MY TURKISH COURSE

Lesson 55:Listening practice.Passage: "Relationship between Turkey and EU-Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye ilişkileri"

2012-09-14T10:47:00.001-07:00

This lesson again is focused on repetition and consolidation of the work done so far.
In this passage the speakers describes the relationship between Turkey and European Union.
Listen and read it in order to practice and get accustomed to more formal register as well as some particular expressions and words.

The script this time is not provided.

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Bir araya gelmek: To come together
Serbest ticaret bölgesi: European Free Trade Association
Bilinmek: To be known
Neden: Reason
Koşul: Condition
Uygulamak: To put into practice, to comply with
Uygulanmak: To be punt into practice
Düşük: low
Dış borç: Foreign debt
Büyüme: Growth
Refah: Prosperity (from arabic)
Refahın artması: Prosperity increasing
Barış: Peace
Katkı: contribution
Inkar etmek: To deny
Inkar edilemez: Cannot be denied
Bunlar göz önüne aldığında: when all this is considered
Süreç: process
Sancılı: painful
-gibi görünmek:To seem
Başlangıcından bu yana: Since the beginning of...

Lesson 54: Reading practice.Passage: "Vakıf Üniversiteleri"

2012-09-14T10:18:00.002-07:00

In this lesson we will repeat and consolidate all the work you have been doing so far.
Listen to this passage in which the speaker talks about the universities in Turkey.

"Türkiye'de her yıl bir buçuk miliyon öğrenci universite sınavına katılıyor. Bu öğrencilerin tek amacı, üniversiteden mezun olup, kendilerine iyi bir gelecek hazırlamak.Ne yazık ki, bu öğrencilerin ancak dört yüz bin kadarı Devlet Üniversiteleri, Türkiye'de eğitim öğretim alanında büyük bir açığı kapatıyorlar.
Bugün Türkiye'de yirmi cıvarında Vakıf Ünivesitesi mevcut. Bu üniversitelerin büyük çoğunluğunda yabancı dille öğretim yapılıyori Görevleri yalnızca eğitim öğretim yapmak, bilgi üretmek, arastırmalar yapmak değil.
Bu çağdaş kurumlar, çalışma alanlarını toplumun ihtiyaç ve beklentilerine göre tespit ediyorlar.
Günümüzde teknoloji baş döndürüncü bir hızla ilerliyor. Türkiye de bu teknolojinin gerisinde kalmamak, kalkınmış ülkelere rekabet edebilmek zorunda.
Bu yüzden Türkiye'de özgür düşünebilen, bilgili,yetenekli ve üretken bireylere ihtiyacımız var. Devlet Üniversitelerinin sayısı ve kapasiteleri bu ihtiyaca cevap vermiyor. İşte bu nedenle, Vakıf Üniversitelerinin sayısı her geçen gün biraz daha artıyor.
Bu üniversiteler,gelişmekte olan dünyayla bütüleşmeye çalışan Türkiye için büyük umutlar anlamını taşıyorlar."

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Katılmak: To join.
Sınava katılmak: To take an examination
Açık kapatmak: To compensate
Yirmi cıvarında: about (around) twenty
Yabancı dil: Foreign language
Çağdaş: Contemporary
Görev: Duty
Bilgi üretmek: To develop new ideas
Araştırma yapmak: To conduct research
Tespit etmek: To determine
Kalkınmış ülke: Developped country
Rekabet etmek: To compete
Özgür düşünebilen insanlar: People who can think freely
Üreten: Productive
Birey: İndividual
Bütünleşmek: To integrate
Büyük umutlar: Great expectations

Lesson 53:More on Negative form of the Abilitative mood -y(a)bilmek,-y(e)bilmek.

2012-09-13T13:50:00.001-07:00

GRAMMAR NOTES

As we hinted in the final part of Lesson 41 this mood is easily formed in all tenses just by inserting an -e- or -a- before the negative suffix of any negative verb whether it be active, passive, reflexive, reciprocal,or causative.

Let's see in more details as this rule applies for all tenses markin of course the distinction between A -undotted verbs and E -dotted verbs (in other words verbs whose infininitive mood end in -MAK or -
MEK respectively:

Example using the verb Bakmak (to look)

bakmamak - not to look becomes: bakamamak - not to be able to look
bakamıyorum - I can't look
bakamadın or bakamıyordun - you could not look
bakamıyordu - he was not able to look
bakamazsak - if we cannot look - (Conditional form)
bakamayacaksınız - you will not be able to look
bakamadılar or bakamıyorlardı - they could not look
It can be seen above that the tense and personal endings are added to make the full verb form - this includes the "if" forms of the Conditional Mood.

Examples using the verb Çekmek (To pull)

çekmemek - to not pull becomes: çekememek- not to be able to pull
çekemem - I can't come
çekemiyorsun - you cannot pull
çekilemedi - it could not be pulled - (Passive form)
çekemeyeceğiz - we will not be able to pull
çekememiştiniz - you had not been able to pull

VERBS ENDING IN VOWEL

The buffer letter -y- is used to keep the last vowel of the verb stem separate from the -e- negative potential particle that has been added to the normal negative infinitive.

Examples using the verb Anlamak (to understand):

anlamamak - to understand becomes: anlayamamak - (anla-y-a-ma-mak)- not to be able to understand
anlayamadım - I could not understand
anlamasaydın - if you did not understand
anlayamasaydın - if you could not understand - (adding the Negative Potential)
anlayamamış - it seems he could not understand - (Inferential Tense)
anlaşılamayacaksak - if we will not be able to understood - (Passive form)
anlayamazsınız - you cannot understand
anlaşamadılar - they could not agree- [lit: understand each other] - (Reciprocal form)

Examples using th verb Beklemek (to wait):

beklemek- to wait, expect - becomes: bekleyememek - (bekle-y-e-memek) - not to be able to wait
bekleyemesem - if I cannot wait - (Conditional tense)
bekletemeyeceksin - you will not be able to let (it/him) wait - (Causative form)
beklenemedi - it could not have been expected - [lit: awaited] - (Passive form)
bekleyemeyeceğiz - we will not be able to wait
bekleyemezdiniz - you couldn't have waited
bekleyememişler - it seems that they cannot wait - (Inferential tense)

Lesson 52:Main forms of gerunds in Turkish-Part 2.Passage: "A birthday party - Bir doğum partisi"

2012-09-13T10:12:00.001-07:00

In this lesson more on Gerunds in Turkish.

In this conversation the speaker tells about her daughter's birthday party.Listen and practice.

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Doğum gunu: Birthday
Hediye: Gift, present
Zil: Bell
Gürültü: Noise
Tekrar: Again
Bu sefer: This time
Özür dilerim: I am sorry, I apologize
Koşmak: To run
Göstermek: To show
Masayı hazırlamak: To set the table
-den (dan) fazla: More than
Mum: Candle
Dans etmek: To dance
Toplanmak: To get together
Doğum günün kutlu olsun: Happy birthday
Üflenmek: To blow
Kesmek: To cut
Bıçak: Knife
Unutulmaz: Unforgettable

GRAMMAR NOTES

In lesson 51 we had a look at a part of adverbial clauses of time.
Let's complete the picture in this lesson now.
There is not much to add for each of this gerunds.
Examples effectively show the use of these forms and the context in which they are used.

Because of -dan dolayı or yüzünden

Examples:

Because of what Mehmet has done we can never succeed.

Mehmetın yaptığıdan dolayı asla başaramayız

Because of what Mehmet has done we can never succeed.

Mehmetın yaptığı şey yüzünden asla başaramayız

Because of what Mehmet has done we will never be able to succeed.
Mehmetın yaptığı şey yüzülnden asla başaramayacağız [wıll not be able to].

No sooner than -masıyla, - mesiyle bir oldu

Examples:

The dance had no sooner started than the lights went out.
No sooner had the dance started then the lights went out.
Dansın başlamasıyla ışıkların sönmesi bir oldu.

No sooner had I returned from Ankara than l left for Paris.
Ankara'dan geri dönmemle Paris'e hareket etmem bir oldu.

He had no sooner got into bed than the window was opened.
Yatağa girmesiyle pencerenin açılması bir oldu.

Selda no sooner entered the room than the telephone rang again.
Selda'nın odaya girmesi ile telefonun tekrar çalması bir oldu.

Hasan had no sooner put down the receiver than the telephone rang again.
Hasan'ın ahizeyi yerine koyması ile telefonun tekrar çalması bir oldu.

No sooner did I see him, than I recognized him.
Onu görmemle tanımam bir oldu.

Whenever - her ne zaman
Examples:

Whenever I started to speak English, my friend used to laugh.
My friend used to laugh whenever I started to speak English.
Her ne zaman İngilizce konuşmaya başlasam arkadaşım gülerdi.

You may visit us whenever you come to Istanbul.
Her ne zaman İstanbul'a gelirsen bizi ziyaret edebilirsin.

Whenever I sing a song, my sister goes out of the room right away.
Her ne zaman şarkı söylesem kız kardeşim derhal odadan dışarı çıkar.

Whenever we go to Bursa, we climb up the mountain.
Her ne zaman Bursa'ya gitsek dağa tırmanırız.

I can't sleep whenever I drink too much coffee.
Her ne zaman çok kahve içsem uyuyamam.

-inceye kadar, - until

Examples:

Otobüs gelinceye kadar, gidemedik.- Until the bus comes, we cannot go.

Otobüs varıncaya kadar, gidemedik.- Until the bus arrives, we cannot go.

Otobüs duruncaya kadar, inmeyin.- Until the bus stops, do not step off.

-dikçe (-tikçe), -dıkça (-tıkça) - so long as or the more that/all the while that

Dünyanın dönme hızı gittikçe artıyor.- The more the world spins its speeds increases.

We can see that gittikçe - as it goes - can be translated as - gradually

Dünyanın dönme hızı gittikçe artıyor. - The world's spin speed is gradully increasing.

Similarly from olmak - to become/to be we can form oldukça - as it becomes/as it is which we translate as - quite

O kız oldukça güzel görünüyor - That girl over there is quite good looking.

Adam yaşadıkça yaşlanıyor - Man ages as he lives. OR All the time that man is living he gets older.

Ben fırıl fırıl döndükçe, fırıl fırıl döneceğim gelir! - derviş dedi. - "The more I whirl, the more I
feel like whirling!", the dervish said.

-dikten başka - apart from doing or in addition to doing

O, kapıyı açtıktan başka, evden gittim.- He, in addition to opening the door, left the house.

-diği halde, -dığı halde - although or in a state of

Bağırdığım halde kimse yardıma gelmedi. - Although I shouted, no one came.

Bacağı alçıda olduğu halde eve döndü.- He returned home with his leg plastered.

O, kapıyı açtıktan başka, evden gittim.- He, in addition to opening the door, left the house.

-diği kadar, -dığı kadar, -duğu kadar, -düğü kadar, - as much as

İstediğiniz kadar kalınız.- Stay as long as you want.

Senin uyuduğun kadar ben uyuyamam.- I cannot sleep as much as you do.

-eceğine, -acağına, -ecek yerde, -acak yerde - instead of

İzmir'e yürüyeceğine, otobüsü bineceğim.- Instead of walking to Izmir, I will ride a bus.

Italyanca çalıstığıma, Inglizceyi çalışacağım.- Instead of studiying İtalian, I will study Englısh.

-mekle, -makla - with/by

Günümü hep yazı yazmakla geçirdim.- All of my day I spent by writing.

-mektense, -maktansa, -mekten ise, -maktan ise - rather than

Ankara'ya gitmektense, İstanbul'a gittim.- Rather than go to Ankara, I went to Istanbul.

-meksizin, -maksızın, -meden, -madan - without (-meden is more frequently used.)

Otobüsü binmeksizin, İstanbul'a gittim.- Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul.

Otobüsü binmeden, İstanbul'a gittim.- Without riding a bus, I went to Istanbul

-(y)e, -(y)a rağmen - altought, despite, even though

This gerund is largely used in Turkish.

Examples:

Yapmamasını ona söylememe rağmen gitmeye karar verdi.
He decided to go, although I told him not to.

Doğru olduklarından emin olmamama rağmen cevaplarımı kopyalayabilirsin.
You can copy down my answers although I'm not sure they're right.

Milyonlarca yaşama mal olmasına rağmen savaşı kazandılar.
They won the war, although it cost them millions of lives.

12 yaşında olmasına rağmen Mehmet annesinden daha uzundur.
Although he's only 12, Mehmet is taller than his mother.

Gerçekte patronumuz olmamasına rağmen, ofisin etkin kontrolüne sahiptir.
Although she's not officially our boss, she's in effective control of the office.

Havaya rağmen yine de hafta sonundan zevk aldım.
I still enjoyed the week despite the weather.

Mali sorunlara rağmen şirket başarılı.
Despite its financial problems, the company is successful.

Kara rağmen otobüsler çalışıyor.
Buses are still running, despite the snow.

Farklı şehirlerde yaşamalarına rağmen iki aile yakın ilişkilerini sürdürmektedirler.
Despite living in different countries, the two families have maintained close links.

Havaya rağmen piknikten zevk aldım.
I still enjoyed the picnic despite the weather.

Lesson 51:Main forms of gerunds in Turkish-Part 1.Passage: "At the seaside"-"Deniz kenarında"

2012-09-12T22:41:00.001-07:00

In this lesson we will focus on some particular constructions: the Gerunds.
They express the adverbial form of the verbs and Turkish is particularly rich of.
We already met a few of them. Do you remember the adverbial clauses ...(i)ken in
Lesson 43 and ...ir .....mez in Lesson 49 ?

There are other forms based either on the infinitive stem or the infinitive tense itself
There are other gerund based on the infinitive stem itself.
We will see them in more details.

In the conversation, the speaker tells about a family going to seaside. The script is not provided at this stage for a better practice on listening.

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Geçen yaz: Last summer

Sahil, kıyı: Shore,seafront

Yola çıkmak:To depart, to leave, to set off

Mola: break

yorulmadan: Without getting tired

Atlamak: To jump

Vazgeçmek: To give up

Tam o sirada: At the very moment

Ses: Voice

Imdat! : Help!

Bağırmak: To shout

Hızla: Quickly, rapidly

Kurtarmak: To rescue, to save

Ismarlamak: To order (food, drink...)

Yürüyüş yapmak: To go for a walk, to take a stroll

Koşmak: To run

Dalmak: To dive

Acıktım: To be hungry

GRAMMATICAL NOTES

Without getting back to what I mentioned at the beginning of this lesson let's go now a little bit more into details about other forms of gerunds in Turkish.

The are fomed by using specifc suffixes we are going to see below.

GERUND PATTERNS

consecutive-conjunctive

This gerundive if formed by attaching the following suffixes to the infinitive stem:

-(y)ip, -(y)ıp, -(y)up , -(y)üp (remeber that vowel harmony applies here)

This pattern correspond to the English construction : And,...and then

Examples:

Kedi eti kapıp kaçtı : The cat grabbed the meat and run away

Para alıp gitti: He took the money and left.

Subsequential

This gerund has the same function as " Since" in English.

It obtained by attaching th suffixes -(y)eli, -(y)alı to the ınfınıtıve stem.

Remember that here applies the vowel harmony.

Examples:

Istanbul'dan ayrılalı iki yıl oldu: It has been two years since I left Istanbul

Italyaya gideli iki hafta oldu: It has been two weeks since I went to Italy

Coordinating

This gerund hs the same function as ....-ing, by.......ing in English.

Expresses a secondary action while the main one is in progress.

Is obtained by attaching the suffixes -(y)erek, -(y)arak to the infinitive stem.

Examples:

Ali elini sallayarak beni selamladı: Ali greeted me by waving his hand.

Selin işe yürüyerek gidiyor: Selin goes to work on feet.

end of Part 1.

Lesson 50:The use of the suffix "Ki" - Conversation: "Going to the bank"-"Bankaya gidiş"

2012-09-12T11:19:00.001-07:00

This lesson will focus on the use of the suffix "Ki" and its different meanings in Turkish.

Before we go into more detail listen to this passage carefully.

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Evlenmek: To marry,to get married
Kahvaltı etmek: To have breakfast
Buzdolap: Fridge
Yanındaki: The one close to....

GRAMMATICAL NOTES

As anticipated the suffix "Ki" has multiple use in Turkish.
Let's see them in details:

Ki - as a Conjunction

This word "ki" here is equivalent to the English words - who, that, which- when joining two ideas in relation to each other.
Note that it is mandatory to use a comma preceding ki in Turkish in this type of usage to show the subject of the sentence clearly.

Examples:

Ayhan, ki sen bugün gördün, benim en iyi arkadaşım. - Ayhan, who you saw today, is my best friend.

Matematik, ki bir çok insan nefret eder, benim en sevdiğim derstir.Maths, which many people hate, is my favorite class.

Ki is also used for joining two sentences together, but this method goes against Turkish Grammar rules.

Biliyorum ki beni seviyorsun. - I know that you love me.
This construction is based on Persian Grammar and closer to European thinking. However the construction shown below comes over as more natural to the Turk:
Beni sevdiğini biliyorum. - The correct method according to Turkish grammar.
The construction Biliyorum ki beni seviyorsun - although understandable- is NOT the natural Turkish method.

The correct Turkish method uses the -dik Relative Object participle:

Beni sevdiğ-in-i biliyorum. - I know that you love me - [Lit: Me that-love-you knowing-am-I]
sevdiğ- - that loves + -in- you/your + -i - object marker for the verb biliyorum - I know
Thus it becomes that both ideas - "the person" and "their loving" become objects of the verb - I know. This is more suitable to the Turkish point of view.

Ki - as a locative suffix

Most of the time the suffix "ki" usually means - who, that, which - is actually in a locative situation. In Turkish the addition of "ki" to the object located completes the meaning whereas in English the relative pronoun in this relationship is glossed over or not included at all.

Examples:
Bahçedeki çocuk - The child (who is) in the garden.
Elimdeki para - The money (that is) in my hand, The money (that) I've got.
Yanımdaki para yok- I don't have money with me - [lit: money that is by my side.]

Note that the us of the relative "ki" - who, which, that - is necessary in Turkish although in English it could be omitted.

Idiomatic use of "Ki"

This ki is often used in comparison as in:
oysa ki - if it is thus, if that's the way it is, thus, so then
hal bu ki - the condition is this, that is the way it is, so then
These days these utterances are regularly found written as a single word (in truth they are not), and have found a way into the language as such - oysaki - so, then, halbuki - It's this way, like this..

Ki - as a Relative Pronoun

In the completion of descriptive nouns, the suffix -ki can be added to the completed noun and then used in place of the noun + noun completion.

Ali'nin arabası, Ayşe'nin arabasından daha güzeldir.

Ali's car is better than Ayşe's car.

Ali'nin arabası, Ayşe'ninkinden daha güzeldir.

Ali's car is better than Ayşe's (one).

Bizim koltuklar [Koltuklarımız], Fatmaların koltuklarından daha yenidir.

Our chairs are newer that Fatma's chairs.

Bizimkiler, Fatmaların koltuklarından daha yenidir.

Our ones are newer that Fatma's chairs.

Bahçenin domatesi, seranın domatesinden daha lezzetlidir.

Our tomatoes are tastier than the greenhouse tomatoes

Bahçeninkiler, seraninkinden daha lezzetlidir.

The garden ones are tastier than the greenhouse ones.

PARTICULAR USE OF "Ki" AS ADJECTIVE OF LOCATION

The suffix -de(ki), -da(ki) - which is on, in, at

There is really no such suffix -deki in Turkish. -deki is actually two suffixes together, -de plus an added -ki.-de means - on, in, at - while -ki is - that which is
But you will find most grammar books gloss over this construction although it is in constant daily use to make an Adjective of Location.

Examples:

Sokaktaki araba - The car which is in the street - [Lit: Sokak-ta-ki street-in-which-is car.]

The particle "Ki" is also used in everyday language to express:

so ... that; such that:

Öyle ucuz ki herkes alabilir. - It´s so cheap that everyone can afford it.

Would you believe it?

Eve geldim ki kapı duvar. - I came home, but ki would you believe it? ki nobody answered the door.
Elimi cebime attım ki para yok. - I felt in my pocket for it, but (ki - good heavens! - ki) the cash wasn´t there.

Considering that:

Adam üşümüş ki paltosunu giymiş. - The man must have been cold, seeing that he put on his coat.

As, though:

Cevap vermeseydi bile ki ki verdi ki iş olacağına varırdı. - Even if he hadn´t made a reply ki though he did ki the thing wouldn´t have turned out any differently.

When:

Henüz uykuya dalmıştım ki, bir patlama oldu. - I´d just dropped off to sleep when something exploded.

Indicates frustration, disapproval, doubt, or anxiety:

O bana inanmaz ki! - She will not believe me, so why should I talk with her?
Ama bana verirler mi ki? - But will they actually give it to me, I wonder?

Emphasis:
Öyle güzel ki! - It´s more beautiful than I can say!
Öyle bir para döktü ki! - He spent money like it was going out of style!
Araba ki ne araba! - It´s a car and a half!/It´s some car!

Lesson 49:Adverbial clauses of time in Turkish: -dikten sonra, -dıktan sonra,/-diği zaman,-dığı zaman,-duğu zaman,-düğü zaman/-diğinde,-dığında-duğunda,-düğünde/ ince,ınca,unca,ünce/-meden önce,-madan önce/..ir ...mez,....ur ...maz,....ır ...maz,...ür....mez. Conversation: A visit to a friend

2012-09-09T09:23:00.000-07:00

This lesson will focus on a series of Adverbial Clauses of time in Turkish.

It is a vast category of clauses.Many of them are interchangeable as they have the same meaning.

Before we go into more details, let's listen to this conversation and try to identify such clauses.

Because of the lenght of the passage, there wıll be no related script.
An accurate vocabulary will however be given.

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Kapı zili: door bell
Çalmak: (here)To ring
Kapı açıldı: The door was opened
Seni tekrar gormek ne güzel: How nice to see you again
Dondüğümde: When I returned
Daha önce: Earlier
Gelemediğim için: For not coming
Yetki: Authority
Yetkili: Person authorized
Sınava girmek: To take an exam
Çalışmaya başlamak: To begin studying, to begin to study
Özlemek: To miss (somebody, something)
Karnın aç olmak: To be hungry
Konuk olmak: To be guest
Uzun süreden beri: For a long time
O zamana kadar: Until then

GRAMMAR NOTES

Adverbial causes of time in Turkish are used to express the equivalent of " WHEN", "BEFORE" AS SOON AS" , "AFTER (+ verb in -ing form), " AS" and other similar adverbial expressions.
To better understand what we are talking about, look at the following examples.It would make the job easier for you.

BEFORE: -önce or -meden önce

I went out to play before I had dinner
Akşam yemeğini yemeden önce dışarıya oynamaya çıktım.

The sun had set in the west before we reached our destination.
Biz hedefimize varmadan önce güneş batıdan batmıştı.

We must go home before it gets dark.
Hava kararmadan önce eve gitmeliyiz.

We shall have had lunch by the time that the train gets to London.
Tren Londraya varmadan önce öğlen yemeğimizi yİyecektik.

My small brother had eaten all the pie before I got back.
Ben dönmeden önce küçük erkek kardeşim bütün böreği yemişti.

I will finish everything by the time my father comes home.
Babam eve gelmeden önce her şeyi bitireceğim.

The party will be over by the time we get there.
Biz oraya varmadan önce parti sona erecek.

By the time we got there, the meeting had already started.
Oraya varmadan önce toplantı başlamıştı bile.

If there is no verb in the sentence : -dan önce/-tan önce or -den önce/-ten önce is used:
Before May - Mayıstan önce
Before April - Nisandan önce
Before 5 o'clock - Saat beşten önce
Before 2 o'clock - Saat ikiden önce.

AFTER, AFTERWORDS - sonra or -diktan (-dikten) sonra
I turned the lights off after my sister went to bed - English Construction
Kız kardeşim yattıktan sonra ışıkları söndürdüm.

After the plane took off, we ate our lunch.
Uçak havalandıktan sonra öğle yemeğimizi yedik.

I am going to ask the teacher a question after the class is over.
Ders bittikten sonra öğretmene bir soru soracağım.

I will write to you after I leave Ankara.
Ankara'dan ayrıldıktan sonra sana mektup yazacağım.

They went to the theater after they had finished their work.
İşlerini bitirdikten sonra tiyatroya gittiler.
W
e went to Italy after the war broke out.
Savaş çıktıktan sonra İtalya'ya gittik.

AS SOON AS : -ir -mez, -ır -maz, -ur -maz, -ür -mez
We shall have tea as soon as my father comes home.
As soon as my father comes home we shall have tea.

Babam eve gelir gelmez çay içeceğiz.
They turned on the lights as soon as the film ended.

Film biter bitmez ışıkları açtılar.
We will come to see you as soon as the holidays start.

Tatil başlar başlamaz sizi görmeye geleceğiz.
As soon as Ayşe had finished her homework, she went out to play.

We shall go as soon as my father is ready.
Babam hazır olur olmaz gideceğiz.

As soon as you buy this novel, I will borrow it from you.
Sen bu romanı satın alır almaz onu senden ödünç alacağım

WHEN: -diği zaman (-diğinde), -dığı zaman (-dığında), -duğu zaman (-duğunda), -düğü zaman (-düğünde).
Now (that) you mention it, of course I do remember.Ondan bahsettiğiniz zaman, elbet hatırlıyorum.

When I got up, it was raining hard.Yataktan kalktığım zaman çok yağmur yağıyordu.

When: -ince,-ınca,-unca,-ünce

This contructions is similar to the previous, with a slight difference in th meaning that depens on the verb and the action described.

When the rain stopped we returned to our houses.Yağmur durunca evlerimize döndük

There are other forms of adverbial clauses of time.This will be the object of the next lesson!

Lesson 48: Auxiliary verbs in Turkish: Etmek, Olmak- Conversation: Elections-Seçimler

2012-09-09T03:23:00.003-07:00

This lesson will focus on the category of auxiliaries in Turkish whose main verbs are essentially
ETMEK and OLMAK.

However there are other verbs which may be used as auxiliaries in different contexts.We will have a look at most of them.
This is going to be a long lesson so please don't get bored!!!
Listen to this passage carefully and identify the verbs using any of the auxiliaries Etmek or Olmak.
(note that since this is a long conversation the script is not listed due to space reason.Vocabulary will however be given.)

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

İşte: Here (he is)
Tanıştırmak: To introduce himself
Sabahtan beri: Since morning
Ne güzel bir rastlantı: What a nice coincidence !
Rahatsız etmek: To bother, to disturb
TBMM (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi): Turkish Grand National Assemby Assemblea Nazionale.
Yanılmıyorsam: If I am not mistaken
Avukat: Lawyer
Anayasa: Constitution
Değişikliler: Changes
Ilan etmek: To declare
Ilan edilmek: To be declared
Idareyi ele almak: To take over the administration
Halkoyu (referandum): Referendum
Sunmak: To submit
Kabul etmek: To accept
Cumhurbaşkanı: President of the Republic
Meslek: Profession
Seçimler: elections
Çoğunluk: majority
Kurmak: To estabilish
Üye: Member
Dönem: Term
Arka arkaya: consecutively
Yaşı uygun ise: If age is suitable
Millevekilleri: Deputies , MPs
Başbakan: Prime Minister
Bakan: Minister
Oy: Vote
Oy vermek: To vote
Sınır: Limit, edge - limite
Çağırmak: To call
Ne yazık ki, maalesef: Unfortunately
Karşılamak: To meet, to encounter
Yüzbaşı: Captain

GRAMMAR NOTES

As hinted at the beginning the two main auxiliaries in Turkish are :ETMEK and OLMAK.
These verbs are generally use to form compound verbs as well as to make active and passive tenses respectively.
Look at these examples:

Etmek - to do, to make, to perform. This auxiliary is used to make Active Tenses.
Babamı mutlu ettim - I made my father happy.Elmak - to be, to become, to happen, to occur. This auxiliary is used to make Passive Tenses.
Seni görünce mutlu oldum. - I became happy on seeing you.

Let's analize them in more details

Etmek - to do/to perform

etmek - cannot be used alone as a verb. It is an auxiliary verb used with nouns.It is most used along with Arabic or Persian words as well as foreign words imported into Turkish.
Look at this list below and try to memorize them.Most of the compound verbs have an Arabic stem to which -Etmek is added.

telefon etmek - to telephone
dans etmek - to dance
şikâyet etmek - to complain
tereddüt etmek - to hesitate
talep etmek - to ask, to demand
Itaat etmek - to obey
istifa etmek - to resign, to step down
Vefat etmek - to die, to pass away

The list could continue but it is sufficient for you now to remind that this is one of the applications of the auxiliary "etmek"

It should be noted that many Arabic words do not follow the rules of vowel harmony within themselves but any Turkish suffixes added will always be governed by the final vowel in the word, although there are a few exceptions to this. One we have already met saat hour saatler hours.
Sometimes in Turkish there are two words in general use for the same meaning, one Arabic using - etmek - to form its verb, whilst the Turkish rooted word will follow normal rules of conjugation.

Example
tamir etmek- to repair [arab] or onarmak - to repair [turk]

The auxiliary Etmek has up to nine different meanings according to the most accurate dictionaries:

1. - to do, make - kâr etmek - to make a profit
2. - to do well or wrong - Ne iyi ettin. - How well you did!- iyi etmedin - you did not do well!
3. - reach (a time) - Ay sonunu etmek - To reach the end of the month
4. - to deprive (someone) of (something) - Bu iş beni sağlığımdan etti. (-den etmek) - This job wore me out.
5. - to equal, make - Dört üç daha yedi eder. - Four plus three makes seven
6. - to be worth - O kitap yüz elli lira eder. - That book is worth 150 lira.
7. - to amount to, make - Toplam sekiz dolar ediyor.- The total amounts to 8 dollars
8. - to wrong, treat (someone) unjustly - Bana neler etti. - What (bad things) he did to me.
9. - to soil or wet (one's underpants, bed etc.) - donuna etmek ; yatağına etmek

Examples of Transitive Verbs formed with "etmek"

Transitive verbs have an Object

In these examples onu can either mean it (object) - or that (object)

ayıp - a shaming
ayıp etmek - to cause/make a shame
Onun için Mehmet beni ayıp etti - Because of it/that Mehmet shamed me.
teslim - a delivering [Arabic]
teslim etmek - to deliver
Mektubu teslim ettim - I delivered the letter
Koliyi teslim ettirdiniz - you had the the parcel delivered (Causative Verb form)
tamir - a repairing [Arabic]
tamir etmek - to repair
Onu tamir etsek - If we repair it/that
Onu tamir edemem - I can't repair it/that
kontrol - a checking [Eng. Fr.]
kontrol etmek - to check
Onu kontrol ettiler - They checked it/that
Onu kontrol edebilir misiniz? - Would you check it/that?

It stands to reason that only "etmek" is conjugated while formng the tenses of the compound verbs.

The Passive can be formed with the Passive of etmek - edilmek but is often replaced by the The verb of olmak - to become - or its Passive Form - olunmak - to become - without any change in meaning.

olmak - to be/become

This verb meaning to be or to become is also used as an auxiliary with foreign loan words. It is also attached directly to single syllable roots or written separately when used with roots of more that one syllable. It does not change its own vowels as it is a verb in its own right. One of its most important auxiliary functions is its use as the Future Tense and Potential Mood of the verb - to be.

Look at these examples:

ayıp - shame
ayıp olmak - to be a shame
Yağmur yağdığından ayıp olur - It is a shame that it is raining
- or - Yağmur yağdığından ayıptır - It is a shame that it is raining - sometimes the verb "to be" can be used in place of olmak - to become
hazır - ready
hazırım - I am ready
hazır olacağım - I shall be ready [Future]

zengin - rich
zenginsiniz - you are rich
zengin olsaydınız - If you had been rich [Conditional]

yoksul - poor
O yoksul - he is poor
O yoksul olabilir - He may be poor [Potential]

If we now show the examples from etmek - the transitive auxiliary verb form above, but with the auxiliary verb as edilmek - the intransitive auxiliary verb - then we can see that the sense has become Passive as opposed the Active sense:

teslim - a delivering
teslim etmek - to delivered - [Transitive form takes an object]
Ali, mektubu teslim etti [Active Sense] - Ali delivered the letter. [Transitive with mektubu in the objective case.]
teslim edilmek - to be delivered - [Intransitive form - takes no object]
dün teslim edildi - It was delivered yesterday. [Intransitive - no object]
mektup teslim edildi - The letter has been delivered [Passive with edilmek and mektup as the subject]
These examples show that the main verb can also be made passive by the use of edilmek - to be performed - the passive form of etmek itself.

tamir - a repairing
tamir edilmek - to repair [passive]
O tamir edilecek - It (as subject.) will be repaired
O tamir edilemedi - (ed-il-e-me-di) - It (as subject) could not have been repaired

kontrol - a checking
kontrol edilmek - to be checked
O kontrol edildi - It has been checked
Onu kontrol edilebilcek mi?- (ed-il-ebil-ecek mi?) - Can it be repaired?

ret- a refusing
reddedilmek - to be refused
Ben, reddedildim - I was refused (this is a case in which "etmek" is attached to the noun)
O, reddedilince - On it being refused

takdir - an appreciation
takdir edilmek - to be appreciated
Ahmet, takdir edildi - Ahmet was appreciated
Ali, takdir edilecek - Ali will be appreciated

The Passive use of - olmak

When used with loan word to form verbs it gives the sense of being in a state of..
pişman - a regretting - pişman oldum - I regret/I was sorry - [Lit: I was sorry]
fena - bad/ill - fena oluyorum - I feel ill
memnun - pleased - memnun oldum - I'm pleased - [Lit: I was pleased]

Other Auxiliaries

These include:
yapmak- to do as an action
gelmek- to come
kalmak - to remain/stay
bulunmak - to be found/to be - [Passive of bulmak]
eylemek - to carry out - [equates with etmek but not common.] eylemek can be used as a substitute for etmek and serves the same purpose. It is usually restricted to the written word and is seldom used in conversation

Continuative Verbs

kalmak and durmak are used to form a continuing action of the main verb giving the sense - to keep on doing.. or to remain in a condition of.. To form the Continuative Verb the Infinitive of kalmak or durmak is added directly to the Subjunctive Root of the main verb. The Subjunctive Root is formed by suffixing -e or -a to the basic Verb Stem yüzmek to swim yüze- Subjunctive stem.
Then with the direct addition of kalmak - to remain:
yüzekalmak- to keep on swimming - yüzekaldı - He kept on swimming
alakalmak- to keep on taking - alakalacağım - I will keep on taking
durakalmak- to keep on stopping - durakalıyorsun - You keep on stopping

A SPECIAL USE OF THE VERB "VERMEK" - TO GIVE

The verb - vermek - to give - can also be added to the subjunctive verb stem and in this case it gives a sense of urgency and speed of action to the main verb. In this case - vermek- loses its meaning - to give. Then with the direct addition of vermek - to "get a move on.."

Examples:

koşmak - to run - koşuvermek - to hurry up and run

When adding "vermek" to a verb then the vowel of the subjunctive ending -e narrows to -i or -ü thus: (güle becomes gülüverin and kese becomes kesıverin), while that of the subjunctive ending -a narrows to -ı or -u thus: (baka becomes bakıverin and tuta becomes tutuverin).

Lesson 47:Subjunctive tense in Turkish (Istek tipi) - Conversation: The American hospital-Amerikan hastanesi

2012-09-08T04:24:00.002-07:00

Let's now see another tense: The Subjunctive , also known as Optative (Istek tipi).

This tense is commonly used to express a wish, a desire.

In the following conversation a foreigner is looking for the American Hospital and ask for information.

As in the conversation there is a sup-up of what you have been studying so far,you may note that the script is not provided this time. Listen to it carefully and memorize new words and expressions.

GRAMMAR NOTES

Let's see how to form this tense and its conjugation.

The Subjunctive Mood Sign is -a or -e which is added to the infinitive stem - according to Vowel Harmony Rules: If the bare verb stem ends in a vowel then the Subjunctive Mood Sign becomes -ya or -ye (Uses buffer letter -y-)

The Personal Endings for the Subjunctive mood are as follows:

Subjunctive Mood Sign is -e for verbs whose last vowel is -e, -i, -ö, -ü
Mood Sign -a is used for verbs whose last vowel is -a, -ı, -o, -u
As the Mood Sign is -a or -e - Then it follows that there are only two forms of the Personal Endings as shown above for the Subjunctive (again due to vowel harmony rules).

The Singular Personal suffixes - Subjunctive

-eyim- let me or -ayım- let me
-esin - let you or -asın - let you
-e - let him or -a - let him

The Plural Personal suffixes - Subjunctive

-elim- let us or -alım - let us
-esiniz - let you or -asınız - let you
-eler- let them or -alar- let them
All the above will use buffer letter -y- when being added to a verb stem ending in a vowel.
Thus -eyim becomes -yeyim [after a vowel] etc
bekleyeyim - [bekle-y-eyim] - let me wait
almayalım - [alma -y -alım] - let us not take
Consequently it can be seen that all negative verbs will have this buffer letter as the negative verb end in a vowel.

Exception:

The third person singular and plural also have an ending suffix -sin and -sinler.This is the same ending used to form the Imperative mode ( Lesson 17 ).

INFINITIVE ENDING IN -MEK (E-DOTTED VERBS)

gelmek - to come - becomes - gel-e-yim - I better come
geleyim - let me come, I better come
gelesin - let you come, you should come along
gele - let him come, he should come
gelelim - let us come, we better come
gelesiniz - let you come, you come along
geleler - let them come, they ought to come too

INFINITIVE ENDING IN -MAK (A-DOTTED VERBS)

bakmak - to look - becomes - bak-a-yım - let me look
koşmak - to run - koşasın - let him run
bulmak - to find - bula - let him find
çıkmak - to leave - çıkalım - lets go!
kaçmak - to escape, to leave - kaçasınız - off you go!
korkmak - to be afraid - korkalar - let them fear

Stems ending in vowels

In the case of verb stems which end in a vowel -(including all negative verbs) - then -ye or -ya is used - (buffer letter -y)
aramak - to look for - arayalım - [ara -ya -lım] - let us look for (it)
beklemek - to wait, to expect - bekleyeyim - [bekle -ye -yim] - let me wait etc.
The Negative Form of all the above then become:
gitmemek - not to go - gitmeyelim - lets not go
bakmamak - not to look - Ahmet mektubu bakmaya - Let Ahmet not look at the letter
-This is not an order but a wish - Hopefully Ahmet will not look at the letter, but
bulmamak - not to find - bulmayalar - Hopefully they won't find it.
beklememek - not to wait - beklemeyeyim - I'd better not wait.

Subjuctive - Interrogative

The Interrogative Particle mi? or mı? is written separately but obeys Vowel Harmony Rules:
geleyim mi? - should I come (too)?
yürüyelim mi? - should we walk?
yürümeyelim mi? - shouldn't we walk?
gideler mi? - Should they go (then)?

Subjunctive - Past Tense

The Past tense of the Subjunctive Mood gives the sense of: I wish that I had, If only we had, etc. And the negative: I wish that I hadn't, If only they hadn't.etc.
Then adding the Definite Past Tense personal endings the to Subjunctive Mood base we arrive at:

gideydim [gide -idim] - if only I had gone
Ahmet gelmeyeydi [gelmeye -idi] - If only Ahmet hadn't come (along) - The spelling gelmiyeydi is also found.
arayaydık [araya -idik] - If only we had looked for (it)

Lesson 46:Conditional tense in Turkish. Conversation: At my house - Evimde

2012-09-07T12:51:00.002-07:00

In this lesson we will focus on the Conditional Tense in Turkish and its different forms.

Listen to the following conversation and pick the verbs in conditional tense (in red).

"Ablam evde yok mu Leyla? Nerede?
Bir arkadaşi ile sinemaya gitti.
Hangi sinemaya gittiler? Biliyormusun?
Kent sineması'na.
Ne zaman gittiler?
Biraz önce gittiler.Çabuk gidersen köşede yakalarsın.
Kaç dakika oldu?
On dakika kadar oldu.
Yakın bir sinema olsaydı giderdim.
Dolmuşla gidersen belki sinemanın önünde onları görürsün."

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Sinemanın önünde: in front of the cinema
Belki: Perhaps

GRAMMAR NOTES

As you all know, In English the Conditional Tenses are introduced by a little word: if
In Turkish conditional - if - sentences are often introduced with the word -eğer - if or less commonly - şayet - lest, unless In Turkish these words are pointers alerting the listener that a Condition and Result are following.

The Conditional Suffixes.

The Turkish Conditional is characterized by the suffix -se- or -sa- (according to Vowel Harmony rules).
A simple example is - var - there is, there are - which becomes varsa - if there is, if there are - with the addition of the -sa Conditional Suffix.
The negative of course is based on: yok- there isn't, there aren't - which becomes: yoksa - if there isn't, if there aren't
Paranız varsa bana verin.- If you have (any) money (then) give it to me.
Bir araç yoksa burada kalalım. - If there isn't a vehicle (then) let's stay here.

The Conditional Tenses are formed by adding the Conditional Personal endings to the -(y)se- or -(y)sa- suffix to the verb in any suitable tense or mood. The mark of the Conditional Suffix follows Vowel Harmony Rules, therefore there are two forms -se or -sa to choose from. Some examples in differing Tenses and Moods are shown below to prove how Vowel Harmony affects the -se, -sa Conditional Suffix.

Personal suffixes will follow and be attached to the conditional suffixes.
Look at the following examples and study them carefully:

If I- (verb)+sem or -sam example yaparsam - if I do
If you-(verb)+ sen or -san example giriyorsan - if you are entering
If he-(verb)+ se or -sa example kesilecekse - if it will be cut, if it is to be cut
[In our example above the verb is in its passive form - kesilmek- to be cut - from - kesmek - to cut]
If we-(verb)+ sek or -sak example anlaşmıyorsak - if we are not agreeing
If you-(verb)+ seniz or -saniz example mutlu olmayacaksanız - if you will not be happy
If they-(verb)+ seler or -salar example gelebilecekseler- if they will be able to come.

Let's see now the table of conjugation of the Conditonal tense:

Gelmek: To go

The Simple Present Conditional		The Present Continuous Conditional
gelsem	If I come	geliyorsam	If I am coming
yazsan	If you write	yazmıyorsan	If you are not writing
gülse	If he laughs	gülecekse	If he will laugh
içsek	If we drink	içiyorsak	If we are drinking
görebilirseniz	If you can see	görmüyorsanız	If you are not seeing
yapıyorsalar	If they are doing	yapabilirseler	If they can do

The Conditional Positive

Here are some examples of the main tenses in use of gelmek - to come - and - gelmemek - not to come

Simple Actual Conditional
gelsem	if I were to come
gelsen	if you were to come
gelse	if he were to comes
gelsek	if we usually come
gelseniz	if you were to come
gelseler	if they were to come

Present Continuous
geliyorsam	if I am coming
geliyorsan	if you are coming
geliyorsa	if he is coming
geliyorsak	if we coming
geliyorsanız	if you are coming
geliyorsalar	if they are coming

Simple Habitual
gelirsem	if I (usually) come
gelirsen	if you (usually) come
gelirse	if he (usually) comes
gelirsek	if we (usually) come
gelirseniz	if you (usually) come
gelirseler	if they (usually) come

Future Intention
geleceksem	if I (will) come
geleceksen	if you (will) come
gelecekse	if he (will) come
geleceksek	if we (will) come
gelecekseniz	if you (will) come
gelecekseler	if they (will) come

Past Reality
geldiysem	if I came
geldiysen	if you came
geldiyse	if he came
geldiysek	if we came
geldiyseniz	if you came
geldiyseler	if they came

Past Unreality
gelseydim	If only I had come
gelseydin	If only had come
gelseydi	If only had come
gelseydik	If only we had come
gelseydiniz	If only you had come
gelseydiler	If only they had come

Conditional Negative Tenses

Negative Simple Actual Conditional
gelmesem	if I were not to come
gelmesen	if you were not to come
gelmese	if he were to not comes
gelmesek	if we usually do not come
gelmeseniz	if you were not to come
gelmeseler	if they were not to come

Negative Present Continuous Conditional
gelmiyorsam	if I am not coming
gelmiyorsan	if you are not coming
gelmiyorsa	if he is not coming
gelmiyorsak	if we are not coming
gelmiyorsanız	if you are not coming
gelmiyorsalar	if they are not coming

Negative Simple Habitual Conditional
gelmezsem	if I (usually) do not come
gelmezsen	if you (usually) do not come
gelmezse	if he (usually) do not comes
gelmezsek	if we (usually) do not come
gelmezseniz	if you (usually) do not come
gelmezseler	if they (usually) do not come

Negative Future Conditional
gelmeyeceksem	if I (will) not come
gelmeyeceksen	if you (will) not come
gelmeyecekse	if he (will) not come
gelmeyeceksek	if we (will) not come
gelmeyecekseniz	if you (will) not come
gelmeyecekseler	if they (will) not come

Negative Past Real Conditional
gelmediysem	if I had not come
gelmediysen	if you had not come
gelmediyse	if he had not come
gelmediysek	if we had not come
gelmediyseniz	if you had not come
gelmediyseler	if they had not come

Negative Past Unreal Conditional
gelmeseydim	If only I had not come
gelmeseydin	If only you had not come
gelmeseydi	If only he had not come
gelmeseydik	If only we had not come
gelmeseydiniz	If only you not had come
gelmeseydiler	If only they had not come

Examples in other tenses

There are other tense form (such as the Inferential Tense) which are used in conditional sentences and one should learn to recognize the -se- or -sa- form of the verbal suffix to realize that the conditional - if - should be used.
Erken varırsanız, beklemelisiniz. - If you arrive early, you will have to wait.
Erken varırsanız, beklersiniz. - If you arrive early, you would have to wait.
Erken varsaydınız, bekleyecektiniz. - If you had arrived early, you would have had to wait.
Sana yardım edebilirlerse, yardım edecekler. - They will help you if they can.
Sana yardım etseler, yardım ederler. - They would help you if they could.
Sana yardım edebilseydiler, (yardım) ederlerdi. - [or edeceklerdi] -They would have helped you if they could have.
Fazla içersen sarhoş olursun. - If you drink too much you get drunk.
Çok çalışmazsan, sınavı geçemeyeceksin - Unless you work hard you will not be able to pass your test.
Sigara içmeyi bırakırsan, daha uzun yaşarsın. - If you stop smoking you will live longer.
Yağmur yağmasaydı dışarı çıkacaktık. - We would have gone out if it had stopped raining.
Eğer buradan gitseydim sana yazardım. - If I had gone away, I would have written to you.

Lesson 45 :Relative verbs and object participles formation. Listening: Turkey's geography- Türkiye'nin çografya

2012-09-04T07:41:00.000-07:00

Thıs lesson will focus on the RELATIVE VERBS and the OBJECT PARTICIPLES formation in Turkish.

This also is going to be a lesson a little bit longer than normal so please be patient and follow it carefully!!

In the conversation the speaker describes Turkey's geography and climate.
You will familiarize with geografical terms, nation's names and will also have the chance to review the topics studied so far.

" Bu, Türkiye haritasıdır. Türkiye üç tarafı denizlerle çevrilmiş bir yarımadadır. Kuzey'de Karadeniz, Batı'da Ege Denizi ve Güney'de Akdeniz vardır.
Türkiye Asya ve Avrupa kıtaları üzerinde kurulmuştur. Asya üzerindeki kısım Anadolu, Avrupa üzerindeki kısım ise Trakya'dır. Anadolu ile Trakya,yani Asya ile Avrupa birbirlerinden İstanbul ve Çanakkale Boğazları ile ayrılırlar.
Türkiye, kuzeydoğuda Rusya,doğuda İran, güneydoğuda Irak, güneyde Süriye, batıda Yunanistan ve kuzeybatıda Bulgaristan ile komşudur.
Türkiye Cumhuriyetle yönetilir. Yetmiş alttı tane il merkezi ve çok sayda ilçe ,merkezi vardır. En büyük ili İstanbul'dur. Boğazici Köprüsü de İstanbul'dadır. İki kıtayı birbirine bağlayan bu köprünün uzunluğu bir kilometredir. Yaya olarak bir kıtadan diğerine geçmek ancak on beş dakika sürer.
Türkiye'nin iklimine gelince:
Güney'de hava, hemen hemen her mevsim sıcaktır ve denize girmek mümkündür.Kuzey bölgesi genellikle yağmurludur. Batıda yazın sıcak,kışın yağmur vardır. kar ender olarak yağar. Yağsa bile birkaç gün sonra kalkar. İç ve Doğu Anadolu Bölgeleri dağlık ve yüksektir. Bu nedenl yazın sıcak,kışın soğuk olur"

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Harita: Map
Çevrilmiş: surrounded by
Kuzey: North
Batı: West
Güney: South
Doğu: East
Karadeniz: Back Sea
Akdeniz: Mediterranean Sea
Ege Denizi: Aegean Sea
Kıta: Continent
Kısım: Part,portion
Boğaz: Channel, Strait
Güneydoğu: Southeast
Yunanistan: Greece
Suriye: Syria
Yönetmek: To govern
Köprü: Bridge
Mümkün: Possible
Kar: Snow
Ender olarak: Rarely,seldom
Bu nedenle: For this reason

GRAMMATICAL NOTES

Let's see now in detail the relative verbs and the object participles formation.

A participle is an adjective which is formed from a verb - and as such it precedes the noun which it describes.
Being a relative participle then it can also serve as a noun and therefore have the personal suffixes and the suffixes of declension added thus forming a relative clause.

RELATIVE VERBS

Participle + Possessive Suffix - Noun - Verb

Look at these examples:

Oturduğum [Otur-duğ-um] ev budur. - This is the house in which I live.

En çok sevdiğin [sev-diğ-in ] yemek nedir? - What is the food that you like best?

Yazdığı [Yaz-dığ-ı] mektubu aldım. - I have received the letter that he wrote.

Geldiğimiz [Gel-diğ-imiz] araba çalınmış. - The car in which we came has been stolen, they say.

Beğendiğiniz [Beğen-diğ-iniz] kumaşı bulamadım. - I could not find the material that you liked.

Yaptıkları [Yap-tık-ları] iyiliği unutamayacağım. - I shall not be able to forget the kindness that they have shown.

This participle, which is used for present as well as past time, is identical with the first person plural of the past definite tense, but a possessive suffix (for person) is added to make it equivalent to a relative pronoun. The final -k mutates to -ğ before the possessive suffix, except in the plural.

Oturduğum ev budur. - This is the house in which I live.

Oturduğun ev budur. - This is the house in which you live.

Oturduğu ev budur. - This is the house in which he lives.

Oturduğumuz ev budur. - This is the house in which we live.

Oturduğunuz ev budur. - This is the house in which you live.

Oturdukları ev budur. - This is the house in which they live.

We already know that adjectives can stand in place of nouns in Turkish, so if we take a further example, showing how this happens:
Ahmet, söylediğim cevabı beğenmemiş - Ahmet seemed not to like the answer that I spoke. - here the participle - söylediğim - that which I spoke - is used as an adjective to describe - cevap - answer (which is in the objective case - cevabı, as an object of the final verb - beğenmemiş - not to like (apparently)
However we can make the relative adjective into a noun (a relative pronoun) and put this replacing noun into the objective case:
Ahmet, söylediğimi beğenmemiş - Mehmet seemed not to like what I said.

The Participle used as a Noun

Let us give some examples in all persons ( all these relative pronouns are in the objective case as a direct object of the verb - beğenmemiş:

Ahmet, söylediğimi beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what I said.
Ahmet, söylediğini beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what you said.
Ahmet, söylediği beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what he said.
Ahmet, söylediğimizi beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what we said.
Ahmet, söylediğinizi beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what you said.
Ahmet, söylediklerini beğenmemiş - Ahmet did not like what they said.

Object Participle Formation

The -mek or -mak is dropped from the Infinitive of the Verb and is replaced by the suffix -dik - which is subject to vowel harmony.

The E-Dotted Vowels

gelmek - to come becomes geldik - that came/that which is coming
gülmek - to laugh becomes güldük - that laughed/that which laughs

The A-UnDotted Vowels

bakmak - to look becomes baktık - that looked at/that which looks at
okumak - to exit becomes okuduk - that read
Generally this participle is not used in its pure form as above but is always personalized. This participle just happens to be the same as the 1st Person Plural of the Simple Past Definite Tense - (with suffix -dik/-tik or -dık/-tık or -duk/-tuk or -dük/-tük according to Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules) - but as it seldom used in its pure form then it is not possible to mistake it. Also being a Participle [a Verbal Adjective], it describes a noun so therefore it precedes its noun, and as it is not a verb then it does not stand last in final position in the sentence. From this is becomes easier to recognize it as a verbal adjective by its position in any sentence.

Object Participle Usage

This -dik suffix is often difficult to recognize as it has so many forms due to Vowel Harmony operating in its internal vowel, and Consonant Mutation operating on both the initial -d and the terminal -k
The -dik, -duk, -dık, -dük - Participle is subject to both Vowel Harmony and Consonant Mutation Rules.
So you can find -tik, -tuk, -tık, -tük. If a further suffix with a vowel is added the the final -k is also subject to Consonant Mutation: -diği, -duğu, -dığı, -düğü or -tiği, -tuğu, -tığı, -tüğü

Examples

bulmak - to find - Bulduğum şapka - The hat which I found.
seçmek - to choose - Seçtiğin kitap - The book that you are choosing/chose
görmek - to see - Gördüğü araba - The car that he sees/saw
yazmak - to write - Yazdığımız mektup - The letter that we are writing/that we wrote
demek - to say - Dediğiniz gibi - Like (what) you say/said
sevmek - to like - Sevdikleri dondurma - The ice cream that they liked.
Bulduğum mendil beyazdır - The handkerchief that I found is white.
Yazdığımız mektuplar buradadır - The letters that we wrote are here.
Çalıştığım büro (ofis) kapalı - The office where I work is closed/ The office where I worked is closed.
Söyledikleri mantıklıdır - What they are saying/said is/was sensible.

Participle examples

Relative Object Participles - showing English Object Participle - Past and Present tenses

1. Doğduğum şehri ziyaret ettim
I visited the city where I was born.
2. Bana verdiğin parayı kaybettim
I have lost the money that you gave me.
3. Bu pencereden gördüğünüz evler çok iyi yapılmıştır
The houses (which/that) you see from this window are very well built.
4. Erkek kardeşimin binmiş olduğu bisiklet bir ağacın yanında duruyordu
The bicycle (which/that) my brother had been riding was standing near a tree.
5. İlk karşılaştığımız yeri hatırlıyor musun?
Do you remember the place where we first met?
6. Benim ofisimde gördüğün adam arkadaşımın babası idi
The man (whom/that) you saw in my office was the father of my friend.

Future Objective Participle

This Participle in its simple consists of the verb stem with the addition of the Future Tense Sign -ecek or -acak. The -mek or -mak is dropped from the Infinitive of the Verb and is replaced by the suffix -ecek - which is subject to vowel harmony.
gelmek - to come - gelecek - that will come
gülmek - to laugh - gülecek - that will laugh
bakmak - to look - bakacak - that will look
çıkmak - to exit - çıkacak - that will go out
This -ecek/-acak future participle can be used in its pure form and also personalized. This participle just happens to be the same as the 3rd person singular of the Future Tense but it is not possible to mistake it , as being an adjective it is never last in the sentence - but usually modifies a noun.
Yarınki yapacağım iş önemli - The work that I will do tomorrow is (will be) important
Yapılabilecek bir sey yok (yap -il -ebil -ecek) - There is nothing (from a future aspect) that can be done

Subject Participle -en/-an

A participle is an adjective so it describes a noun and therefore always precedes the noun (or noun phrase) that it describes, so the subject participle describes or signifies the person/thing who is doing something.., i.e. the subject of the sentence:
Çalan zil- The bell which is ringing.. This description itself can be an Object of another verb:
Çalan zili duyabilirim - I can hear the bell which is ringing.
Çalan zili duyabilirdim - I could hear the bell which was ringing.
The passive of çalmak is çalınmak. so the above sentence in the Passive is:
Çalınan zili duyabilirim - I can hear the bell that is being rung.
Çalınan zili duyabilirdim - I could hear the bell that was being rung.
We can also see from the above examples that the -an/-en Subject Participle, being an adjective, does not show the tense. The tense is taken from the main verb at the end of the sentence.

In the nex lesson we will see other participle patterns.

TRY TO MEMORIZE THESE CONSTRUCTION AS BETTER AS YOU CAN!!!

Lesson 44 :The Necessitative mode (-MALI, -MELİ) and other forms to express obligation and necessity. Passage: Train station-tren istasyonu

2012-09-02T09:11:00.000-07:00

In This lesson we will talk about the Necessitative mood in Turkish and other forms to express necessity or obligation.
It's going to be a long lesson but the topic is rather vaste and requires more room than usual.
Don't get bored!!! Let's go!!!

In the converstion the speakers talks about traın statıons and trips by train and what a traveller should know about it.

Put attention to the necessitative forms (in red).
You will also familiarize with new words and expressions as well as review some of the grammar subjects you should be already familiar with.

-malı- Suffix
bakmalıyım	I ought to see/I must see	bakmamalıyım	I ought not to see
bakmalısın	You ought to see/You must see	bakmamalısın	You ought not to see
O bakmalı(dır)	He ought to see/He must see	O bakmamalı(dır)	He ought not to see
bakmalıyız	We ought to see/we must see	bakmamalıyız	We ought not to see
bakmalısınız	You ought to see/you must see	bakmamalısınız	You ought not to see
bakmalı(dır)lar	They ought to see/They must see	bakmamalı(dır)lar	They ought not to see

"Büyük şehirlerdeki tren istasyonları çok büyüktür.Her saat birçok tren gelir ve gider.İstasyonda her zaman yüzlerce insan vardır. Bu yüzden bazı insanlar kaybolur ve bazıları da treni kaçırırlar.Yolculuğa çıkmadan önce yr ayırtmak gerekir. Böylece trende bir yeriniz var demektir.Rezervasyonu telefonla yaptırabilirsiniz,fakat bileti bir gün önce almalısınız. Bileti zamanında almazsanız,iptal ederler v bir başkasına verirler.
Bagajlarınızı bagaj odasına bırakabilirsiniz.Beraberinizde taşımak zorunda değilsiniz."

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Şehir,kent: City
Her saat: Every hour
Birçok tren: Many trains
Yüzlerce: Hundreds
Bu yüzden: For this reason
Kaçırmak: To miss (referring to a transportation mean)
Almazsanız: If you don't get,take (this is an example of Conditional Tense)
Kaybolmak: Get lost
Yolculuk: Trip, voyage, journey
Yer ayırtmak: To book, to make a reservation
Iptal etmek: To cancel
Vermek: To give
Taşımak: To carry
Beraberinizde: Whit you
Zamanında: On time
Bir başkasına: To someone else

GRAMMAR NOTES

The Necessitative mood in Turkish can be expressed in different ways.
The most common way to express obligation is through the use of the suffixes -MALI -MELİ to be attached to infinitive stems ending in -MAK or -MEK respectively.
The negative form is obtained by attaching the negative suffixes -MA or -ME between the infinitive stem and necessitative suffixes: -MAMALI -MEMELİ
To conjugate the tense, personal suffixes are to be added to necessitative suffixes.

Let's see a few examples:

Bakmak - to see

-malı- Suffix

bakmalıyım I ought to see/I must see bakmamalıyım I ought not to see

bakmalısın You ought to see/You must see bakmamalısın You ought not to see

O bakmalı(dır) He ought to see/He must see O bakmamalı(dır) He ought not to see

bakmalıyız We ought to see/we must see bakmamalıyız We ought not to see

bakmalısınız You ought to see/you must see bakmamalısınız You ought not to see

bakmalı(dır)lar They ought to see/They must see bakmamalı(dır)lar They ought not to see

Girmek - to enter
Similarly for the E-Dotted Group of Verbs (where because of Vowel Harmony Rules the Suffix of Obligation takes its dotted form -li-) - girmek - to enter - will become girmeli- for the Positive and girmemeli- for the Negative

-meli- Suffix
girmeliyim	I ought to enter	girmemeliyim	I ought not to enter
girmelisin	You ought to enter	girmemelisin	You ought not to enter
O girmeli(dir)	He ought to enter	O girmemeli(dir)	He ought not to enter
girmeliyiz	We ought to enter	girmemeliyiz	We ought not to enter
girmelisiniz	You ought to enter	girmemelisiniz	You ought not to enter
girmeli(dir)ler	They ought to enter	girmemeli(dir)ler	They ought not to enter

Hereby the conjugation of the Necessitative in different tenses:

Memorize the constructions.To do so it is fundamental that you repeat them several times.
Also try other verbs you have already learnt.

To go: Gitmek

Affirmative Form - Present Tense
Ben gitmeliyim	I must go
Sen gitmelisin	You ought to go
O gitmeli(dir)	He, She, It should go
Biz gitmeliyiz	We have to go
Siz gitmelisiniz	You have got to go
Onlar gitmeli(dir)ler	They have to go

Interrogative Present Tense
Ben gitmeli miyim?	Must I go?
Sen gitmeli misin?	Ought you to go?
O gitmeli mi?	Should he go?
Biz gitmeli miyiz?	Have we to go?
Siz gitmeli misiniz?	Have you got to go?
Onlar gitmeliler mi?	Have they got to go?

Negative Form - Present Tense
Ben gitmemeliyim	I must not go
Sen gitmemelisin	You ought not to go
O gitmemeli	He should not go
Biz gitmemeliyiz	We have not to go
Siz gitmemelisiniz	You have not got to go
Onlar gitmemeliler	They have not got to go

Negative Form - Interrogative Present Tense
Ben gitmemeli miyim?	Must I not go? (Mustn't I go?)
Sen gitmemeli misin?	Ought you not to go? (Oughtn't you to go?)
O gitmemeli mi?	Should he not go? (Shouldn't he go?)
Biz gitmemeli miyiz?	Have we not got to go? (Haven't we (got) to go?)
Siz gitmemeli misiniz?	Have you not to go? (Haven't you to go?)
Onlar gitmemeliler mi?	Have they not got to go? (Haven't they got to go?)

Past Definite

Necessitative Past Definite - Relates to an actual situation - I should have gone.., He must have gone.., etc..

Affirmative Form Past Tense Definite
Ben gitmeliydim	I must have gone
Sen gitmeliydin	You ought to have gone
O gitmeliydi	He should have gone
Biz gitmeliydik	We had to go
Siz gitmeliydiniz	You had got to go
Onlar gitmeliydiler	They had to go

Affirmative Form - Interrogative Past Tense Definite
Ben gitmeli miydim?	Must I have gone?
Sen gitmeli miydin?	Ought you to have gone?
O gitmeli miydi?	Should he have gone?
Biz gitmeli miydik?	Had we to go?
Siz gitmeli miydiniz?	Had you got to go?
Onlar gitmeliler miydi?	Had they got to go?

Negative Form - Statement Past Tense Definite
Ben gitmemeliydim	I must not have gone
Sen gitmemeliydin	You ought not to have gone
O gitmemeliydi	He should not have gone
Biz gitmemeliydik	We had not to go
Siz gitmemeliydiniz	You had not got to go
Onlar gitmemeliydiler	They had not got to go

Negative Form - Interrogative Past Tense Definite
Ben gitmemeli miydim?	Must I not have gone? (Mustn't I have gone?)
Sen gitmemeli miydin?	Ought you not to have gone? Oughtn't you to have gone?)
O gitmemeli miydi?	Should he not have gone? (Shouldn't he have gone?)
Biz gitmemeli miydik?	Had we not got to go? (Hadn't we got to go?)
Siz gitmemeli miydiniz?	Had you not got to go? (Hadn't you got to go?)
Onlar gitmemeliler miydi?	Had they not got to go? (Hadn't they got to go?)

Past Indefinite

Necessitative Past of Presumption - relates to an assumption - I suppose that I should have gone, I suppose that he should have gone, etc.

Affirmative Form - Statement of Presumption
Ben gitmeliymişim	(I suppose that) I must have gone
Sen gitmeliymişsin	(I believe that) you ought to have gone
O gitmeliymiş	(Presumably) he should have gone
Biz gitmeliymişiz	(In reality) we had got to go
Siz gitmeliymişsiniz	(It seems that) you had to go
Onlar gitmeliymişler	(Probably) they had got to go

Question of Presumption
Ben gitmeli miymişim?	Ought I to have gone? (at all?)
Sen gitmeli miymişsin?	Should you have gone? (possibly?)
O gitmeli miymiş?	(I wonder?) Did he have to go?
Biz gitmeli miymişiz?	(I wonder?) Did we have to go?
Siz gitmeli miymişsiniz?	(It seems that?) Did you have to go?
Onlar gitmeli miymişler?	(Surely by now?) Must they have gone?

Negative Form - Statement of Presumption
Ben gitmemeliymişim	(I suppose that) I must not have gone.
Sen gitmemeliymişsin	(I believe that) you ought not to have gone.
O gitmemeliymiş	(Presumably) he should not have gone.
Biz gitmemeliymişiz	(In reality) we had not got to go.
Siz gitmemeliymişsiniz	(It seems that) you had not to go.
Onlar gitmemeliymişler	(Probably) they did not have to go.

Negative Form - Interrogative of Presumption
Ben gitmemeli miymişim?	Ought I not to have gone? (at all?)
Sen gitmemeli miymişsin?	(I think that?) Should you not have gone?
O gitmemeli miymiş?	(I wonder?) Did he not have to go?
Biz gitmemeli miymişiz?	(I wonder?) Had we not got to go?
Siz gitmemeli miymişsiniz?	(It seems that? ) Did you not have to go?
Onlar gitmemeli miymişler?	(Surely?) must they not have gone?

Hovewer there are in Turkish other ways to express obligation or necessity.
The first way is to use the noun zor - trouble, difficulty, worry, problem,difficult, hard
zorunda kalmak [zor-u-nda = "in the problem"] - to be left no choice but (to do something)
zorunda olmak- to have to, be obliged to (do something)
We can also use the arabic word mecbur - necessity, need to..
mecbur olmak /-a/ {demands a Motion Towards Object) - to be forced to, be obliged to, have to (do something).
mecbur kalmak -/a/ {demands a Motion Towards Object) - to feel obliged to, feel that one has to (do something).

Use of lâzım - need or gerek - necessity as an auxiliary.

Benim kitap okumam lâzım - [lit: My reading book is needed] - means - I should read a book- that's why we use "-im" - "my" to personalize the sentence.

Benim kitap okumam lâzım or Benim kitap okumam lâzım
Senin kitap okuman lâzım or Senin kitap okuman lâzım
Ali'nin kitap okması lâzım or Ali'nin kitap okması lâzım
Bizim kitap okumamız lâzım or Bizim kitap okumamız lâzım
Sizin kitap okumanız lâzım or Sizin kitap okumanız lâzım
Onların kitap okuması (or okumaları) lâzım or Onların kitap okuması (or okumaları) lâzım.

The Possessive Personalized "-in" is used with both gerek and lâzım but not with -meli,-malı tense suffix.
Turkish gerek (from gerekmek-to need) is generally used instead of the Arabic lâzım, although the latter is largely used in daily conversation.

Lesson 43 :The adverbial clause of time -İKEN (while). Conversation: New Year's Eve - Yılbaşı

2012-09-02T00:11:00.000-07:00

The lesson will focus on one of Adverbial clause of time -İKEN.
This clause in general expresses the duration of the main action, equivalent at the adverb "while".

In the grammar notes a better and more detailed explanation will be provided.

In the conversation Nurdan tells Ayşe how she spent the New Year's Eve.

Pay attention to the İKEN forms (in red) and familiarize with new words and expressions.

" Alo! Ayşe nasılsın? İyi misin? Yılbaşı gecesini nasıl geçirdiniz?
Çok iyi geçirdik,Nurdan. Televizyonda çok güzel bir eğlence programı vardı. Annem ve ben televizyon seyrederken babamla kardeşim kağıt oynuyorlardı.Akşam üzeri alışverişe giderken yolda seni gördüm ama sen beni görmedin. Acele acele gidiyordun. Önemli bir şey mi vardı?
Hayır,önemli bir şey yoktu.Hava soğuktu. Okuldan gelirken çok üşümüstüm.Zaten okuldayken de çok soğuktu.
Biliyorsun bu günlerde yakıt yok.
Bizde de yakıt yoktu ama babam sabahleyin işe giderken yolda bir tanker görüp eve yollamış.Tam beş ton aldık. Şimdi evimiz sıcak.
Öyleyse ben de size geliyorum.
Çabuk gel, bekliyorum!"

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Geçirmek: To spend (time)
Kağıt: Cards - carte
Kağıt oynamak: To play cards
Yakıt: Fuel
Yollamak: To send
Çabuk: Quick, harry up!

GRAMMATICAL NOTES

The Adverbial clause suffix -İKEN in Turkish is used to express " While". -İKEN can stand alone or be suffixed as -KEN(when added to consonants) or - (Y)KEN(when added to vowels). It is invariable and does not follow the rules of vowel harmony. It does not take further suffixes. -İKEN is used when the verb action is continuous at a point in time. It may also follow an adjective.
Let's see the different field of application of this clause.

İken - with the Present Tenses

-İKEN is always suffixed to the verb. As the subject is not always evident, then it is normally stated as in the examples below.

Present Continuous tense (Şimdiki Zaman): - yürümek

Ali kasabaya yürüyorken onu gördüm - I saw Ali while (he was) walking to town
Sen kasabaya yürüyorken, seni gördüm- I saw you while (you were) walking to town
Ben kasabaya yürüyorken, seni gördüm- I saw you while (I was) walking to town
Biz kasabaya yürüyorken, onu gördük- We saw him while we were walking to town
Biz kasabaya yürürken, onu her gün görürüz- Every day we see him when (while) we walk to town.

Simple present habitual (Geniş Zaman) - dans etmek

Onlar dans ederken, dinlenelim- Let's rest while they dance

In the first three examples above it can be seen that the Personal Subject Pronouns have to be used to point to the subject, as -İKENcan not be suffixed to pronouns. The last three examples show a slight difference in meaning due to the differing use in the Wide Tense and Present Continuous Tenses.

İken - with Adjectives

-İKEN can be used with adjectives, in this case it can stand alone or be used as a suffix:
Ben, hasta iken (hastayken), uyurum - I sleep while (when) I am ill
Biz, o hastayken, merak ettik - While he was ill, we worried
Onlar, siz uykuda iken, meşgul olacaklar - They will be busy while you are asleep.

İken - with the Past Tenses

If the action is continuous in the past then -İKEN can be translated into English: - As -were -ing
As I was going downtown I saw him.

Past Definite Tense:

Ben İngiltere'deyken, yağmur yağdı - While I was in England, it rained
Past Continuous Tense:

Biz İngiltere'ye giderken, yağmur yağıyordu. - As we were going to England it was raining.

İken - with Past Participle in -miş

This construction produces -MİŞKEN - means - having done
yapmışken - having done
yapılmışken - having been done
Bu iş bitirilmişken, eve gidelim - This job having been finished, lets go home..
Aklıma gelmişken, söyleyeyim - Having come to (my) mind, let me tell you..
Hazır gelmişken bir kahveni içelim - Having already come, let us drink a coffee of yours.

İken - with Negative Wide Tense

-mezken, -mazken means though not or while it isn't (This is a kind of official language. You can only hear these sentences in news or commercials.)

Example:

Galatasaray'ın yıldız futbolcularından Necati Ates, kendilerine ödeme yapılamazken, bazı yabancı oyuncuların alacaklarının verildiğini duymanın üzüntü verici olduğunu söyledi.

The cases we have just analyzed represent the main applications of this important adverbial time clause.

Lesson 42 :Family relationships. Forms of addressing in Turkish.Conversation: "My family"

2012-09-01T06:17:00.002-07:00

A tipical Turkish family is generally very conservative and stuck to traditions. This is a reason why relationship are very tight amongst family members. In this lesson we will talk about the relationships and the modes of addressing in Turkish.
In this conversation the speaker describes his family.
Listen to it carefully and practice with new words and expressions used in the family context.

" Benim ailem çok kalabalık.Tam on kişi. İki kızkardeşim var.Annem ve babam bizimle oturuyorlar.Böylece on kişi oluyoruz. Bazen eşimin annesi ve babası yanı kayınvalidem ve kayımpederim de geliyor ve bir süre bizde kalıyorlar.Onlar geldiği zaman annem ve babam gelinlerine gidiyorlar.Geçen hafta görümceme gittik. Bir Pazar günüydü.O sabah görümcenin iki torunu da oraya gelmişler.Hep beraber iki saat kadar oturduk ve biz kalktık.Dönüşte amcamlara ve dayımlara uğradık.
Amcamın eşi,yani yengem, evde yoktu.Sinemaya gitmişAma dayımın eşi,yani öbür yengem evdeydi.
Bizim akrabalarımızın hemen hemen hepsi İstanbul'da oturuyorlar."

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Kayınvalıde,kaynana: Mother-in-law
Kayınbirader: Brother-in- law
Kayınpeder: Father-in-law
Gelin: Bride- daughter-in-law
Görümce: Sister-in-law (of the bride)
Baldız: Sister-in-law (of the groom)
Torun: Grandson, granddaughter
Amca: Uncle (father's brother)
Teyze: Aunt (mother's sister)
Hala: Aunt (Father's sister)
Dayı: Uncle (mother's brother)
Yenge: Aunt (uncle's or brother's wife)
Damat: Groom
Akraba: Relatives
kalabalık: Crowded
Böylece: So, in this way
Hemen hemen: Almost
Ayrıca: Besides

In Turkish there are different forms to address a person.

Look at the following expressions:

For males: Beyefendi - Sir - Daily pronunciation is truncated to: - Beyfendi. For females: Hanımefendi - Miss or Madam - Daily pronunciation is truncated to: - Hanfendi -
These are used in formal situations and to strangers.

Personal Addressing - Formal and Informal

The expressions above are used in formal situations. Once names are known then bey and hanım are used after the first name, this usage is still formal and semi-formal. These titles follow the given-name (Christian name) and are written without a Capital Letter:

Ali bey - Mr. Ali
Ayşe hanım - Miss or Mrs. Ayşe

These are used in formal situations when you know the person's first name but also in informal situations to acquaintances, friends and even to you own family members.
Surnames are not usually used in Conversational Turkish, so the Ali bey can mean - Mr. Mustafa and Ayşe hanım can mean Mrs. OR Miss Ayşe (in a formal situation) or it can mean just a friendly Mustafa or Ayşe (without the title) between acquaintances.
Turkish has two words for the first name of a person - isim or ad - and they can both be used at any time as they are interchangeable. The Turkish word for surname is soyadı - there is no corresponding word for surname based in the word isim

İsminiz ne? - What is your first name?
İsmim Erkan. - My name is Erkan

Note:

Polite informal address forms are used most frequently in addressing an older person are "amca", "teyze", "ağabey" and "abla".
The use of these forms however must be commensurate with age difference between the speaker and the addresse.
For instance an adult female would not use "ağabey" or "abla" to a person unknown to her.
Likewise an adult male would avoid using "abla" or "teyze" .
If the name of the person is known he or she may be addressed as Cemal Amca, Fatma Teyze, Sevim Abla....
The same rule also applies in addressing one's own older brother or sister, aunts and uncles.
Older people may address younger males and females using the words " oğlum" and " kızım" respectively.
Also "çocuğum" and evladım" are commonly used in general for both sexexs generally by very elderly people.
Peers address one another with th word "kardeşim", vey common in the colloquial language.

The Muslim Peace Greeting

The tipical Muslim peace greeting is "selâmünaleyküm", which is an Arabic expression meaning "Peace be upon you" and answered by " aleykümselâm".

This greeting is mainly used between passing strangers, normally both male, during travel or on entry to a crowded room, such as a tea house, when one cannot address everybody.

Lesson 41 :Positive abilitative (Potential mood) in Turkish.

2012-09-01T05:51:00.002-07:00

This lesson will focus on the abilitative form or positive potential mood - Yeterlik fiili - that expresses either ability or disposition.

GRAMMAR NOTES

The Potential Mood (tense) or abilitative indicates:

ability - to be able, can or disposition - may, might

Whatever in Turkish expresses "yetenek" - ability, accomplishment, acumen, adequacy, aptitude, aptness, artistry, bent, calibre, capability, capacity, competence, competency, disposition, merit, predisposition, prerogative, qualification, quality, resource, skill, talent, vocation.
This pattern uses two special suffixes -(y)ebil -(y)abil appended to the infinitive stems ending in
-MEK and -MAK respectively and preceeding the personal suffixes.The buffer letter "Y" is attached in case the infinitive stems ends in vowel.
Examples:
Okumak (to read) Okuyabilmek (to be able to read)
Girmek (to enter) Girebilmek (to be able to enter)
Let's see now the conjugations in the most common tenses: (we use the verb "gelmek" as example)
Present Continuous Tense:
gelebiliyorum - I can come, I am able to come, I may come, I might come
Present Simple Tense: gelebilirim - I can come, I am able to come, I may come, I might come
Future Tense: gidebileceksiniz - you will be able to go, etc.
Past Tense: başlayabildik - we could have started, etc..
The Interrogative is formed in the similar manner as the Basic Verb by using the correct question tag according to the number of the personal pronoun:
gelebiliyor muyum? - Can I come?

gelebiliyor musun/musunuz? - Can you come?
gelebilirmiyim? - Can I come (simple present)

Future

kalmak- to stay, to remain- becomes in the Future Potential mood - kalabilmek- to be able to stay, remainkalabileceğim - I will be able to stay
kalabileceksin - you will be able to stay
kalabilecek - he will be able to stay
kalabileceğiz - we will be able to stay
kalabileceksiniz - you will be able to stay
kalabilecekler - they will be able to stay
Future Interrogative
gelebilecek misiniz? - will you be able to come?

Simple Past Tense

beklemek - to wait, to expect - becomes in the Past Definite Potential Form - bekleyebilmek- to be able to wait, expect
bekleyebildim - I could have waited
bekleyebildin - you could have waited
bekleyebildi - he could have waited
bekleyebildik - we could have waited
bekleyebildiniz - you could have waited
bekleyebildiler - they could have waited

Past Interrogative
bekleyebildi mi? - could he have waited
bekleyebildiler mi? - could they have waited

Past Continuous
yapmak - to do, to make - becomes in the Imperfect Past Potential Form - yapabilmek - to be able to do
yapabiliyordum - I was able to do
yapabiliyordun - you were able to do
yapabiliyordu - he was able to do
yapabiliyorduk - we were able to do
yapabiliyordunuz - you were able to do
yapabiliyorlardı - they were able to do

Imperfect Interrogative

Okuyabiliyorlardı mı? - were they able to read?

Past Indefinite Tense
düşünmek - to think - becomes in the Past Indefinite Potential Form - düşünebilmek- to be able to think
düşünebilmişim - it seems I was able to think
düşünebilmişsin - it seems you were able to think
düşünebilmiş - it seems he was able to think
düşünebilmişiz - it seems we were able to think
düşünebilmişsiniz - it seems you were able to think
düşünebilmişler - it seems they were able to think This mood is easily formed in all tenses just by inserting an -(y)e or -(y)a before the negative suffix of any negative verb whether it be active, passive, reflexive, reciprocal,or causative - (it is a case of a completely new verb - with its own infinitive).The buffer letter "Y" is used in case the infinitive stem ends in vowel.
A few examples will help better understand this rule:

Present Continuous Tense:
gelemiyorum - I can't come, I am notable to come, I may not come, I might not come
Okuyamıyorum - I can't read, I am not able to come, I may not come, I might not come
I mentioned only the resent Continuou for brevity reasons.The rule applies to all the tenses.

Lesson 40:The Reported FutureTense in Turkish-Reading passage: American teachers

2012-08-31T13:01:00.000-07:00

In this lesson more we will focus on the "Reported Future Tense (-mişli gelecek zaman).

Listen to this passage then read it in order to familiarize with new words and expressions as well as the verbs in reported future tense (in red).

" Amerikalı öğretmenler Türkiye'ye gelmişler. Onlar Türkiye'de Türkçe öğreneceklermiş. Aynı zamanda Türkiye'deki Amerikan okullarında çeşitli dersler öğreteceklermiş. Biraz Türkçe öğrendikten sonra bir kısmı İzmir'e bir kısmı Gaziantep'e gidecekmiş ve bir kısmı da İstanbul'da kalacakmış.
Simdi hepsi İstanbul'daymişlar ve Türkçe kursuna gidiyorlarmiş. Kurs tam bir ay sürecekmiş.Onlar Türkiye'de üç yıl kalacaklrmış".

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Amerikalı: American
Öğrenmek: To learn
Öğretmek: To teach
Çeşitli: Various
Bir kısmı: Some of, a part of
Bazı: Few
Bazıları: Some of them
Hepimiz: All of us
Hepiniz: All of you
Sürmek: To last

GRAMMATICAL NOTES

Do you remember the reported Past tense we touched in Lesson 32 ?
Well, this is the base to build the Reported Future Tense in Turkish.

We only need to borrow the suffixes -miş and -mış from that pattern and use them to conjugate this future tense.

We also remember that Future tense in based on suffixes -(y)ecek(ğ) and -(y)acak(ğ).
Having then collected the information we need, we can proceed to illustrating the Reported Future Tense pattern:

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

Infinitive stem+
Future suffixes -(y)ecek(ğ) or -(y)acak(ğ)+
Reported past tense suffixes -miş or -mış +
Personal suffixes

Examples:
It seems that she is going to arrive this evening: O bu akşam gelecekmiş
It seems that they are going to meet the President: Onlar Başkanıyla görüseceklemiş
It seems that we are going to leave Turkey: Biz Türkiye'den ayrılıcakmışız.

NEGATIVE FORM

The pattern has the same structure as in affirmative form.It requires an additional element which is the negative particle -me or -ma to be attached to the infinitive stem, as already seen in other tenses' construction.
Infinitive stem+
Negative particle -me or -ma

Future suffixes -(y)ecek(ğ) or -(y)acak(ğ)+

Reported past tense suffixes -miş or -mış +

Personal suffixes
Examples
It seems that they are not coming tonight: Onlar gelmeyeceklermiş bu akşam.
It seems I am not going to depart tomorrow: Yarın hareket etmeyecekmişim.
It seems that you are not going to write that letter tomorrow: Yarın o mektup yazmayacaklamışsın.

For the interrogative and interrrogative- negative form please refer to lesson Lesson 38 since the same rules apply for the reported future tense.

Lesson 39 :The Comparative and superlative in Turkish

2012-08-31T10:19:00.002-07:00

In this lesson we will focus on the comparative and superlative degrees in Turkish.
Let's start with the comparative and its degrees (to a higher degree, to a lower degree and to the same degree).
As everybody knows the comparative estabilish a comparison between two or among different items or objects.
In Turkish the comparatives to higher degree and to some extent also the one to lower degree are obtained by using the ablative suffixes -den -dan -ten -tan (with the meaning of "than") plus the adverb "daha" equivalent to"more " or "-er" which precedes or introduces if you will, the first term of comparison.
Let's better explain with a few examples:

COMPARATIVE TO A HIGHER DEGREE

Ali is older than me : Ali benden daha yaşlı(dır).
She is cleverer than you: O sizden daha akıllı(dır)
My car is faster than yours: Arabam seninkininden daha hızlı(dır).
The red pencil is thicker than the the black one: Kırmızı kalem siyah kalemden daha iri(dir).

COMPARATIVE TO A LOWER DEGREE

In this case the pattern is the same if we use adjectives rendering the meaning of lower degree in comparison to the first term.
Otherwise we use the adverb "az" instead of "daha"
Examples:
Italy is less big than Turkey: Italya Türkiyeden daha küçük(tür)
Silver is lighter than gold: Gümüş altından az ağırdır.
Both patterns may be used to form this comparative.It basically depends on the comparison terms and which meaning we want to give the sentence.

COMPARATIVE TO THE SAME DEGREE

This comparative is obtained by placing the adverbe "kadar" or "gibi" before the adjective.
In english this structure corresponds to "as.......as"
Examples:
Rose is as nice as orchid: Gül orkid kadar (or gibi) güzel(dir).
You are not as educated as my sister: Siz kız kardeşim kadar okumuş değilsiniz.

SUPERLATIVE

In Turkish there are two degrees o superlative:

1)Aşırılık derecesi

In this superlative there is no comparison between terms. It is introduced by one of the following adverbs : Çok - Pek - Gayet, and others that correspond at the english " very"
A few examples:
Size çok minnettarim: I am very grateful to you
Bu heykel pek güzeldir: This statue is very nice
Selma gayet naziktir: Selma is very pretty.

2) Nispi üstünlük derecesi

This superlative expresses a comparison between two specific objects. It is introduced by the adverbe "en" which is the equivalent of " the most" or " -est" in English.

A few examples:

Paris en çok beğenilen şehirdir: Paris is the most loved city.
Rolex saatların markasından en iyisi: Rolex is the best watch's brand

Lesson 38:The FutureTense part 2-Interrogative and interrogative- negative form

2012-08-31T02:38:00.002-07:00

In Lesson 37 we introduced the Future Tense in Turkish and its affirmative and egative forms.
Listen to the passage in Lesson 37 again to pick the verbs in future tense.
We will see now the two remaining forms, interrogative and interrogative-negative whose construction does not differ much from other tenses we have already touched in previous lessons.
Let's go straight into details then.

The interrogative form of the Future Tense is based on the following pattern:

Infinitive stem+
Future suffixes -(y) ecek (ğ) or -(y)acak (ğ) +
Personal suffixes + (as in affimative and negative form)
Interrogative particles mi or mı
A few examples to make this concept clear:
Will you take that medicine?
O ilaçı alacak mısın?
Are they going to meet their friends?
Onlar arkadaşlarınla görüşecekler mi?
Will we watch that program?
O programı seyredecek miyiz?

The interrogative- negative form is based on the following pattern:

Infinitive stem+
Negative particle me or ma
Future suffixes -(y) ecek (ğ) or -(y)acak (ğ) +
Personal suffixes + (as in affimative and negative form)
Interrogative particles mi or mı
As examples let's make negative those in interrogative form:
Won't you take that medicine?

O ilaçı almacak mısın?

Aren't they going to meet their friends?

Onlar arkadaşlarınla görüşmeyecekler mi?

Won't we watch that program?

O programı seyretmeyecek miyiz?
There is not much to add here than the fact that we use the buffer letter "Y" to liaise two consecutive vowels.
Try to practice more on this future forms by conjugating in interrogative and interrogative-negative the verbs given in Lesson 37.

Lesson 37:The Future Tense part 1-Affermative and negative form.Conversation: Going to the cinema

2012-08-29T07:32:00.003-07:00

In this lesson we will focus on the Future tense. I strongly advice you to put particular attention on the suffixes used to build this tense as they are adopted for other purposes we will see in more detail within a few lessons.

In this conversation the speaker says he will go to the cinema.
Pay attention to the verb in future tense ( in red( and familiarize with new words and expressions.

" Bugün saat beşte sinemaya gideceğim.Benimle gelirmisin?
Herhalde gelmeyeceğim çünkü çok yorgunum.Dün akşam biraz hastaydım.
Bende çok yorgunum ama bir arkadaşım -film çok güzel dedi- Onun için görmek istiyorum.
Kaç matinesine gideceksin?
18.30 matinesine.
Ne oynuyor?
Bir müzikal komedi.
Peki ben de geleceğim. 18.00 de beni evden al"

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Herhalde: Probably
Ne oynuyor? : what's on?
Görmek istiyorum: I want to see
Benimle: With me

                                                GRAMMATICAL NOTES

The future tense in Turkish is very easy to form. It follows the usual pattern "infinitive stem + tense suffix + personal suffix.
It is appropriate here to point out that this structure corresponda to the different form of future in English.
This construction can be used to express the range of future tenses in English.
It's also useful to remind you that simple present can be used to express future.
In this case the suffixes used to conjugate the future tense are -(y)ecek (ğ) and -(y)acak (ğ) depending on the infinitive whether rounded or unrounded.
In other word in case of infinitives ending in -MEK, the future tense takes -(y)ecek (ğ).
Viceversa the infinitives ending in -MAK take -(y)acak (ğ) .

The buffer letter 'Y' is used in case the infinitive stem ends in vowel.
The mutation of K in Ğ occurs at the 1st person singular and plural for eufonic reasons.

Infinitive stem+
Future suffixes-(y)ecek (ğ) or -(y)acak (ğ) +
Personal suffixes

AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Examples:
Okumak: to read

Okuyacağım I will read - I am going to read
Okuyacaksıns          You will read - You are going to read
Okuyacak He will read - He is going to read
Okuyacağımız        We will read - We are going to read
Okuyacak sınız       You will read - You are going to read
Okuyacak lar          They will read - They are going to read

Gelmek:To come

Geleceğim I will come - I am going to come
Geleceksin    You will come - You are going to come
Gelecek                   He will come - He is going to come
Geleceğimiz We will come - We are going to come
Geleceksiniz You will come - You are going to come
Gelecekler    They will come - They are going to come

They are going to leave tomorrow

Onlar yarın sabah hareket edecekler

We will work
Çalışacağımız
NEGATIVE FORM
The negative form is obtained by attaching the negative suffix -me or -ma to the infinitive stem.

The rest of the structure follows the same pattern as in the affirmative form.

Examples:
She will not write the letter
O mektubu yazmayacak.
We will not meet the boss
Biz müdürle görüşmeyeceğiz
They will not phone the customer service.
Onlar muşteri servisini aramayacaklar
As you may notice the future tense is quite simple to conjugate.
It's worth of reminding you that in the current language future tense is often replaced by the Şimdiki zaman, the Turkish equivalent of the present continuous.
Questions?
I don't think so....
Try to practice more on the future tense by conjugating the following verbs in future tense affirmative and negative forms:
Almak, Bakmak, Çevirmek ( to translate)

End of part 1

Lesson 36: The Past Perfect Tense part 2 - Interrogative and interrogative- negative form

2012-08-29T05:57:00.002-07:00

In the previous lesson we learnt how to conjugate the Turkish Past Perfect Tense in affirmative and negative form.
Let's see now how to obtain the interrogative form and the interrogative-negative form.
To do so I recommend to jump back to Lesson 23 for a moment and have a look at the suffixes used to form the past tense of the verb TO BE.
These suffixes will be used to build the interrogative form as well as the interrogative-negative form.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Infinitive stem +
Reported Past suffixes ( -miş -müş -mış -muş )+
Interrogative particles ( -mi -mü -mı -mu ) +
Personal suffixes in past tense (see Lesson 23 for details) preceded by the buffer "y"
Let's better explain with a few examples:
Had you talked to him before? Onunla önceden konusmuş muydunuz?
Had she seen the doctor before? Doktoru önceden görmüş müydü?
Had they ever worked there? Orada çalışmış mıydılar hiç?

NEGATIVE-INTERROGATIVE FORM

Infinitive stem +
Negative particles -me -ma
Reported Past suffixes -miş -mış +
Interrogative particles -mi -mı +
Personal suffixes in past tense preceded by the buffer "y" as the following chart:
After the negative particle -me
ydim
ydin
ydi
ydik
ydiniz
ydiler
After the negative particle -ma
ydım
ydın
ydı
ydık
ydınız
ydılar

A few examples:

Hadn't you talked to him before? : Onunla önceden konuşmamış mıyıdın?
Hadn't he already seen the director ? Müdürünü henuz görmemiş miydi?
Different colors have been used to highlight the different suffixes used in this tense.
You can try to conjugate other verbs in Past Perfect Tense.You will realize that despite the number of suffixes used it is not that difficult.

Lesson 35:The Past Perfect Tense part 1-Affirmative and negative form-Conversation:"A message"

2012-08-28T14:26:00.003-07:00

In this lesson we will focus on the PAST PERFECT TENSE in Turkish.
This compund tense is used to express an action which took place before another action in the past.

In the conversation the speaker talks about a message he left his daughter before he went out.
Pin your attention on the verbs conjugated in Past Perfect Tense (in red) and familiarize with new words and expressions.

"Ben sabahleyin evden çıkarken masanın üstünde bir mesaj bırakmıştım,gördün mü?
Hayır görmedim.Ne yazmıstın?
Kızımla ilgiliydi.Çıkmdan önce ona söylemek istemiştim ama uyuyordu.
Ne yazmıştın söylermisin lütfen?
Ben gelinceye kadar evde oturmasını istemiştim.
İyi ama.Ben uyandığım zaman o okula gitmişti.Onun için görüşemedik.
Neyse zarar yok. Ben biraz sonra geleceğim zaten.Şimdilik hoşçakal.
Güle güle!! Geçikme."

VOCABULARY/SÖZLÜK

Sabahleyin: In the morning
Bırakmak: To leave (sth)
-ile ilgili: related to, with regard to
Zarar yok: Never mind, don't worry
Zaten: anyway
Geçikmek: To be late
Evden çıkarken: While getting out

                                                     GRAMMATICAL NOTES

The construction of the Past Perfect Tense in Turkish is quite simple and is based upon the pattern of REPORTED PAST TENSE plus an additional specific suffix.
The additional suffix is a " t " which is placed between the reported tense's suffix ( -miş -mış -müş -muş) and the personal suffixes.
This explanation could appear a bit complicate but it's extremely simple.
A couple of examples will clear any doubt.

AFFERMATIVE FORM

                                              Stem     past suffix    Past perfect suffix Personal suffix

I had gone: (Ben) git            miş                       t    im
Gitmiştim

They had gone (onlar)    git             miş    -     ler di(*)
Gitmişlerdi

She had read (o) Oku          muş t u
Okumuştu

(*) The third person plural is represents an exception as no "t" is placed between past suffix and personal suffix

NEGATIVE FORM

The negative form is obtained by placing the negative suffix -ma -me between the base and the past suffix ( -mış-miş ) respectively.
A few examples will help better understand:
He hadn't gone: Gitmemisti
We hadn't seen him: Onu görmemiştik
You hadn't taken it: Onu almamıştınız
They hadn't spoken to him: Onunla konuşmamışlardı
Needless to remind you here that the negative suffixes -ma -me are not chosen at random but are linked to the infinitive stem, according to vowel harmony rule.
At this stage this concept should be clear but it is useful to refresh it from time to time.

( End of part 1)

Lesson 34:The Present Perfect and the Past Perfect in Turkish

2012-08-28T03:37:00.000-07:00

The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE has no specific verbal pattern in Turkish as it does in English.
Indeed we should say that this tense does not exist in Turkish as a verbal tense but there is correspondance to some extent between the Turkish Simple Past Tense - Geçmiş zaman or the Reported past tense - Belirsiz geçmis zaman and the Present Perfect tense as we intend it in English.
Whatever in English is expressed in Present Perfect tense in Turkish is expressed in Simple Past tense or Reported past tense.
The key to understand whether a Turkish sentence in simple past tense or reported past is equivalent to an English Present perfect is the presence of some specific adverbs which indicate that an action started in the past still produces its effects in the present.

Among these adverbs the most important are:

Yeni: Just, already (it also means "new", depending on the context).
Henuz: Not yet
Hala:    Yet

A model of sentence which can be translated in Present perfect is the following.

O henuz gelmedi - He hasn't arrived yet.

O henuz   gelmemiş   -   He reportedly hasn't arrived yet

As you may notice, the Turkish sentences are in simple past tense and reported past respectively.They have been both translated in English using the Present Perfect tense.

Lesson 33: Past continuous tense - affirmative, negative, interrogative forms.Conversation:Nejat travels to Ankara

2012-08-27T05:39:00.000-07:00

In this lesson we will focus on the Past Continuous tense in Turkish, how to build it and its use.

In the conversation, the speaker talks aout his friend Nejat who had gone to Ankara.
Pin your attention on the verbs in Past Continuous Tense (in red). You will also practice with new words and expressions as well as review what you have been studying so far.

" Dün akşam Nejat telefon etti. Ankara'ya gidiyormuş.
Niçin?
Sen duymadın mı?
Neyi?
Dün bir telegram almış. Babası ağır hastaymış.
Şimdi anladım.Demin yolda gördüm. Acele acele gidiyordu.
Bir şey söyledi mi?
Hayır yalnız selam verdi. Ne zaman ankara'ya hareket ediyormuş?
Derhal hareket etmiş."

VOCABULARI/SÖZLÜK

Duymak (also işitmek): To hear
Niçin:   Why?(in questions)
Neyi?:   What
Gidiyormuş: He is reportedly going....(this is a case of REPORTED PAST)
Gidiyordu: Was going
Demin: A short while ago
Derhal: Right away, straight away
Hareket etmek: To go,to leave, to be on the move

                                                       GRAMMATICAL NOTES

Before we start analizing the Past continuous tense let's have a look at Lesson 19 for a moment.
Do you remember the present continuous tense? Well, we have to use this tense as the base to build the Past Continuous Tense and its forms as the rules stay the same.
The past continuous tense is part of the Turkish "Şimdiki zaman" and describes an action which was taking place in a specific lapse of time in the past.
The contruction of this tense is indeed quite simple and requires the simple attachment to the Present continuous tense conjugation of the following personal past suffixes:

-DUM -DUN -DU -DUK -DUNUZ -DULAR or -LARDI

It's of some importance remark here that suffixes here do not obey to the vowel harmony rule and are unique regardless the suffixes used to form the Present continuous tense from which this tense stems.

A few examples will help better understand this rule:

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

I was going:    Gidiyordum      Gid (infinitive base) + iyor (present continuos suffix) + dum (personal suffix in past tense)

More examples:

I was reading the newspaper:   Gazeteyi okuyordum

We were crossing the bridge: Köprüden geçiyorduk

They were watching tv:           Tv'yi seyrediyorlardı.

Quite easy isn't it?

NEGATIVE FORM

The negative form obeys to the same rules of the Present continuos tense as illustrated in Lesson 19
We will only ned to attach a "m" right after the infinitive base and the negative sentence is done.
Here the are a few examples:

I wasn't going to school:   Okula gitmiyordum

You weren't doing your homeworks:  ödevinizi yapmıyordunuz.

INTERROGATIVE FORM and INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE FORM

Again look at Lesson 19 for the contruction of these forms.
Here there are a few examples of interrogative and inerrogative-negative form of Pas continuous:

Were you going to school? : Okula gidiyor muydun?

Were we playing football?   Top oynuyor muyduk?

Weren't you talk to the manager? : Sefle/müdürle konusmuyor muydunuz?

Lesson 32: reported Past Tense in Turkish - Conversation: Nejat's father

2012-08-26T23:19:00.000-07:00

The subject of this lesson is the " Reported Past Tense"-"belirsiz geçmiş zaman", a form of simple past, commonly used in Turkish.

In the conversation the speaker describes a friend's father.Pay attention at the verbs in Reported Past Tense (in red), and familiarize with new words and expressions.

" Nejat'ın babası çok iyi ve değerli bir adammış. Ankara'da oturuyormuş. Dün Nejat bir telegram almış.Telegrafta " Babam çok hasta, acele gel" diyorlarmiş. Tabii Nejat çok üzülmüş. Derhal Ankara'ya hareket etmiş. İstasyonda Hasan'ı görmüş ama konuşmamış, yalnız selam vermiş, çünkü çok heyecanlıymış. Acele acele gidiyormuş."

VOCABULARI/SÖZLÜK

Değerli:               Valuable
Selam vermek :   To greet
üzülmek:             To be sorry
Heyecanlı:           Excited
Oturmak:             Here: to live (to sit)

                                               GRAMMATICAL NOTES

The REPORTED PAST, or "belirsiz geçmiş zaman" is used to express actions reportedly occurred in the past according to the pattern "It seems that...." or similar expressions.
This tense is generally used while reporting actions or events in which the teller was not a direct witness.
The REPORTED PAST is obtained by adding specific suffixes to the infinitive stem (infinitive without -MEK or -MAK).
It is of great importance to point out as from now that those suffixes are used to build other tenses in which the idea of reported action is given.

These suffixes are -miş -müş   -mış -muş depending on the verb.

Rounded verb ( infinitives ending in -MEK) take -miş   or   -müş as unrounded verb (infinitives ending in -MAK) take -mış or muş.
The choice depends on the dominant vowel of the stem.
To sum up:

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

Stem dominant vowel: -i -e Suffix: -miş
Stem dominant vowel: -ü -ö Suffix: -müş
Stem dominant vowel: -a -ı Suffix: -mış
Stem dominant vowel: -u -o Suffix: -muş

Of course pesonal suffıxes will follow to conjugate the tense in all persons.
The choiche of personal suffixes goes by the vowel harmony rule.See Lesson 27 as the suffixes are the same as Simple present tense except for the 3rd person singular where there is no personal suffix to be attached.

A few examples will help uderstand this rule:

He (reportedly) went to Ankara:     O Ankara'ya gitmiş
They (reportedly) died in a car accident:    Onlar bir yol kazasında ölmüşler
It seems that you arrived late:                      Siz geç varmışsınız

NEGATIVE FORM

Lıkewise the other tenses a "m" is to be attached between the infnitive stem and the past suffix.

Examples:

They (reportedly) have not arrived yet:    Onlar henuz gelmemişler
She seems not to have phoned his boss: O müdürüne telefon etmemiş

INTERROGATIVE FORM

The interrogative form is obtained in the same way as the INTERROGATIVE FORM of the Simple present tense.
We will need to add one of the interrogative particles -mi -mı -mü -mu after the verb in reported tense and before the pronominal suffixes.

Examples:

Did you (reportedly) see him?      Onu görmüş müsün?
Has he (reportedly) arrived?          O Gelmiş mi?

INTERROGATIVE- NEGATIVE FORM

Combine together the negative and the interrogative form.
Examples:

Hasn't he (reportedly) arrived?        O gelmemiş mi?
Didnit they (reportedly) pay the bill?   Hesap odememişler mi?

The -miş -müş   -mış -muş suffixes can also be added to nouns, adjective, adverbs.In this case they give the element they are attached to the same meaning that would be given to
verbs : "It seems that...." or similar expressions.

Lesson 31: Simple past tense in Turkish - Part 2 -Negative and interrogative form-Reading passage:"Sunday""

2012-08-26T14:16:00.000-07:00

This lesson is again focused on Simple Past tense in Turkish. We will analyze in detail the remaining forms.

In this reading passage the speaker describes a sunday. Listen to it carefully and pin your attention on the simple past.
You will also familiarize with new words and expressions.

" Dün pazardı.Hava güneşliydi ve herkes evdeydi.Ayla'nın babası işte değildi.Ağabeyi de okulda değildi.Fakat annesi hastaydı ve yataktaydı.Onun için dün yemekleri Ayla yaptı.Ayla önce annesine bir çorba pişirdi.Fakat çorba sıcaktı ve az tuzluydu.Annesi onu dah sonra içti.Babası hasta değildi,iyiydi.O çorba içmedi.Yalnız pilav yedi.Yemek saat onikide hazırdı.Herkes saat onikide sofradaydı.Sofrada her şey iyiydi ve ekmek tazeydi.
Ayla'nın küçük kardeşi bütün gün sokaktaydı.Top oynadı. Fakat ağabeyi evde,odasındaydı.Sınavı vardı.Ders çalıştı.
Ayla akşam çok yorgundu.Erken yattı ve hemen uyudu."

VOCABULARI/SÖZLÜK

Dün: Yesterday
Ayla: Female name
Ağabey: Elderly brother
Fakat:    But
Çorba:   Kind of soup
Yatak:   Bed
Yalnız: Only, just
Pilav:    Rice
içmek:   to drink, to smoke
Sofra:    Table
Ekmek: Bred
Taze:      fresh
Yatmak: to go to bed

Erken: early

GRAMMATICAL NOTES

NEGATIVE FORM

The negative form of the simple present tense is really easy to obtain.
It is sufficient to append the particle "me"or "ma" between the infinitive stem and the group "past - personal suffix".The choice depend on the infinitive pattern:
We will attach "me" to  infinitive bases whose pattern ends  in -MEK, and "ma" to those ending in -MAK
A few examples to better understand the rule:

I didn't come:     Gelmedim       Gelmek

She didn't read: Okumadı        Okumak

It is appropriate to remind you that in building sentences in negative form you will have to apply all the rules already met in the affirmative form to conjugate all the persons.
The only difference is the position of the additional particle "me"or "ma" into the verbal form.

INTERROGATIVE FORM

The interrogative form is obtained by adding the interrogative particles   -mi -mı -mü -mu at the end of the sentence in affirmative form.
The choice of the particle depends on the verb and occurs according the wovel harmony.

A few examples will help better understand:

Did we go?    Gittik mi?

Did she die?   Öldü mü?

Did we work? Çalıştık mı?

Did I sleep?     Uyudum mu?

It is very easy to figure out which interrogative particle you have to use. Just look at the dominant (final) vowel of the verb in simple past tense and pick up the interrogative particle with the same vowel.

INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE FORM

Very easy to form.
Take the simple past tense negative form and add the interrogative particle at the end of the sentence applying the same rule as the interrogative form.

Examples.

Didn't we go?    Gelmedik mi?

Didn't they drink: İçmediler mi?

Didn't you play footbal ? Top oynamadınız mı?

MY TURKISH COURSE

Lesson 55:Listening practice.Passage: "Relationship between Turkey and EU-Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye ilişkileri"

Lesson 54: Reading practice.Passage: "Vakıf Üniversiteleri"

Lesson 53:More on Negative form of the Abilitative mood -y(a)bilmek,-y(e)bilmek.

Lesson 52:Main forms of gerunds in Turkish-Part 2.Passage: "A birthday party - Bir doğum partisi"

Because of -dan dolayı or yüzünden

No sooner than -masıyla, - mesiyle bir oldu

Whenever - her ne zaman

-inceye kadar, - until

-dikçe (-tikçe), -dıkça (-tıkça) - so long as or the more that/all the while that

-dikten başka - apart from doing or in addition to doing

-diği kadar, -dığı kadar, -duğu kadar, -düğü kadar, - as much as

-eceğine, -acağına, -ecek yerde, -acak yerde - instead of

-mektense, -maktansa, -mekten ise, -maktan ise - rather than

-meksizin, -maksızın, -meden, -madan - without (-meden is more frequently used.)

Lesson 51:Main forms of gerunds in Turkish-Part 1.Passage: "At the seaside"-"Deniz kenarında"

Lesson 50:The use of the suffix "Ki" - Conversation: "Going to the bank"-"Bankaya gidiş"

Ki - as a Conjunction

Idiomatic use of "Ki"

Ki - as a Relative Pronoun

The suffix -de(ki), -da(ki) - which is on, in, at

AFTER, AFTERWORDS - sonra or -diktan (-dikten) sonra

AS SOON AS : -ir -mez, -ır -maz, -ur -maz, -ür -mez

Lesson 48: Auxiliary verbs in Turkish: Etmek, Olmak- Conversation: Elections-Seçimler

Etmek - to do/to perform

Examples of Transitive Verbs formed with "etmek"

olmak - to be/become

The Passive use of - olmak

Other Auxiliaries

Continuative Verbs

Lesson 47:Subjunctive tense in Turkish (Istek tipi) - Conversation: The American hospital-Amerikan hastanesi

The Singular Personal suffixes - Subjunctive

The Plural Personal suffixes - Subjunctive

Exception:

Stems ending in vowels

Subjuctive - Interrogative

Subjunctive - Past Tense

Lesson 46:Conditional tense in Turkish. Conversation: At my house - Evimde

The Conditional Suffixes.

The Conditional Positive

Conditional Negative Tenses

Examples in other tenses

Lesson 45 :Relative verbs and object participles formation. Listening: Turkey's geography- Türkiye'nin çografya

The Participle used as a Noun

Object Participle Formation

The E-Dotted Vowels

The A-UnDotted Vowels

Object Participle Usage

Examples

Participle examples

Relative Object Participles - showing English Object Participle - Past and Present tenses

Future Objective Participle

Lesson 44 :The Necessitative mode (-MALI, -MELİ) and other forms to express obligation and necessity. Passage: Train station-tren istasyonu

To go: Gitmek

Past Definite

Past Indefinite

Use of lâzım - need or gerek - necessity as an auxiliary.

Lesson 43 :The adverbial clause of time -İKEN (while). Conversation: New Year's Eve - Yılbaşı

İken - with the Present Tenses

İken - with Adjectives

İken - with the Past Tenses

İken - with Past Participle in -miş

İken - with Negative Wide Tense

Lesson 42 :Family relationships. Forms of addressing in Turkish.Conversation: "My family"

Personal Addressing - Formal and Informal

The Muslim Peace Greeting

Lesson 41 :Positive abilitative (Potential mood) in Turkish.

Future

Simple Past Tense

Past Interrogative

bekleyebildiler mi? - could they have waited

Past Continuous

Imperfect Interrogative

Past Indefinite Tense

Lesson 40:The Reported FutureTense in Turkish-Reading passage: American teachers

Lesson 39 :The Comparative and superlative in Turkish

Lesson 38:The FutureTense part 2-Interrogative and interrogative- negative form

Lesson 37:The Future Tense part 1-Affermative and negative form.Conversation: Going to the cinema

Lesson 36: The Past Perfect Tense part 2 - Interrogative and interrogative- negative form

Lesson 35:The Past Perfect Tense part 1-Affirmative and negative form-Conversation:"A message"