its future plane in Afghanistan. To Shatter the Taliban movement, USA staged a drama on 9/11 to create causes for attack on Afghanistan. On 7th October President Bush declared the attacks lawful and said that Taliban government had close contacts with terrorists and gave protection to them. Most of the European countries supported USA against Taliban. In Asia Pakistan, the most critical partner of America after its creation was also supported this cause. According to a report US administration warned General Perveez Musharaf, President of Pakistan to declare Taliban friends or foe. He opted for the second option for the reason that in response USA will support Pakistan economically. Musharraf first reshuffle the Pakistan army commanders and marginalized the commanders who had sympathy with Talibans and closed the Taliban’s government embassy in Islamabad. Till the start of January 2002 USA controlled most of the Afghanistan’s area after which they capture capital Kabul on 13th November, 2001. But there was still some sign of Taliban groups who opposed the American back government in Afghanistan. America captured Afghanistan and established an American backed government in Afghanistan but there is still some hurdle in the form Taliban who has created problems for Karzai Government. During attacks on Afghanistan large number of Mujahideens or Talibans fled to the Pakhtoons areas of Pakistan near Durand Line. They started all those violent activities in Pakhtoons areas in order to earn enough money as they got during Afghan Jihad. They established their bases in Tribal areas of Pakistan which directly disturbed the peace situation in the region. The Mujahideens who were the product of US policies during Afghan civil war were declared terrorists and militants for the reason that they were now growing a permanent threat to America and other European countries which further made the situation worse in Pakistan because these mujahideen have an aim to protect Islam from infidels. On this USA instigated Pakistan to declare a war against them. To take revenge from Pakistan these militants started the violent activities in Pakistan as they did in Afghanistan on the instigation of Pakistan and USA.
The former NWFP provincial government and elected members of National Assembly from FATA did nothing to stop Musharraf from such activities. They usually supported Musharraf and their allies which made the situation further worse that affected the pakhtoon region too much. The previous provincial government pro-Musharraf policies disgusted the situation in Province and Tribal areas in particular. To prove him as a close ally of America, Musharraf government made attack on Tribal areas in search of Al-Qaida, Taliban and Osama bin Ladin. Pakistani government this action destroyed the peace in the tribal areas and adjacent NWFP province. Thousands of innocent masses were killed. This barbarianism was continuing even after the fall of Musharraf and the new coalition governments of ANP-PPP in NWFP are now just silent spectators. They did not raise any voice against the military action in FATA and the other adjacent areas which destroyed the peace situation further.
• Weak Judicial System
Judiciary is one of the most important branches of the three integral part of Governmental i.e. Executive, Legislature and Judiciary. These three branches of the government are inter-dependants on each other directly or indirectly. If judiciary is weak or couldn’t perform its duties based on justice it would not only affect adversely the governmental affairs but also it will disturb the common judicial system. If masses couldn’t get justice it compels them to get their rights by other means or simply through violent means. This may affect the peace situation in the country or region.
If we closely observe the judicial system of Pakistan we will find that it is too weak in giving basic rights to every province specially NWFP. Every time new government is formed and promises are made but not strictly followed. Due to the weak judicial system pakhtoon nation couldn’t get their constitutional and financial rights guaranteed by the constitution which caused a kind of complex amongst the pakhtoons. Historically, the grievances of small provinces are not yet satisfied and no pragmatic steps have been taking by our superior judiciary to ensure the constitutional rights of the small provinces and as a result poverty and unemployment in being increased in theses provinces day by day. This unjust compels the masses to turn to violent activities in getting their due rights. By and large pakhtoons nations have contributed a lot in the prosperity of this country but unfortunately their basic right has never been guaranteed to them.

• Lack of Education
One of the main causes for the violence in pakhtoon’s region is the backwardness of pakhtoons in the field of education. Education is an important tool which symbolizes all the forces that have raised man from the level of a brute. It clarifies that education is an important tool for all human beings and through that tool human beings have an edge over animals. Through education man is also informed from outside the world and acquainted from the history and received all important information about the present. This is why Islam attaches such great importance to knowledge and education. When the Qur'an began to be revealed, the first word of its first verse was 'Iqra' that is, read. Education is thus the starting point of every human activity.
As said earlier that pakhtoons were kept busy or busy by themselves against the invaders throughout the history which stayed them away from education. Not only the invaders but pakhtoons themselves were mostly responsible for that because they themselves couldn’t give any importance to education. They usually think that there is no other education than the traditional mullah’s Islamic education. If some one tries to get other worldly education they considered it as a sin. If some ones tried to wake them up, they suppressed them by one or other way on the instigation of those illiterate mullahs. This destroyed them badly. In this critical moment, the first school in the pakhtoon region was established by British Commissioner of Peshawar, Sir Herbert Edward in 1853 Edward Mission High School at Peshawar. The school was established by British just after they came into power in 1847. The school was the first among all the missionary schools in Indian-Sub-continent. The school was established in such a critical time when pakhtoons considered learning in a school particularly in missionary school as a big sin. The school was the pioneer in the region which is now known as FATA, NWFP and some adjacent areas of the Punjab. Peoples from all over India, Afghanistan and some other countries came to the school for learning but pakhtoons didn’t take any interests in it and most of the population remained illiterate. Even now days the literacy rate in Pakistan is 50 percent which is lower than other courtiers in the region because of lower allocation budget (3-4 %) to the education. In the region Pakistan is only having higher literacy rate than Bangladesh (49%) and Nepal (43%). Other countries have far better ratios: the Maldives, 96 percent; Sri Lanka, 91 percent; and India, 61 percent. In Pakistan, pakhtoons and Baluchs have very low literacy rates than Sindh and Punjab. Sindh has the highest percentage in education which stands at 54 percent followed by Punjab (52 percent) and the NWFP (40 percent). Balochistan has the lowest ratio 33 percent. UNESCO, United Nation sub organization attributed the low level of literacy rate to factors like weak organizational infrastructure, low professional capacity, lack of research, non-availability of proper training institutes, low public awareness and lack of evaluation and monitoring system. Beside NWFP, the adjacent FATA area is too backward in literacy as well. The literacy rate in FATA is about 20 % in which 17 % are men while 3 % are women which are too low. The reason is that they followed the traditional mullahs and their education which couldn’t bear the modern education. Those Mullahs were against the modern education that’s why they opposed the modern education and deliberately gave a restricted meaning of Islam and confined its teaching only to religious affairs. They opposed the Baacha Khan’s School systems in 30s by declaring him an infidel and all those who wanted to educate their children in those schools. They insisted that all this worldly knowledge was Kufr (against Islam). To save their own profession and prestige in the society those illiterate mullahs reminded their pupils and their illiterate folk of verse;
‘Sabaq de madrasay wai da para da paise wai,
Jannat ke bai zai na vi dozakh ke ba ghute wai’
Translation: Those who learn in schools, they are none but money’s tools, In Heaven they will never dwell; they will surely go to hell.
Besides Baacha Khan’s schools in NWFP, in the same era another example can be found in South Waziristan where a school was established in 1927 at Karama which was strongly opposed by the then mullahs of the locality by giving Fatwa that all those and their parents who went to those schools were Kafirs (infidels). The thinking wasn’t changed yet in the region even of the educated people that worldly knowledge or education is nothing and all is religious knowledge. But they forgot that if religious knowledge is all and worldly education is nothing then why our Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) emphasized on it? This can be find out from the fact that when Makkah was conquered, Holy Prophet (P. B.U.H) ordered for the release of prisoners of war (Kufaar-e-Makkah) with a condition that every prisoner (Kafir) would teach to ten Muslim children. Now the question arise that why the Holy Prophet put such condition and what did he mean from such education expecting from a Kafir? That education was defiantly mean worldly education because he himself was the preacher of religious knowledge.
Due to all these factors literacy rates in pakhtoon region remained too low. That’s why pakhtoons remained ignorant and they couldn’t judge the situation very well. They were used by their own governments as well as by international community for their secret motives which we are seeing in the shape of terrorism and which proved to be the main cause of disturbing the peaceful environment of the region.
• Misuse of Religion

Generally pakhtoons are considered to be strict and tradition loving Muslims. Many of their customs and traditions are according to Islam but very few are against the teaching of Islam. About the natural affiliation of pakhtoon with religion, an eminent pakhtoon scholar Maulana Abdul Qadir states that;

“In Pashto code of life the whole Islamic morality is absorbed. The pakhtoon code of life is according to Islam. It is an achievement of this code of life that once they accept some thing they would strictly follows those rules and regulations which shows a sole representation of a strict follower of Islam.”

He further declares that;

“Pakhtoons are strict Muslims and till their death they couldn’t be left the follower of another religion. A pakhtoon is honest, strict in keeping promises, having alive ego etc. like a strict Muslim. They also give great respects to elders and peoples who have close affiliation with religion like syyeds, Alims, Mians and etc.”

Beside him some eminent scholars like Jamal-ud-Din Afghani, a well known poet Allma Iqbal and an eminent Muslim General Tariq bin Ziyyad gave the same idea about the pakhtoon that without them it is difficult to protect Islam.
Their natural affiliation with Islam is also finding out from their social and economical behaviours. Pakhtoon gives respectable status to females as a sister and mother as given by Islam. Usually their marriage and death ceremonies and other social gathering are according to the teaching of Islam.

Though they are strict Muslims but due to lack of religious knowledge they couldn’t judge the right and wrong in religious context. They usually judge most of the problems in their own customs and traditions which might be some time against the teaching of Islam. But due to lack of religious knowledge, they usually mix their traditions and customs with Islam and think that these are the integral part of Islam which is a wrong concept. One of the main reasons discussed earlier that traditional mullahs kept them away from the real spirit of Islam and gave a specific religious knowledge or the knowledge which is out of context.

Due to lack of religious awareness, pakhtoons were trapped and was used against each other on the sacred name of Islam. That’s why the enemies of Islam and pakhtoons showed the fake pictures to the world that both Islam and pakhtoons are violent in nature which is not the real case. Islam is the peaceful religion of the whole universe and pakhtoons are the peaceful nation.

• Couldn’t Receptive to Criticism

To point out faults in one works or idea is called criticism. To criticize one’s self or other is a good habit but not too much because it increases negativity in the personality which adversely affects the personality of some one. As like its negative ness it has lot of positive points as well. If some one criticizes your ideas or your works it means that there might be some fault. Review your ideas or works and find out the faults and try to abolish the mistakes. But if criticism is overlooked it means that you couldn’t bear criticism which is not good. A healthy criticism is very constructive because it can improve some areas. But as said earlier that most of the people couldn’t receptive to healthy criticism. They feel that all criticism is negative. This can destroy the healthy criticism.
If we closely observed the pakhtoons or their society, we will find out that usually they criticize each other too much. Most of the criticism is negative because of their jealousy with his other pakhtoon brother. Most of the pakhtoons couldn’t bear the progress in society of other pakhtoon whether he has been his close relative or friend. That’s why they usually criticize negatively to disgrace the opponent. If other pakhtoon criticize him constructively, it could be very difficult for him to bear the criticism. He thinks that the opponent only criticizes him negatively which might change the environment into violent one. This lack of quality to bear the criticism of other is very common among pakhtoon. A society where there is no constructive criticism or receptive to constructive criticism surely remains behind from other progressive societies.

• Lack of Unity

The state of one, oneness, harmony, uniformity is called unity. One of the main causes of violence in pakhtoon region is the lack of unity among them. Usually pakhtoons are disunited on each and every problem. At their zenith of unity they were the master and ruled over other. When they disunited and started fighting against each other, they lost each and every thing and now ruled by others. Disunity is one of the old diseases of pakhtoons from which they are suffering through out the history. This weakness was utilized by Mughals and overthrew pakhtoons from the throne of Delhi. British also used this weakness of pakhtoons and ruled over them. After independence through this weakness central government took advantage and was ruled over them by inhuman manner. Today, pakhtoon is harming his own brother. This spread violence in the region which disgraced pakhtoon’s image in the world.

• Lack of Taking Individual Responsibility

Lack of taking personal responsibility is one of the most important causes for creating violence in the society. When an individual of a community is not prepared or interested to take its own responsibility in the society create a rift in the society that disturbs the whole society. Initially that disturbance is created among close colleagues that further shift to home and then the area and finally in the society. The people of the affected community or society are depressed by looking the nearby community progress. The community became needy of the developed communities and is ruled by those communities.
Same is the case with pakhtoon because most of them were lacking the quality of taking their individual responsibilities. Though they themselves do not take any interest in taking individual responsibility and then blaming others for their misconducts. Pakhtoons couldn’t understand it as a big mistake that is continuously damaging pakhtoon’s society. Usually pakhtoons don’t take any interest in solving a minor problem but they start taking interest when the problem reaches to its peak. In this way a minor problem leads to a big problem. Violence in the region is the best example that initially pakhtoon couldn’t take it a serious problem. Had pakhtoon taken it a serious problem and accepted it as its own responsibility to solve it in initial stage then it would not have been the case now days they are facing.

• Lack of Good Leadership:

Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes, such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge, and skills. Usually leaders born naturally and couldn’t made to be born but if a person have a will power and desire he can become an affective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study; education, training, and experience. Good leaders are continuously working and studying to improve their leadership skills; they are not resting on their laurels. There are some qualities a leader can learn. For example to inspire his workers, besides there are certain things a leader must know.
Leadership is an important factor which can play important role in the development of an organization, a society, a nation or a country. If an organization, society or nation lack a good leader it will be very difficult to contain their selves in the society. Some times an organization or a nation couldn’t develop beside a good leadership but the organization or nation is still remembered in respectable words. Some times an organization or nation have a good hidden leader but couldn’t have the quality to choose that leader and sometimes select the wrong one which not only destroyed the nation but labeled the organization or nation in bed bad manner.
Same is the case with pakhtoons because they have very few good leaders in the history which led them very courageously. It is very difficult for a person to become a leader of pakhtoons because usually pakhtoons never ever accepted the dominancy of any other person. Every one himself a leader that’s why there is very rare number of leaders in pakhtoons which became popular on national or international level. As said earlier that pakhtoons haven’t the sense to elect their leader. Most of their renowned leaders like Baacha Khan, Faqir of Ippi, Haji Sahib of Turngzai etc. became popular due to their own sacrifices and abilities. But their characters are still controversial among common masses that make them ambiguous. All those leaders worked for the betterment of pakhtoons that’s why they become popular among pakhtoons.

After the death of these leaders few were arose from their families but they couldn’t get fame like their forefathers. Only strong leadership can lead his people, his society and his nation on a right path. Due to lack of sincere leadership, pakhtoon’s enemy got advantage and involved them in their own war in the name of terrorism which disturbed the peaceful environment of the region into a violent one.

Suggestions to Bring Peace in Pakhtoon's Region:

Every problem has lot of causes on its back. In the same manner these causes also have some suggestions to overcome and solve them. Some time the causes behind the problem are very clear and easy to find. Some time it looks like easy to give ordinary suggestions and solve the problem but usually the situation is not the same in all cases. In such a situation the problem needs deep intentions and observations to suggest some tips to overcome the root causes and solve the problem. Some time the problem is prolonged due to lack of interest of affected individuals to solve the problem in its initial stages.
Pakhtoons have been facing the violence problem for the last two decade but sadly to say that they couldn’t give any importance to solve it which not only destroyed them but disgraced their status as well. Though common pakhtoon take interest and tried their best to solve the problem but couldn’t succeed due to improper guidance. They need proper guidance and their guides are their leaders. But their leaders from very first day do not take any interest to solve the problem. Some important suggestions are given below to overcome on those causes which rooted for spreading violence in the region.

• To increase Literacy Rate:

Education is one of the important tools to solve the different problems. Education is a process through which a person can differentiate between good and bad. Education also creates the ability in an individual to find out the causes behind the problem and how to overcome on these causes which may led to a problem.
It is important for pakhtoon to improve their literacy rate by any mean according to their culture, customs and traditions. For this purpose they should first abolish all the inhuman behaviour towards a specific part of the community in education. Usually pakhtoons were reluctant to give education to their daughters, sisters etc. The main cause for this ignorance is their customs and traditions. This may unbalance the pakhtoon society and affect them adversely. Females have an important role to play in the society as mother and if a mother is not educated then how he will bring up his children in a good manner? Only educated mother can make an educated society. In education pakhtoon should change their mind and give education to both their children irrespective of their sex difference. Beside this pakhtoons should change their attitude to the female segment of the society. Female should be treated according to the actual teaching of Islam and pakhtoon customs and traditions.
Beside individual efforts provincial government should play their role by giving free of coast education facilities to the poor children particularly to the females. This may enhance the eagerness to get education in pakhtoons. With literacy improvement provincial government should also include in their curriculum topics like peace according to Islam and pakhtoon customs and traditions and cut off all the lessons which have a little violence message. Beside this provincial government could also make research work that how they can improve the literacy rate in pakhtoons?

The literacy rate improvement take time but government and masses should fallow the policy courageously and shouldn’t change the policy. If a government tenure is completed the next government should also follow the same policy. It simply means that government should brought continuity in its policy. This would help the upcoming generation to differentiate easily between peace and violence. They would try to abolish all the customs and traditions from pakhtoon society which might have a small link with violence and against the teaching of Islam.

• Enhance Religious Knowledge:

Being a Muslim it is compulsory on every Muslim to get the religious education, without which it would be very difficult for him/her to defend their religion in front of non-Muslims. Using this weakness of Muslims, it could be possible that they might be used against each other on the sacred name of Islam which is being used frequently now days.
Usually most of the pakhtoons are Muslims but sad to say that they haven’t enough religious knowledge. That’s why they are misused on the sacred name of Islam against each other that disturb the peaceful environment of the region. It is important for them to get the religious knowledge. They couldn’t rely on traditional mullahs because most of them were also misused. It is most important that pakhtoon at first should learn the actual teaching and spirit of Islam which is used or being used in the past or present very oftenly like Jihad, Suicide Bomber, religious militancy etc. After understanding these concepts in religious sense they should teach it to other in one or other way according to the situation which will help them to stop people by misusing religion on their behalf.

• Being Positive and Accept Responsibility

To bring peace in the region it is important for every pakhtoon to take responsibility on individual bases, because every responsibility whether that is domestic, social or any other should be connected with peace directly or indirectly. For example if a person couldn’t accept domestic responsibility it may be possible that it would disturb the peace environment at home which may led to a social or national level problem. It might be possible that such an individual would be easily used by the enemies of Islam and pakhtoons. On other hand if a pakhtoon accepts domestic responsibility and fulfill it in a good manner, then there would be a peaceful environment which may bring peace in the region.
The other important factor which also plays an important role in bringing peace in pakhtoon’s region is the ‘positiveness’ in the attitude of pakhtoon. Usually every pakhtoon is being negative in his attitude. They should change their attitude avoid negatives and bring positivness in their attitude to every problem. Negativeness in attitude is one of the main factors which led to violent environment.

• Choose Eminent Leaders

A good leader can play a vital role in bringing peace at home, in a community, in a society or in a country. This is the leader who leads his nation to progressive and prosperity. If we study the history of pakhtoon’s society we will find a very few eminent leaders among pakhtoons which got fame on national and international level like Sher Shah Suri, Ahmad Shah Abdali, Baacha Khan, Khushkhal Khan and etc. Among those Baacha Khan was the last one after whom pakhtoons couldn’t find a good leader. Though his family produced people like Wali Khan and his son Asfandyar Khan but couldn’t get the fame and did not succeed in reuniting pakhtoons on one platform like Bacha Khan. In simple words it can be said that pakhtoons are lacking a good leadership to play his part in order to reunite pakhtoons and bring peace in the region. A good leader should lead from the front and he should be backed by all the masses.

• Be United

To solve a problem of a community or society or region it is important that the masses of the community, region etc. should be united. If they remain disunited then it would be very difficult to solve the problem. Now a days pakhtoon region facing a lot of problems in which violent situation in the region is the most important one. To solve this problem it is important for them to be united against all the factors which are busy in disturbing the peace of the region. So it is important for pakhtoons that they should forget the internal enmity and get united against violence and war on terror to bring peace in the region. On unity Baacha Khan stated that ‘differences make the stronger groups or communities weaker because their whole strength was consumed by destroying his own revival.’

• Strict Emigration Rules

To stop violence in pakhtoon region it is important for Pakistan government to strict the emigration rules with their neighbor countries particularly with Afghanistan. Because there is no rules and regulation of visa process with Afghanistan which resultant into the entrance of the foreigners. Most of those foreigners might want to spread violence in pakhtoon region and get their own aims. Suicides bombing are one of its bad examples in which mainly foreign nationals like Uzbiks and Tajiks are involved. For this purpose it is important that Pakistan government should strict the emigration rules with Afghanistan. If Central government isn’t interested then the pakhtoons themselves take the responsibility and should not allow the foreigners from any side to spread violence in their region.

• Avoid the un-Islamic Custom and Traditions

As discussed above that lack of religious education is one of the main causes of creating the violence in pakhtoon region. It is too sad to say that most of the pakhtoons are Muslims but they are still following the un-Islamic traditions and customs despite the fact that they are un-Islamic. They give them the name of Pukhtoonwali. Most of those custom and traditions like Swara, enemiacity etc that spread violence in the society. These custom and tradition spread violence in pakhtoons which not only disgrace the sacred name of Islam but also damage the status of pakhtoons and Pukhtoonwali as well.
If pakhtoon wants to get rid of violence and bring peace in the region it is important for them to follow the actual Islamic traditions and get rid of un-Islamic customs and traditions. For this purpose they themselves should enhance their religious knowledge by studying books related to Islam and avoided traditional books. This will not only help them in bringing peace in the region but this would save their Islamic dignity as well.

• Stop Foreign Aggression

To bring peace in Pakhtoon region it is important for Pakistan government to stop American aggression in that region. For its selfish aims, USA is trying to destroy the region. If Pakistani government couldn’t stop American from such aggression then it would be very difficult to bring peace in pakhtoon region but very soon that might be spread all over the Pakistan. If American with the help of Pakistan government kills the pakhtoon’s respected elders and other innocent masses it would be very difficult for them to stop pakhtoons from doing violent activities. So it is important for Pakistani government to challenge the American aggression in those areas and stop them.

• Provincial Autonomy

If the federal government want to bring peace in Pakistan especially in Pakhtoon region it is important that they should give provincial autonomy to the provinces. This will make the central government stronger because no province can then raise a question on the loyalty of central government.

• Pakhtoons Remain Non-Violent

Pakhtoons are naturally aggressive in nature which might spread violence in the society. Due to that aggressiveness, most of the invaders try to suppress them because it may be possible that in the future they create problems for them and it is continuing even day. To defend themselves they remain busy against foreigners which destroyed them almost in all fields of life. If pakhtoons wants to bring peace in the region they should avoid aggressiveness in their nature and remain non-violent. If they couldn’t control their aggressiveness then it would be very difficult for them to keep them selves alive in this universe. That’s why Baacha Khan state that ‘violence spread hates while non-violence spread love.’ Non-violence is not only the message of Baacha Khan but it is the message of Islam. If they are strict Muslims they should follow their religion and its message as well. Through non-violence they can bring peace with in their selves but in the region as well.

• Reforms in FATA

Introducing of reforms in FATA can also help in bringing peace in pakhtoon region. In this context Central government should withdraw themselves from ruling directly from FATA and give it a separate status of Province. This would help the central government by solving many violent problems in the region. FATA is faraway from the central government to control the situation through their representative i.e. Governor of NWFP. So it is important that they must have its own elected assembly which can solve their problems according to their customs and traditions. In this way they themselves can stop foreign aggression and involvement in disturbing the peace situation in the region.
Secondly government should introduce Political Parties Act in FATA that would extend the political activities in the region. Masses would elect their own party members which will increases their eagerness towards politics. This would help them by giving rid of feudal system in the region because in elections usually Maliks takes part.
Thirdly government should make some important changes in Frontier Crime Regulation (FCR), a century old and discriminatory constitutional reform according to the present day situations. For example government should change the clause of FCR in which it is stated that a person should be imprisoned without any charge. Government should also make essential changes in the clause in which it was stated that the alleged person under FCR couldn’t be challenged any where in Pakistan which is totally against the spirit of fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution. Women, children and old persons should be exempted from FCR etc.
In this way the government should established their writs in the areas. Through these and some other reforms government can control the violence situation in the region and bring peace in the region.

• Strong Judiciary

Strong judiciary is directly linked with the peaceful environment. If judiciary is strong the law and order situation would be good and environment would be peaceful. But, where people does not get justice at their doors then the people of that society incline towards aggression and violent activities in order to get revenge or their rights by hook or crook.
To bring peace in the region it is important that government should make judiciary strong. Judiciary should be free from all the interference of the government. Every one should follow the rules and regulations with out any distinction of its profession or high qualification etc. In this way every one would get their rights and they would be satisfied which bring peace in the region.
To make judiciary strong government should encourage Jirgas system on town and village bases. These Jirgas systems would solve the issues according to the situation and customs and traditions of the particular area. This may also helps the people to get rid of weak judicial system.

• Role of Non-Governmental Organizations

The role of Non-Governmental organizations couldn’t be ignored in bringing peace in a conflicted area. Usually most of the organization worked for different purpose but their aim is the same that to bring peace in the region. Usually most of the NGOs work in a conflicted area. Few of them works in health and literacy sectors.
It is important for Government (Federal and Provincial) to allow national or international NGOs to work in pakhtoon region to bring peace on their own ways.

• Role of Provincial Government

In any activity the role of government couldn’t be ignored. Without the full support of a government a common man couldn’t fulfill their aims. To bring peace in pakhtoon region it is important that provincial government should play their role. They should encourage all the peaceful activities on individual or community bases in the region and give government support to all those activities. Discouraged the violent activities but not in violent manner and use the non-violence as a weapon. Provincial government should established committees on district bases or at low level of masses which is directly or indirectly affected by violent environment but there names should be kept in top secrets for their safety. These committees should not only observe the situation in their own districts but also should find out the root causes of the violent situation and then give their suggestion that how to overcome on those causes? Provincial government should backed them in proper implementation of all those plane designed by those committees.
Provincial government should also make important change in their syllabus by adding lessons having peaceful message and abolish the violent one. Beside this provincial government should established ‘Pease Studies’ or ‘Defence and Startegic Studies’ department in different universities of the province. These are important for the region because the graduate of those departments can solve the problem of violence peacefully in scientific ways.

• Role of Media

The role of media cannot be ignored to highlight the activity in positive or negative way depends upon. If media play a positive role, a negative activity may be made positive or positive activity be made negative. If we closely observed the role of media now a day’s about violent situation in Paksitan particularly in pakhtoon region we find that it is exaggerating the issues. They highlight a minor activity in negative manner for the simple reason to get fame. In this context many news channels released many video which mostly based on violent activities which hurt the masses too much and every one is thinking for revenge.
If both print and electronic media change their attitude and present most of the activities whether violent or peaceful in positive manner it would be possible that it will affect the masses and they would start struggle for bringing peace in the region. Government should ban all the videos based on violence and should guide the media to present pakhtoons as strict Muslims and peaceful nation. This might change the mind of other regarding pakhtoons.

Conclusion

There is a famous pashto proverb that ‘destruction takes no times but construction takes years’. As the proverb states that violence is destruction and peace is construction. Bringing peace in the region is not a mare process to complete it with in days or with in months but it will take years. For this purpose every pakhtoon on an individual basis should take the responsibility of brining peace in the region. Every one should take the first step by changing his violent behavior. This would help them to establish a peaceful community in a specific area which might affect the adjacent areas and finally led to a peaceful region. For bringing peace in the region or adjacent areas it is important for every individual should take first step from himself. As mother Theresa said,
‘What can you do to promote world peace? Go home and love your family.’ It means that if pakhtoons wants to bring peace in their region it is important that they should take first step from their selves. To bring peace in the region pakhtoons should work hard at every place. As Baacha Khan said that: ‘If You (Pukhtoons) are really interested to make your country and nation fertile or peaceful, every one of you will have to work out of skills’. At another place he emphasize on the individual performance as he stated that:’ it is a fact that alone government couldn’t make law and order situation well and make the environment peaceful in the country until masses take their responsibilities and change their selves.’ If pakhtoons fails to bringing peace in the region then they would be slave for ever which might be a shameful deed for them. As pakhtoons have never remained slaves through out the history that’s why Khushkhal Khan Khattak in his poetry state that:

“Za Khuskhal ba Tora pa las kafan pa ghaara rapasam’
Ka khabar shom che pakhtoon da cha ghulam sho”

Translation:

“I Khuskhal will get up along with my sword from grave if I come to know that pakhtoons became the slaves of anybody else”

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Edward Mission Higher Secondary School Peshawar

noreply@blogger.com (Anonymous) — Tue, 22 Jan 2013 00:32:00 -0800

Edward Mission Higher Secondary School Peshawar

Ihsanullah

The historical Edward Mission Higher Secondary School is situated in Kohati gate Peshawar. The school is the pioneer among all the institutions in the area which is now called North West Frontier Province and FATA. The school was established in a critical time when learning and studying in schools were considered to be a big sin. That’s why the masses of the area were mostly illiterate and under developed.

In 1853, Sir Herbert Edward, the British Commissioner of Peshawar, established this school from Primary level in Rethi Bazzar near Chowk Yadgar, Peshawar. Another branch of the school is located in the same area. After some time of its establishment, the school was shifted to the historical building in Kohati gate. Sir Robert Craft was appointed as its first principal.

The school has the honour of being affiliated with three Universities and Peshawar Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE). The school was first affiliated with Calcutta University before the formation of Punjab University. After establishment of Punjab University it was affiliated with the University till 1952 when University of Peshawar was established. After establishment of BISE the school was affiliated with it. The school has a great honour that not only from India (Before Partition) but from other countries like Afghanistan and Central Asian countries student also came to the school for learning. This old institution of learning has the honour that many renowned politicians, academicians, social reformers and poets studied in it. Among those the most prominent was Dr. Khan Saib, the former Chief Minister of NWFP, who did his matriculation from Edward Mission Higher Secondary School in 1905. Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum Khan was another eminent person who later on laid the foundation of Islamia College Peshawar in 1913. He was among the first matriculation batch of the school. After matriculation he taught in this school for some time. Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar, Patrus Bukhari and former Pakistan President General Yahya Khan also did their matriculation from this school. Former Afghanistan President Dr. Najeebullah also read in this school. At Last but not least Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan popularly known as Baacha Khan read in this school till class 5^th. According to school admission register he was admitted in the school in 1904. He left the school in 1909 when he passed class 5^thand got school leaving certificate. According to the register when he was admitted in the school he was eleven years three months and twenty six days old. The admission fees at that time were one rupee and tuition fees were eight pane. The school has also the honour that initial academic classes of Edward College Peshawar were used to be held in this school for ten years from 1901 to 1910.

The current school building is an historical value because it was used earlier by the Peshawar Afghan Sardar brothers-Sardar Yar Muhammad Khan from 1823 to 1829 as a palace and after him his younger brother Sardar Sultan Muhammad Khan from 1831 to 1834. They were the brother of Afghan King Amir Dost Muhammad Khan. Later on the building was used by the British Governors as Governor House and after the Edward Mission School establishment it was given to this school.

The current building is completely changed because of reconstruction and new faculties in different regime of provincial government. The only thing which remains unchanged is its door. Before entrance to the school there is a small mosque with the school gate which was constructed for prayer and which is still in its original shape. There was a Church in the school which was used by the British Governor’s and other officials for worship. Now the Church is outside the school building. After entering the gate, there is a ground where an English Medium of Edward Mission School was founded. For foreign students there is hostel slightly far away from the school main branch in Dabgari where now Elizabeth schools for girls is established.

It is one of the great achievement of this school that after 154 years of its establishment, it is still spreading the light of knowledge and learning from its own resources. Neither any government nor any other institution funded it till date. Even now a day’s there is no admission fees for the students and monthly fees is very nominal. Another honor for the school is that there are three hundred students studying in this school that belongs to four different religions. Majority of them are Muslims, a good numbers of Christians, few Hindus and very few Sikhs students are also studying in it.