Science of space & technology

The God particle or Higgs Boson theory- Explained.

2020-06-19T22:28:00.002+05:30

The God particle or Higgs boson theory

Introduction

Over the past few decades, particle physicists have developed an elegant theoretical model (the Standard Model) that gives a framework for our current understanding of the fundamental particles and forces of nature. One major ingredient in this model is a hypothetical, ubiquitous quantum field that is supposed to be responsible for giving particles their masses (this field would answer the basic question of why particles have the masses they do--or indeed, why they have any mass at all). This field is called the Higgs field. As a consequence of wave-particle duality, all quantum fields have a fundamental particle associated with them. The particle associated with the Higgs field is called the Higgs boson.

Understanding mass

The history of Higgs boson beings because of mass that's why it is necessary to understand mass first. If you say in technical terms, then it is the mesurement of inertia of a body. Now if I say in simple language, any body whether in rest or in motion, when trying to change its state then we feels a resistance .This resistance is called mass. For example, when you try to move a static object by pushing it, then you experience its mass. We know that a Vastu who has no mass of his own is always in the vacuum at the speed of light, such as photons. In easy language, we can say that any object that does not travel at the speed of light has its own mass.

Relation with mass

We know that for every particle in the universe has its own mass. Now a question arises, where this came from?? Then you definitely answer that from its elementary Particles. Means that from that particle with which it is created. But as we consider QUANTUM MECHANICS quarks and leptons are the real building blocks of matter.Means that there is nothing smaller than them. Since these particles are self created,must be massless totally but this is not the real fact. Because we know that there's some mass of electrons and quarks also. Now such a situation, it raises the question that where does the mass in these particles come from? It also raises the question that when electrons and quarks have mass then why not in photons?

Now The history begins

In late 1960s,Physicists develops a mathematical equation on the basis of behavior of elementary particles. With the help of that equation they better understood it. But this equation made them even more upset. Actually, when they assume that all elementary parts like electrons and quarks are completely massless, then that equation was easily solved. And the predictions made based on that recent equation were also completely correct which is many times verified by experimentally. But the physicists knew that electrons and quarks can never be massless. In such a situation, when they tried to solve the same equation by assuming the mass of electrons and quarks, that equation would become very complex and inconsistent. . In such a way, Peter Higgs came out, he gave his new theory in which he predicted the presence of Higgs field and Higgs boson. Let's understand what this theory is.

Explanations of Higgs theory

According to Field theory, In this whole universe there is the presence of Fields instead of particles, which we cannot see (ex-electron field, quarks field, gravitational field and electric field etc). By giving a threshold energy to this field particles are created and by extracting some energy from this field particles gets distroyed. Such as electrons and quarks are created by giving energy to the electron field and quarks field respectively etc. These fields also interact each other. Piter higgs used to say that another such field is "higgs field" which is present everywhere in the universe like other fields. By giving energy to this field Higgs bosons are created. But he believed that basically all elementary parts are massless like photons, but it is the higgs field that provides them mass. Now the next question that arises in your mind is, how would this happen?

Understanding the Higgs mechanism

All the elementary particles (elections, quarks, photons and protons etc) are massless before entering to the Higgs field. But once they enter into the Higgs field they interact with Higgs field. Some of them interact more with Higgs field and some interact less this phenomenon results in their mass value. Means that the more the interaction with Higgs field more will be the mass. Like photons do not interact with Higgs field that's why they are massless whereas the elementary Particles like (electrons, quarks and protons) which interact with Higgs field, they have some mass.

In 1964,Piter higgs published his theory in a famous physics journal in which he used mathematical equation to prove his published theory but unfortunately this theory was rejected not because there was flaw in his math- ematical equation. But because it was not digested at that time that invisible fields can also give mass to a particle. Higgs did not give up and he took this theory to many more physicists. Physicists who understood Higgs' theory deeply found this theory convincing enough. Due to which this theory later got a lot of support from physicists. By this time physicists were expecting only on the basis of mathematical equation that the higgs field should exist in this world but it cannot be assumed only on the basis of mathematical equation.

Now the experimental work begins

For this experiment scientists built the world largest machine named LHC(Large Hedron collider). The problem was that the Higgs field is invisible, that is, it is impossible to see how to find its presence in such a way. The maths told us that if our thinking is correct and the Higgs field is present everywhere then in a small space if we If the charged particles collide at high speed, this collision will cause a stir in the Higgs field for a while. Just as two boats in the water cause a stir in the water. This stir in the Higgs field makes the Higgs bosons particle Will give rise to which we can also see and detect. With this thinking, two charged particles in LHC would be collided with 99.999% speed of light and look for the decay pattern which should be the decay pattern of Higgs boson based on mathematical equation physicists have been searching for it for a long time. They were not getting anything. The day was 4 July 2012, when cern announced that they've detected the higgs boson. The discovery completely proved Peter Higgs's theory for which he was awarded the noble prize in 2013 Honored.

I hope that by now you have understood what the Higgs field is and how it behaves.

Many people misunderstand that Higgs bosons is responsible for the mass of elementary parts. But the truth is that it is the work of Higgs field and not of Higgs bosons.Higgs bosons are the only the particle which are made from Higgs field.

Why the name God particle and why Higgs field are important for us?

Most of us think that the Higgs boson is related to God in some way but you would be surprised to know that this is not the truth as I already mentioned. The Higgs bosons do not give the Higgs field a mass if not the higgs field If it were massless, we know that massless particles always travel at the speed of light, that is, all elementary particles are traveling at the speed of light, because of this reason neither electrons are traveling around the nucleus and traveling at this speed of light. Neither the neutron and the proton in the nucleus were stable. Because of this, neither the formation of an atom takes place nor the molecules and matters . Means that there'll be no existence. The presence of this field, now confirmed by experimental investigation,, explains why some particle have mass when, based on the symmetries controlling their interaction, they should be massless. It also resolves several alongside puzzles, such as the reason for the extremely short range weak force.
In the early 1900's physicists Leon Lederman wrote a book on this topic. He first wanted to name this book god dam Particle, but his publisher had an objection with this name. So he changed the name of this book to god particle. He had no logic behind it, it was just a name for him, but the media gave so much attention to this name that instead of the Higgs boson the name God particle was popular among the peoples.

The discovery of Higgs field is considered very important, there are many reasons behind it. If we talk about the first reason, then all these existing fields are quite different. We know that there are many invisible fields in space such as electric field, gravitational field and magnetic field etc. These fields are not all the same everywhere. The Higgs field is the only field which is the same everywhere in the universe. If we can know more about it, the better it will be to understand the dark matter and dark energy.

2nd reason is, we found a purely new form of matter in the form of Higgs boson. Such forms were earlier confined to the mathematical equation. We know that apart from mass and charge in the particle, spin is the only thing that does not change. Its speed neither increases nor decreases over time like spin of electrons and quarks. The value is the same even though the spin of photons is twice as long as both whereas Higgs boson is the only particle with no spin.

3rd reason is with the help of its mathematical equation we not only understand the mysteries but we can predict correctly about that thing which is not experimentally verified yet as like history of Higgs boson.

According to standard model, The Higgs boson is almost decay in another particle as soon as it is formed, so we do not know their true size correctly, so it would be wrong to call them true electron like electrons. But the mass of Higgs boson is more than most bosons. Their compton wavelength should be around 10 ^ -15cm depending on the mass. In their compression, the compton wavelength of proton is about 10 ^ -13cm.

This was the story of God particle or Higgs boson.
I hope that by now you have understood what the Higgs field is and how it behaves.

.Dark matterand dark energy-the unsolved mystery Click here

. 10 Unbelievable facts about space which you don't know. Click here

10 Unbelievable facts about space which you don't know.

2020-06-15T21:31:00.003+05:30

What is outer-space?

The place where everything exists, means that our universe exists. Space is the area beyond the upper limits of Earth’s atmosphere. It is where all of the asteroids, comets, planets, stars, solar systems and galaxies in our universe are found. Space is a vacuum, meaning it contains almostnothing, but it is not completely empty.

So, defining outer-space means about 60mile from the surface of earth outer-space starts, from where the infinite universe can be seen. In outer space, there are billions of galaxies,trillions of stars, everlasting planets, and how many mysterious things exists that are beyond our present imagination . We are trying to understand it with the help of science.

If you go to the country, far from city lights, you can see about 3,000 stars on a clearnight. If your eyes were bigger, you could see many more stars. With a pair of binoc-ulars, an optical device that effectively enlarges the pupilof your eye by about 30 times, the number of stars you can see increases to the tens of thousands. With a medium sized telescope with a light collecting mirror 30 centimeters in diameter,you can see hundreds of thousands of stars. With a large observatory telescope,millions of stars become visible.

10 Unbelievable facts about space:

1. The Sun makes up about 99% of the stuff in the wholeSolar System.

2.Energy from the Sun’s core* takes about 150,000 years

to reach the photosphere* (visible surface).

That means the light you see today was produced in

the core when humans were still in the stone age!

3.Voyager is the only man made thing till now which is sent by the humans outside the solar system, which is having a golden plat in which there's way to our home planet earth and the recording of all the species.

4.In the observable universe there are an estimated 2 trillion (2,000,000,000,000) galaxies.

5.The space between galaxies is not completely empty but has an average of one atom per cubic meter.

6. The International Space Station is the largest ever crewed object in space.

7. The oldest accurately dated star chart appeared in ancient Egyptian astronomy in 1534 BC.

8. Orion’s brightest star is called Rigel, and it is the 7th brightest star in the sky. Rigel is very bright — about 120,000 times the luminosity of the Sun and is also a variable star.

9. A star know as “Methuselah star”, or scientifically called HD 140283, is situated about 200 lightyears away and has stumped experts and violates the big bang theory and understanding of cosmos. This in turn led to the discovery the star is 14.5 billion years old, some 0.7 billion years older than the Universe.

10. The first ever image captured of a black hole was of the one at the heart of M87 galaxy.

DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY-The unsolved mystery

2020-06-10T17:25:00.001+05:30

Our universe is very mysterious and strange place. There are many theories that make us think that whether our universe is a place or not or even may exist or not in reality. Even many theories questioned about the existance of our universe, they suggest that our universe may be a dream of a celestial devin being or may be a program of some intelligent beings. In hindu recognition it is believed that our universe is a dream of lord VISHNU.

In the early 1990s, one thing was fairly certain about the expansion of the universe. It might have enough energy density to stop its expansion and recollapse, it might have so little energy density that it would never stop expanding, but gravity was certain to slow the expansion as time went on. Granted, the slowing had not been observed, but, theoretically, the universe had to slow. The universe is full of matter and the attractive force of gravity pulls all matter together. Then came 1998 and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of very distant supernovae that showed that, a long time ago, the universe was actually expanding more slowly than it is today. So the expansion of the universe has not been slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has been accelerating. No one expected this, no one knew how to explain it. But something was causing it.
In our universe there are many mysterious place and objects exists. One of them is Dark matter and dark energy. So let us try to understand the basics of it.
Our universe consists 27% of dark matter, 68%dark energy and only 5% of visible matter.

Galaxies in our universe seem to be achieving an impossible feat. They are rotating with such speed that the gravity generated by their observable matter could not possibly hold them together; they should have torn themselves apart long ago. The same is true of galaxies in clusters, which leads scientists to believe that something we cannot see is at work. They think something we have yet to detect directly is giving these galaxies extra mass, generating the extra gravity they need to stay intact. This strange and unknown matter was called “dark matter” since it is not visible.

DARK MATTER

Unlike normal matter, dark matter does not interact with the electromagnetic force. This means it does not absorb, reflect or emit light, making it extremely hard to spot. In fact, researchers have been able to infer the existence of dark matter only from the gravitational effect it seems to have on visible matter. Dark matter seems to outweigh visible matter roughly six to one, making up about 27% of the universe. Here's a sobering fact: The matter we know and that makes up all stars and galaxies only accounts for 5% of the content of the universe! But what is dark matter? One idea is that it could contain "supersymmetric particles" – hypothesized particles that are partners to those already known in the Standard Model. Experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) may provide more direct clues about dark matter.

Many theories say the dark matter particles would be light enough to be produced at the LHC. If they were created at the LHC, they would escape through the detectors unnoticed. However, they would carry away energy and momentum, so physicists could infer their existence from the amount of energy and momentum “missing” after a collision. Dark matter candidates arise frequently in theories that suggest physics beyond the Standard Model, such as supersymmetry and extra dimensions. One theory suggests the existence of a “Hidden Valley”, a parallel world made of dark matter having very little in common with matter we know. If one of these theories proved to be true, it could help scientists gain a better understanding of the composition of our universe and, in particular, how galaxies hold together.

DARK ENERGY

Dark energy makes up approximately 68% of the universe and appears to be associated with the vacuum in space. It is distributed evenly throughout the universe, not only in space but also in time – in other words, its effect is not diluted as the universe expands. The even distribution means that dark energy does not have any local gravitational effects, but rather a global effect on the universe as a whole. This leads to a repulsive force, which tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe. The rate of expansion and its acceleration can be measured by observations based on the Hubble law. These measurements, together with other scientific data, have confirmed the existence of dark energy and provide an estimate of just how much of this mysterious substance exists.

One explanation for dark energy is that it is a property of space. Albert Einstein was the first person to realize that empty space is not nothing. Space has amazing properties, many of which are just beginning to be understood. The first property that Einstein discovered is that it is possible for more space to come into existence. Then one version of Einstein's gravity theory, the version that contains a cosmological constant, makes a second prediction: "empty space" can possess its own energy. Because this energy is a property of space itself, it would not be diluted as space expands. As more space comes into existence, more of this energy-of-space would appear. As a result, this form of energy would cause the universe to expand faster and faster. Unfortunately, no one understands why the cosmological constant should even be there, much less why it would have exactly the right value to cause the observed acceleration of the universe.

Helpful links

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.space.com/amp/17661-theory-general-relativity.html
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/11/25/what-every-layperson-should-know-about-string-theory/amp/

Black hole

2020-06-08T00:22:00.000+05:30

 What is black hole? 

A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying.

Because no light can get out, people can't see black holes. They are invisible. Space telescopes with special tools can help find black holes. The special tools can see how stars that are very close to black holes act differently than other stars.

How black hole are formed? 

Scientists think the smallest black holes formed when the universe began.

Stellar black holes are made when the center of a very big star falls in upon itself, or collapses. When this happens, it causes a supernova. A supernova is an exploding star that blasts part of the star into space.

Scientists think supermassive black holes were made at the same time as the galaxy they are in.

If Black Holes Are "Black," How Do Scientists Know They Are There?

A black hole can not be seen because strong gravity pulls all of the light into the middle of the black hole. But scientists can see how the strong gravity affects the stars and gas around the black hole. Scientists can study stars to find out if they are flying around, or orbiting, a black hole.

When a black hole and a star are close together, high-energy light is made. This kind of light can not be seen with human eyes. Scientists use satellites and telescopes in space to see the high-energy light.

      How Big Are Black Holes?

Black holes can be big or small. Scientists think the smallest black holes are as small as just one atom. These black holes are very tiny but have the mass of a large mountain. Mass is the amount of matter, or "stuff," in an object.

Another kind of black hole is called "stellar." Its mass can be up to 20 times more than the mass of the sun. There may be many, many stellar mass black holes in Earth's galaxy. Earth's galaxy is called the Milky Way.

The largest black holes are called "supermassive." These black holes have masses that are more than 1 million suns together. Scientists have found proof that every large galaxy contains a supermassive black hole at its center. The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A. It has a mass equal to about 4 million suns and would fit inside a very large ball that could hold a few million Earths.

     Could a Black Hole Destroy Earth?

Black holes do not go around in space eating stars, moons and planets. Earth will not fall into a black hole because no black hole is close enough to the solar system for Earth to do that.

Even if a black hole the same mass as the sun were to take the place of the sun, Earth still would not fall in. The black hole would have the same gravity as the sun. Earth and the other planets would orbit the black hole as they orbit the sun now.

The sun will never turn into a black hole. The sun is not a big enough star to make a black hole.