MZ Syafiqie's Blog....

Status Anak Luar Nikah (Anak Yang Tidak Sah Taraf)

2013-07-18T08:26:00.000+08:00

Artikel daripada Blog Ustaz Nor Amin:

Salam bahagia dan salam gembira kepada semua, semoga iman dan taqwa kita lebih baik grafnya. Soalan pengunjung yang berbunyi “Di sini ana nak cadangankan kepada ustaz untuk menghuraikan status anak luar nikah disisi Islam kerana saya rasa setenggah masyarakat memandang serong terhadap golongan ini. Adakah gelaran ANAK HARAM sesuai pada mereka padahal mereka lahir diatas ketelanjuran dan kesilapan mak ayah mereka? Bagaimanakah jika mereka membesar dan menjadi imam,wali dan statusnya. Tolong ustaz huraikan status anak ini disisi ISLAM bukan disisi MASYARAKAT?

Jawapannya

Status anak luar nikah (anak yang tidak sah tarafnya) adalah anak yang lahir dari hubungan ibu bapa tanpa ikatan pernikahan yang sah dari segi syariat Islam. Anak tersebut bukan anak haram, bukan najis dan kotor, sebenarnya anak itu adalah sempurna dan dilahirkan dalam keadaan fitrah dan bersih tanpa dosa. Bagi saya tidak baik dan tidak patut sangat menggelar anak tersebut sebagai anak haram. Yang menjadi masalah ialah hubungan zina kedua ibu bapanya tanpa ikatan perkahwinan. Haram itu adalah pelakuan ibu bapanya dan bukan anak itu haram.

Firman Allah yang bermaksud :

“Sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakan manusia Dalam bentuk Yang sebaik-baiknya (dan berkelengkapan sesuai Dengan keadaannya).” (At-Tin : 4)

“Dan Sesungguhnya Kami telah memuliakan anak-anak Adam; dan Kami telah beri mereka menggunakan berbagai-bagai kenderaan di darat dan di laut; dan Kami telah memberikan rezeki kepada mereka dari benda-benda Yang baik-baik serta Kami telah lebihkan mereka Dengan selebih-lebihnya atas banyak makhluk-makhluk Yang telah Kami ciptakan.” (Al-Isra : 70)

Hadis Nabi yang bermaksud : “Setiap anak yang dilahirkan adalah fitrah”.

Ketiga-tiga dalil yang diberikan di atas ini, sangat jelas dan tidak dapat dipertikaikan bahawa setiap manusia yang dilahirkan adalah dalam keadaan yang sangat baik dan bukan dalam keadaan aib dan hina sepertimana yang digambarkan oleh sesetengah pihak terhadap anak-anak luar nikah ini. Jangan dibinasakan anak tersebut disebabkan anak tersebut luar nikah. Sepatutnya kita sebagai orang Islam wajib memuliakan antara satu sama lain, berbuat baik antara satu sama lain kerana ini yang dikehendaki oleh Islam dan ini juga merupakan sifat Rasulullah saw.

Jangan kita menghina anak tersebut dan meminggirkannya sehingga dirinya merasa hina disebabkan salah ibu bapanya. Dosa besar bagi orang yang menaburkan fitnah dan mengaibkan orang di atas segala dosa yang telah dilakukan oleh ibu dan bapanya. Dosa ibu bapanya yang lalu biarlah mereka dengan Allah, kita sebagai umat Islam berdoa kepada Allah mudah-mudahan Allah mengampunkan segala dosa ketelanjuran mereka dahulu. Sebagai umat Islam tidak sepatutnya menuding jari kepada sesiapa atas kesalahan yang telah dilakukan, tetapi sepatutnya mengajak dan memberikan nasihat yang baik kepada mereka supaya mereka mengerti akan pelakuan mereka itu adalah salah di sisi syariat dan bersegeralah bertaubat. Sesungguhnya Allah menerima ampun bagi sesiapa yang bertaubat dengan sebenar-benar taubat (taubat nasuha).

Anak luar nikah tidak dipertanggungjawabkan atas kelakuan ibu bapanya yang terlanjur dan tidak boleh kita menuding jari kepada anak tersebut, dia juga mempunyai perasaan dan mempunyai hati yang perlu dijaga oleh kita. Setiap amalan kejahatan dan kebaikan adalah merupakan tanggungjawab individu tersebut dan tidak dipertanggungjawabkan kepada orang lain.

Firman Allah yang bermaksud :

“Patutkah manusia menyangka, Bahawa ia akan ditinggalkan terbiar (dengan tidak diberikan tanggungjawab dan tidak dihidupkan menerima balasan)?” (Al-Qiyamah : 36)

Setiap anak yang dilahirkan perlu dibimbing dan dididik kearah yang dituntut dalam Islam, menghantar anak mempelajari ilmu-ilmu agama terlebih dahulu kerana ini merupakan fardhu ain dan wajib dituntut oleh setiap individu muslim sebagai panduan hidupnya. Jika anak tersebut menjadi ustaz, menjadi imam, menjadi muazzin dan sebagainya, maka itu lebih positif dan bagus kerana anak tersebut merupakan saham kebaikan kepada ibu bapanya dan sudah pasti anak tersebut akan sentiasa mendoakan kebaikan terhadap ibu bapanya. Jika anak tersebut mengetahui akan status dirinya adalah anak luar nikah, saya rasa mungkin anak tersebut menerima kenyataan dengan redho dan mengetahui ini adalah ketentuan Allah.

Bagaimana jika anak luar nikah jadi imam di masjid atau di surau? Jawapannya solat jemaah itu tetap sah jika anak luar nikah itu menjadi imam atas kelayakkannya, mengikuti krateria-krateria sebagai seorang imam, fasih bacaannya, sebutan jelas dan tajwidnya betul, maka itu tidak menjadi masalah dan solat jemaah tersebut sah.

Adakah boleh anak luar nikah jadi wali kepada adik-adiknya? Jawapannya menurut pendapat ulamak anak luar nikah tidak boleh dibin atau dibintikan kepada bapanya, kerana hubungan ibu dan bapanya diluar ikatan perkahwinan yang sah.

Anak luar nikah ini perlu dibin atau dibintikan kepada Abdullah. Jadi jelas di sini, bahawa anak tersebut tidak dikira dari darah daging ayahnya. Anak luar nikah ini tidak boleh jadi wali kepada adik-adiknya.

Adakah bapa yang melakukan zina sehingga dia dilahirkan itu boleh jadi walinya? Jawapannya adalah tidak boleh sebab, menurut pendapat ulamak bapak tersebut tidak sah dan tidak diiktiraf kerana mereka melakukan hubungan diluar ikatan perkahwinan yang sah.

Maka anak tersebut boleh diwalikan oleh wali hakim (perkara ini boleh dirujuk kepada bahagian pembangunan keluarga Islam Jabatan Agama Islam mana-mana negeri dalam Malaysia).

Untuk sebrang persoalan, boleh lawati blog pemilik artikel ini di sini.

info: http://www.ustaznoramin.com

RENTETAN PENGALAMAN DI HARI HARI TERAKHIR SITI HAJAR BINTI AHMAD SABIR

2013-01-31T01:04:00.001+08:00

Dengan Nama Allah Yang Maha Pemurah Lagi Maha Penyayang

Assalamualaikum wbt.

Alhamdulillah, segala puji-pujian dirafakkan kehadrat Allah swt. Blog yang telah lama saya tidak update akhirnya diminta isi dengan suatu hikmah yang besar dari seorang mujahidah yang telah pergi ke alam sana. Hasil penulisan ini sesungguhnya ditulis oleh ibunya yang tercinta, ibu kepada al-marhumah Siti Hajar Binti Ahmad Sabir (alfatihah). Semoga kita memperoleh manfaat yang besar dari perkongsian ini. Selamat membaca.

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6 Jan 2013 (Ahad)

Kami dapat panggilan telefon mengatakan Hajar kemalangan. Segera bergegas ke Hospital Besar Melaka. Ramai pelajar UTEM sedia menunggu berita kemalangan itu.

7 Jan 2013 (Isnin)

Hajar dimasukkan ke wad ICU Mawar. Pegawai HEPA UTEM mula membuat lawatan.Doktor mencadangkan pembedahan segera dilakukan. Masalah kewangan mula berbangkit, wang kami tidak mencukupi’

8 Jan 2013 (Selasa)

Gerakan mengumpul derma utk pembedahan Hajar berjalan lancar. Pembedahan dilakukan pada pukul 1 tengahari. Pukul 6 ptg, pembedahan selesai.

9 Jan 2013 (Rabu)

Kesihatan Hajar baik sebelah pagi tapi merosot sedikit menjelang petang. Tekanan darah mula turun, lalu ubat untuk menaikkan tekanan darah segera diberikan. Muka dan badan mula sembab sebab dah 2 hari hanya drip air tanpa makanan. Sebelah petang, susu disalurkan ke perutnya melalui tiub. Walaupun tulang belakang telah di betulkan kedudukannya, saraf tunjang tetap telah tercedera dan kita menunggu dan berharap kekuasaan Allah Ke atas Hajar berkat doa semua sahabat di dalam dan di luar negara.

10 Jan 2013(Khamis)

Selepas Subuh tadi, kami lawat dia dan bacakan ayat2 suci dan syifa’. Dia tenang je.Kami berbual. Memang dia tak gelak tapi matanya lebih bermaya. Kami ceritakan tentang kawan2 yang datang, yang berkirim salam dan sebagainya. Memang dia tak dapat lawan bergurau, ketawa besar macam biasa tapi dia dengar kami tu pun dah cukup. Langsung tak tunjuk airmata pada dia. Kami usap tangannya, usap pipi dan dahi berkali2 dan bercakap dengan nada yang ceria juga. Tak boleh nak pandang dia dengan mata sayu, cakap dengan suara sebak..tak boleh. Kalau kita positif, kita ceria, aura kita berpindah kepadanya.

Ramai yang bersimpati dengannya lalu mencadangkan pelbagai bentuk rawatan pemulihan. Ada yang mencadangkan pergi kepada sekian-sekian dukun patah jika Hajar telah keluar dari Hospital nanti. Ada juga peniaga air yang menawarkan sebotol air pada harga RM25, dan menjanjikan penyembuhan dalam 10 minit sahaja. Hajar senyum . Pesannya, dia tidak mahu apa-apa rawatan yang menggunakan perantaraan jin dan hanya mahukan perubatan Islam. Dia rela lumpuh seumur hidup atau sanggup mati, asalkan tidak mensyirikkan Allah.

11 Jan 2013 (Jumaat)

Doktor dah benarkan makan bubur. Kami sudukan dengan sup ayam, sup sayur, ikan dan buah2an. Minum air zam zam pakai straw. Memang haus betul dia. Berkat air terbaik di atas mukabumi, dia segera nampak bertenaga. Menitis airmata sahabat2 melihat dia telah makan. Berebut2 mereka nak tolong layan Hajar. Suasana ceria berlanjutan dengan cerita2 lucu mereka.

Solat Hajat dilakukan di merata tempat dari sebelah malam hingga ke siangnya.UTeM sendiri menganjurkan solat hajat di Masjid, melibatkan kerjasama BADAR dan Majlis Perwakilan Pelajar .

Lawatan Naib Canselor, memberikan suntikan semangat luarbiasa kepada Hajar. Dia ingin sembuh. Dia ingin kembali belajar. Dan dia dijanjikan pelbagai kemudahan pembelajaran jika dia sihat dan masih berminat menuntut ilmu.

Sedikit jangkitan kuman mula dikesan di paru-paru menyebabkan pernafasannya tidak stabil.

12 Jan 2013 (Sabtu)

Doa dan kata-kata peransang tak henti2 masuk ke telefon untuk memberi semangat kepada Hajar. Kami perlu kuatkan pernafasannya. Latihan pernafasan mula diberikan supaya oksigen banyak masuk ke badan dan dia dapat melawan kuman2 yang datang menyerang. Hasilnya, kedua dua tangan dah boleh diangkat tinggi. Selepas ini, kami nak teruskan dengan latihan menggenggam. Semua ini menyakitkan, kerana itu motivasi dari sahabat2 amat diperlukan. Peranan saya sebagai ibu adalah untuk mengukuhkan keimanannya dan meletakkan pergantungan harapan sepenuhnya pada Allah.

Sebelah petangnya, Hajar di keluarkan dari ICU Mawar dan diletakkan di wad D3.

13 Jan 2013(Ahad)

Akhirnya berbekalkan sedikit kekuatan yang diberi oleh Allah, saya terangkan situasi sebenar, kesan kemalangan itu kepada Hajar. The whole truth. Dan sebagai hambanya yang patuh, dia Redha dengan apa saja Qada dan QadarNYA. Pendapat doktor itu berdasarkan pengetahuan manusia. Yang mana ia hanya ibarat setitik air di lautan yang luas. Terlalu kecil kemampuan manusia berbanding dengan kekuasaan Allah itu sendiri. Baginya hidup mesti diteruskan, ada banyak lagi nikmat tuhan yang sedang dinikmatinya. NIKMAT TUHAN YANG MANAKAH YANG KAMU DUSTAKAN?

Setiap hari Allah menuntut perjanjian kita dengannya sebelum kita dilahirkan. Iaitu untuk mengakui DIA itulah tuhan kita yang layak disembah. Dia yang maha berkuasa, yang memiliki segala2nya. Sedang kita inilah si fakir yang tak punya apa2…dan sentiasa meminta2 darinya. Kalau dah lidah kita mengakui Allah itu maha berkuasa, maka ikrarkan pula dihati..yang DIA mampu mengubah nasib Hajar lantas menyembuhkannya sekalipun.

Takada rahsia lagi. Dia dah tahu dirinya lumpuh sementara. Dah tahu situasi tulang belakangnya, saraf tunjangnya yang cedera dan juga pembedahan yang telah dilaluinya. Tanpa setitik airmata, tanpa keluhan, tanpa menyesali nasib, tanpa mematahkan semangatnya untuk terus hidup, katanya kalau mak dan ayah boleh redha, dia juga akan redha. Banyak lagi tanggungjawab untuk digalas, ramai lagi diluar sana yang perlukan bimbingan dan kerana Allah masih selamatkan nya, dia akan bersyukur. Pasti ade hikmahnya.

Malam itu, sedang saya membacakan ayat2 suci kepadanya, dia kata “Mak dengar tak tu? Suara seruan tu?” Saya terdengar seruan bersahut2an dua atau tiga kali dari arah yang tak pasti. “Orang azan kot” tingkah saya. Dia jawab “mana pulak, azan mana ada SUBHANALLAH.. orang tu sebut SUBHANALLAH berkali2. Akak dengar, Cuba tengok jam, bukan masa azan, kan?.”akuinya penuh jujur. Saya rasa berdebar, “Selalu ke akak dengar?” “Selalu gak, entah siapa lah yang jerit tu gaknya…” jawabnya naif’

14Jan 2013 (Isnin)

Sebelah siang Hajar demam.Batuk2 Kecil, Menjelang maghrib, cuaca sejuk, batuk makin memberat. Demam semakin tinggi mencecah 39C. Selsema, kahak tersumbat di saluran kerongkong dan belakang hidung. Hajar semakin lemah. Apabila pernafasan tersekat,Hajar menggelepar mencari nafas. Doktor segera bertindak bila kami menjerit meminta bantuan kecemasan diberikan dengan menyedut kahak menggunakan mesin penyedut. Tiup dimasukkan ke saluran kerongkong dan saluran hidung. Prosedur yang menyakitkan dan tidak selesa. Tapi masih tak banyak membantu, selsema mengalir lagi, dan kesejukan malam menyebabkan hidung tersumbat semula. Kami disuruh keluar semasa bantuan kecemasan itu. Keadaan agak membimbangkan. Kami berdua berusaha menolong dengan membacakan ayat2 suci dan zikir2. Menjelang tengah malam barulah dia bernafas selesa dan tidak mencungap cungap lagi. Keletihan yg teramat sangat..tetapi bersyukur terselamat dr situasi bahaya. Stabil.

Bila dah tenang, Hajar bercerita semula, semasa doktor membantunya dan kami memohon bantuan Allah, pertolongan tersebut telah datang. Bagaimana? Secara tiba2 dia sendawa berkali kali. Dan setiap kali angin sendawa itu keluar, terasa hidung yg tersumbat tidak tersumbat lagi dan dia boleh bernafas dgn selesa. Kemudian, dia terasa mukanya dipercikkan air 3 kali. Air yang sgt sejuk dan selesa. Dia yang sedang demam panas dan terasa muka berbahang, tetiba rasa sangat selesa dan demam mula menurun.SUBHANALLAH.

Hari dah jauh malam, suami saya nak pulang menjaga anak2 yang lain di rumah. Suami beritahu Hajar, dengan cepat dia jawab “Ayah percaya Allah tak?”jawab suami”Percaya”. Tambah Hajar lagi, “Kalau percaya pada Allah, ayah baliklah..Allah ada jaga akak kat sini.”Sesekali dia tersenyum manis. Kami tanyakan” kenapa senyum?” Dia jawab…”ada bau wangi sangat”.” Selalu ke akak terbau macam tu?”Jawabnya, “Kadang2 aje, kadang2 masa nurse datang, kadang2 waktu sahabat ziarah” Hati kami mula rasa sesuatu. Suami saya tak jadi balik. Kami berdua tertidur kepenatan menemani dia malam tu. Dipihak dia pula, terasa sangat aman dan damai. Malam yg sejuk dirasakan nyaman. Langsung tak rasa lapar dan dahaga. Menurutnya, sepanjang malam, dia memerhatikan kami berdua tidur dan mensyukuri apa saja nikmat yang sedang dinikmatinya.

15 Jan 2013 (Selasa)

Sebelah pagi Hajar masih tak bermaya. Semakin naik matahari, hidung semakin kurang tersumbat dan kesihatan mula beransur baik. Perjuangan untuk hidup diteruskan lagi. Bila demam berkurangan, Hajar akan kembali ceria, makannya akan berselera, makan pudding, bubur, sup ayam dan buah2an.. Rakan2 pun gembira melayan kerenah dia. Bila dia sebut teringin makan pisang…tetiba ada saja tetamu yang bawakan. Dia duduk tapi kepalanya agak senget - masih tak boleh kawal gerakan kepala. Spontan dia kata, “Kalau ade bantal kecil, boleh letak kat leher” lalu Allah perkenankan hajatnya. Bantal yang diidamkan dibawa oleh sahabat yang prihatin pada hari yang sama hajatnya diutarakan. (KUN FAYAKUN)

Tekak Hajar masih terasa sakit – perit. Mungkin sebab guna tiub penyedut kahak sebelumnya. Jadi ubat demamnya perlu dihancurkan dan dijadikan larutan. Saya bancuhkan paracetamol dengan sedikit air zam zam. “Akak, ingat ye, ubat ni alat je, Allah yang menyembuhkan” Dia angguk. Ubat di sudukan ke mulutnya. Pahit. Kecil matanya. Segera saya berikan air zam zam untuk diminum. Lepas itu dia tanya, “Air ape tadi?”. “Ehh..air zam zam lah, mana ade bagi air lain.” Dia senyum lagi. Saya tertanya2. Dia kata “Allah tolong akak, ubat tu memang pahit, tapi bila minum air zam zam tu, rasa macam air tu manis, ia basuh semua rasa pahit dilidah akak, Esok mak cubalah” Macam mana ni….nak percaya tak?

Malamnya, dia kena makan ubat lagi. Tanpa gentar, dia menelan ubat pahit tu dan tinggalkan sedikit untuk saya. Nekad untuk menyampaikan dakwah, saya telan baki ubat itu. Memang pahit. Dan bila air zam zam diminum, rasa pahit itu hilang tak berbekas. Seperti lumpur di lantai yang tertanggal semuanya bila air disiram kepadanya.

Kemudian dia mula bertanya bagaimana dia nak solat dalam keadaannya seperti itu. Saya terkedu. Telefon terus saya capai, meminta bantuan ilmu dari rakan2 yang lebih arif. Dan seperti dijangka, apa yang dimintanya, mudah benar utk Allah tunaikan. Ade saja sahabat yang prihatin dan sudi menolong.

Bila Doktor pelatih datang untuk mengambil sampel darah, Hajar menangis. “Akak dah lemah, makan pun tak seberapa, mana nak ada darah banyak. Doktor asyik ambil darah..tangan doktor tu besar,kematu, tak sensitive. Tangan akak kecil, Sakit tau ditampar2 tangan akak, dicubit2…dah tak jumpa urat darah tu, tak yah lah ambil darah. Akak tak nak doktor tu lagi”. Sayu hati mendengar rintihannya, tapi macamana? Mana boleh pilih2 doktor. Tapi Allah maha mendengar, esoknya doktor lain pula mengambilalih.

16 Jan 2013(Rabu)

Usai solat subuh, saya dapati Hajar mengadu sakit perut. Macam kembung. Perut mula membengkak dan bergerak2. Saya sapukan sedikit minyak angin dan bacakan rukyah. Dia terasa nak muntah. Ya memang.. dia betul betul muntah. Berlambak2 muntah air hijau keluar dari mulutnya. Kami beri air zam zam kerana muntah tersebut memahitkan tekak. Tapi muntah berterusan…lagi…. lagi… dan lagi…”Akak tak nak pelawat hari ni”. Dan tengahari itu, memang takada pelawat yang datang.

Menjelang maghrib, dia suruh ayahnya solat. Kemudian saya pula disuruh solat. Saya katakan, “nanti siapa nak tolong bersihkan muntah? Mak solat lewat sikitlah…Dia jawab “Allah ada, Allah boleh bantu akak.” Terkedu. Saya pun tinggalkn dia untuk solat. Ayahnya pula pergi menjemput adiknya di Malacca Central. Selesai solat, saya dapati nurse sedang membersihkan Hajar. Bajunya yg terkena muntah digantikan. Kemudian dia kata, “Haa..kan betul akak cakap, Allah ada bantu akak. Mak pergi je, akak muntah, tapi nurse yg sedang rawat makcik kat sebelah tu ternampak akak muntah dan dia datang bantu.

Sepanjang malam, adik Hajar, Nabilah, saya dan suami saya hanya menadahkan kain menahan muntah hajar. Muntah…minum lagi…dan kemudian muntah semula. Bila reda sedikit, kami mula berbicara. “Akak, Nampak gayanya macam perut akak dah tak terima lagi air yang kami beri. Mungkin rezeki minuman akak dah habis. Mak bagi air untuk basah tekak je, tapi untuk menghilangkan dahaga, akak mohonlah rezeki dari Allah.

Ayahnya pula kata “Akak, kalau akak dipanjangkan usia, ayah akan belikan computer yg lebih ringan untuk akak, sesuai dgn kemampuan akak menggunakannya. Tapi kalau usia akak tak panjang, akak jangan sedih sebab akak akan dapat syahid dunia. Pujuk ayah lagi, “Akak, bila dajjal keluar nanti, orang2 yang beriman takkan dapat bekalan makanan sebab tak mahu sembah dajjal. Mereka akan berzikir sahaja, dan Allah cukupkan rezeki mereka. Mereka tak rasa lapar dan dahaga, Akak zikirlah ye”. Angguk.

Walaupun perbualan itu amat menyentuh hati, tapi masih tak mampu menggugurkan air matanya. Dia kata” Kalau mak dan ayah dah redha, takde sebab untuk akak tak redha. Kalau Allah izinkan akak hidup lagi, walau mcmana pun rupa akak waktu tu, akak akan berdakwah untuk beritahu orang tentang adanya pertolongan Allah, besarnya kekuasaan Allah. Mak tulis ye, biar tak lupa . Nanti akak sendiri yang akan ceritakan. Tapi kalau umur akak tak panjang, emak ceritakanlah bagi pihak akak”

Untuk adik2nya, dipesankan agar ubah penampilan berpakaian. Untuk rakan2, dia minta maaf dan memberikan kemaafannya kepada mereka. Adik2 dipujuk agar pakai jubah2 dan tudung dia yang banyak. Dia turut beritahu minta digantikan puasanya dan uruskan solat yg tertinggal sepanjang dia berada dihospital tu. Ada beberapa hutang kecilnya minta dilunaskan.

Kami tanya lagi. “ susah ke rasanya nak muntah tu tadi?” Jawabnya, “Taklah, senang je, Allah tolong.” “Tolong macamana?” tambahnya “Dah badan akak tak boleh keluarkan air2 kotor tu dgn cara biasa, Allah tolong keluarkan melalui muntah. Tak susah pun, rasa macam meludah je” MASYA ALLAH. Hajar sentiasa kaitkan apa saja yang dialaminya dengan Allah. Sentiasa berbaik sangka Allah menolongnya. Benarlah seperti hadis qudsi, Allah bertindak mengikut sangkaan hamba terhadapNYA. Jika kita yakin Allah menolong kita, maka Allah akan tolong.

Keputusan Xray menunjukkan perut dan usus besar membengkak teruk.

17 Jan 2013(Khamis)

Situasi kritikal. Tak mahu pelawat lagi. Doktor sedang cuba menyelamatkan . Perut membengkak terus. Usus besar tidak menyalurkan najis dengan sempurna. Menurut doktor semuanya ada kaitan dengan saraf tunjang yang gagal menghantar arahan ke anggota badan. Ultrasound pula diambil. Hajar tenang. Berserah pada Allah menentukan yang terbaik untuknya.

Selepas waktu melawat tengahari, demam memburuk semula. Perut yang membengkak menyukarkan pernafasan. Doktor mula gelisah. Satu tiub dimasukkan ke perut melalui hidung bagi menyedut cairan di dalam perut. Lebih 1Liter cairan dikeluarkan. Hajar diarahkan berpuasa sehingga punca pembengkakan itu diketahui.

Demam lagi. Saya sudukan juga tiga sudu air zam zam ke mulutnya dari masa ke semasa. “Akak, jgn bimbang, kita orang Islam dah dilatih berpuasa. Redha ya .. mak bagi air zam zam ni hanya utk basah tekak, memang tak sempat sampai ke perut pun ia akan kering sendiri. Mintalah Allah hilangkan dahaga akak” . Dalam keletihan beliau jawab, “beratnya dugaan Allah ni , mak..” “memanglah…kan syurga Allah tu mahal harganya…sabar ya.. Nabi Ayub dulu pun diuji dengan berat” Dia angguk.. Doktor pasang drip…Dalam hati, saya tak putus2 membacakan ayat2 suci dan selawat untuk menolong beliau melalui kesukaran itu.

Menjelang asar, Hajar mula rasa bahang. Dia minta dimandikan. Panasnya kuat dibahagian dada. Dan terasa semua badan sakit2. Saya terdiam. Saya rasa, dia dah mula nak nazak. Waktu tu saya berdiri membelakangkan tingkap. Dia suruh saya beralih kedudukan. Dia nak pandang keluar tingkat. Saya tanya , nak tengok apa? Katanya : nak tengok Allah. Saya terkedu lagi. Katanya :” Allah marah sebab tak dakwah sungguh2. Tak mahu cari jalan lain, bila dakwah terhalang.” Saya jawab “Mintalah ampun dan banyakkan beristigfar pada Allah,” Angguk.Tak lama lepas tu, dia kata, matanya dah mula kabur. Saya membisikkan agar dia terus mengingati Allah. Angguk.Dalam termengah2 dia berkata”mak, izinkan akak pergi dulu, tapi akak tak nampak jalan” “ Ya, mak izinkan, mak doakan agar Rasulullah datang tunjukkan jalannya. Sekali lagi dia mengejutkan saya, bila dia kata dia dah tak boleh nampak, lalu bola matanya bergerak ke atas. Segera saya talkinkan berulang kali. Doktor dan nurse mula berkejar datang nak menyelamatkan. Saya disuruh keluar. Mereka mula memasang topeng oksigen,dan menaikkan tekanan darah.

Hati saya dah sebu. Saya tahu tadi tu Hajar dah nazak. Persiapan dibuat utk pindahkan Hajar ke ICU semula. Waktu maghrib tu, kami berkejar kejaran tolak katil Hajar ke ICU okid.

Hajar segera dibius dan getah saluran pernafasan dipasang ke mulutnya. Mesin pernafasan mengambilalih proses pernafasan. Itulah kali terakhir untuk dia berkata kata kerana selepas itu dia terus ditidurkan dan tak bangun2 lagi.

18 Jan 2013Jumaat)

Kami dimaklumkan ada air yang banyak diluar perut dan sekitar usus. Dikhuatiri usus Hajar telah bocor. Menjelang waktu azan zohor, untuk solat jumaat, jantung Hajar berhenti berdenyut. Doktor segera melakukan CPR. (Satu. Dua, Tiga, Empat, ……)saya nampak prosedur tu dr luar cermin biliknya. Hati saya terguris teruk…cpr dilakukan di dada, betul2 di atas kawasan pembedahan tulang belakangnya. Kalau dia selamat sekalipun, apa nasib tulang belakang tu, kan baru je lepas dibedah.

Walaupun jantung dapat digerakkan kembali, namun jantung Hajar hanya bekerja 1% sementara mesin pernafasan yg bekerja lagi 99% .Hakikatnya carta pernafasan di paparan skrin tu terasa semacam gimik.

19 Jan 2013 (sabtu)

Doktor pakar usus mengesahkan usus Hajar bocor dan perlukan tembukan kecil diperut untuk mengesahkan teori beliau. Sekiranya benar, pembedahan yang lebih besar diperlukan utk memotong usus yang bocor itu dan mencantumkan semula. Serentak dengan itu, kami diberi borang kebenaran pembedahan untuk ditandatangani. Semuanya atas nama nak menyelamatkan nyawa Hajar. Kami buntu. Suami meminta tempuh untuk bertenang dan berfikir. Kami perlu solat. Kami perlu berfikir dengan tenang. Kami mohon pertolongan melalui pertolongan Allah. Pukul 2 pagi, kami dipanggil semula. Terdesak, kami benarkan tembukan dilakukan diperut. Hanya pada Allah kami bermohon pertolongan dan petunjuk.

Belumpun sempat selesai pembedahan kecil itu, seorang lagi doktor memanggil kami. Berita besar yang disampaikan, buah pinggang Hajar tidak berfungsi sepenuhnya atau lebih tepat lagi..dah rosak dan perlukan dialysis darah. Hajar takkan boleh bertahan kalau darahnya tak dicuci kerana toksin dalam tubuh akan meningkat dan meracuni organ2 yang lain. Terdiam. Bermimpikah kami? Lepas satu, satu, organ badannya merosak. Namun begitu, dialysis tidak boleh dilakukan dengan selamat kerana keadaaan Hajar yang tidak stabil. Jantungnya dah pernah berhenti, dan boleh berhenti lagi semasa dialysis. Darahnya dah terlalu cair..dah lama tak makan. Pendarahan juga boleh berlaku kerana tekanan darah yang rendah. Jadi apa yang boleh kami perbuat? Sesudah berbincang, kami ambil keputusan tidak membenarkan cuci darah dijalankan kerana risikonya besar.

Tak lama lepas tu, pakar usus pula mengesahkan yang usus Hajar memang benar2 bocor dan pembedahan besar diperlukan. Kami tanya, adakah Hajar stabil untuk dibedah? Jawapannya TIDAK.Kami Tanya adakah masalah usus itu boleh selesai selepas pembedahan tersebut? Jawapannya. TIDAK PASTI MASALAH SAMA TAKKAN BERULANG LAGI. Lalu kami berikan jawapan yang paling selesa bagi kami iaitu tidak membenarkan sebarang pembedahan dilakukan lagi. Kami juga tidak membenarkan prosedur cpr dilakukan jika jantung terhenti lagi.

Doktor bercakap dengan berhati2. “Kalau itu keputusan Puan, Puan sedarkah apa akibatnya nanti?” Saya jawab, “ya, saya sedar, saya akan kehilangan anak saya, dan saya redha. Malah, kalau boleh , saya nak segala ubat dan mesin pernafasan dihentikan” Doktor menjawab, “Itu tak boleh, menyalahi etika, itu seperti membunuh pesakit. Kami tak boleh membunuh pesakit, tapi kalau Puan tak mahu lakukan semua yg kami dah cadangkan, mesin pernafasan tetap perlu terus dihidupkan. Cuma pesakit takkan mampu bertahan lama kerana toksin yang tinggi akan meracun dirinya sendiri.

Selepas itu, doktor terus mengawasi Hajar, dan pelawat telah dibenarkan menziarah tanpa had masa kerana Hajar hanya menunggu masa untuk pergi meninggalkan kita semua. Semua keluarga telah dimaklumkan, Hajar tak putus2 diziarahi oleh sahabat2 yang mengenali dan bersimpati. Masing2 ingin menatap wajahnya untuk kali terakhir

20 Jan2013 (Ahad)

Pagi itu kami berdua khusyuk dlm doa masing masing, hanyut dalam munajat kami kepada Allah memohon bantuan dan keringanan untuk sakaratul maut anak kami.Tepat jam 9.20 pagi, Hajar melepasi sakaratulmaut dan meninggal dunia dengan tenang dalam dakapan ibu dan restu ayah. Pergilah sayang, TUHANMU yang lebih menyayangimu telah menunggu. Terima kasih YA ALLAH kerana telah meminjamkan kami anak yang sebaik ini. 20 tahun kami berbahagia dengan kehadirannya.Terima kasih kerana menganugerahkan akhlak yang mulia terhadap anak kami ini. Kini kami kembalikan ia kepadaMU YA ALLAH.Dakapilah ia dengan limpahan rahmat kasih sayangMU yang maha Agung. Amin.. amin..amin..ya rabbal alamin.

Siti Hajar selamat dikebumikan di kampung keluarganya dengan lancar.Begitu ramai sahabat, pensyarah, pegawai university dan saudara mara hadir memberikan lawatan terakhir, memandikan, menyembahyangkan dan mengkebumikan beliau. Seluruh alam seakan turut bersedih dan merintih kerana kehilangan seorang mujahidah sejati. Cuaca mendung berterusan dari pagi hingga ke petang,( tetapi tidak pula hujan), turut menyentap tangkai hati insan2 yang jujur menyayanginya

SITI HAJAR

Engkau bermula dengan sengsara

Dalam mencari bahagia

Terasa bagai bayang bayang

Gelap walau di suluh cahaya

Pepasir pantai pun berubah

Pabila HAKIKAT melanda

Ketenangan yang kau cari

Terpancar di lorong sufi

Kelunakan tangisan kasihmu

Dalam simpuhan ketaatan

Bagi mengharapkan keredhaan

Darimu TUHAN pencipta Alam

Sungguh agung pengabdianmu

Kau berjaya menjadi iktibar

Ayuh bersama kita susuri

Perjalanan kekasih Allah

dipetik dari mujahidah2u

I-City, bertukarlah kau jadi kebun kelapa sawit

2012-12-30T07:04:00.000+08:00

Aku marah dan aku tak boleh tidur. Aku sampai I-City pukul 9 malam, dan aku pulang pukul 11.30 malam. Selama 2 jam setengah, adalah masa masa yang aku menyirap, aku menggeleng, aku merenung tajam, dam aku luka jiwa raga.

Aku kena main dan aku kena tipu.

Pakcik dan makcik dari kampung juga ditindas, dan ditipu secara professional. Dirompak duit poket mereka secara 'as per term and condition', juga yang paling memilukan..dibunuh harapan dan kegembiraan mereka dengan begitu saja.

Sebelum aku bercerita, hendak aku terangkan, bahawa berkira, kedekut dan bersikap fak pada harga yang tak sepatutnya adalah tiga (3) perkara berbeza. Mari aku bentangkan perbezaannya.

Kalau engkau membebel seperti ini;
"Kedai mamak Khalifa nasi putih ayam goreng dengan sayur RM3.50, mamak Mosen benda sama sampai RM3.60. Padahal kedai mamak sama je, bukan ada bagi service GRO pun mamak Mosen ni".

Yang perangai atas ni, nama dia kau berkira.

Kalau engkau membebel seperti ini;
"Makan nasi putih ayam goreng, dengan sayur RM3.50. Cehh mahal! Ahh aku makan nasi putih dengan telur goreng je lah, baru RM1.80. Sama je, kennyang jugak"

Yang perangai atas ni, nama dia kau kedekut.

Namun, kalau engkau membebel seperti ini;
"Makan nasi putih ayam goreng dengan sayur kat Khalifa sampai RM10.50??, Makahaaiii mampus la kau cekik darah, syaitaan!"

Yang perangai atas ni, nama dia..kau bersikap fak pada harga yang tak sepatutnya.

Contoh 1 dan contoh 2, adalah masalah sikap. Tidak ada kena mengena dengan masyarakat sekitar. Pergi mati lah dengan perangai berkira dan kedekut kau. kau komplen kau bangang.
Contoh 3 adalah masalah penindasan. Ya. Kau ada upaya menindas dengan licik dan kemas. Setengah orang berkata, "Ahhhh duit banyak RM10.50 pun nak bising..dah makan bayar je laaa". Puiii puii puiii pada kumpulan ini.
Bukan isu duit banyak yang aku persoalkan dalam contoh 3. Yang aku persoalkan adalah isu patut ke tak patut? kalau patut, RM100 pun aku bayar, tapi kalau tak patut, sekupang lebih pun aku mesti mengamok punya.

Bila kau orang dah faham perbezaan situasi kat atas, baru kau orang mudah nak faham marahnya aku dengan I-City malam tadi.
Ya. Aku rasakan, aku dikenakan harga yang tidak patut untuk secebis keseronokan keluarga yang tak setara mana. Lagi pedih, bila kumpulan manusia yang ramai berpusu ke situ terdiri dari kumpulan pakcik makcik dari Kokdiang, Gua Musang, Felda Chenor, Padang Melangit dan Mersing. Mereka ini membawa ahli keluarga, anak anak kecil, sanak saudara dan mungkin anak anak jiran yang teringin menumpang bercuti ke kota. Mereka ini, dari riaknya..bukanlah semuanya berpangkat pegawai, jauh sekali memiliki harta berjuta, mereka ini semuanya rakyat marhein, yang bercita nak mengembirakan keluarga dengan membawa mereka berjalan ke sini, ke I-City.

Sebelum aku teruskan, mungkin aku boleh katakan yang i-City ni dibuat untuk pelancongan domestik. I-City pada telahan awal aku adalah tempat rakyat jelata menikmati keseronokan, dengan maksud, kerajaan (samada pusat atau negeri) atau syarikat yang menyelenggara mengenakan caj yang berpatutan dan tidak misleading. Sebaliknya aku salah, pakcik makcik juga salah. i-City rupanya bercita cita besar untuk memebelikan kereta Ferrari spider untuk setiap ahli lembaga pengarahnya.

Mari aku ceritakan celakanya.

Yuran entry, selepas 7pm, RM10. Ini aku boleh terima. Normal dan tiada yang aneh.

Ok sekarang, tempat paling attractive di I-City, namaya SNOWALK. Idea SNOWALK ni nak bagi rakyat Malaysia merasa hidup di Iceland.
Nak masuk sorang kena bayar dalam RM35-40 dewasa. Aku masuk ber empat semua sekali RM120. Ini pun, aku boleh terima lagi masa bayar sebab aku syak mestila SNOWALK ni power betul, boleh imitate almost exactly Iceland, atau Alps setidaknya. So RM120, setel..ready to rock in!.
Wooo..bila aku dah masuk, rupanya kena rilek dulu, kena ambil jaket (ini masuk pakej, mujur). Lagi, yang pakai selipar, kena sewa kasut, beli stoking, beli sarung tangan (sewa ke beli atau dah tak peduli sebab masa ni aku mula menyirap). Aku cakap pada fateem, faseeh dan cikgu, kita masuk je dengan kasut yang sedia ada. Walaupun subconscious mind aku tahu yang kasut si fateem dan faseeh ni tak boleh bertahan dalam cuaca Iceland, tapi hati aku yang memberontak ni menghalang dari pegi sewa atau beli. Bukan sebab aku berkira, atau aku kedekut, tapi aku fikir..kalau I-City tahu stoking, sarung tangan dengan kasut Pua Chu Kang ni adalah dresscode sewajarnya, kenapa kau tak caj aku RM200 awal awal tadi? lepastu kau bagi aku kasut, stoking dengan sarung tangan terus, nampak tak sekarang? kalau aku dah bayar sekali, lepastu aku kena bayar lagi dan lagi, itu pada aku adalah perangkap dan penipuan.

Denga berat hati, aku dan ahli keluarga melangkah masuk, elok gaya nak masuk, brader jaga pintu spund cikgu, "handbeg tak boleh bawak masuk". Aku balas balik dengan sabar,"handbeg nak kena letak mana?". "Dalam locker kat sana", brader ni balas tenang. Aku suruh cikgu pergi setelkan handbeg dia, dan teruskan bersabar. Selang beberapa minit, cikgu datang balik pada aku, lalu dia tanyakan benda yang bikin aku lagi menyirap, "ada duit kecik? locker tu kena bayar". Dekat stage ni, aku geleng kepala. Aku dah tahu semua yang akan aku lalui lepas ni dalah mengkaya rayakan pemilik I-City, secara langsung membunuh jiwa aku dan pakcik makcik yang mengharapkan secebis gembira berjalan ke sini.

Dalam kabin SNOWALK, boleh aku simpulkan, macam kau duduk dalam peti ais tempat beku. Ada igloo, ada lampu lampu, ada sedikit gelongsor ais. Aku tak nak komen apa yang dia sajikan sebab mungkin itu idea sebenar I-City, tapi aku fikir they can do much more better. Dan bila aku marah, aku akan jadi detail, "is this the best they can offer?". Aku mula nampak hal hal yang kacau fkiran aku, kenapa takde salji? kenapa takde paramedik standby kat luar kalau anak anak aku kena frostbite? kenapa kabin ni takde seni, kompressor aircond merata rata, beam beam dan structure bangunan obviously there, sebijik macam kau jalan kat carpark cuma bezanya kau sejuk. Kenapa jaket yang dia bagi ni zip rosak, butang rosak? kenapa tak banyak variety? kenapa tempat kecik?
Nampak, benda ni patutnya senang, tapi bila aku dah mula kacau bilau dari awal, semua aku tengok salah. dan yess memang overall SNOWALK sucks big time.

Aku keluar dari SNOWALK bila faseeh menangis sebab tak tahan sejuk ais banyak masuk dalam kasut dia. Bila aku sampai kat luar, aku tengok ramai yang menggigil sejuk, kasut yang sewa tadi semua bukak. kaki mereka aku tengok merah. Temperature terlebih sejuk ke aku tak tahu. Aku tak pernah pegi Iceland, Alps pun aku tak pernah pegi, aku tak tahu sejuknya macam mana. Lantaklah!

Aku cuba bertenang, dan melepak dekat patung zirafah. fateem dengan faseeh nak main keretapi, kapal dan wheel apa benda entah. Aku tengok kawasan permainan ni semua berkumpul di satu port. Dalam kepala aku fikir macam ni, aku beli tiket sekali masuk, say RM20 sorang, atau berapa berapa lah, lepastu boleh main freeflow. Pergi matiii dengan fkiran aku, I-City lagi pandai korek duit dengan menggadai perasaan kesian mak ayah pada anak anak.

Ada 6-8 jenis permainan, dia caj RM5/person untuk satu game. Ada 2-3 game yang RM10/person. Beli tiket pakai macam smartcard. Kiranya kalau baar RM50, pakaila kad tu sampai habis. Bodo anak aku 2 orang sekali naik keretapi yang pusing tak sampai 5 round, tak sampai 5 minit in fact, aku kena bayar RM10. (RM5/person). Itu yang RM5, yang game RM10 pulak, baraaii!. Setengah jam, RM50 gone. Come on what kind of pleasure the kids will have for half an hour?
Dalam hal ni, kau orang kena clear standpoint aku. Aku tak bercakap untuk aku saja. Aku bercakap untuk orang lain, yang mungkin bajet mereka lagi kurang tapi dah terperangkap. Apa yang terperangkap? Kau bagitau anak anak kau nak datang I-City, mereka happy, bila dah sampai..pehh ambik beratus nak kena keluar. Takkan dah kat situ kau nak cakap kat anak anak kau "Janganlah..mahal lah".
yang aku cerita keretapi 5 minit tak sampai tu apply pada semua game. Aku rakam fateem dan faseeh naik keretapi tu exactly less than 4 minit.

Kau orang sabar. Aku belum habis lagi ni.

Berbalik pada hal permainan. Masa di kaunter, dekat depan kaunter, clearly stated "RM5/person" untuk game game yang disenaraikan. Macam aku bgtau tadi, ada setengah game" RM10/person". Isu kedua timbul bila faseeh dinafikan hak untuk bermain kapal apa benda entah sebab tinggi dia tak lepas benchmark. Ohhhh yang ini aku betul betul fak!. Aku tarik faseeh keluar, sambil kepala aku cuba rasionalkan situasi. Exactly belakang faseeh, ada sorang budak perempuan, tinggi dia siiikiiittt je lagi nak sampai benchmark, terus budak lepas SPM yang jaga entrance reject suruh keluar. WOW! for God sake faseeh dan budak perempuan dah beratur 15 minit semata mata nak main, when they turn come, kau just suruh keluar sebab tak lepas height?
Ayah perempuan tu cuba slowtalk dengan budak jaga entrance, kesian aku tengok orang kampung sorang sini, kesian lagi aku tengok anak dia yang terkebil kebil tak dapat main. Sabar aku hilang bila budak yang jaga tadi jawab endah tak endah dengan ayah budak perempuan tu. Sabar aku diakhiri dengan makian orang putih ditengah khalayak orang ramai. Aku tak boleh kontrol sebab aku kesian betul dekat faseeh, lagi aku kesian dekat budak perempuan yang terkecil kebil kecewa tu.

Aku ajak ayah budak tadi pergi kaunter. Sampai di kaunter aku bagitau yang "kenapa masa beli tiket you tak cakap budak budak ni ada height limit?"
Pehhh makwe kaunter tu bagi jawapan bijak,"Kat atas kan ada beritahu" sambil dia tunjuk kat atas dinding (kau kena dongak kalau nak baca satu satu) ada A4 beberapa keping yang beritahu game game yang ada height limit, dan Yes, font dia aku tengok macam font 14 atau paling besar 16.
Lalu aku khutbah pada dia, kenapa dekat depan kaunter ni tak tulis pulak? dan kenapa kau, sebagai penjual tiket yang tahu permainan ni semuanya untuk budak budak tak beritahu awal awal "encik, untuk game ni game game ni, budak bawah 120cm tak boleh main", kenapa kau tak buat? kau harap orang baca benda info yang berselerak, dalam keadaan orang ramai, nak cepat, nak bagi budak budak seronok. Ni sama la macam jual buah Strawberry kat petaling street letak sigboard besar RM5. Mindtrick, sebab by default orang ingat sekilo RM5, orang tak banyak tanya terus mintak sekilo. Hahh ambik kau rupanya RM5 ni untuk 100gram. Tulisan 100gram ni kecik halus je dia letak tepi RM5. Memang ada point yang ko salah sebab tak teliti, tapi dalam masa yang sama, kau rasa kena tipu tak? sebab dalam keadaan sibuk, orang ramai berpusu, berapa kerat manusia je boleh bagi attention to detail?. Ini nama dia manipulation.

Dan akhir sekali, smartkad tu, kalau kau tak habis main, duit dalam tu banyak lagi, kau boleh refund RM5 sahaja. Maknanya, katala duit dalam tu ada lagi RM30, tapi anak kau dah mengamuk nak balik, atau tiba tiba dia sakit perut kena bawak ke hospital. Burnlah duit tu. Unless kalau kad tu boleh bawak balik dan esok kau datang lagi sambung pakai, itu aku tak tahu lah boleh ke tidak. Tapi berapa ramai pakcik makcik Kokdiang nak datang balik esoknya semata mata nak habiskan baki duit RM30?
Nampak tak macam mana orang kampung kena main?

Aku dah tak larat nak menulis. Lama dah aku tak menulis panjang.
Kesimpulan yang aku boleh bagi;
Aku berharap, I-City ni, kau bertukarlah menjadi kebun kelapa sawit.

kredit kepada FdausAmad

11.11.11... ada apa dgn tarikh nie?

2011-11-12T01:06:00.001+08:00

Assalamualaikum dan Salam 1 Malaysia...

Em berbalik kepada tarikh d atas, ada apa dengan tarikh ni yer? Ini mungkin kerana sudah banyak berita dan peristiwa negatif yang telah berlaku pada 11.11 ni. Apapun yang terjadi, semua berbalik kepada kekuasaan Allah SWT.. Semua yang berlaku mengikut kehendak-Nya.

Walaupun begitu, hari ini juga telah berlakunya kemalangan maut di Lebuhraya Utara-Selatan yang mana telah berlakunya kemalangan bas persiaran dari Perak ke Kuala Lumpur yang membawa rombongan sekolah telah terbalik dekat Slim River. Al-Fatihah kepada yang telah meninggal dunia.
Wassalam...

p/s: tahu berita tu pun sbb tgk tv kejap td.. hehe

Sudah sebulan rupanya...

2011-11-01T05:43:00.001+08:00

Assalamualaikum... dan salam 1 Malaysia...

Pejam celik pejam celik, rupa-rupanya sudah sebulan berlalu. Cuti semester pun dah nak habis. Keputusan peperiksaan juga akan diumumkan hujung minggu ni. Tiap hari saya asyik fikir, boring berada di rumah tanpa buat apa-apa. Tapi, seminggu dua lagi kuliah akan bermula kembali. Ah, cepatnya! Tapi itulah realitinya. Masa cepat berlalu tanpa menunggu kita. Itulah masa ibarat emas, masa yang berlalu tak akan dapat diganti. Mengenai programming, sudah lama saya tidak mencubanya semula. Hari demi hari, saya semakin banyak belajar cara pengaturcaraan yang semakin kompleks. Semakin banyak kita belajar, semakin banyak yang kita tidak tahu. Itulah hipotesis dalam hidup kita. Itulah realitinya.

p/s: menaip pagi-pagi (pkl 4.45pg) ni best jugak kan... :)

Apabila lama tidak menulis...

2011-09-27T20:30:00.000+08:00

Assalamualaikum dan salam 1 malaysia...

Sudah lama saya tidak update blog ni. Maklumlah, guna facebook aje, semua boleh buat.. post, komen, upload gambar, main game, guna apps dan lain2.. Saya juga sibuk dengan final exam yang sedang berjalan sekarang. Setakat hari ini, syukar kehadrat Illahi kerana 4 subjek telahpun selesai. Tinggal 2 subjek lagi pada minggu hadapan, Discrete Math dan Akaun.

Kehidupan di UiTM...

UiTM? Tidak terasa seperti belajar pun. Seperti ke kelas tambahan saja. Maklumlah, pagi, masuk kelas. Habis kelas, terus balik. (tu la, dekat sgt dengan rumah...) Kadang kala, tidur di kolej aje, kalau malas nak balik. Bilik ada, tapi tak pernah tidur di bilik pun. Apa2 hal, terus ke bilik kawan. Tidur, rehat, ape2 ajelah.

Setakat ini dulu untuk kali ini. Jumpa lagi!

p/s: buat blog sambil2 belajar mmperbaiki kemahiran penulisan :)

Data – Ku Menanti Ku Menangis

2011-08-12T21:31:00.000+08:00

Menangis ku menangis pilu hatiku
Menangis ku menangis tak siapa yang tahu

Menangis ku menangis
Tangisan ini padamu kasih
Menangis aku menangis
Saat kau pergi tinggalkan diri ini

Di saat engkau pergi aku menanti
Menanti ku menanti dikau kembali
Mengharap kasih yang tak pasti
Cinta yang suci
Di mana janji kasih sejati
Kau tinggal pergi

Merana aku dalam sengsara
Cinta yang dusta jangan berpura-pura

Biar ku derita
Biar ku merana
Biar ku kecewa
Asal kau bahagia

Menangis ku menangis pilu hatiku
Menangis ku menangis tak siapa tahu

Mengharap kasih yang tak pasti
Cinta yang suci
Di mana janji kasih sejati
Kau tinggal pergi

Kau tinggal pergi
Kau tinggal pergi

Puisi terbaru A Samad Said: Peludah Warna July 2, 2011

2011-07-04T23:38:00.000+08:00

PELUDAH WARNA
Kuasa gusar kini menggelegak murka;
warna kuning diisytihar racun terbisa.
Diragutnya baju-T segeram tenaga
dan diumum itulah busana bahaya.
Tapi, kita jahit semula perca kain,
menjadikannya panji terindah dan tulen
Warna kuning yang teramat tenang dan syahdu
kita kembalikan damai ke dalam qalbu.
Kini cahaya mentari mungkin diramas
dan sinar kuningnya juga mungkin dicantas.
Memanglah mereka kini peludah warna
sedang menghimpun lendir kahak sebanyaknya.
Kerana nikmat amat lama berkuasa,
kuasa pun seolah menjadi hartanya.
A. SAMAD SAID

Cara menyempurnakan Solat Sunat Taubat

2011-06-12T23:22:00.000+08:00

Seperti yang pernah disiarkan oleh blog — justkhai.com beberapa minggu lalu, kami di Oh! Islam menyiarkan’nya kembali bagi memudahkan anda membuat rujukan. InsyaAllah suatu hari nanti, semua orang Islam akan memerlukan ini.

Sumber rujukan: Solat Taubat (Panduan Penjernihan Jiwa)
Muhammad Isa Selamat

Penulis telah memetik artikel ini daripada laman web oh! Islam
http://ohislam.com/cara-menyempurnakan-solat-sunat-taubat/
ALLAH swt sentiasa memerintahkan kita supaya bertaubat, sebagaimana firman-Nya yang bermaksud: “Hai orang-orang yang beriman, bertaubatlah kepada Allah dengan taubat yang sebenar.” (At-Tahrim: 8.)

Allah telah membuka pintu harapan kepada hamba-hambaNya: “Katakanlah; wahai hamba-hambaKu yang melampaui batas terhadap diri mereka sendiri janganlah kamu berputus asa dari rahmat Allah. Sesungguhnya Allah mengampunkan dosa-dosa semuanya. Sesungguhnya Dialah yang Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.” (Az-Zumar: 53)

Syarat-syarat taubat :

Ikhlas ingin bertaubat
Tidak akan mengulangi perbuatan dosa itu lagi
Menyesal atas perbuatan yang telah dilakukan
Harus mempunyai tekad di dalam hati tidak akan melakukan dosa itu untuk selama-lamanya
Dikerjakan sebelum ajal tiba

Jika salah satu syarat tidak dipenuhi, maka taubat yang dilakukan itu tidaklah sah. Jika dosa berkaitan dengan manusia yang lain, maka syaratnya ditambah lagi, iaitu harus dapat membebaskan diri dari hak orang yang berkaitan. Contohnya jika hal itu berbentuk harta, harus dikembalikan. Jika berbentuk hukuman, ia harus menyerahkan diri mohon dimaafkan. Jika hal berupa cacian dan sebagainya, maka ia harus memohon keredhaannya.

Waktu melaksanakan taubat :
Taubat tidak boleh diundur-undur atau ditunda. Kerana jika demikian ia sangat berbahaya bagi hati manusia. Jika tidak segera menyucikan diri sedikit demi sedikit, maka pengaruh dosa itu akan bertompok-tompok, dan akhirnya akan merosakkan hati sehingga tertutup dari cahaya kebenaran.
Di antara penyebab yang akan membangkitkan jiwa bertaubat seseorang itu adalah jiwa yang selalu mengingati hari kematian dan hidup bersendirian di dalam kubur. Kata-kata mati adalah sesuatu yang sangat menakutkan kebanyakan manusia. Mati beerti berpisah dengan segala yang disayangi atau dicintai. Hari terputusnya segala nikmat. Sedangkan berpisah sebentar sahaja dengan anak atau isteri, dapat mengalirkan air mata kesedihan, apa lagi berpisah untuk selamanya
Firman Allah: “Sesungguhnya kamu akan mati dan sesungguhnya mereka akan mati pula.” (Az-Zumar: 30)
Di samping mengingat tentang azab penderitaan yang bakal dihadapi oleh orang-orang yang berdosa mengingat kenikmatan syurga yang bakal ditempati oleh orang-orang yang soleh juga akan dapat membangkitkan keinginan jiwa untuk melakukan taubat dengan segera.

Cara melaksanakan solat taubat :
Cara melaksanakan solat taubat ini sama dengan solat biasa, iaitu setelah berwuduk dengan sempurna, lalu berdiri di tempat yang suci, menghadap kiblat;

Waktu di lakukan – bila-bila masa merasa telah berbuat dosa (kecuali waktu makruh tahrim utk melakukan solat)*. Sebaik-baiknya 2/3 malam (pukul 2 pagi ke atas), semasa Qiyamullail
Lafaz niat: “Sahaja aku mengerjakan solat sunat taubat dua rakaat kerana Allah Ta’ala.” (Cukup di dalam hati, ada perbahasan ulama’ tentang lafaz niat dlm ibadah – sila rujuk kpd pakar feqah)
Rakaat pertama membaca (disunatkan membaca doa Iftitah) kemudian surah Al-Fatihah. Selepas itu mana2 ayat atau surah dalam al-Quran.
Rakaat kedua membaca surah Al-Fatihah. Selepas itu mana2 ayat atau surah dalam al-Quran.
Semasa sujud akhir rakaat kedua, ucapkanlah Doa Nabi Yunus sebanyak 40 kali (bersungguh-sungguh di dalam hati memohon keampunan dari Allah Ta’ala),

Ertinya: “Tidak ada Tuhan selain Engkau. Maha Suci Engkau Ya Allah, sesungguhnya aku adalah termasuk orang-orang yang zalim.”

Selepas salam, perbanyakkan istighfar seperti,

Ertinya: Ampunilah hamba Ya Allah. Tuhan yang Maha Agung. Tiada Tuhan yang lain melainkan hanya Engkau. Dialah Tuhan yang Maha Hidup lagi Maha Perkasa dan hamba bertaubat kepada Engkau ya Allah.

dan berdoa dengan Penghulu Istighfar,

Ertinya: “Ya, Allah Engkaulah Tuhanku, Tidak ada Tuhan selain Engkau, Engkaulah yang menjadikan aku. Sedang aku adalah hamba-Mu dan aku di dalam genggaman-Mu dan di dalam perjanjian setia ( beriman dan taat ) kepada-Mu sekuat mampuku. Aku berlindung kepada-Mu dari kejahatan yang telah ku lakukan. Aku mengakui atas segala nikmat yang telah Engkau berikan kepada ku dan aku mengaku segala dosaku. Maka ampunilah aku. Sesungguhnya tidak ada yang dapat mengampuni segala dosa kecuali Engkau.”

Hambamu - Mawi ft. Akhil Hayy

2011-06-04T03:55:00.002+08:00

Owh ho..
Owh ho..

Mawi:
Ke arah satu perjalanan
Dalam sebuah kehidupan
Demi untuk mengecapi
Hasrat murni di dalam hati

Akhil Hayy:
Usaha dengan doa itu
Masanya akan tiba
Dengan restu Illahi
Kelak pasti akan ditemui

(dua-dua)
Suluhkan cahaya hati di terang
Tunjukkan jalan
Seandainnya hilang
Tegakkan perjalanan
Yang bakal ditempuh

Tegakkan semangat bila runtuh,
Setibanya disisimu ku berserah,
Terimalah aku
Hamba mu Allah

Owh ho owh ho
Hambamu Allah…..

Mawi:

Sekiranya takdir menguji
Cekalkan hasrat dihati
Semoga kesusahan bisa
Mengajar erti terus azam

Akhil Hayy:

Usaha dengan doa itu
Masanya akan tiba
Dengan restu Illahi
Kelak pasti akan ditemui

(dua-dua)
Suluhkan cahaya hati di terang
Tunjukkan jalan
Seandainnya hilang
Tegakkan perjalanan
Yang bakal ditempuh

Tegakkan semangat bila runtuh
Setibanya disisimu ku berserah
Terimalah aku
Hamba mu Allah

Akhil Hayy – Ikhlas Dariku

2011-06-04T03:53:00.002+08:00

Aku bukan seperti engkau sangkakan
Pura-pura didalam berjuang..
Aku tidak pandai menyulam rahsia
Juga tak pandai ku bermadah pujangga

Jika ada benci dihati
Oh katakanlah padaku..
Relaku terima walau kutukan
Asalkan aqidah terjaga..

Kerana tidak sanggup lagi
Mempermainkan dustur ilahi
Hakikat hati tak terluka
Walau zahirnya ada yang terluka..

Tuhan ku mohon keampunan
Ketelanjuran yang berulang kali
Teman kita paterikan disini
Berakhir sebuah lamunan duniawi

Terima syukur taufik ilahi..
Tuhan ku mohon keampunan
Ketelanjuran yang berulang kali..

Pelita – A.P.I

2011-06-04T03:51:00.000+08:00

Tak pernah sesaat daku meragui
Apa yang telah daku temui
Selama ini

Tak pernah sesaat daku menyesali
Apa yang telah aku nikmat
Apa ku alami

Selagi hayat di kandung badan

Korus
Takkan ku menyerah kalah
Walau mimpi ku musnah
Harapan ku hancur
Sayap ku patah

Kan ku pancarkan cahaya
seperti pelita ke serata dunia
Yang gelap gelita

Sehingga hembusan nafas
Yang terakhir

Tak pernah sesaat ku mencurigai
Apa yang telah aku kecapi
Setakat ini

Tiba saatnya kan ku tangisi
Pada yang pergi takkan kembali
Kembali lagi

Selagi hayat di kandung badan

Ulang Korus

Selagi jasad ku belum terkubur ( belum terkubur 2x )
Selagi tubuh ku belum ditimpa uzur ( belum ditimpa 2x )
Pantang datuk nenek moyangku
Berundur

Ulang Korus 2x

Akan ku pancar cahaya seperti pelita
Ke serata dunia
Seperti cahaya

IKTIKAD ‘KETUANAN MELAYU’ MENYANGGAHI ISLAM

2011-06-04T03:00:00.000+08:00

Prof Madya Dr Mohd Asri bin Zainul Abidin

Merujuk kepada isu ‘Ketuanan Melayu’ yang dijadikan isu sekarang, maka di sini saya ingin menyentuh beberapa perkara;

1. Istilah ‘Ketuanan Melayu’ (malay supremacy) adalah istilah yang kabur. Tiada pentakrifan khusus kepada istilah ini. Lagipun tiada ungkapan rasmi dalam perlembagaan. Maka adalah pelik untuk mana-mana pihak cuba mempertahankan ungkapan yang kabur dan tidak tentu maksudnya ini.

2. Namun, jika merujuk kepada perkataan yang digunakan ia dari akar perkataan ‘tuan’ kepada ketuanan dan digabungkan dengan ‘melayu’, ia bermaksud orang melayu berada dalam status ‘tuan’ atau dalam bahasa Arab disebut siyadah (supremacy). Jika merujuk kepada bahasa bererti orang melayu sentiasa berada di atas, lebih tinggi dan mulia kedudukannya dibandingkan dengan ‘bukan melayu’. Jika hendak ditakrifkan maka bererti ‘kedudukan orang melayu sebagai bangsa yang lebih tinggi dan mulia’.
3. Ia berbeza dengan sekadar ungkapan ‘hak keistimewaan melayu’, kerana bukan semua yang dapat keistimewaan itu lebih mulia atau tinggi dari orang lain. Mungkin seseorang diberikan keistimewaan disebabkan faktor kekurangannya ataupun kelebihannya. Maka, perkataan ‘keistimewaan’ tidak boleh disamakan dengan ketuanan.
4. Jika seseorang menganggap dirinya lebih mulia disebabkan faktor keturunan atau bangsanya semata, atau orang lain lebih rendah dari dirinya kerana tidak berbangsa sepertinya, maka itu adalah iktikad yang salah dan menyanggahi ajaran Islam. Jika itu berlaku, ia boleh menyamai dakwaan Yahudi bahawa mereka ‘bangsa terpilih’ (chosen race). Kebanggaan yang seperti ini ditolak oleh Islam.
5. Ini kerana Allah berfirman: (maksudnya):
Wahai manusia! Sesungguhnya Kami telah menciptakan kamu dari lelaki dan perempuan, dan Kami telah menjadikan kamu berbagai bangsa dan bersuku puak, supaya kamu berkenal-kenalan. Sesungguhnya semulia-mulia kamu di sisi Allah ialah orang yang paling bertaqwa di antara kamu. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Mengetahui, lagi Maha mendalam pengetahuanNya. (Surah al-Hujurat: 13).
Ayat ini menjelaskan bahawa kemuliaan insan adalah disebabkan nilai keperibadiannya; iaitu iman dan akhlak yang mulia yang diistilahkan sebagai taqwa.

6. Nabi s.a.w menegaskan lagi dalam hadis baginda:
“Wahai manusia! Sesungguhnya tuhan kamu sama, bapa kamu sama (Adam). Ketahuilah! Tiada kelebihan orang arab ke atas ‘ajam (yang bukan arab), atau ‘ajam ke atas arab, atau yang berkulit merah ke atas yang berkulit hitam, atau yang berkulit hitam ke atas yang berkulit merah melainkan ketakwaan” (Riwayat Ahmad dan al-Baihaqi, dinilai hasan oleh al-Albani).
Inilah prinsip Islam dalam menilai manusia, bukan berdasarkan warna kulit dan keturunan, tetapi berasaskan nilai kebaikan yang ada pada seseorang insan.
7. Adapun hadis Nabi s.a.w: “Para pemimpin dari Quraish” (Hadis sahih riwayat Ahmad, al-Tabarani, al-Baihaqi dll) tidak boleh dijadikan hujah ketuanan sesuatu bangsa. Hadis ini bukan soal ketuanan, tetapi soalan kemampuan dan pengaruh politik diambil kira dalam perlantikan pemimpin. Oleh kerana Quraish mempunyai pengaruh dan kemampuan politik dalam kalangan Arab ketika itu, maka mereka paling layak. Dalam masa yang sama Nabi s.a.w bersabda:
“Sekalipun jika memerintah kamu seorang hamba habsyi, jika dia memimpin kamu dengan Kitab Allah, maka dengar dan taatlah” (Riwayat Muslim).
Ini menafikan ketuanan kaum tertentu.
8. Sesuatu bangsa jika mahu dipandang mulia, hendaklah membuktikan kemuliaan itu dalam realiti kehidupan mereka. Melayu, atau selain melayu boleh menjadi mulia dengan usaha ke arah kemuliaan, bukan sekadar bergantung kepada keturunan atau atas nama bangsa semata.

New Post... Slepas sekian lama menghilang...

2011-06-04T02:53:00.000+08:00

Salam dihulur utk semua sahabat... Dh lama saya tidak mmbuat sebarang posting kat blog ni kan?? Tapi pada kali ini saya akan menambah satu lagi bahagian... iaitu bahagian lirik lagu di dalam blog saya. Kepada sesiapa yg mahu copy n paste kat mana2, dipersilakan.. hehe.
Sekian. Wasalam....

p/s: tak tahu nak tulis apa... sebab tu my post pendek2 jer.. hehe

Gambar Lucah Di Media; Mana Peranan KDN???

2011-04-30T05:55:00.000+08:00

Saya kesal terhadap media perdana yang dikuasai oleh Umno BN yang tidak beretika dan bermoral kerana menyiarkan gambar di dalam akhbar mereka. Ini satu tindakan yang tidak bermoral dan melanggar etika kewartawanan dan tatasusila agama demi mencapai cita-cita politik mereka. Pada mereka soal moral dan etika tidak diperhitungkan lagi. Apakah negara kita sudah hilang nilai-nilai ketimuran sehingga sanggup mengaibkan individu yang belum lagi dibuktikan kesalahannya. Sudah dua kali media perdana menyiarkan gambar lucah berhubung dengan video seks yang dituduh pelakunya Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim.

Saya ingin mengingatkan kerja ini ialah kerja yang menempah dosa dan akan mendapat pembalasan daripada Allah. Sejak mutakhir ini media perdana tidak lagi segan silu untuk menyiarkan berita yang tidak layak disiarkan lebih-lebih lagi keputusan belum lagi diputuskan oleh mahkamah. Begitu juga berita yang disiarkan oleh Utusan Malaysia dan Berita Harian bertajuk "Lelaki Y ialah Anwar". Ini merujuk kepada kes yang sedang dibicarakan mengenai kes liwat Anwar. Lelaki Y yang dilaporkan ialah hujah pendakwa, yang belum lagi ditentukan kesahihannya. Kenapa hujah balas pembela tidak disiarkan sama di tajuk muka depan? Ini sudah tentu ada agenda jahat yang tersirat.

Saya hairan ke mana pergi peranan Kementerian Dalam Negeri yang hanya pandai memantau penerbitan Pakatan Rakyat sahaja. Apakah semua laporan yang disiarkan mengenai pemimpin Pakatan Rakyat walaupun fitnah dan menyalahi akta penerbitan dan mesin cetak tidak boleh diambil tindakan. Apakah akta ini hanya untuk menjaga parti Umno/BN sahaja?

10 Tips untuk membantu anda mengelakkan penipuan palsu perisian antivirus

2011-03-29T05:23:00.000+08:00

masalah hari ini tentang penipuan yang berkembang sangat cepat dan bahawa anda benar-benar harus menyedari: bagaimana palsu anti-virus dan anti-spyware software sedang digunakan oleh scammer dan pencuri identiti di banyak cara licik.

Penipu, pencuri identiti dan hacker telah berkembang lebih canggih. Hari ini, beberapa cyber-penjahat yang menjual - atau memberikan - software yang seharusnya memerangi virus, spyware dan malware.

Bahkan, "perisian nakal" mereka sering tidak bekerja, atau benar-benar menjangkiti komputer anda dengan program berbahaya yang seharusnya untuk melindungi!

Dalam masalah ini, kami memberitahu anda bagaimana membezakan antara tidak kepada - atau bahkan berbahaya - keselamatan perisian dan real deal. Dan kami akan menjelaskan mengapa anda perlu berhati-hati tentang menutup atau memadam alert tersebut, bahkan ketika anda tahu mereka palsu.

Lindungi Diri Anda dari Palsu Antivirus Perisian

Belum lama ini, seorang rakan sedang melakukan kajian Internet ketika - pop! - Segitiga kuning muncul di skrin nya, amaran bahawa komputer telah dijangkiti oleh spyware berbahaya. waspada itu tampak nyata. Dia pikir itu "dikeluarkan" oleh pembuat software nya keselamatan.

Namun, dia skeptis. Menggunakan mouse, ia menutup waspada dengan menekan butang "x" di sudut atas tetingkap benar-tangan.

Itu yang pertama - kesalahan - dan terakhir!

iklan Pop-up mulai tumbuh di mana-mana, paparan nya membeku, dan tidak ada program nya yang dicapai - bahkan setelah reboot. Pada dasarnya, komputernya telah dimatikan, dan dia menghabiskan berjam-jam di telefon dengan sokongan teknikal untuk memperbaiki masalah.

Selamat datang di dunia palsu anti-virus, anti-spyware program.

Walaupun apa yang terjadi pada teman kami, itu tidak umum untuk menghadapi hacker yang hanya ingin membahayakan komputer anda dengan program anti-virus palsu.

Dalam kebanyakan kes, anda akan menghadapi scammer yang ingin menakut-nakutkan anda dalam membeli "nakal" perisian keselamatan dengan membuat anda berfikir komputer anda dijangkiti. ("Rogue"bermaksud perisian yang tidak diketahui asalnya atau dipertanyakan, atau nilai diragukan.)

Bahkan, palsu "Virus alert" sering meniru yang ditunjukkan oleh produk jenama-nama.

Sebagai contoh: "Komputer Anda Telah Terinfeksi!" Itulah yang beberapa pop-up dan amaran palsu akan mengatakan, berharap kau akan men-download perisian palsu anti-virus. Jangan tertipu!

Sementara itu, pencuri ID akan menggunakan perisian palsu untuk mengumpul maklumat peribadi dan kewangan - untuk penipuan mereka sendiri MY kecurian atau untuk dijual kepada orang lain.

Palsu Virus Scam Taktik

virus alert palsu biasanya dihasilkan oleh Trojan - program yang mengambil kawalan dari komputer anda - selepas anda membuka lampiran e-mel, klik pada iklan pop-up atau kunjungi laman web tertentu. (Situs Dewasa kegemaran khusus.)

Baca lebih lanjut mengenai Trojan pada halaman kami pada Virus komputer.

Jika anda menjalankan program yang menyediakan informasi gambar-sharing - termasuk beberapa instant messenger (IM) aplikasi - komputer anda mungkin secara remote dicapai oleh scammer, hacker dan pencuri identiti.

Kadang-kadang, Trojan mencipta "false positif" pembacaan, membuat anda berfikir virus dan spyware telah menjangkiti komputer anda, walaupun tidak ada. Dalam kes lain, perisian sebenarnya scam diimplan kod berbahaya ke komputer anda, terutamanya jika anda meminta "virus scan percuma."

Dengan kata lain, beberapa penjaja perisian anti-virus palsu sebenarnya desain virus, spyware dan malware bahawa perisian mereka seharusnya untuk mengesan!

Yang Harus Diperhatikan Rogue Spyware

program anti-virus/spyware Rogue sering menimbulkan lebih "alert" dari peranti lunak yang dibuat oleh syarikat terkemuka.

Anda mungkin dibombardir dengan pop-up, bahkan ketika anda sedang tidak online.

Tekanan tinggi jualan salinan akan berusaha meyakinkan anda untuk membeli SEKARANG!

Jika anda sudah dijangkiti, komputer anda secara drastik mungkin akan melambatkan.

Tanda-tanda lain jangkitan termasuk: ikon desktop baru, wallpaper baru, atau laman default anda diarahkan ke laman web lain.

(Pengguna Mac: jika anda menjalankan Windows menggunakan Boot Camp, Parallels atau VMWare, tips ini berlaku untuk anda Namun, pada saat menulis ini, Mac OSX tidak mempunyai masalah ini ..)

Palsu Tips Pencegahan Anti Virus

1. Menggunakan Firefox sebagai pelayar anda daripada Internet Explorer.
2. Jauhkan komputer anda dikemaskini dengan virus-anti terkini dan perisian anti-spyware, dan pastikan anda menggunakan firewall yang bagus.
3. Jangan membuka lampiran e-mel kecuali anda POSITIF tentang sumber.
4. JANGAN klik pada pop-up yang mengiklankan anti-virus atau perisian anti-spyware, khususnya program yang menjanjikan untuk menyediakan semua ciri-ciri yang dikenali manusia. (Juga ingat: palsu sering meniru tanda-tanda terkenal seperti Grisoft AVG, Norton dan McAfee.)
5. Jika amaran virus muncul di skrin anda, jangan disentuh. Jangan menggunakan tetikus anda untuk menghilangkan atau scan virus, dan JANGAN menggunakan tetikus anda untuk menutup tetingkap. Sebaliknya, tekan control + alt + delete untuk melihat senarai program yang sedang berjalan. Padam "nakal" dari senarai program yang sedang berjalan, dan panggilan telefon pembuat komputer anda atau perkhidmatan sokongan online teknologi untuk belajar jika anda boleh dengan selamat menggunakan komputer anda.
6. Jangan download freeware atau shareware kecuali anda tahu itu dari sumber yang memiliki reputasi. Kami menggunakan Download.com dan VersionTracker.
Sayangnya, program freeware dan shareware sering datang dibundel dengan spyware, adware atau palsu anti-virus program.
7. Elakkan dipertanyakan website. Beberapa laman web secara automatik boleh men-download perisian berbahaya ke komputer anda.
8. Menyusun semula tatacara keselamatan anda saat ini ke tahap yang lebih tinggi.
9. Walaupun perisian palsu erat mungkin menyerupai hal yang nyata, itu jarang yang sama persis. Carilah perbezaan yang mencurigakan.
10. Semak senarai nakal / virus palsu-anti dan produk anti-spyware.
http://www.spywarewarrior.com/rogue_anti-spyware.htm
Jika komputer anda dijangkiti oleh perisian nakal, berhenti bekerja dan kenalan hotline sokongan teknologi pengeluar komputer anda. Jangan tetap menggunakan komputer. Ini lebih banyak boleh merosakkan enjin anda dan memberikan pencuri identiti dengan maklumat lebih lanjut mengenai anda.
Global palsu anti-virus, anti-spyware software scam cepat tumbuh, khususnya kerana lebih banyak orang menjadi sadar akan bahaya dari spyware, adware dan malware. Dengan mengikuti tips di atas, bagaimanapun, lebih baik anda akan melindungi diri dari menjadi korban berikutnya dari penipu, pencuri identiti dan hacker.
Itu saja untuk hari ini - kami berharap anda menikmati minggu anda!

p/s: Saya hanya menggunakan Google Translate sebagai penterjemah... Untuk salinan asal, sila ke laman web ini.

Country Domain Extensions

2011-03-22T03:58:00.000+08:00

Below is a full list of country code extensions from each country. These extensions include the top-level domain as well as any second and/or third level domain from each country. All country domain extensions are listed alphabetically by country.
Afghanistan
Domain registrations at the second-level are unrestricted, but more expensive. Third-level names have restrictions based on which second-level name they are beneath

* .af - Registrations are taken directly at the second level or at the third level beneath the following domain extensions.
* .com.af - Commercial entities (Trade license / Business authorization or approval from the Ministry of Commerce.)
* .edu.af - Educational institutions
* .gov.af - Government and agencies
* .net.af - Network providers
* .org.af - Non-commercial entities

Åland Islands
The country domain extension for the Åland Islands is .ax. Registrants must be connected with the Åland Islands.

* .ax - Registrations are taken directly at the second-level.

Note: Previously, most Åland Islands websites were registered at the third level under the aland.fi subdomain (Åland Islands are part of Finland).
Albania
These are the country extensions for Albania. Registrants must be an organization with legal representative in Albania. There is a limit of one domain per organization, and it must be under an appropriate subdomain. Registrations are made at the third-level, beneath one of the following subdomains.

* .gov.al - For government institutions
* .edu.al - For academic and R&D institutions
* .org.al - For non-government organizations
* .com.al - For enterprises & commercial organizations
* .net.al - For organizations dedicated on networking

Note: In the past, registrations were not permitted directly at the second level, but a few existing names were "grandfathered"; they were uniti.al,tirana.al, soros.al, upt.al and inima.al.
Algeria
Registrants must have Algerian presence; name must be related to company or organization name or trademark.

* .dz - Registrations are taken directly at second-level or at third-level beneath the following second-level domains.
* .com.dz - Commercial enterprises
* .org.dz - Organizations
* .net.dz - ISPs
* .gov.dz - Government
* .edu.dz - Academic or scientific establishments
* .asso.dz - Associations
* .pol.dz - Political institutions
* .art.dz - Culture and arts

American Samoa
The country domain extension for American Samoa is .as. There is no restriction on the nationality of registrants, although domains may not be used for pornographic or racist material. The domain registry has right of refusal for all applications.

* .as - Registrations are taken directly at second level.

Andorra
Registrations must be pre-approved by Office for State Emblems and Signs, are generally limited to residents of Andorra or Andorran trademark holders with an agent in Andorra, and the number of registrations per person is limited.

* .ad - Country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Andorra. Names can be registered directly at the second level (i.e. example.ad).
* .nom.ad - Country domain extension for personal websites.

Angola
Here are the country domain extensions for Angola. Domain name registrations in Angola is limited to registrants within Angola, with one exception: The .it.ao domain extension is for international institutions. Registrations are at third-level, under one of the following subdomains.

* .ed.ao - Educational institutions. (Seated in Angola.)
* .gv.ao - Governmental institutions. (Seated in Angola.)
* .og.ao - Any other organisations (Seated in Angola.)
* .co.ao - Commercial institutions (Seated in Angola.)
* .pb.ao - Publishing (Seated in Angola.)
* .it.ao - International institutions (Outside Angola.)

Anguilla
These are the country domain extensions for Anguilla. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with the .ai extension.

* .ai - Unrestricted
* .com.ai- Unrestricted
* .net.ai - Unrestricted
* .off.ai - Unrestricted
* .org.ai - Unrestricted

Antarctica
The country domain for Antarctica is .aq. This top-level domain is reserved for organizations that conduct work in Antarctica or promote the Antarctic and Southern Ocean regions. Must have physical presence in Antarctica or be a governmental organization signatory to the Antarctic Treaty.

* .aq - Registrations are taken at the second level.

Antigua and Barbuda
These are the country domain extensions for Antigua and Barbuda. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with the .ag extension.

* .ag - Unrestricted
* .com.ag - Unrestricted
* .edu.ag - Unrestricted
* .co.ag - Unrestricted
* .net.ag - Unrestricted
* .nom.ag - Unrestricted
* .org.ag - Unrestricted

Argentina
Below are the country extensions for Argentina. Registrants must have a contact with an address in Argentina, but registrant may be foreign. Some subdomains have restrictions. Registrations are at the third level, under one of the following subdomains:

* .com.ar - General purpose
* .edu.ar - Educational entities
* .gob.ar - Government entities, homonym for .gov.ar (.gob stands for "gobierno", government in Spanish)
* .gov.ar - Government entities
* .int.ar - International organizations
* .mil.ar - Military forces
* .net.ar - Locally based ISPs
* .org.ar - Non-profit organizations
* .tur.ar - Officially registered tourism agencies

Although domain names must be registered at the third level, some public and governmental organizations own second level domains. These domain names include argentina.ar, educ.ar, gobiernoelectronico.ar, nic.ar, promocion.ar, retina.ar, uba.ar
Armenia
The top-level country code for Armenia is .am. Some generic names are reserved. Except for reserved names like .com.am, .net.am, .org.am and others, any person in the world can register a .am domain for a fee. Registrations are subject to review.

* .am - Registrations are made directly at the second-level.

Aruba
The country domain extension for Aruba is .aw. Registrations are directly at second level, or beneath the .com.aw subdomain.

* .aw - Unrestricted
* .com.aw - Intended for use with commercial websites.

Ascension Island
To register a domain name with any of the .ac country domain extensions, second-level registrants must have professional or academic qualifications. Third-level registrants must resident on Ascension Island.

* .ac - Registrations are taken directly at the second level or at third level beneath the following second-level domains.
* com.ac - Commercial Entities
* net.ac - Network Service Providers
* gov.ac - Government
* org.ac - Non-commercial Organizations
* mil.ac - Military

Australia
The domain extension for Australia is .au. Registration is limited to individuals, companies, and organizations located in Australia. Different subdomains have various other restrictions. Names may be registered only at the third level within generic second-level categories.
Second-Level Domains

* .com.au - Commercial entities
* .net.au - Commercial entities (historically only ISPs, but the use has been broadened)
* .org.au - Associations and non-profit organisation (historically only for organisations that did not fit in other categories)
* .edu.au - Educational institutions (see Third-level domains, below)
* .gov.au - Governments and their departments (see Third-level domains, below)
* .csiro.au - CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation)
* .asn.au - Associations and non-profit organisations
* .id.au - Individuals (by real name or common alias)

The following region-specific second-level domains are also available:

* .act.au - Australian Capital Territory
* .nsw.au - New South Wales
* .nt.au - Northern Territory
* .qld.au - Queensland
* .sa.au - South Australia
* .tas.au - Tasmania
* .vic.au - Victoria
* .wa.au - Western Australia

Third-Level Domains

Australia also uses third-level domains for government departments and educational institutions. The use of .gov.au and .edu.au is split up into state-based categories. State governments and schools use a domain name that reflect their locale, and these state-based third-level domains are managed independently by the states. For example, a school in New South Wales would register schoolname.nsw.edu.au, whereas a Queensland government department would use departmentname.qld.gov.au.
Historic Second-Level Domains

Some second-level domain names are no longer actively used. Whilst registrations are grand-fathered for some, no new registrations are accepted.

* .archie.au - Host of the Archie information service of the early 1990s. Has since been deleted
* .conf.au - Conferences and other short-lived events
* .gw.au - Gateways and miscellaneous AARNet routing equipment. Has since been deleted
* .info.au - General information
* .otc.au - A mapping domain for X.400 addresses; was obsoleted by telememo.au
* .oz.au - Historical domain name for Australian sites. Australia's original top-level domain for use in the store-and-forward Internet messaging system MHSnet was .oz. The top-level domain later officially became .au and those domains in .oz were moved to .oz.au
* .telememo.au - A mapping domain for X.400 addresses

Other Australian Territories
Australia also has also been assigned the following top-level domain names (due to the fact that these islands are Australian territory).

* .cc - Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* .cx - Christmas Island
* .hm - Heard and McDonald Islands
* .nf - Norfolk Island

Austria
Here are the domain extensions for Austria. There are no restrictions on who can register domains under these extensions, with the exception of the .gv.at and .ac.at subdomains.

* .at - Unrestricted.
* .gv.at - For governmental institutions (registration is handled by the Austrian Federal Chancellery)
* .ac.at - For academic and educational institutions (registration is handled by the University of Vienna)
* .co.at - For companies (unrestricted registration)
* .or.at - For organizations (unrestricted registration)

Azerbaijan
The country extension for Azerbaijan is .az. There are no restrictions on who can register a .az domain name, but it is more expensive for non-residents.

* .az - Registrations are directly at second level, or at third level beneath the second-level domains.
* com.az
* net.az
* int.az
* gov.az
* org.az
* .edu.az
* .info.az
* .pp.az
* .mil.az
* .name.az
* .pro.az
* biz.az

Bahamas
Here are the domain country extensions for the Bahamas. Generally, there are no restrictions on who can register a .bs domain name, although some second-level domains do carry restrictions (i.e. .gov.bs).

* .bs - Registrations are taken directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath various second-level domains.
* .com.bs - Commercial Entities
* .net.bs - Network Providers
* .org.bs - Non-commercial Organizations
* .edu.bs - Educational Institutions
* .gov.bs - Government Ministries and Agencies

Bahrain
Here are the domain extensions for Bahrain. Registrants must be a registered business in Bahrain and have a Bahrain telephone account registration may be billed to.

* .bh - Registrations are available directly at the second level, or at third level beneath one of the following subdomains.
* .com.bh - Commercial Entities
* .info.bh - Informational Sites
* .cc.bh
* .edu.bh - Educational Institutions
* .biz.bh - Businesses
* .net.bh - Network Providers
* .org.bh - Non-commercial Organizations
* .gov.bh - Government and Governmental System

Bangladesh
Here are the domain extensions for Bangladesh. Some subdomains (.gov.bd and .mil.bd) are restricted; others are open. Some generic names are prohibited from being registered. Registrations are at third level under one of the following second-level domains.

* .com.bd - Generally unrestricted
* .edu.bd - Generally unrestricted
* .ac.bd - Generally unrestricted
* .net.bd - Generally unrestricted
* .gov.bd - Government entities
* .org.bd - Generally unrestricted
* .mil.bd - Government entities

Barbados
Below are the domain extensions for Barbados. The top-level domain is .bb. Registration is limited to residents of Barbados and companies registered there.

* .bb - Domain registrations are permitted directly at the second level, or below one of the following subdomains.
* .com.bb
* .net.bb
* .org.bb
* .gov.bb
* .info.bb
* .co.bb
* .store.bb
* .tv.bb
* .biz.bb

Belarus
Here is the top-level domain for Belarus. Registration is limited to Belarus residents. Third-level subdomains have specific restrictions.

* .by - Domain names can be registered at the second-level, or at the third-level, beneath several second-level domains.

Belgium
Belgium's top-level domain is .be. Names can be registered directly at second level, or at the third level, under various second-level domains. There are no restrictions on who can register a .be domain name.

* .be - Domains are registered directly at the second level. Some institutions have domains registered at the third-level under an appropriate second-level domain.

Belize
Here are the country extensions for Belize. There are no restrictions on who can register .bz domain names.

* .bz - Domain names can be registered at the second-level, or at the third-level, beneath the following second-level domains.
* .com.bz - Commercial
* .edu.bz - Educational
* .gov.bz - Government
* .net.bz - Networking
* .org.bz - Organizations

Benin
Here are the domain extensions for Benin. To register a .bj domain name you need an administrative contact in Benin.

* .bj - Registrations are available directly at the second level, or beneath one of the following subdomains.
* .gouv.bj
* .mil.bj
* .edu .bj
* .gov .bj
* .asso.bj
* .barreau.bj
* .com .bj

Bermunda
The top-level domain name for Bermuda is .bm. To register a .bm domain name, you must be a company or organization registered in Bermuda.

* .bm - Registrations are permitted directly at second level or at third level beneath various second-level domains

Bhutan
The top-level domain for Bhutan is .bt. Registrants must have a local presence in Bhutan, and a valid trade license.

* .bt - Registrations are available at third level beneath some second-level labels; direct second-level registrations are planned in the future.

Bolivia
Here are the country domain extensions for Bolivia. There are no restrictions on who can register .bo domains.

* .bo - Can be registered directly at the second-level, but this is more expensive.
* .com.bo - Commercial entities
* .net.bo - Network service providers
* .org.bo - Organizations
* .tv.bo - TV media organizations
* .mil.bo - Military institutions
* .int.bo - International Organizations
* .gob.bo - Government (Gobierno)
* .gov.bo - Government institutions
* .edu.bo - Educational institutions

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Here are the domain extensions for Bosnia and Herzegovina. To register a domain name with one of these extensions, you must be located in Bosnia or Herzegovina or have representative there.

* .ba - Registrations are directly at second level, or at third level beneath one of the following subdomains.
* .org.ba - Non-profit organizations
* .net.ba - Telecommunications providers
* .edu.ba - Education
* .gov.ba - Any of the governments (local, regional or national)
* .mil.ba - Military
* .unsa.ba - University of Sarajevo
* .untz.ba - University of Tuzla
* .unmo.ba - University of Mostar "Džemal Bijedic"
* .unbi.ba - University of Bihac
* .unze.ba - University of Zenica
* .co.ba - Maintained by a company called Sayber, located in Sarajevo.
* .com.ba - Administered by BIHnet, a subsidiary of BH Telecom.
* .rs.ba - Administered by SARnet Centar (Academic and Research Center of Republika Srpska) in Banja Luka. Third-level domain names can be registered under this second-level domain free of charge by anybody within Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Botswana
Here are the domain extensions for Botswana. Registrants must submit registration form by paper mail. Registrations are mostly at the third level beneath various second-level names, but some second-level registrations exist.

* .bw
* .co.bw
* .org.bw

Brazil
Here are the country domain extensions for Brazil. Brazil has a top-level domain of .br, with a large number of second-level domains.

There are registrictions on who can register a domain name with these extensions. The restrictions are based on which second-level name registration is within.

Registrations are at third level beneath various categories and they were allowed at the second level for institutions of third level education until 2000; a wide variety of second-level categories exist, but .com.br is still much more popular than others.

Registrations of domain names with Portuguese characters are also accepted.

* adm.br - Administrators
* adv.br - Lawyers
* agr.br - Agriculture-related companies and/or websites
* am.br - AM radio companies, licenced by the Brazilian Communications Ministry
* arq.br - Architecture
* art.br - Art: music, folklore, etc.
* ato.br - Actors
* bio.br - Biologists
* blog.br - Blogs
* bmd.br - Biomedics
* cim.br - Brokers
* cng.br - Scenographers
* cnt.br - Accountants
* com.br - Commercial websites in general
* coop.br - Cooperatives
* ecn.br - Economy
* edu.br - Higher education institutions
* eng.br - Engineers
* esp.br - Sports
* etc.br - Entities that do not fit in previous categories
* eti.br - I.T. specialists
* far.br - Pharmacies and drugstores
* flog.br - Photologs
* fm.br - FM radio companies, licenced by the Brazilian Communications Ministry
* fnd.br - Phonoaudiologists
* fot.br - Photographers
* fst.br - Physiotherapists
* g12.br - K12 education institutions
* ggf.br - Geographers
* gov.br - Government entities
* imb.br - Real estate
* ind.br - Industries
* inf.br - Media and information
* jor.br - Journalists
* jus.br - Brazilian Judiciary Branch of the State.
* lel.br - Auctioneers
* mat.br - Mathematicians and statisticians
* med.br - Medics
* mil.br - Brazilian armed forces
* mus.br - Musicians
* net.br - Exclusively for providers of physical communication means, legally habilitated for the prestation of public telecommunication services
* nom.br - People
* not.br - Notaries
* ntr.br - Nutritionists
* odo.br - Dentists
* org.br - Non-profit non-governmental entities
* ppg.br - Publicity specialists and marketeers
* pro.br - Teachers
* psc.br - Psychologists
* psi.br - Online service providers
* qsl.br - Radio amateurs
* rec.br - Recreational activities, entertainment, leisure, games, etc.
* slg.br - Sociologists
* srv.br - Services providers
* tmp.br - Temporary events, such as fairs and exhibitions
* trd.br - Translators
* tur.br - Tourism
* tv.br - Sound and image broadcasters, licenced by the Brazilian Communications Ministry
* vet.br - Veterinarians
* vlog.br - Videologs
* wiki.br - Wikis
* zlg.br - Zoologists

British Indian Ocean Territory
Here is the country extension for the British Indian Ocean Territory. There are no restrictions for second-level registrations. Third-level registrants must be a resident of the British Indian Ocean Territory.

* .io - Registrations are taken directly at the second level or at third level beneath various second-level labels.

British Virgin Islands
Here is the top-level domain for the British Virgin Islands. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .vg - Domain name registrations are taken directly at the second-level.

Brunei Darussalam
To register a .bn domain name, you must be a company or organization registered in Brunei. Registrations are made beneath one of the following subdomains.

* .com.bn
* .edu.bn
* .org.bn
* .net.bn

Bulgaria
Here's the top-level domain for Bulgaria. Can be registered by Bulgarian companies and organizations, or foreign companies that have registered branches or commercial representatives in Bulgaria. The domain name has to represent the company name or its abbreviation.

* .bg - Registrations are taken at second level or third level, under various subdomains.

Burkina Faso
Here is the country domain extension for Burkina Faso. It is currently unclear whether there are any restrictions on who can register a .bg domain name.

* .bf - Domains are registered directly at the second-level. Some governement sites are registered at third-level beneath .gov.bf.

Burma (Union of Myanmar)
Here are the domain extensions for Burma. Note that, although there are some functional sites in Burma under this domain, there is relatively little Internet activity in the country. Registrations are at third level beneath the following second-level categories.

* .net.mm
* .com.mm
* .edu.mm
* .org.mm
* .gov.mm

Burundi
Here is the top-level domain for Burundi. Anyone in the world can register a .bi domain name, however, use for misleading purposes is discouraged.

* .bi - Registrations are taken directly at second-level or at third-level beneath one of several second-level domains.

Cambodia
Here are the country code extensions for Cambodia. Note that offensive or inappropriate names may be refused registration. Registrations are at third level beneath the following second-level labels.

* .per.kh - Personal names
* .com.kh - Commercial entities
* .edu.kh - Educational institutions
* .gov.kh - Government entities
* .mil.kh - Military entities
* .net.kh - Network infrastructure
* .org.kh - Noncommercial organizations

Cameroon
Here are the country domain extensions for Cameroon. Local presence is required before you can register a .cm domain name.

* .cm - Registrations are made directly at the second level (except for government sites, as indicated below).
* .gov.cm - For government websites.

Canada
Here are the country domain extensions for Canada. To register a .ca domain name, you must meet the Canadian Presence Requirements as specified by the registry.

* .ca - registrants can either register their domain names directly at the second-level, or at the third-level, under one of the (geographic) second-level domains below.
* .ab.ca - Alberta
* .bc.ca - British Columbia
* .mb.ca - Manitoba
* .nb.ca - New Brunswick
* .nf.ca - Newfoundland (no longer accepting new registrations, replaced by .nl.ca)
* .nl.ca - Newfoundland and Labrador
* .ns.ca - Nova Scotia
* .nt.ca - Northwest Territories
* .nu.ca - Nunavut
* .on.ca - Ontario
* .pe.ca - Prince Edward Island
* .qc.ca - Quebec
* .sk.ca - Saskatchewan
* .yk.ca - Yukon

Examples of entities that meet the Canadian Presence Requirements include:

* a Canadian citizen of the age of majority,
* a permanent resident of Canada,
* a legally recognized Canadian organization,
* an Inuit, First Nation, Métis or other people indigenous to Canada,
* an Indian Band as defined in the Indian Act of Canada,
* a foreign resident of Canada that holds a registered Canadian trademark,
* An executor, administrator or other legal representative of a person or organization that meets the requirements,
* a division of the government,
* Queen Elizabeth II in her capacity as head of state of Canada

Cape Verde
Must have working DNS for domain set up first before registering.

* .cv - Domain name registrations are directly at second-level.

Cayman Islands
Here are the domain extensions for the Cayman Islands. Domain registration is limited to residents and registered companies in the Cayman Islands. A local address and phone number is required for the registrant and administrative contact.

* .ky - Registrations are made directly at second level, or at third level beneath the following second-level names.
* .com.ky
* .org.ky
* .net.ky
* .edu.ky - Restricted to educational institutions
* .gov.ky - Restricted to governmental entities

Central African Republic
Here's the top-level domain for the Central African Republic. It is intended for entities connected with the Central African Republic.

* .cf - Domain registrations are done directly at the second-level

Chad (French: Tchad)
Here is the top-level domain for Chad. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .td - Registrations are made directly at the second-level. Note that registrations were not accepted by the registry at the time of writing.

Chile
Here are the domain extensions for Chile. Anyone can register a .cl domain name, however a foreign registration must have a domestic representative who has a RUT (RUT, which stands for Rol Único Tributario, is the Chilean national identification number).

* .cl - Registrations are made directly at the second level (except for government sites, as indicated below).
* .gov.cl - For government websites.
* .gob.cl - For government websites.

China
Here are the country domain extensions for China. Second-level and most third-level names are unrestricted; .gov.cn and .edu.cn are limited to qualified entities.

* .cn - Domain names may be registered directly at the second level or at the third level beneath the following second-level domains.

Generic Second-Level Domains

* .ac.cn - Academic or scientific research institutions
* .com.cn - Commercial
* .edu.cn - Educational institutions
* .gov.cn - Government agencies
* .net.cn - Internet oriented organizations
* .org.cn - Organizations

Second-Level Domains for Chinese Provinces

* .ah.cn - Anhui
* .bj.cn - Beijing
* .cq.cn - Chongqing
* .fj.cn - Fujian
* .gd.cn - Guangdong
* .gs.cn - Gansu
* .gz.cn - Guizhou
* .gx.cn - Guangxi
* .ha.cn - Henan
* .hb.cn - Hubei
* .he.cn - Hebei
* .hi.cn - Hainan
* .hl.cn - Heilongjiang
* .hn.cn - Hunan
* .jl.cn - Jilin
* .js.cn - Jiangsu
* .jx.cn - Jiangxi
* .ln.cn - Liaoning
* .nm.cn - Inner Mongolia
* .nx.cn - Ningxia
* .qh.cn - Qinghai
* .sc.cn - Sichuan
* .sd.cn - Shandong
* .sh.cn - Shanghai
* .sn.cn - Shaanxi
* .sx.cn - Shanxi
* .tj.cn - Tianjin
* .tw.cn - Taiwan
* .xj.cn - Xinjiang
* .xz.cn - Xizang
* .yn.cn - Yunnan
* .zj.cn - Zhejiang

Christmas Island
Here's the top-level domain name for Christmas Island. There is no restriction on who can register a domain name with this extension.

* .cx - Registrations can be made directly at second level. Some third-level domain names exist for Christmas Island websites such as governmental sites in .gov.cx.

Cocos (Keeling) Islands
The top-level domain for Cocos (Keeling) Islands is .cc. There are no restrictions on who can register .cc domain names.

* .cc - Registration is done directly at the second-level

Columbia
Here are the country domain extensions for Columbia. Registration is limited to registrants located in Colombia. Further restrictions vary by each second-level subdomain. Domain name registration is only permitted at the third level.

* .com.co - Commercial
* .org.co - Organizations
* .edu.co - Educational
* .gov.co - Government
* .net.co - Network infrastructure
* .mil.co - Military
* .nom.co - Private person

Comoros
Below are the country domain extensions for Comoros. Second-level registrations are subject to restrictions and local presence requirements.
Third-level registrations are unrestricted in .com.km if the name is not already registered elsewhere within the .km extension. Various category-specific restrictions apply to each of the other third-level domains. Personal name .nom.km registrations are limited to island residents and to citizens resident abroad. Also, various categories corresponding to the individual professions each require the applicant hold a license to practise that profession.

* .km - Registration is available directly at second-level and under the following sub-domains
* .com.km - companies - unrestricted use
* .coop.km - co-operatives
* .asso.km - associations
* .nom.km - individuals ("nom" means "name")
* .presse.km - press organisations
* .tm.km - trademark owners
* .medecin.km - medical doctors
* .notaires.km - notaries
* .pharmaciens.km - pharmacists
* .veterinaire.km - veterinarians
* .edu.km - universities and professional institutes
* .gouv.km - government
* .mil.km - registered at no charge, for the military

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Here's the top-level domain for the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There is no restriction on who can register a domain under this extension.

* .cd - Registration is done directly at the second-level

Congo, Republic of the
Here's the top-level domain for the Republic of Congo. Registration is unrestricted - anyone can register a domain name under this extension. Republic of the Congo citizens get one free domain name registration.

* .cg - Registration is done directly at the second-level.

Cook Islands
Here are the domain extensions for the Cook Islands.

Companies can only register a domain name based on their legal name. Non-Resident domain applications cost $150.00(USD) for a minimum of 2 years, and must be renewed every 2 years thereafter. Registrations are made at the third level beneath second-level categories.

Note that .ck domains are monitored on the web, on a regular basis for profanity on the Internet if it is found to be doing so, or if the site is deemed inappropriate, the domain will be terminated without notification or refund.

* .co.ck - Business organisations
* .org.ck - Not-for-profit organisations
* .edu.ck - Educational institutions
* .gov.ck - Government agencies
* .net.ck - Internet Service Providers
* .gen.ck
* .biz.ck - Business related pages for the Cook Islands
* .info.ck - Information pages relating to the Cook Islands

Costa Rica
Here are the domain name extensions for Costa Rica. There are varying restrictions based on which second-level domain is used.

* .cr - Registrations are directly at second level, or at third level beneath one of the following second-level domains.
* ac.cr - Academic/universities
* co.cr - Commercial
* ed.cr - Educational
* fi.cr - Financial institutions
* go.cr - Governmental
* or.cr - Non-profit organizations
* sa.cr - Health related institutions

Côte d'Ivoire
Here's the top-level domain for Côte d'Ivoire. Registrants name must match official name of company, organization, or trademark.

* .ci - Registrations are made directly at the second level, or at third level beneath some second-level domain.

Croatia
Here's the country code top-level domain for Croatia. Registration is limited to Croatian citizens, residents, and companies/organizations. There are various rules and restrictions based on categories of registrants.

* .hr - Domain registrations are taken directly at the second level, or under various subdomains such as .com.hr and .iz.hr.

Cuba
Here's the top-level domain for Cuba. Registrations are limited to people and companies located in Cuba. Also, third-level registrations may have other limitations based on which second-level domain they are within.

* .cu - May register at second-level or at the third-level, beneath generic second-level domains.

Cyprus, Republic of
Limited to Cyprus residents and registered companies/organizations. There are further restrictions for different subdomains

* .ac.cy - Academic and research institutions.
* .net.cy - Internet or Network service providers.
* .gov.cy - Governmental institutions.
* .org.cy - Not for profit organisations.
* .pro.cy - Professional organizations.
* .name.cy - Natural persons.
* .ekloges.cy - Organizations or persons related to elections.
* .tm.cy - Officially registered trademarks.
* .ltd.cy - Private and public limited companies.
* .biz.cy - Any other registered company.
* .press.cy - Organizations and entities connected to the press.
* .parliament.cy - The Cyprus Parliament and associated entities.
* .com.cy - Commercial entities (unrestricted registration for Cypriot entities).

Czech Republic
Here is the domain extension for the Czech Republic. Businesses must provide tax registration number when registering a domain name with this extension.

* .cz - Domain names can be registered directly at second level.

Denmark
Here's the top-level domain for Denmark. There are no restrictions on who can register domain names with this extension.

* .dk - Domain names can be registered directly at second level.

Djibouti
Here's the top-level domain for Djbouti. There are no restrictions on who can register domain names with this extension, although some names are reserved or subject to famous trademark owners having first registration rights.

* .dj - Domain names can be registered directly at second level.

Dominica
Here are the domain extensions for Dominica. There are no restrictions on who can register domain names with this extension. Third-level names in .com.dm, .net.dm, and .org.dm are included automatically upon registration of all .dm domain names.

* .dm - Domain registrations are taken directly at second level.
* .com.dm - Included automatically upon registration at the second-level (i.e. yourdomain.dm).
* .net.dm - Included automatically upon registration at the second-level (i.e. yourdomain.dm).
* .org.dm - Included automatically upon registration at the second-level (i.e. yourdomain.dm).

Dominican Republic
There are generally no restrictions for .do domains, although .gov.do domains require a signed letter from a government agency. Domain name registrations are taken at the third level beneath the following second-level names:

* edu.do - Academic institutions
* gob.do - Governmental institutions
* gov.do - Governmental institutions
* com.do - Commercial organizations
* sld.do - Institutions of health
* org.do - Nongovernmental institutions
* net.do - Internet service providers
* web.do - Web development and services
* mil.do - Military institutions
* art.do - Arts institutions

East Timor
Here is the top-level domain for East Timor. Domain registrations must not be used for any purpose that is obscene, indecent, or spam-related.

* .tl - Registrations are taken at the second-level and beneath the following subdomains.
* .com.tl - For commercial use (although there are currently no restrictions, other than the ones as above).
* .gov.tl - Some government websites are located beneath this second-level domain.

Ecuador
Some third-level registrations have restrictions depending on second-level name they are within.

* .ec - Registrations are made directly at the second level, or at third level beneath one of the following second-level domains.
* .com.ec - Commercial use
* .info.ec - General information
* .net.ec - Providers of internet services
* .fin.ec - Financial institutions and services
* .med.ec - Medical and health-related entities
* .pro.ec - Professionals such as lawyers, architects, accountants, etc.
* .org.ec - Non-profit organizations and entities.
* .edu.ec - Educational entities.
* .gov.ec - Government of Ecuador
* .mil.ec - Ecuadorian military

Eygypt
Any entity who wants to register a domain name ending with .eg must have a local representative or the domain name has to be hosted on Egyptian DNS servers

* .com.eg - Commercial sites.
* .edu.eg - Educational sites.
* .eun.eg - Egyptian Universities Network.
* .gov.eg - Governmental sites.
* .mil.eg - Military sites.
* .name.eg - Personal "name" websites.
* .net.eg - Networking.
* .org.eg - Egyptian organizations.
* .sci.eg - Scientific sites.

El Salvador
Below are the domain extensions for El Salvador. Registrants must have a local contact. Registrations are at third level beneath the following second-level names.

* .edu.sv - Education and/or research institutions
* .gob.sv - National governmental institutions
* .com.sv - Commercial entities and other not included in the rest
* .org.sv - Non-profit Organizations
* .red.sv - National network administration

Equatorial Guinea
Here's the top-level domain for Equatorial Guinea. Registration details are unclear at the time of writing. It's unclear whether there are any restrictions surrounding registration of domain names under this extension.

* .gq - It's unclear whether domains are registered at second level or third level (or both)

Eritrea
Registrations are at third level beneath the following second-level domains.

* .com.er - presumably for commercial organisations
* .edu.er - presumably for academic/educational organisations
* .gov.er - presumably for governmental organisations
* .mil.er - presumably for military organisations, empty zone unchanged since August 2004
* .net.er - presumably for networking organisations
* .org.er - presumably for non-governmental organisations
* .ind.er - unknown, empty zone unchanged since August 2004
* .rochest.er - (lame delegation - delegated servers have no such zone)
* .w.er - unknown (mx record only, unchanged since 2005)

Estonia
Registrants ust be Estonian. Some subdomains have further restrictions. Limit of one domain per legal entity. Name servers must be configured prior to registration.

* .ee - Registrations are taken directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath various second-level domains.

Ethiopia
Domain name registrations for Ethiopia are made at the third level beneath the following subdomains:

* .com.et - For Commercial Companies
* .gov.et - For Governmental Organizations
* .org.et - For Non-Profit Organizations and NGO's
* .edu.et - For Educational Institutions
* .net.et - For network related companies
* .biz.et - For businesses
* .name.et - For individuals
* .info.et - For all uses

European Union
The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states, located primarily in Europe. Registrants for .eu domain names must be located within the EU.

* .eu - Domain names are registered directly at the second level.

Falkland Islands
Here are the domain extensions for the Falkland Islands. Only entities resident in Falkland Islands may register a domain name. Second-level registrations prohibited; registration is at the third level under the following second level domains.

* .co.fk - For commercial organizations
* .org.fk - For non-commercial organizations
* .gov.fk - For government organizations
* .ac.fk - For academic organizations
* .nom.fk - For private individuals
* .net.fk - For ISP and similar network organizations

Faroe Islands
Here is the top-level domain for the Faroe Islands.

Any domain name should correspond to a trademark of the registrant (for Type A applications). For Type B applications, you are allowed to register a domain name without owning a matching trademark. Any entity that owns such a trademark can fill an opposition within 20 days after the domain registration and have the domain transferred into their name.

* .fo - Registrations are available directly at second level.

Federated States of Micronesia
Here is the top-level domain for Federated States of Micronesia. There are no restrictions on who can register domain names with the .fm extension.

* .fm - Registrations are available directly at second level.

Fiji
These are the country domain extensions for Fiji. Generally, there are no restrictions on who can register domain names with these extensions, however, some are restricted (such as .ac.fj for academic institutions).

Registrations are only taken under the following second-level domains:

* ac.fj
* biz.fj
* com.fj
* info.fj
* mil.fj
* name.fj
* net.fj
* org.fj
* pro.fj

Finland
Here's the top-level domain for Finland. Registration is limited to companies and organizations registered in Finland and Finnish nationals.

* .fi - Registrations are taken directly at second level.

France
Here are the country domain extensions for France. There is a French presence requirement and an administrative contact address must be in France. There are also further restrictions on some of the subdomains.

* .fr - Registrations are taken directly at the second level or at the third level beneath one of the following subdomains.
* .tm.fr - for owners of trademarks
* .asso.fr - for associations
* .nom.fr - for surnames
* .prd.fr - for research and development programs
* .presse.fr - for press publications
* .com.fr - open to all applicants without justification of the requested name
* .gouv.fr - for the French administration

French Guiana
Here is the country code top-level domain for French Guiana. The domain is intended for entities connected with French Guiana. It's unclear whether there are any restrictions regarding who can use this extension.

* .gf - It's unclear whether domains are registered directly at second level or at thrid level (or both).

French Polynesia
Here are the country domain extensions for French Polynesia. Local presence is required in order to register a domain name with this extension.

* .pf - Registrations are accepted directly at the second-level or beneath the following subdomain.
* .com.pf

French Southern and Antarctic Lands (France)
Here is the top-level domain for French Southern and Antarctic Lands. A local administrative contact with proof of address in French Southern Territory is required.

* .tf - Registrations are made directly at the second-level. Note that an unofficial service makes free, redirected domains available at third level.

Gabon
Here is the country code top-level domain for Gabon. It is unclear whether there are any restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .ga - Domain names are registered directly at the second level.

The Gambia
Here's the country code top-level domain for The Gambia. Company must be registered in The Gambia or have strong ties to it. The domain name must be connected to that of the company or organization requesting it.

* .gm - Registrations are made directly at the second level.

Georgia
Here is the country code top-level domain for Georgia. Domain name registrations are limited to persons and companies located in Georgia. Third-level registrations have various restrictions depending on which second-level name they are within.

* .ge - Registrations are available directly at second level as well as at third level beneath some second-level domains.

Germany
Here's the top-level domain for Germany. Registrants must have administrative contact resident in Germany.

* .de - domain names can be registered directly at second level.

Ghana
Below are the domain extensions for Ghana. Companies wishing to use this extension must be registered in Ghana, and the domain administrator must be located there. Second-level registrations are no longer accepted. Registrations must now be at third level beneath second-level labels..

* com.gh - For companies
* edu.gh - For schools
* gov.gh - For government
* org.gh - For organizations
* mil.gh - For military

Gibraltar
Here is the country code top-level domain for Gibralter. Second-level names are limited to Gibraltar companies and organizations. Third-level names have various restrictions.

* .gi - Registrations are made directly at the second level or at the third level beneath some second-level labels.

Greece
Here are the country domain extensions for Greece. Second-level domains and .com.gr domain names can be registered without restrictions. Some restrictions apply on some of the subdomains.

* .gr - Registrations are taken directly at the second level or beneath one of the following subdomains.
* .com.gr - For those engaging in commercial activities
* .edu.gr - For educational institutions
* .net.gr - Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and network providers
* .org.gr - Non-profit organizations
* .gov.gr - Exclusively for governmental organizations

Greenland
Below is the country code top-level domain for Greenland. There are no restrictions on registering domain names using this extension.

* .gl - Domain names can be registered directly at the second level.

Grenada
Here is the country code top-level domain for Grenada. There are no restrictions on who can register domain names with this extension.

* .gd - Domain names are registered directly at the second level.

Guadeloupe
Below are the domain extensions for Guadeloupe. Domain names with this extension is available worldwide but more expensive for non-Guadeloupe residents.

* .gp - Registrations are directly at second level, or at third level beneath the following second-level categories.
* .com.gp
* .net.gp
* .mobi.gp
* .edu.gp
* .asso.gp
* .org.gp

Guam
The country code top-level domain for Guam is .gu. Registrants must have a contact in Guam to register domain names under this extension..

* com.gu - Registrations are only accepted at the third level, under various second level domains including this one.

Guatemala
Here are the domain extensions for Guatemala. Domain registrations are generally made at the third level under the following second level domains..

* .com.gt - Commercial entities
* .edu.gt - Educational institutions
* .net.gt - Networks; unrestricted in registration
* .gob.gt - Guatemalan governmental entities
* .org.gt - Organizations; unrestricted in registration
* .mil.gt - Guatemalan military entities
* .ind.gt - Individuals

Guernsey
Below are the domain extensions for Guernsey. There are no restrictions on who can register domain names under this extension.

* .gg - Can be registered directly at second level, or under one of the following subdomains.
* .ac.gg - Guernsey academic institutions only
* .co.gg - commercial/personal domains
* .gov.gg - governments of Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark
* .net.gg - Internet service providers and commercial
* .sch.gg - schools
* .org.gg - organisations

Guinea
Below are the country domain extensions for Guinea. Registrants must have presence in Guinea and demonstrable intent to use name; two name servers must be in different networks. Domain name registrations are at third level beneath second-level categories.

* .com.gn - Commercial
* .ac.gn - Academic
* .gov.gn - Government
* .org.gn - Not-for-profit
* .net.gn - Network infrastructure

Guinea-Bissau
Here is the country code top-level domain for Guinea-Bissau. The only restriction on domain names is: no porn.

* .gw - Registrations can be done directly at the second level.

Guyana
Here's the country code top-level domain for Guyana. You do not need physical presence in Guyana to register a domain name using any of its extensions.

* .gy - Registrations can take place at the second level or at the third level under one of the following subdomains.
* .co.gy
* .com.gy
* .net.gy

Haiti
Here is the country code top-level domain for Haiti. Anyone can register a domain with this country extension.

* .ht - Registrations are taken directly at the second level.

Heard and McDonald Islands
Here's the country code top-level domain for the Heard and McDonald Islands. Anyone can register a domain with this country extension.

* .hm - Registrations are taken directly at the second level.

Honduras
Here's the country code top-level domain for the Honduras. Anyone can register a domain with this country extension.

* .hn - Registrations are taken directly at the second level.

Hong Kong
Below are the domain extensions for Hong Kong. Second-level registrations are open to all. Specific third-level registrations require identity documents depending on varying rules for each sector. Both English and Chinese characters are allowed.

* .uk - Registrations are accepted directly at the second level or under one of the following subdomains.
* .com.hk / ??.hk - commercial entities
* .edu.hk / ??.hk - educational institutions
* .gov.hk / ??.hk - government departments
* .idv.hk / ??.hk - HKID cardholders aged 11 or above
* .net.hk / ??.hk - network service providers
* .org.hk / ??.hk - non-profit organizations

Hungary
Below are the country domain extensions for Hungary. Open to persons and companies in Hungary or the European Union. If you are not an EU citizen then you need to have a valid trademark in Hungary. Internationalized domain name registrations are also accepted.

* .hu - Domain name registrations can be made directly at the second level or beneath the following subdomains.
* .2000.hu
* .agrar.hu
* .bolt.hu
* .casino.hu
* .city.hu
* .co.hu
* .erotica.hu
* .erotika.hu
* .film.hu
* .forum.hu
* .games.hu
* .hotel.hu
* .info.hu
* .ingatlan.hu
* .jogasz.hu
* .konyvelo.hu
* .lakas.hu
* .media.hu
* .news.hu
* .org.hu
* .priv.hu
* .reklam.hu
* .sex.hu
* .shop.hu
* .sport.hu
* .suli.hu
* .szex.hu
* .tm.hu
* .tozsde.hu
* .utazas.hu
* .video.hu

Iceland
Here is the top-level country code domain for Iceland. Generally, anyone can register a domain name with this extension, however, foreign entities must appoint a local representative in Iceland (Administrative Contact of the domain).

* .is - Registrations are directly at second level.

India
Below are the country domain extensions for India. There are no restrictions on who can register second-level domains or most third-level domains. There are some restrictions under some specialized subdomains.

* .in - Available to anyone; used by companies, individuals, and organizations in India
* .co.in - Originally for banks, registered companies, and trademarks
* .firm.in - Originally for shops, partnerships, liaison offices, sole proprietorships
* .net.in - Originally for Internet service providers
* .org.in - Originally for non-profit organizations
* .gen.in - Originally for general/miscellaneous use
* .ind.in - Originally for individuals

Six zones are reserved for use by qualified organizations in India:

* .ac.in - Academic institutions
* .edu.in - Educational institutions
* .res.in - Indian research institutes
* .gov.in - Indian government
* .mil.in - Indian military
* .nic.in - Reserved for India's National Informatics Centre, but in practice most Indian government agencies have domains with this extension..

Indonesia
The country code top-level domain for Indonesia is .id. Domain name registrations are at the third level under the existing second-level domains. International entities can register under the .web.id subdomain. Other subdomains have specific requirements. Also restricted are domain names containing geographical names, trademarks without permissions from the trademark's owner, ethnic slurs etc.

* .ac.id - Academic Institutions
* .co.id - Commercial Entities
* .net.id - Communication/ISP Company
* .or.id - Formal Organizations/Community
* .web.id - Informal Organizations/Personal
* .sch.id - School
* .mil.id - Military
* .go.id - Government and Governmental System

Iran
Below are the country domain extensions for Iran. These domains are generally restricted to Iranian-related entities. Third-level registrations under subdomains have varied restrictions.

* .ir - Public. May register at second level or at third level beneath the following generic second-level domains.
* .ac.ir - Academic (tertiary education and research establishments) and learned societies.
* .co.ir - Commercial/companies
* .gov.ir - Government (Islamic Republic of Iran)
* .id.ir - Personal
* .net.ir - ISPs and network companies approved by IRTCT
* .org.ir - Non-profit organisations
* .sch.ir - Schools, primary and secondary education

Iraq
Here are the domain extensions for Iraq. No online registrations are known to be taking place at the time of writing.

* .iq - General
* .gov.iq - Governmental entities
* .edu.iq - Educational Institutions
* .com.iq - Commercial entitites
* .mil.iq - Military Institutions
* .org.iq - Non-profit organizations

Ireland
Below is the country code top-level domain for Ireland. Registrants must have a "real and substantive" connection with Ireland, or have a European Union trademark. The applicant must prove their connection to the desired domain name. Personal domains of individuals are limited to initials and a number.

* .ie - Domain name registrations are done directly at the second level.

Israel
Below are the domain extensions for Israel. Restrictions vary based on which second-level domain is used. The registry reserves right to screen and reject applications. Also, there is a llimit of 10 domain names per owner unless exception granted. Domain name registrations are made at the third level beneath the second level domains.

* .ac.il - Academic Institutions; administration delegated to the Inter-University Computation Center.
* .co.il - Commercial Entities; administration delegated to five private registrars.
* .org.il - Non-commercial Organizations; administration delegated to five private registrars.
* .net.il - Israeli Internet service providers; available only to licensed providers by the Israel Internet Association.
* .k12.il - Schools and Kindergartens
* .gov.il - Government and Governmental System; administration delegated to ministry of finance.
* .muni.il - Municipal Government
* .idf.il - Israel Defense Forces; administration delegated to the army's Center of Computing and Information Systems.

Isle of Man
Below are the country domain extensions for Isle of Man. Restrictions apply to some extensions. Some second-level domains such as gov.im are reserved for third-level domains representing entities in the Isle of Man.

* .im - Direct second-level registrations are allowed.
* .plc.co.im
* .net.im
* .co.im
* .org.im
* .ac.im
* .ltd.co.im
* .com.im
* .gov.im

Italy
Here's the country code top-level domain for Italy. Registrants must be a resident of an EU country to register a domain name with this extension. Registration requires sending a paper or fax letter which must be completed in Italian.

* .it - Registrations are at second level or third level under various second-level domains. Most second-level domains represent a province, region, or municipality. There is also .gov.it for government organizations.

Jamaica
Below are the country domain extensions for Jamaica. There are no restrictions on who can register domain names with this extension, however, it is more expensive for non-residents. It is also cheaper for government departments and non-profit organizations. And it is free for schools and educational institutions.

* .com.jm
* .net.jm
* .org.jm
* .edu.jm
* .gov.jm
* .mil.jm

Japan
Here are the country domain extensions for Japan. Second-level registrations require a Japanese mailing address, and third-level registrations have varying rules depending on which second-level name they are beneath.

* .jp - Domain registrations taken at the second level and at third level beneath the following second-level labels.
* .ac.jp - Higher level academic institutions, such as universities
* .ad.jp - JPNIC members
* .co.jp - Most forms of incorporated companies, including foreign companies registered in Japan
* .ed.jp - Educational institutions for individuals under 18
* .go.jp - Japanese government ministries and their endeavours
* .gr.jp - Groups of two or more people, or groups of registered companies
* .lg.jp - Local government authorities
* .ne.jp - Network service providers
* .or.jp - Registered organizations and non-profit organizations

Jersey
Here is the country code top-level domain for Jersey. There are no restrictions on who can register domain names with this extension.

* .je - Registrations are directly at second level or under the following second level generic categories
* .co.je - Commercial and Personal Domains
* .org.je - Organizations
* .net.je - ISP and commercial use
* .sch.je - Jersey Grid for Learning (Schools in the Bailiwick of Jersey)
* .gov.je - Official use only by the States of Jersey and Jersey parishes

Jordan
Here are the domain extensions for Jordan. A local contact is required to register a domain with this extension. Also, you must submit official documentation.

* .jo - Domain registrations taken at the second level and at third level beneath the following second-level labels.
* .com.jo - Companies, Organizations
* .net.jo - Network Providers
* .gov.jo - Government
* .edu.jo - Colleges, Universities, Schools,Educational Institutes
* .org.jo - Non Profit Organizations
* .mil.jo - Military
* .name.jo - Individuals
* .sch.jo - Schools

Kazakhstan
Here are the country domain extensions for Kazakhstan. There are no restrictions for second-level domain names. There are some restrictions at the third-level, depending on which second-level name it is under.

* .org.kz - Nonprofit organizations
* .edu.kz - Licensed educational organizations
* .net.kz - Licensed networks of data communications
* .gov.kz - Governmental organizations
* .mil.kz - Ministry of Defense
* .com.kz - Commercial organizations; registered trademark protection

Kenya
Below are the domain extensions for Kenya. Some extensions require supporting documentation.

* .co.ke - For Companies
* .or.ke - For Not-for-Profit-Making Organisations or NGO's
* .ne.ke - For Network Devices
* .go.ke - For Government Entities. Requires Supporting Documents
* .ac.ke - For Institutions of Higher Education. Requires Supporting Documents
* .sc.ke - For Lower and Middle Institutes of Learning. Requires Supporting Documents

Kiribati
Here are the domain extensions fro Kiribati. Domain names with this extension are generally unrestricted.

* .com.ki
* .biz.ki
* .net.ki
* .info.ki
* .org.ki
* .gov.ki
* .edu.ki
* .mob.ki
* .tel.ki
* .phone.ki

Note that the registrant of de.ki offers free redirected subdomains beneath this address (to the German-speaking market), and this currently accounts for a large number of the current uses of the .ki extension.
Korea, North (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)
Here's the country code top-level domain for North Korea. At the time of writing, there are only two known websites using this domain extension. This extension is not yet available for registration.

* .kp - Not yet available for registration.

Korea, South (Republic of Korea)
Here are the domain extensions for South Korea. Registrants must have a local presence within South Korea. Varying restrictions exist for registration under different second-level names. Standard domain names must be registered under one of the second-level domains. Internationalized domain names must be registered at the second-level (directly under the top-level domain).

* .kr - Commercial (Organizations or individuals)
* .co.kr - Commercial (Organizations or individuals)
* .ne.kr - Network (Organizations or individuals)
* .or.kr - Non-commercial (Organizations or individuals)
* .re.kr - Research (Organizations or individuals)
* .pe.kr - Personal (Individuals)
* .go.kr - Government
* .mil.kr - Military
* .ac.kr - Colleges or universities
* .hs.kr - High schools
* .ms.kr - Middle schools
* .es.kr - Elementary schools
* .sc.kr - Other education organizations
* .kg.kr - Kindergartens

Organizations or individuals that have connection with relevant areas:

* .seoul.kr - Seoul
* .busan.kr - Busan
* .daegu.kr - Daegu
* .incheon.kr - Incheon
* .gwangju.kr - Gwangju
* .daejeon.kr - Daejeon
* .ulsan.kr - Ulsan
* .gyeonggi.kr - Gyeonggi-do
* .gangwon.kr - Gangwon-do
* .chungbuk.kr - Chungcheongbuk-do
* .chungnam.kr - Chungcheongnam-do
* .jeonbuk.kr - Jeollabuk-do
* .jeonnam.kr - Jeollanam-do
* .gyeongbuk.kr - Gyeongsangbuk-do
* .gyeongnam.kr - Gyeongsangnam-do
* .jeju.kr - Jeju-do
* .??.kr - Unlimited (Organizations or individuals)

Kuwait
Below are the domain extensions for Kuwait. Domain registration under this extension is limited to Kuwaiti citizens, companies, and organizations. Registrants must show appropriate documents to prove status. Some third-level names have additional restrictions. Registrations are made at third level beneath the following second-level domains.

* .edu.kw - Academic & Research Institutions
* .com.kw - Commercial Entities & Individuals
* .net.kw - Commercial Entities & Individuals
* .org.kw - Non-Profit Organizations
* .gov.kw - Government Entities

Kyrgyzstan
Here is the country code top-level domain for Kyrgyzstan.

* .kg - Domain registrations are directly at second level, but there are some special third-level registrations such as those below.
* .gov.kg - Governement organizations.
* .mil.kg - Military.

Laos
Here's the top-level domain for Laos. There are no restrictions for registering domain names with this extension, however, some "premium" names have been reserved and are available at an extra cost. Although this is a country code top-level domain for Laos, the domain registrar is currently marketing it for the city of Los Angeles.

* .la - Domain resistrations are taken directly at the second-level.

Latvia
Below are the country domain extensions for Latvia. There are no restrictions on the top-level domain, however, some subdomains may carry restrictions.

* .lv - Registrations are made directly at the second-level, or beneath one of the following subdomains.
* .com.lv - Commercial entities
* .edu.lv - Educational institutions
* .gov.lv - Government and semi-government entities.
* .org.lv - Various forms of affiliation groups
* .mil.lv - Defense entities of Latvia
* .id.lv - Individuals
* .net.lv - Network infrastructure providers
* .asn.lv - Associations
* .conf.lv - Conferences and exhibitions requiring short duration Internet connectivity

Lebanon
Here are the domain extensions for Lebanon. Registrant must have Lebanese trademark certificate for the exact name being registered. There are also specific restrictions for each second-level subdomain. Also, registered names are required to be unique within the entire top-level domain (i.e. mydomain.com.lb and mydomain.org.lb cannot co-exist). Domain name registrations are at the third level beneath the existing second-level domains.

* .com.lb - Commercial
* .edu.lb - Educational
* .gov.lb - Government
* .net.lb - Network infrastructure
* .org.lb - Organizations

Lesotho
Here's the country code top-level domain for Lesotho. There are no restrictions for registering domain names with this extension.

* .ls - Registrations are mostly at the third level beneath .co.ls and .org.ls, though some other names exist mostly for use by the government of Lesotho or the national university.
* .co.ls
* .org.ls

Liberia
Here are the domain extensions for Liberia. Registrants must have local presence and intent to use domain. Registrations are made at the third level beneath second-level names.

* .com.lr - Commercial
* .edu.lr - Schools granting baccalaureate degrees
* .gov.lr - Governmental entities
* .org.lr - Not for profit organizations
* .net.lr - Network infrastructure (i.e.routers) only

Libya
Here are the domain extensions for Libya. Note that any .ly domain name may be registered, except domains containing obscene and indecent names/phrases, including words of a sexual nature. Furthermore domain names may not contain words/phrases or abbreviations insulting religion or politics, or be related to gambling and lottery industry or be contrary to Libyan law or Islamic morality.

* .ly - Domain names can be registered directly at the second-level or beneath one of the following subdomains. Note that second-level registrations are much more expensive than third-level.
* .com.ly - Commercial services
* .net.ly - Internet-related services
* .gov.ly - Government and ministries
* .plc.ly - State-owned companies
* .edu.ly - Educational and training institutions
* .sch.ly - Schools
* .med.ly - Health-related services
* .org.ly - Non-profit organizations
* .id.ly - Individuals.

Liechtenstein
Here is the country code top-level domain for Liechtenstein. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension. Internationalized domain names are accepted.

* .li - Registrations are made directly at the second-level.

Lithuania
Here is the country code top-level domain for Lithuania. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .lt - Registrations are made directly at the second level

Luxembourg
Below is the country code top-level domain for Luxembourg. To register a domain with this extension, the administrative contact must be in Luxembourg.

* .lu - Domain registrations are made directly at the second level.

Macau
Here are the domain extensions for Macau. Registrations are limited to local businesses and organizations in Macau. The primary name server must also be in Macau. Subdomains have specific restrictions.

* .mo - Second-level registrations are available to registrants who already have the same name at third level.
* .com.mo - Commercial entities
* .edu.mo - Educational institutions
* .gov.mo - Government
* .net.mo - Network service providers
* .org.mo - Non-profit organizations

Macedonia (Republic of Macedonia)
Here are the country domain extensions for Macedonia. Registration is unrestricted, but it is intended to be used for commercial organizations.

* .mk
* .com.mk
* .org.mk
* .net.mk
* .edu.mk
* .gov.mk
* .inf.mk
* .name.mk

Madagascar
Below are the country domain extensions for Madagascar. For some subdomains, registrants must show registration of company, organization, or trademark.

* .mg - Registrations are taken directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath the following second level names:
* .org.mg - Organizations
* .nom.mg - Individuals
* .gov.mg - Government entities
* .prd.mg - Research projects or programs
* .tm.mg - Registered trademarks
* .edu.mg - Educational institutions
* .mil.mg - Military entities
* .com.mg - Commercial (unrestricted registration)

Malawi
Below are the domain extensions for Malawi. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension. Registrations are taken at the third-level, beneath the following subdomains.

* .ac.mw - Academic institutions
* .co.mw - Commercial organisations
* .com.mw - An alternative for commercial organisations
* .coop.mw - Cooperative associations
* .edu.mw - Degree granting academic institutions
* .gov.mw - Restricted to government preferably Malawi Government
* .int.mw - International treaty organisations
* .museum.mw - Museums, historical, documentation or diplay organisations
* .net.mw - Networking organisations
* .org.mw - Non-profit making organisations

Malaysia
Below are the country domain extensions for Malaysia. Registrants must have Malaysian presence. There are also various restrictions specific to different subdomains.

* .my - Registrations are taken at the second-level and beneath the following subdomains.
* .com.my - Commercial organisations or activities.
* .net.my - Network-related organisations or activities.
* .org.my - Organisations or activities that do not fall under other categories.
* .gov.my - Malaysian government organisations only.
* .edu.my - Malaysian educational organisations only.
* .sch.my - Malaysian schools only.
* .mil.my - Malaysian military organisations only.
* .name.my - Malaysian individuals' personal use only.

Maldives (Republic of Maldives)
Here are the domain extensions for the Maldives. There are no restrictions for .com.mv and .org.mv domain names, but other subdomains may have restrictions. Registrations are taken under the following extensions.

* .aero.mv - Aviation
* .biz.mv - Business organization
* .com.mv - Commercial
* .coop.mv - Cooperative organization
* .edu.mv - Educational institutions
* .gov.mv - Government
* .info.mv - Information
* .int.mv - International Organization
* .mil.mv - Military
* .museum.mv - Museums
* .name.mv - Personal
* .net.mv - Networks
* .org.mv - Organizations
* .pro.mv - Professionals

Mali
Here are the domain extensions for Mali. There are varying requirements for registrations under different second-level names; generally, local presence is required. Registrations are at the third level beneath the following subdomains:

* .com.ml - Local companies and trademark registrants; may reflect legal or brand name (must show registration)
* .net.ml - Internet providers
* .org.ml - Associations (must show registration); international organizations permitted, but must be registered with the local administration
* .edu.ml - Local schools
* .gov.ml - Governmental organisations
* .presse.ml - Local press

Malta
Here are the country domain extensions for Malta. Registrants must declare their right to use the domain name as trademark or business name in accordance with Maltese law. Domain name registrations are taken at the third-level, beneath the following second-level domains.

* .com.mt - Commercial entities
* .org.mt - Non-profit entities
* .net.mt - Internet-related network service providers
* .edu.mt - Educational institutions
* .gov.mt - Malta government entity

Martinique
Here is the top-level domain for Martinique. It is unclear of whether there are any restrictions on this extension.

* .mq - Names are currently registered directly at second level.

Marshall Islands
Here is the country code top-level domain for the Marshall Islands. The registrar is not currently accepting registrations with this extension.

* .mh - Domain names with this extension are currently not available.

Mauritania
This is the top-level domain for Mauritania. A local contact is required in order to register a domain name with this extension.

* .mr - Registrations are taken directly at second-level (although government sites are taken at .gov.mr)
* .gov.mr - Government sites.

Mauritius
Here are the country domain extensions for Mauritius. There are no restrictions on registering domains under this extension.

* .mu - Domain name registration is available directly at the second level or at third level beneath the following second-level labels.
* .com.mu - Commercial entities
* .net.mu - Network entities
* .org.mu - Non-profit organizations
* .gov.mu - Government organizations
* .ac.mu - Academic institutions
* .co.mu - Commercial entities (No longer available for new registration by most registrars)
* .or.mu - Non-profit organizations (No longer available for new registration by most registrars)

Mexico
Below are the domain extensions for Mexico. There are no restrictions for .com.mx domains. Other subdomains may have restrictions. Domain name registrations are only taken at the third-level beneath the following subdomains.

* .com.mx - Commercial entities (actually unrestricted, like .com)
* .net.mx - Network providers (registration limited to qualifying entities)
* .org.mx - Non-profit organizations (registration limited to qualifying entities)
* .edu.mx - Educational institutions (registration limited to qualifying entities)
* .gob.mx - Governmental entities (Mexican federal, state, or local)

Moldova
Here is the country code top-level domain for Moldova. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .md - Domain name registrations are taken directly at the second level.

Monaco
Here are the domain extensions for Monaco. Registrants must show registration of company, organization, or trademark.

* .mc - Domain registrations are made directly at the second-level, or at the third level under one of the following second-level domains.
* .tm.mc - Registered trademarks - registered in Monaco or internationally with World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
* .asso.mc - Associations (must be chartered in Monaco)

Mongolia
Below are the country domain extensions for Mongolia. The only restriction is that individual registrants must be over 18 years old.

* .mn - Registrations are usually directly at the second-level. Some institutions will use the following subdomains.
* .gov.mn - government institutions
* .edu.mn - educational institutions
* .org.mn - non-profit organisations

Montenegro
Below are the domain extensions for Montenegro. Second-level registrations available worldwide; third-level registrations under certain second-level names available within Montenegro.

* .me - Domain registration is available directly at second-level or beneath the following subdomains.
* .co.me - Unlimited registration, but appropriate for corporations
* .net.me - Unlimited registration, but appropriate for providers of Internet services
* .org.me - Unlimited registration, but appropriate for civil organizations and associations
* .edu.me - Educational institutions, such as primary and high schools
* .ac.me - Academic and post-secondary organizations such as universities; University of Montenegro has ucg.ac.me as its primary domain
* .gov.me - State and Government authorities
* .its.me - Unlimited registration, but appropriate for personal use
* .priv.me - Unlimited registration, but appropriate for personal use

Montserrat
Here is the top-level domain for Montserrat. There are no restrictions on registering domain names using this extension.

* .ms - Domain name registrations are taken directly at the second-level.

Morocco
Below are the domain extensions for Morocco. To register a domain name with this extension, you must have a local contact.

* .ma - General use. Domain registrations are made directly at the second-level or under one of the following subdomains.
* .net.ma - Internet providers
* .ac.ma - Educational institutions
* .org.ma - Organizations
* .gov.ma - Governmental entities
* .press.ma - The press and publications
* .co.ma - Commercial entities

Mozambique
Here are the domain extensions for Mozambique. Registrants must have working nameservers and a bona fide intention to actually use the domain name. Domain name registrations are taken at the third-level beneath the following second-level domains.

* .co.mz
* .org.mz
* .gov.mz
* .edu.mz

Namibia
Here is the top-level domain for Namibia. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .na - Domain name registrations are taken at the second-level and the third-level, beneath the following subdomains.
* .com.na
* .co.na
* .org.na
* .edu.na
* .alt.na
* .in.na
* .info.na
* .mobi.na
* .ws.na

Nauru
Here are the domain extensions for Nauru. The .gov.nr and .edu.nr extensions are restricted to appropriate institutions in Nauru, all other extensions are unrestricted.

* .nr - Domain names are registered directly at the second-level and under the following subdomains.
* .edu.nr (restricted)
* .gov.nr (restricted)
* .biz.nr (unrestricted)
* .info.nr (unrestricted)
* .net.nr (unrestricted)
* .org.nr (unrestricted)
* .com.nr (unrestricted)

Nepal
Here are the domain extensions for Nepal. Local presence is required. Domain names must be based on company/organization or brand name. Domain names are registered under the following third-level domains.

* .com.np
* .org.np
* .edu.np
* .net.np
* .gov.np
* .mil.np

Netherlands
Here is the top-level domain for the Netherlands. Registrants must provide contact address in Netherlands.

* .nl - Registrations are taken directly at the second-level.

Netherlands Antilles
The top-level country code for the Netherlands Antilles is .an. Registrations must correspond to name or trademark of registrant; proof of identity must be shown on registration.

* .an - Registrations are taken directly at the second-level or at the third-level beneath some second-level domains.

New Caledonia
Here is the top-level domain for New Caledonia. Registrants must be a registered company or organization in New Caledonia with a local contact; individuals are not eligible to register domain names with this extension.

* .nc - Registrations are made directly at the second level.

New Zealand
Here are the domain extensions for New Zealand. There are no restrictions under most second-level names, however, some are "moderated" - eligibility is checked before registration is granted. Names are registered at the third-level within the generic second-level categories.
Moderated Domains

* .ac.nz - Tertiary educational institutions and related organisations
* .co.nz - Organisations pursuing commercial aims and purposes
* .geek.nz - For people who are concentrative, technically skilled and imaginative who are generally adept with computers
* .gen.nz - Individuals and other organisations not covered elsewhere
* .maori.nz - Maori people, groups, and organisations
* .net.nz - Organisations and service providers directly related to the NZ Internet
* .org.nz - Not-for-profit organisations
* .school.nz - Primary, secondary and pre-schools and related organisations

Unmoderated Domains

* .cri.nz - Crown Research Institutes.
* .govt.nz - National, regional and local government organisations operating with statutory powers. Registration is only available through the government registrar, DNS.govt.nz, and there is a government portal at www.govt.nz
* .iwi.nz - A traditional Maori tribe, hapu, or Taurahere group. Available from register.iwi.nz.
* .parliament.nz - Reserved for parliamentary agencies, Offices of Parliament, and parliamentary political parties and their elected members.
* .mil.nz - the military organisation of the NZ Government - the New Zealand Defence Force.

Nicaragua
Here are the domain extensions for Nicaragua.

* .ni - Although there are websites at the second-level, most domains are registered at the third-level, under the following subdomains.
* .gob.ni - Nicaraguan government
* .co.ni - .com.ni: Commercial entities
* .ac.ni - .edu.ni: Educational institutions
* .org.ni - Non-governmental organizations
* .nom.ni - Personal domains of individuals
* .net.ni - Networks
* .mil.ni - Military institutions in Nicaragua

Niger
Here's the top-level domain for Niger. To register a domain name, your company must be registered with Niger's authority, and in most cases the domain name must resemble the company name.

* .ne - Registrations are taken directly at the second-level

Nigeria
Here are the country domain extensions for Nigeria. Must have presence in Nigeria and intent to use name. Each organization can only register one domain name. Registrations are taken at second-level under the following subdomains.

* .com.ng - Commercial entities and businesses
* .org.ng - Non-commercial organizations
* .gov.ng - Governmental organizations
* .edu.ng - Degree awarding institutions
* .net.ng - ISP infrastructure

Niue
Here is the top-level domain for the island state of Niue. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .nu - Registrations are taken directly at the second-level.

Norfolk Island
Here are the domain extensions for Norfolk Island. Domain registrations are unrestricted.

Note that Norfolk Island domain names are very expensive. Second-level domains are more expensive than third-level domains. At the time of writing, second-level domains are $995 per year and third-level domains are $577 per year.

* .nf - Registrations are taken directly at the second-level and under the following extensions.
* .com.nf
* .net.nf
* .per.nf
* .rec.nf
* .web.nf
* .arts.nf
* .firm.nf
* .info.nf
* .other.nf
* .store.nf

Northern Mariana Islands
Here is the top-level domain for the Northern Mariana Islands. Although there are no registration restrictions, free personal sites are hosted on registry's own servers and must be built using the chi.mp system. Purchased domains have no restrictions.

* .mp - Registrations are directly at second level (although there are a few sites related to the Northern Mariana Islands in third level domains under such second level names as .gov.mp and .org.mp).

Norway
The registrant must be a registered organisation in Norway, except under .priv.no, which is open to registration by individuals. Specific subdomains have varied requirements. There is a limit of 20 second-level registrations per domain holder.

* .no - Domain names are usually registered directly at the second-level, but some may be registered under various second-level domains.

Oman
Below are the country code domain extensions for Oman. There is a local nexus requirement for each registrant. Administrative contact must be physically in Oman. Also, sale or transfer of Oman domain names is prohibited. Although some second-level domain names exist, registrations are made at the third level beneath the following second-level labels.

* .com.om - Commercial Company, trading company, registered at the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Sultanate of Oman
* .co.om - Commercial Company, trading company, registered at the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the sultanate of Oman
* .edu.om - Educational institutions, e.g., universities and colleges, registered at the Ministry of Higher Education of the Sultanate of Oman
* .ac.om - Academic Organization (e.g. university, college), registered at the Ministry of Higher Education of the Sultanate of Oman
* .sch.om - Elementary schools, secondary schools, and high schools with valid licenses from Ministry of Education
* .gov.om - Government Departments and Ministries of the Sultanate of Oman
* .net.om - Intended to hold only the computers of network providers that are the NIC and NOC computers, the administrative computers, and the network node computers, registered at the Ministry of Transportation and communications or registered at Oman Telecommunication Company.
* .org.om - Non-profit organizations, registered at Ministry of Social Affairs, Labour and Vocational Training
* .mil.om - Ministry of Defense establishments
* .museum.om - For Museums
* .biz.om - Commercial Company, trading company, registered at the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of the Sultanate of Oman
* .pro.om - Professionals, and Professionals Association.
* .med.om - Hospitals and medical clinics with valid licenses from Ministry of Health.

Pakistan
Here are the domain extensions for Pakistan. Some domains are restricted whilst others aren't.

* .pk - Available to anyone; used by companies, individuals, and organizations in Pakistan.
* .net.pk - For network related businesses and Internet service providers
* .edu.pk - For educational institutes
* .org.pk - For non-profit organizations
* .fam.pk - For individuals
* .biz.pk - For general business use
* .web.pk - Originally for websites
* .gov.pk - Government of Pakistan
* .gob.pk - Domains for the Government of Balochistan
* .gok.pk - Domains for the Government of Azad Kashmir
* .gon.pk - Domains for the Government of NWFP
* .gop.pk - Domains for the Government of Punjab
* .gos.pk - Domains for the Government of Sindh

Palau
Below are the domain extensions for Palau. There are no restrictions for registering domain names with this extension.

Registrants can obtain third level registrations of the form firstname.lastname.pw along with the corresponding e-mail address of firstname@lastname.pw. Second-level domain registrations are not permitted, so that the registry can reserve all second-level names for use in constructing these addresses. Registrations are for third-level names and their corresponding e-mail addresses within second-level names.

* .com.pw - For commercial use; use is not restricted
* .net.pw - For technology service providers; use is not restricted
* .org.pw - For non-commercial organizations; organizations must be registered at the Office of Corporate Registrar
* .edu.pw - For educational institutions; Ministry of Education certification required
* .gov.pw - For governmental agencies only
* .belau.pw - For indigenous art, history and culture use, tourism and general purposes; use is not restricted

Palestinian Territory, Occupied
Below are the domain extensions for the Palestinian Territory. Second-level registrations are unrestricted. Third-level registrations may have limitations based on which second-level domain they are within.

* .ps - Registrations are available at the second-level and under the following subdomains.
* .com.ps - Commercial Entities
* .biz.ps - Businesses
* .net.ps - Network Service Providers
* .edu.ps - Post-secondary Educational Institutions
* .gov.ps - Government
* .sch.ps - Schools and Kindergartens
* .mun.ps - Municipal Government

Panama
Here are the country domain extensions for Panama. Primary and secondary name servers must be geographically separated.
Registrations are at third level beneath the following second-level labels.

* net.pa - Reserved for internet service providers.
* .com.pa
* .ac.pa
* .sld.pa
* .gob.pa
* .edu.pa
* .org.pa
* .abo.pa
* .ing.pa
* .med.pa
* .nom.pa

Papua New Guinea
Here are the country extensions for Papua New Guinea. Registrants must have a local presence or interests in Papua New Guinea. Registrations are made at the third level beneath the following second-level labels.

* .com.pg
* .net.pg
* .ac.pg
* .gov.pg
* .mil.pg
* .org.pg

Paraguay
Below are the domain extensions for Paraguay. Registrants must have a contact in Paraguay. Subdomains have various restrictions. All domain name applications are subject to approval by the registry. Registrations are at third level beneath the following second-level domains.

* .org.py
* .edu.py
* .mil.py
* .gov.py
* .net.py
* .com.py
* .una.py (In Spanish: National University of Asuncion)

Peru
Here are the domain extensions for Peru. Generally, there are no restrictions, however, some names may be prohibited for use as a second-level domain.

* .pe - Registrations are accepted directly at the second-level and beneath the following subdomains.
* .edu.pe - Educational Institutions of Peru
* .gob.pe - Government of Peru
* .nom.pe - Individuals from Peru
* .mil.pe - Military of Peru
* .sld.pe - Health System of Peru
* .org.pe - Organizations of Peru
* .com.pe - Commercial entities of Peru
* .net.pe - Network providers of Peru

Philippines
Below are the domain extensions for the Philippines. Generally, there are no restrictions, but some subdomains may have restrictions.

* .ph - Domain names can be registered at the second-level and beneath the following subdomains.
* .com.ph - Businesses/commercial entities
* .net.ph - Internet-oriented organizations
* .org.ph - Non-commercial organizations
* .mil.ph - Military
* .ngo.ph - Philippine non-governmental organizations
* .i.ph - Domains for individuals
* .gov.ph - Government agencies
* .edu.ph - Educational institutions

Pitcairn Islands
Here is the top-level domain for the Pitcairn Islands. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .pl - Registrations are taken at the second-level and under the following subdomains.
* .com.pl
* .org.pl
* .gov.pl
* .{firstname}.{lastname}.pl - Individuals can register domains with their first name as a third-level domain, and their last name as the second-level domain.

Poland
Below are the country domain extensions for Poland. There are no restrictions for registering domain names with this extension, however applicants are asked to "describe their rights to use this domain name".

* .pl - Domains can be registered directly at the second level and beneath the following subdomains.
* .com.pl - Commercial
* .biz.pl - Commerce
* .net.pl - Network infrastructure
* .art.pl - Art
* .edu.pl - Education
* .org.pl - Organizations
* .ngo.pl - Organizations
* .gov.pl - Government
* .info.pl - Information
* .mil.pl - Military
* .waw.pl - Warsaw
* .warszawa.pl - Warsaw
* .wroc.pl - Wroclaw
* .wroclaw.pl - Wroclaw
* .krakow.pl - Kraków
* .katowice.pl - Katowice
* .poznan.pl - Poznan
* .lodz.pl - Lódz
* .gda.pl - Gdansk
* .gdansk.pl - Gdansk
* .slupsk.pl - Slupsk
* .radom.pl - Radom
* .szczecin.pl - Szczecin
* .lublin.pl - Lublin
* .bialystok.pl - Bialystok
* .olsztyn.pl - Olsztyn
* .torun.pl - Torun
* .gorzow.pl - Gorzów Wielkopolski
* .zgora.pl - Zielona Góra

Portugal
Below are the domain extensions for Portugal. There are various restrictions for each subdomain, however the .com.pt extension is unrestricted.

* .pt - Domain registrations are available directly at the second-level and beneath the following second-level domains.
* .com.pt - No restrictions; online registration
* .edu.pt - Education
* .gov.pt - Government of Portugal
* .int.pt - International organizations or diplomatic missions in Portugal
* .net.pt - Telecommunications providers
* .nome.pt - Individuals (nome is Portuguese for name)
* .org.pt - Non-profit organizations
* .publ.pt - Publications (e.g. newspapers)

Puerto Rico
Here are the country domain extensions for Puerto Rico. Some subdomains have restrictions. Domain names with the .isla.pr extension are cheaper, but are restricted to residents of Puerto Rico.

* .pr - For businesses, professionals, individuals, companies, public relations, etc (costs for direct second-level domains are currently more expensive at $1,000/yr).
* .biz.pr - For businesses
* .com.pr - For companies, but not restricted to
* .edu.pr - For educational institutions with presence in Puerto Rico
* .gov.pr - For agencies of the government of Puerto Rico
* .info.pr - For informative websites
* .isla.pr - For people with presence in Puerto Rico
* .name.pr - For individuals
* .net.pr - For network oriented entities (but not restricted to)
* .org.pr - For organizations (but not restricted to)
* .pro.pr - For professionals
* .est.pr - For university students
* .prof.pr - For university professors
* .ac.pr - For academics

Qatar
Here are the domain extensions for Qatar.

Registrants must adhere to certain rules and regulations. The first character of the domain name must be a letter. Special characters, such as a hyphen symbol, are not permitted at the beginning or end of the .qa domain name. Domain names containing words, abbreviations, or phrases that are potentially offensive, obscene, indecent, or contrary to the Qatari Law or Islamic morality must be avoided.

Also, a letter requesting the domain name registration and signed Power of Attorney (notarized and legalized up to the Qatari Consulate) are required for getting a .qa registration.

Domains are registered at the third-level under the following second-level domains.

* .com.qa - For commercial sites
* .org.qa - For not-for-profit organizations
* .edu.qa - For educational institutions
* .gov.qa - For governmental entities
* .net.qa - For network providers

Romania
Below are the country domain extensions for Romania. There are no restrictions for second-level domains. Some restrictions apply for third-level domains.

* .ro - Registrations are taken directly at the second-level and at the third-level below the following subdomains.
* .arts.ro
* .com.ro
* .firm.ro
* .info.ro
* .nom.ro
* .nt.ro
* .org.ro
* .rec.ro
* .store.ro
* .tm.ro
* .www.ro

Réunion
Here are the country domain extensions for Réunion. Registrants are required to have local presence.

* .re - Domain names are registered directly at the second-level and at the third-level under the following subdomains.
* .asso.re - Associations
* .nom.re - Surnames
* .com.re - Commercial (unrestricted registration)

Russia (Russian Federation)
Below are the country domain extensions for Russia. There are no restrictions on second-level domains, but there are for the third-level domains.

* .ru - Domain name registrations are taken at the second-level as well as beneath the following subdomains.
* .com.ru - Commercial. Was suspended by the NIC at the time of writing.
* .net.ru - For organizations that take part in the developing the Internet for the purpose of realization of Internet development projects..
* .org.ru - Non-commercial organizations.
* .pp.ru - For individuals (including non-residents)

Rwanda
Below are the domain extensions for Rwanda. The first domain name registration is free for citizens and companies/organizations based in Rwanda. Others can register for a fee.

* .rw - Registrations are directly at second level.

Reserved Second-Level Domains
The following second-level domains have been reserved by the registry and could be used for third-level registrations in the future.

* .gov.rw
* .net.rw
* .edu.rw
* .ac.rw
* .com.rw
* .co.rw
* .int.rw
* .mil.rw
* .gouv.rw

Saint Helena
Here are the domain extensions for Saint Helena. Second-level registrants must have professional or academic qualification (although this doesn't appear to be enforced). Third-level registrants must be a resident of Saint Helena.

* .sh - Registrations can be made at the second-level or under the following subdomains.
* .co.sh - Commercial Entities
* .com.sh - Commercial Entities
* .org.sh - Non-profit Organizations
* .gov.sh - Government Departments & Agencies
* .edu.sh - Educational Institutions
* .net.sh - Network Service Providers
* .nom.sh - Non-island websites

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Below are the domain extensions for Saint Kitts and Nevis. There are no restrictions, except for those domains under the edu.kn and gov.kn extensions.

* .kn - Registrations are made directly at second level, or at third level beneath the following second-level names.
* .org.kn - Organizations (unrestricted)
* .net.kn - Networks (unrestricted)
* .gov.kn - Governmental organizations
* .edu.kn - Educational institutions.

Saint Lucia
The following extension represents the island nation of Saint Lucia in the Eastern Caribbean. These extensions are available worldwide. It is currently being marketed as a good choice for Limited Companies (LC). For example, mycompany.lc, mycompany.l.lc, or mycompany.p.lc.

* .lc - Registrations are made directly at the second-level, or beneath one of the following subdomains.
* .com.lc
* .org.lc
* .net.lc
* .co.lc
* .l.lc
* .p.lc

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Here is the top-level domain for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .vc - Registrations are made directly at the second-level or at the third level beneath the following second-level names
* .com.vc
* .net.vc
* .org.vc - For non-profit organizations only.

Samoa
Here are the domain extensions for Samoa. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

Unrestricted:

* .ws - Registrations are available at the second-level or beneath the following subdomains.
* .com.ws
* .net.ws

Restricted:

* .org.ws
* .gov.ws
* .edu.ws

San Marino
Here is the top-level domain for San Marino. The domain name must be the same as the company name or trademark. There is a limit of 50 domain registrations per year, per company. Individuals and other organizations are limited to one registration in total.

* .sm - Domain name registrations are made directly at the second-level.

São Tomé and Príncipe
Here is the top-level domain for São Tomé and Príncipe. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .st - Registrations are made directly at the second-level, although the following second-level domains have been reserved for future use..

Reserved Second-Level Domains
The following second-level domains have been reserved by the registry for future use.

* .gov.st - Government of São Tomé and Príncipe
* .saotome.st - Island of São Tomé
* .principe.st - Island of Principe
* .consulado.st - São Tomé and Príncipe consulates
* .embaixada.st - São Tomé and Príncipe embassies
* org.st
* .edu.st
* .net.st
* .com.st
* .store.st
* .mil.st
* .co.st

Saudi Arabia
Below are the domain extensions for Saudi Arabia. Registrants must have Saudi presence, a local representative, or trademark registered in Saudi Arabia, and must show legal papers verifying identity. Registrations are taken at the third-level under the following second-level domains.

* .com.sa - Commercial entitites and registered trademarks
* .edu.sa - Educational institutions
* .sch.sa - Elementary and secondary schools
* .med.sa - Health services (hospitals, clinics, etc.)
* .gov.sa - Governmental entities
* .net.sa - Internet-related services (ISPs, web hosting, portal sites, etc.)
* .org.sa - Non-profit organizations
* .pub.sa - Entities or individuals that do not fit in other categories, including personal names.

Senegal
Here is the top-level domain for Senegal. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .sn - Registrations are made directly at the second-level.

Serbia
Here are the domain extensions for Serbia. There are no restrictions at the second-level, but there are some on the third-level depending on category.

* .rs - Registrations are made at the second-level and third-level under the following subdomains.
* .co.rs - Corporations
* .org.rs - Civil organizations and associations
* .edu.rs - Educational institutions and organizations (outside of ac.rs sub-domain)
* .ac.rs - Academic and research network of Serbia (delegated)
* .gov.rs - State and Government authorities (delegated)
* .in.rs - Personal use

Seychelles
Here are the country domain extensions for Seychelles. Priority is given to Seychelles-based entities for domain name registrations. There are varying restrictions for different third-level registrations.

* .sc - Registrations can be directly at the second-level or under the following subdomains.
* .com.sc - commercial, for-profit organizations
* .net.sc - network infrastructure machines and organizations
* .edu.sc - educational institutions
* .gov.sc - governmental institutions
* .org.sc - miscellaneous, usually non-profit, organizations

Sierra Leone
Below are the country domain extensions for Sierra Leone. The registry reserves the right to screen and reject applications.

* .sl - General (may be registered by anyone)
* .com.sl - Commercial entities, e.g. companies
* .net.sl - Commercial entities with relation to networking (such as ISPs, cable companies etc)
* .org.sl - Charities and non-profit organisations
* .edu.sl - For educational institutions registered in Sierra Leone
* .gov.sl - State and local government entities (requires authorization letter from the local Minister of Information Office)

Singapore
Below are the country domain extensions for Singapore. Singapore presence is required in order to register a domain name with this extension.Third-level names have various restrictions depending on which second level label they are under.

* .sg - Domain name registrations are available at the second level and under the following subdomains.
* .com.sg - Commercial entities
* .net.sg - Network providers and info-com operators
* .org.sg - Organisations in the Registry of Societies
* .gov.sg - Government organizations
* .edu.sg - Educational institutions
* .per.sg - Personal domain names
* .idn.sg - Chinese & Tamil Domain Names (IDN stands for Internationalized Domain Names).

Slovakia
Here is the top-level domain for Slovakia. Domain name registration is restricted to companies registered within the republic of Slovakia. For companies without local presence, a local administrative contact is required. There is a maximum of 5 domain names per Slovak company.

* .sk - Domain name registrations are taken at the second-level.

Slovenia
Here is the top-level domain for Slovenia. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .si - Domain name registrations are taken directly at the second-level.

Solomon Islands
Here are the domain extensions for the Solomon Islands. The com.sb and net.sb extensions are unrestricted. The other extensions have some restrictions including local presence requirement. Registrations are at the third-level under the following subdomains.

* .com.sb - Unrestricted.
* .net.sb - Unrestricted.
* .edu.sb - Restricted.
* .org.sb - Restricted.
* .gov.sb - Restricted.

South Africa
Below are the domain extensions for South Africa. There are no restrictions for .co.za but there various restrictions under the other subdomains. Registrations are only taken at the third-level, beneath the following subdomains.

Active Second (and Third) Level Domains

* .ac.za - Academic and tertiary societies
* .city.za - For municipal governments. Domain registration coming soon.
* .co.za - Commercial, general use
* .edu.za - For distance learning institutions
* .gov.za - Government departments
* .law.za - For legal firms
* .mil.za - Military institutions
* .nom.za - For personal names, not organizations
* .org.za - For non-commercial entities.
* .school.za - For schools in South Africa
o .ecape.school.za - Eastern Cape
o .fs.school.za - Free State
o .gp.school.za - Gauteng
o .kzn.school.za - Kwazulu-Natal
o .mpm.school.za - Mpumalanga
o .ncape.school.za - Northern Cape
o .lp.school.za - Limpopo
o .nw.school.za - North West
o .wcape.school.za - Western Cape

Dormant Second-Level Domains

* .alt.za - Historical registrants
* .net.za - Network infrastructure.
* .ngo.za - For non-governmental organizations. New registrations pending .za DNA public consultation process
* .tm.za - For trademarks. On hold pending establishment of the .ZA DNA
* .web.za - For web servers. New registration system under development.

Private Second-Level Domains

* .agric.za - ARC & Company
* .cybernet.za - Infront Investments Five cc
* .grondar.za - Mark R V Murray
* .iaccess.za - Compustat
* .inca.za - Internetworking Cape
* .nis.za - Network Information Systems
* .olivetti.za - Olivetti/Mark Elkins
* .pix.za - Proxima Information Exchange

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Here is the country code top-level domain for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. There are no restrictions regarding registrations of domain name using this extension.

* .gs - Domain registrations are made directly at second level.

Soviet Union
Here is the top-level domain for the Soviet Union. This extension is still in use today, despite the fact that the Soviet Union no longer exists. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .su - Registrations are made directly at the second-level.

Spain
There are no longer any restrictions on the .es top-level domain. Some second-level domains carry restrictions.

* .es - Registrations are taken directly at the second level or at the third level beneath the following second-level domains.
* .com.es - open to all applicants (intended for commercial entities)
* .nom.es - open to all applicants (intended for personal names)
* .org.es - open to all applicants (intended for noncommercial organizations)
* .gob.es - for governmental entities
* .edu.es - for educational institutions

Sri Lanka
Below are the domain extensions for Sri Lanka. Registrants must provide clear justification for registering particular domain name. Some third-level names restricted by category. Registrants must have local presence, otherwise, they can only reserve a domain name (but not actually register it).
Open registration:

* .com.lk - Commercial entities
* .org.lk - Noncommercial organizations
* .edu.lk - Educational sites
* .ngo.lk - Non-governmental organizations
* .soc.lk - Registered societies
* .web.lk - Web sites
* .ltd.lk - Limited liability companies
* .assn.lk - Associations
* .grp.lk - Groups of companies
* .hotel.lk - Hotels

Restricted registration:

* .gov.lk - Governmental departments of Sri Lanka (Automatically reserves name at second level and under all other second level names)
* .sch.lk - Registered schools in Sri Lanka
* .net.lk - Licensed Internet Service Providers in Sri Lanka
* .int.lk - International treaty organizations

Sudan
Below are the domain extensions for Sudan. Applications are screened by the registry; and may be restricted based on which second-level category they are under.

* .sd - Registrations can be made directly at the second-level or under the following subdomains.
* .com.sd - Companies
* .net.sd - Network Providers, ISP
* .org.sd - Sudanese NGOs
* .edu.sd - Sudanese Universities and Colleges
* .med.sd - Medical
* .tv.sd - Media
* .gov.sd - Sudanese government and Ministries
* .info.sd - Newspapers, Information & Media

Suriname
Here is the top-level domain for Suriname. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .sr - Registrations are made directly at the second-level.

Swaziland
Here are the domain extensions for Swaziland. Registrants must have local presence and a bona fide intention to use name on a regular basis.

* .sz - Registrations are directly at the second-level or third-level below one of the following subdomains.
* .co.sz - Commercial Entities
* .ac.sz - Academic Institutions
* .org.sz - Non-commercial Organizations

Sweden
Below are the domain extensions for Sweden. Some third-level domains are restricted. Internationalized Domain Names are accepted.

* .se - Registrations can be made directly at the second-level or under the following subdomains.
* .a.se - Stockholm City
* .b.se - Stockholm County
* .ac.se - Västerbotten County
* .bd.se - Norrbotten County
* .c.se - Uppsala County
* .d.se - Södermanland County
* .e.se - Östergötland County
* .f.se - Jönköping County
* .g.se - Kronoberg County
* .h.se - Kalmar County
* .i.se - Gotland County
* .k.se - Blekinge County
* .l.se - Kristianstad County
* .m.se - Skåne County
* .n.se - Halland County
* .o.se - Västra Götaland County
* .p.se - Älvsborg County
* .r.se - Skaraborg County
* .s.se - Värmland County
* .t.se - Örebro County
* .u.se - Västmanland County
* .w.se - Dalarna County
* .x.se - Gävleborg County
* .y.se - Västernorrland County
* .z.se - Jämtland County
* .org.se - Non-profit Organizations
* .pp.se - Private Persons
* .tm.se - Trade Marks
* .parti.se - Political Parties
* .press.se - Periodical Publications

Switzerland
Here's the top-level domain for Switzerland. Registration is unrestricted - anyone can register a domain name under this extension.

* .ch - Registration is done directly at the second-level.

The .ch comes from Confoederatio Helvetica (Helvetic (Swiss) Confederation), the Latin name for the country. All Swiss coins are also stamped with this name.
Syria
Below are the domain extensions for Syria. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .sy - Registrations are directly at second-level or under the following subdomains.
* .edu.sy
* .gov.sy
* .net.sy
* .mil.sy
* .com.sy
* .org.sy
* .news.sy

Taiwan (Republic of China)
Below are the country domain extensions for Taiwan. Requirements vary depending on which second-level name registration is within. Non-residents are allowed to register domain names under several subdomains.

* .tw - Unrestricted. Registrations are made directly at second level and beneath the following subdomains.
* .edu.tw - For educational and academic institutions
* .gov.tw - For Republic of China government agencies
* .mil.tw - For the Military of the Republic of China
* .com.tw - For companies or firms (Taiwanese or foreign) registered under the laws of their country
* .net.tw - For network or telecommunications license holders
* .org.tw - For non-profit organizations (Taiwanese or foreign) established according to the laws of their country
* .idv.tw - For individuals (must verify their identity by e-mail)
* .game.tw - Unrestricted (but registrant must verify their identity by e-mail)
* .ebiz.tw - Unrestricted (but registrant must verify their identity by e-mail)
* .club.tw - Unrestricted (but registrant must verify their identity by e-mail)

Tajikistan
Here are the domain extensions for Tajikistan. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension, however, residents of Tajikistan have priority in the event there's a dispute over a name.

* .tj - Registrations can be made at the second-level or under the following subdomains.
* .ac.tj
* .aero.tj
* .biz.tj
* .co.tj
* .com.tj
* .coop.tj
* .dyn.tj
* .edu.tj
* .go.tj
* .gov.tj
* .info.tj
* .int.tj
* .mil.tj
* .museum.tj
* .my.tj
* .name.tj
* .net.tj
* .org.tj
* .per.tj
* .pro.tj
* .web.tj

Tanzania
Below are the country domain extensions for Tanzania. Registrants must have presence in Tanzania and demonstrable intent to use the domain name on the Internet. Vanity and placemark registrations are not permitted. One registration per organization. Must have secondary name server on a different backbone. Registrations are at third level beneath the following second-level labels.

* .co.tz - Commercial
* .ac.tz - Schools granting baccalaureate degrees
* .go.tz - Governmental entities
* .or.tz - Not-for-profit organizations
* .ne.tz - Network infrastructure

Thailand
Here are the country domain extensions for Thailand. There are various restrictions on registering domain names with this extension. The restrictions depend on which extension the domain name is being registered under. Registrations are under the following extensions.

* .ac.th - Academic
* .co.th - Commercial
* .in.th - Individuals (or organizations)
* .go.th - Governmental
* .mi.th - Military
* .or.th - Non-profit organizations
* .net.th - Internet provider

Togo
Here is the top-level domain for Togo. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .tg - Registrations are made directly at the second-level.

Tokelau
Here is the top-level domain for Tokelau - a territory of New Zealand located in the South Pacific. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension. Some free domain names are available, hosted with the registry. Extenal hosting is available with paid domains.

* .tk - Registrations are made directly at the second-level.

Tonga
Here is the second-level domain for Tonga. Registrations are open to everyone but obscene words and spam are prohibited.

* .to - Registrations are permitted at the second-level. Some subdomains exists such as .gov.to for government departments.

Trinidad and Tobago
Below are the country domain extensions for Trinidad and Tobago. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with these extensions (except under .gov.tt, .mil.tt and .edu.tt).
Unrestricted

* .tt - Registrations are taken directly at second-level and under the following subdomains.
* .co.tt
* .com.tt
* .org.tt
* .net.tt
* .biz.tt
* .info.tt
* .pro.tt
* .name.tt

Restricted

* .edu.tt - For educational institutions in Trinidad and Tobago
* .gov.tt - For agencies of the government of Trinidad and Tobago

Tunisia
Below are the domain extensions for Tunisia. Registrants must be a local resident.

* .tn - Registrations are taken directly at the second-level or beneath the following subdomains.
* .com.tn
* .ens.tn
* .fin.tn
* .gov.tn
* .ind.tn
* .intl.tn
* .nat.tn
* .net.tn
* .org.tn
* .info.tn
* .perso.tn
* .tourism.tn
* .edunet.tn
* .rnrt.tn
* .rns.tn
* .rnu.tn
* .mincom.tn
* .agrinet.tn
* .defense.tn

Turkey
Below are the domain extensions for Turkey. Proof of company registration or trademark is required. There is further restrictions depending on which second-level domain is used. Registration is at the third-level under the following subdomains.

* com.tr
* gen.tr
* org.tr
* biz.tr
* info.tr
* av.tr
* dr.tr
* pol.tr
* bel.tr
* mil.tr
* tsk.tr
* bbs.tr
* k12.tr
* edu.tr
* name.tr
* net.tr
* gov.tr
* web.tr
* tel.tr
* tv.tr

Turkmenistan
Here is the top-level domain for Turkmenistan. There are no restrictions at second-level but third-level registrants must be a resident of Turkmenistan.

* .tm - Registration is taken directly at the second-level or under various subdomains.

Turks and Caicos Islands
Here is the top-level domain for Turks and Caicos Islands. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .tc - Registrations are made directly at the second-level.

Tuvalu
Here is the country code top-level domain for the island nation of Tuvalu. There are no restrictions on the second-level domain names, however, some second-level names are reserved (i.e. .com.tv, .net.tv, .org.tv, .gov.tv). The .tv domain has been a popular choice for websites for television shows.

* .tv - Registrations are directly at the second-level.

Uganda
Below are the domain extensions for Uganda. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .ug - Domain names can be registered directly at the second-level or beneath the following subdomains.
* .co.ug - Commercial entities
* .ac.ug - Educational Institution offering Diplomas, Degrees and higher Academic awards
* .sc.ug - Primary. secondary and lower educational branches
* .go.ug - Government Agencies and independent authorities under government
* .ne.ug - Network providers or special equipment for network provision
* .or.ug - Non Governmental Institutions

Ukraine
Here are the domain extensions for Ukraine. To register a domain name, the registry requests a trademark from Ukraine or a trademark registered under the Madrid agreement that covers Ukraine.

* .ua - Registrations are taken at the second-level and beneath the following second-level domains.
* .com.ua - Commercial organisations
* .gov.ua - Governmental organisations
* .net.ua - Network service providers
* .edu.ua - Educational organisations
* .org.ua - Other organisations (non-commercial)
* .in.ua - Domains for individuals

United Arab Emirates
These are the country domain extensions for the United Arab Emirates. Second-level registrations are generally unrestricted. Third-level registrations require local presence and documentation (business registration), and if applicable, certificate from relevant ministry (for org, mil, gov, sch and ac).

* .ae - Companies, Organizations or Individuals. Domain names can be registered directly at the second-level or at the third-level, under one of the following extensions.
* .co.ae - Companies -- was deprecated by UAEnic in 2003 and reintroduced by .aeDA (domain registrar for the .ae ccTLD) in 2008
* .net.ae - Network Providers
* .gov.ae - Government and Ministries
* .ac.ae - Colleges, Universities or Academic Institute
* .sch.ae - Public and Private Schools
* .org.ae - Non Profit Organizations
* .mil.ae - Military Entities
* .pro.ae - Professionals -- was deprecated by .aeDA in 2008
* .name.ae - Individuals -- was deprecated by .aeDA in 2008

United Kingdom
Below are the country domain extensions for the United Kingdom (UK). There are no restrictions on registering domain names with the .co.uk and .org.uk extensions, but the other extensions have varying restrictions. Registration is at the third level, beneath the generic-category second-level domains, except under .sch.uk where registration is at fourth level. There are no second-level registrations, although some second-level domains have been grandfathered.

* .ac.uk - Academic (tertiary education and research establishments) and learned societies.
* .co.uk - Commercial/general
* .gov.uk - Government (central and local)
* .ltd.uk - Limited companies
* .me.uk - Personal
* .mod.uk - Ministry of Defence and HM Forces public sites
* .net.uk - ISPs and network companies
* .nic.uk - Network use only
* .nhs.uk - National Health Service institutions
* .org.uk - Non-profit organisations
* .plc.uk - Public limited companies
* .police.uk - Police
* .sch.uk - Local education authorities, schools, primary and secondary education, community education

United States of America
Below are the country domain extensions for the United States. Registrants of .us domains must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Originally registrations were within third or fourth level hierarchy, but currently direct second-level registrations are allowed. Also, the kids.us extension allows third-level registrations for child-friendly sites.

Second-Level Domains for Each State

* .ak.us - Alaska
* .al.us - Alabama
* .ar.us - Arkansas
* .az.us - Arizona
* .ca.us - California
* .co.us - Colorado
* .ct.us - Connecticut
* .de.us - Delaware
* .fl.us - Florida
* .ga.us - Georgia
* .hi.us - Hawaii
* .ia.us - Iowa
* .id.us - Idaho
* .il.us - Illinois
* .in.us - Indiana
* .ks.us - Kansas
* .ky.us - Kentucky
* .la.us - Louisiana
* .ma.us - Massachusetts
* .md.us - Maryland
* .me.us - Maine
* .mi.us - Michigan
* .mn.us - Minnesota
* .mo.us - Missouri
* .ms.us - Mississippi
* .mt.us - Montana
* .nc.us - North Carolina
* .nd.us - North Dakota
* .ne.us - Nebraska
* .nh.us - New Hampshire
* .nj.us - New Jersey
* .nm.us - New Mexico
* .nv.us - Nevada
* .ny.us - New York
* .oh.us - Ohio
* .ok.us - Oklahoma
* .or.us - Oregon
* .pa.us - Pennsylvania
* .ri.us - Rhode Island
* .sc.us - South Carolina
* .sd.us - South Dakota
* .tn.us - Tennessee
* .tx.us - Texas
* .ut.us - Utah
* .va.us - Virginia
* .vt.us - Vermont
* .wa.us - Washington
* .wi.us - Wisconsin
* .wv.us - West Virginia
* .wy.us - Wyoming

Federal District and Territories

* .dc.us - District of Columbia
* .as.us - Territory of American Samoa - an alternate for the .as country code top-level domain
* .gu.us - Territory of Guam - an alternate for the .gu country code top-level domain
* .mp.us - Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands - an alternate for the .mp country code top-level domain
* .pr.us - Commonwealth of Puerto Rico - an alternate for the .pr country code top-level domain
* .vi.us - Territory of the United States Virgin Islands - an alternate for the .vi country code top-level domain

Other Second-Level .US Domains

* .dni.us - Distributed national institutes
* .fed.us - Federal government agencies (an alternative to .gov)
* .isa.us - Interstate agency (only used for the Interstate Mining Compact Commission, imcc.isa.us)
* .kids.us - Content "suitable for children under 13"
* .nsn.us - Native sovereign nations (federally recognized Native American tribes)

Uruguay
Here are the domain extensions for Uruguay. Registrants must be a customer of Amtel (Uruguay's government-owned telecommunications company). Registrations are at third level beneath the following second-level names.

* .com.uy - For commercial companies (a local billing contact is required for foreign registrants).
* .edu.uy - For local educational entities.
* .gub.uy - For local governmental entities.
* .net.uy - For local Internet service providers.
* .mil.uy - For local military.
* .org.uy - For non-profit organisations.

U.S. Virgin Islands
Here is the top-level domain for the U.S Virgin Islands. Second-level names are restricted to entities with local presence.

* .vi - Domain name registrations are taken directly at the second-level or at the third-level under the following subdomains.
* .co.vi
* .com.vi

Uzbekistan
Below are the country domain extensions for Uzbekistan. There are no restrictions with registering domain names with this extension.

* .uz - Registrations are available at the second-level and under the following subdomains.
* .co.uz
* .com.uz

Vanuatu
Here is the domain extension for Vanuatu. There is no restriction on registering domain names with this extension.

* .vu - Domain registrations are taken directly at the second-level. Some subdomains exist such as .gov.vu etc

Vatican (State of Vatican City)
Here is the top-level domain for the Vatican. No public registrations are available, as this domain extension is solely for use by official websites of the Vatican. Only official sites of the Vatican are in this domain; they are at second-level names, as well as within vatican.va.

* .va - No public registrations are available.

Venezuela
Below are the domain extensions for Venezuela. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension. Registrations are at the third-level under the following subdomains.

* .com.ve - Venezuelan commercial entity
* .edu.ve - Venezuela based educational institutions
* .gob.ve - Government-related websites
* .mil.ve - Venezuelan military institution
* .net.ve - Network service providers
* .org.ve - Non-profit organizations
* .info.ve - Informational sites
* .co.ve - A website originally ".com" ported to Venezuelan Spanish
* .web.ve - Individuals

Vietnam
Here are the domain extensions for Vietnam. There are no restrictions on registering domain names with this extension.

* .vn - Domain names are registered directly at the third level or under the following subdomains.
* .com.vn - commercial
* .biz.vn - business, equivalent to domain name ".com.vn"
* .edu.vn - education and training
* .gov.vn - government (central and local)
* .net.vn - establishment and provision of online services.
* .org.vn - organizations involved in political, cultural and social activities.
* .int.vn - Vietnam-based international organizations.
* .ac.vn - organizations and individuals involved in research activities.
* .pro.vn - organizations and individuals involved in highly-specialized domains.
* .info.vn - organizations and individuals involved in the creation, distribution and supply of information.
* .health.vn - organizations and individuals involved in pharmaceutical and medical activities.
* .name.vn - proper names of individuals involved in Internet-related activities.

Wallis and Futuna Islands
Here is the top-level domain for Wallis and Futuna Islands. Note that the registry is not currently accepting registrations at this time.

* .wf - Registry is not currently accepting registrations.

Yemen
Here are the domain extensions for Yemen. Registrants must have a local contact in Yemen.Registrations are taken at the third-level beneath the following second-level domains.

* .com.ye - Commercial Entities
* .co.ye - Companies
* .ltd.ye - Limited Companies
* .me.ye - Private Individuals
* .net.ye - Network Providers
* .org.ye - Non-commercial Organizations
* .plc.ye
* .gov.ye - Government and Governmental System

Zambia
Here are the domain extensions for Zambia. Local presence is required to register domain names with this extension.

* .ac.zm - Academic Institutions
* .co.zm - Commercial Entities
* .com.zm
* .org.zm - Non-commercial Organizations

Zimbabwe
Here is the domain extension for Zimbabwe. There are no restrictions with registering domain names with this extension. Registrations are only taken at the third-level beneath the following subdomain.

* .co.zw

Dah Lama Tak Bersua...

2011-03-22T03:36:00.000+08:00

Dah lama saya xpost apa2 kat dalam blog ni kan? Harap maaf kepada semua, kerana ada masalah sedikit dengan sambungan internet di rumah.. kadang2 kena ke CyberCafe.. Leceh.. Untuk kali ni, saya akan mencuba untuk kemaskini blog saya secara up-to-date.

Wasalam

Chit Chat Akhir Tahun of 2010

2010-12-07T04:37:00.001+08:00

Sepanjang berada di sekolah menengah teknik, banyak pengalaman yang telah aku dapat. Ramai rakan baru yang kukenali. Tidak kurangnya ada juga musuh yang aku temui. Sudah sekian lama aku tidak update post dalam blog ni. Tahun 2010 akan sampai ke penghujung tidak lama lagi. Kehidupan yang sebenar akan bermula tidak lama lagi.

Rakan Seperjuangan

Guru-guru

Semua akan tinggal kenangan. Pahit manis diharungi bersama sepanjang tahun 2009/2010. Selepas ini, masing-masing akan sibuk dengan urusan masing-masing. Namun, persahabatan akan tetap kekal dalam setiap ingatan.

SENARAI RESTORAN TERKENAL YG DISAHKAN HALAL & dITARIK BALIK SIJIL HALAL OLEH JAKIM

2010-10-12T18:27:00.000+08:00

Tolong sebarluaskan kepada rakan-rakan Muslim yang lain sebab ini urusan agama kita. Berikut adalah beberapa maklum balas dari JAKIM tentang status halal-haram restoran dan makanan :-
1. Restoran berikut telah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM :
1) McDonald
2) A&W
3) Secret Recipe
Restoran berikut telah ditarik sijil pengesahan halal JAKIM kerana gagal mematuhi syarat dan piawaian halal :
1) Victoria Station
2) Kam Lun Ta
3) Lotus Family Restoran
Restoran berikut tidak pernah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM :
1) San Francisco Steakhouse
2) Chicken Rice Shop
3) Kiwi Express
Bagi minuman ringan keluaran syarikat F&N seperti Coke dan 100 plus telah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM .
Bagi kuih bulan dan kuih bakul yang telah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM adalah halal sebagai contoh yang dikeluarkan oleh syarikat KG Pastry atau Noraini’s Cookies  dan lain-lain yang ada menggunakan logo halal JAKIMkecuali kuih bulan dari Kam Lun Tai  kerana telah ditarik balik pengesahan halalnya disebabkan berlaku perlanggaran syarat dan peraturan halal yang ditetapkan.
2. Ayam segar yang dibungkuskan atas nama Farmbest adalah dikeluarkan oleh Syarikat Sin Mah Sdn Bhd, syarikat ini telah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM  .
3. Tentang mewarnakan rambut dari segi hukum syarak terbagi kepada : i. Harus mewarnakan rambut dengan warna selain hitam. Warna hitam hanya harus bagi yang berpenyakit sahaja. ii. Makruh mewarnakan rambut bagi orang muda. iii. Haram mewarnakan rambut bagi orang yang terlalu tua. iv. Haram mewarnakan rambut tanpa tujuan. v. Harus mewarnakan rambut dengan izin suami.   Dari segi bahan pewarna rambut yang ada di pasaran terbahagi kepada 2 jenis, yang mana kedua-duanya adalah halal dari segi bahan kandungan. Yang menjadi persolan adakah pewarna tersebut telap air atau tidak ? Pewarna rambut yang di pasaran biasanya akan tertulis pada kotak PERMANENT DYE atau SEMI PERMANENT DYE . Mengikut kajian jenis yang Semi-Permanent Dye adalah jenis yang tidak telap air dan ianya tidak boleh dipakai oleh orang Islam. Begitu juga sebaliknya. JAKIM sendiri tidak pernah mengeluarkan sijil halal untuk produk pewarna rambut kerana ia dikilangkan di luar negara. Untuk pengetahuan, JAKIM hanya akan keluarkan sijil halal untuk produk yang diproses di Malaysia sahaja .
  4. Sehingga kini pengeluar makanan supplement dan produk makanan kesihatan yang telah berdaftar dengan JAKIM adalah syarikat Upha. Kebanyakan makanan supplement dari syarikat Upha telah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM dan telah dipastikan soft gel untuk kapsul yang digunakan adalah halal, bagi produk jenama Blackmores, Solaray, Seven Seas, 21 Century tidak pernah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM, kerana itu tidak dapat dipastikan kapsul yang digunakan itu walau pun didakwa bersumberkan lembu tetapi tidak diketahui sama ada lembu itu disembelih atau tidak. Produk yang tidak mendapat pengesahan halal ini adalah kerana itu adalah produk import, maka pengedar dan pengeluar bertanggungjawab mendapatkan pengesahan halal dari badan Islam di negara asal produk tersebut diimport.
5. Restoran Dome dan seluruh rangkaiannya tidak pernah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM,  maka kerana itu tidak dapat dipastikan status kehalalan makanan dan minuman yang disediakan di restoran ini.
6. Soalan: Saya ingin tahu samada semua stall di food court Suria KLCC halal kerana tiadapapan tanda yang membezakan gerai yang halal dengan yang tidak halal. Saya juga ingin tahu samada semua restoran di Suria KLCC menghidangkan makanan yang halal (walaupun ada yang menjual arak ): Madam Kwan’s, Spring Garden, Rain Nudle House, Bukhara, Chillis, California PIzza, Kelantan Delights, Chakri’s Palace, Rotiboy Bakeshoppe, Auntie Anne’s Pretzels, Cinnabon, Al-Marjan , Bong Sen (Vietnamese) , Chinoz On the Park, Dome Café, Genki Sushi, Gloria Jean’s Coffees, House of Sudanese Food, San Francisco Steak House/Santini.   Jawapan: Gerai-gerai makan di Medan Selera di KLCC tidak ada yang mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM termasuklah juga semua restoran yang disenaraikan itu.
7. Baker’s Cottage telah mendapat pengesahan halal dari JAIS  ( JabatanAgama Islam Selangor ), La Boheme tidak dapat dipastikan status halal kerana tidak pernah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM. King’s Confectionery telah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM , Status makanan yang disediakan di Giant dan Tesco ada sebahagiannya yang telah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM , manakala Jusco hendaklah merujuk kepada logo halal yang digunakan pada pembungkusan produk kerana Jusco tidak pernah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM secara khusus.
8. Kedai Bread Talk & Bread Story tidak pernah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM .
9. Sehingga kini JAKIM tidak pernah memberi pengesahan halal ke atas Restoran Burger King , maka dengan itu tidak dapat dipastikan status kehalalan produk yang dijual.
10. Pernyataan mencampurkan minyak **** untuk pembuatan sausage ayam, fish ball dan lain-lain adalah tidak benar bagi produk terbabit yang telah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM. Bagi produk  Ramli Burger dan Ayamas , memang telah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM dan kedua-dua syarikat ini sentiasa mematuhi peraturan halal JAKIM.
11. Coffee Bean telah mendapat pengesahan halal JAKIM  dan telah dipastikan semua bahan yang digunakan adalah halal tetapi Starbuck memang tidak pernah memohon pengesahan halal JAKIM , maka tidak dapat dipastikan kehalalan bahan atau produk di tempat tersebut.

Aurat Lelaki Ketika Bersama Lelaki

2010-10-12T18:25:00.002+08:00

Aurat lelaki yang wajib ditutupnya daripada pandangan seorang lelaki lain ialah bahagian tubuh badan antara pusat dan lututnya. Ini bererti bahawa seorang lelaki tidak diharuskan melihat aurat lelaki lain pada bahagian yang terletak antara pusat dan lututnya.

Hukum ini dipersetujui oleh jumhur ulamak berdasarkan kepada beberapa buah Hadis Sahih, antaranya sebagaimana yang diriwayatkan oleh Abu Ayyub r.a bermaksud:
Bahagian anggota yang terletak di atas dua lutut adalah termasuk aurat dan bahagian anggota yang terletak di bawah pusat adalah aurat juga.

Amru bin Shuib pula meriwayatkan daripada bapanya daripada datuknya bahawa baginda Rasulullah s.a.w bersamda maksudnya:
Apabila salah seorang di antara kamu mengahwinkan hamba wanitanya dengan hamba lelakinya ataupun orang upahannya maka dia (iaitu hamba wanitanya) dilarang sama sekali melihat auratnya kerana apa sahaja (bahagian anggota) yang terletak di bawah pusatnya hingga kepada dua lututnya adalah auratnya.

Selanjutnya Rasulullah s.a.w juga melarang melihat aurat itu sebagaimana sabda baginda bermaksud:
Seorang lelaki dilarang melihat aurat lelaki lain dan juga seorang wanita dilarang melihat aurat seorang wanita lain.

Hanya Imam Malik yang bercanggah pendapat dengan mengatakan bahawa paha bukanlah aurat. Bagaimanapun,
terdapat beberapa dalil yang mengukuhkan pendapat
jumhur ulamak di antaranya:

Sebuah Hadis riwayat Jurhud al-Aslami, beliau berkata bahawa suatu ketika Rasulullah s.a.w telah duduk bersama-sama kami, pada saat itu paha saya terdedah, lalu baginda bertanya saya: Apakah tidak kamu tahu bahawa paha itu aurat?

Diriwayatkan juga bahawa baginda s.a.w telah bersabda kepada Ali r.a :
Janganlah kamu dedahkan paha kamu dan jangan pula kamu melihat paha orang lain sama ada yang masih hidup ataupun yang sudah mati.

Malah Rasulullah s.a.w juga melarang kita mendedahkan aurat biarpun ketika bersendirian sebagaimana sabda baginda bermaksud :
Jauhilah daripada perbuatan berbogel, sesungguhnya ada bersama-sama kamu orang yang tidak berpisah denganmu, kecuali ketika membuang air (besar dan kecil) dan ketika seseorang lelaki itu bersetubuh dengan isterinya.

Akibat Berbuat Maksiat

2010-09-09T10:48:00.002+08:00

Maksiat Menghalangi Ilmu Pengetahuan

Ilmu adalah cahaya yang dipancarkan ke dalam hati. Namun, kemaksiatan dalam hati dapat menghalangi dan memadamkan cahaya tersebut. Ketika Imam Malik melihat kecerdasan dan daya hafal Imam Syafi’e yang luarbiasa, beliau (Imam Malik) berkata, “Aku melihat Allah telah menyiratkan cahaya di dalam hatimu, wahai anakku. Janganlah engkau padamkan cahaya itu dengan maksiat”.

Maksiat mengahalangi Rezeki

Jika ketakwaan adalah penyebab datangnya rezeki, maka meninggalkannya berarti menimbulkan kefakiran. “Seorang hamba dicegah dari rezeki akibat dosa yang diperbuatnya”. (HR Ahmad)

Maksiat Menimbulkan Jarak dengan Allah

Diriwayatkan ada seorang lelaki yang mengeluh kepada seorang arif tentang kesunyian jiwanya. Sang arif berpesan, “Jika kegersangan hatimu akibat dosa-dosa, maka tinggalkanlah (perbuatan dosa itu). Dalam hati kita, tak ada perkara yang lebih pahit daripada kegersangan dosa di atas dosa”.

Maksiat Menjauhkan Pelakunya dengan Orang Lain dari Golongan Baik

Maksiat menjauhkan pelakunya dari orang lain, terutama dari golongan yang baik. Semakin berat tekanannya, maka semakin jauh pula jaraknya hingga berbagai manfaat dari orang yang baik terhalangi. Kesunyian dan kegersangan ini semakin menguat hingga berpengaruh pada hubungan dengan keluarga, anak-anak dan hati nuraninya sendiri. Seorang salaf berkata, “Sesungguhnya aku bermaksiat kepada Allah, maka aku lihat pengaruhnya pada perilaku binatang(kenderaan) dan isteriku”.

Maksiat Menyulitkan Urusan

Jika ketakwaan dapat memudahkan segala urusan, maka pelaku maksiat akan menghadapi kesulitan dalam menghadapi segala urusannya.

Maksiat dapat Melemahkan Hati dan Badan

Kekuatan seorang mukmin terpancar dari kekuatan hatinya. Jika hatinya kuat, maka kuatlah badannya. Tapi pelaku maksiat, meskipun badannya kuat, sesungguhnya dia sangat lemah. Tidak ada kekuatan dalam dirinya.

Wahai Saudaraku, lihatlah bagaimana menyatunya kekuatan fisik dan hati kaum muslimin pada diri generasi pertama. Para sahabat berhasil mengalahkan kekuatan fisik tentara bangsa Persia dan Romawi padahal para sahabat berperang dalam keadaan berpuasa!
Akibat maksiat yang ketujuh adalah kita terhalang untuk taat.

Orang yang melakukan dosa dan maksiat cenderung untuk tidak taat. Orang yang berbuat masiat seperti orang yang satu kali makan, tetapi mengalami sakit berkepanjangan. Sakit itu menghalanginya dari memakan makanan lain yang lebih baik. Begitulah. Jika kita hobi berbuat masiat, kita akan terhalang untuk berbuat taat.

Maksiat Memperpendek umur dan menghapus keberkahan

Ini akibat maksiat yang kedelapan. Pada dasarnya, umur manusia dihitung dari masa hidupnya. Padahal, tidak ada kehidupan kecuali jika hidup itu dihabiskan untuk ketaatan, ibadah, cinta, dan dzikir kepada Allah serta mencari keridhaan-Nya.

Jika usia kita saat ini 40 tahun. Tiga per empatnya kita isi dengan maksiat. Dalam kacamata iman, usia kita tak lebih hanya 10 tahun saja. Yang 30 tahun adalah kesia-siaan dan tidak memberi berkah sedikitpun. Inilah maksud pendeknya umur pelaku maksiat.
Sementara, Imam Nawawi yang hanya diberi usia 30 tahun oleh Allah swt. Usianya begitu panjang. Sebab, hidupnya meski pendek namun berkah. Kitab Riyadhush Shalihin dan Hadits Arbain yang ditulisnya memberinya keberkahan dan usia yang panjang, sebab dibaca oleh manusia dari generasi ke generasi hingga saat ini dan mungkin generasi yang akan datang.

Maksiat menggelapkan hati

Ketaatan adalah cahaya, sedangkan maksiat adalah gelap-gulita. Ibnu Abbas RA berkata, “Sesungguhnya perbuatan baik itu mendatangkan kecerahan pada wajah dan cahaya pada hati, kekuatan badan dan kecintaan. Sebaliknya, perbuatan buruk itu mengundang ketidakceriaan pada raut muka, kegelapan di dalam kubur dan di hati, kelemahan badan, susutnya rezeki dan kebencian makhluk”.

Maksiat Melemahkan Hati dan Badan

Kekuatan seorang mukmin terpancar dari kekuatan hatinya. Jika hatinya kuat maka kuatlah badannya. Tapi bagi pelaku maksiat, meskipun badannya kuat, sesungguhnya dia sangat lemah jika kekuatan itu sedang dia perlukan, hingga kekuatan pada dirinya sering menipu dirinya sendiri. Lihatlah bagaimana kekuatan fizik dan hati kaum muslimin yang telah mengalahkan kekuatan fizik bangsa Persia dan Romawi.

Maksiat Mnghalangi Ketaatan

Orang yang melakukan dosa dan maksiat akan cenderung untuk memutuskan ketaatan. Seperti selayaknya orang yang satu kali makan tetapi mangalami sakit berkepanjangan dan menghalanginya dari memakan makanan lain yang lebih baik.

Maksiat Memendekkan Umur dan Menghapus Keberkahan

Pada dasarnya umur manusia dihitung dari masa hidupnya. Sementara itu tak ada yang namanya hidup kecuaki jika kehidupan itu dihabiskan dengan ketaatan, ibadah, cinta dan zikir kepada Allah serta mementingkan keredhaanNya.

Maksiat Menumbuhkan Maksiat Lain

Seorang ulama salaf berkata bahawa jika seorang hamba melakukan kebaikan, maka hal tersebut akan mendorong dia untuk melakukan kebaikan yang lain dan seterusnya. Dan jika seorang hamba melakukan keburukan, maka dia pun akan cenderung untuk melakukan keburukan yang lain sehingga keburukan itu menjadi kebiasaan bagi si pelaku.

Maksiat Mematikan Bisikan Hati Nurani

Maksiat dapat melemahkan hati dari kebaikan dan sebaliknya akan menguatkan kehendak untuk berbuat maksiat yang lain. Maksiat pun dapat memutuskan keinginan untuk bertaubat.

Iitulah sebagian akibat dari berbuat maksiat. Jadi renungkanlah.

KISAH BENAR PENGAKUAN BEKAS PADERI KRISTIAN. TOLONG SEBARKAN JIKA ANDA PRIHATIN PADA AGAMA ISLAM KITA!!!!!

2010-08-26T16:38:00.002+08:00

Nama saya Salleh Bin Omar, nama Kristian Joseph.

Saya dilahirkan di Kedah pada 5/5/1940, bapa saya seorang India Muslim dan
mak saya orang Banting, Selangor. Bapa saya telah pulang ke India dan emak
saya berada di Kedah,Pondok Kg Pisang. Pada 1970 saya telah pergi ke Johor
Bahru untuk mencari kerja bersama-sama kawan-kawantetapi gagal. Saya
terpaksa tidur di stesen keretapi. Saya telah bertemu dengan seorang paderi
bernama Father Chong. Kami diberi layanan istimewa,tempat tinggal,
makan dan minum
dan tinggal selama 2 tahun. Kami diajar sembahyang dalam bahasa Inggeris.
Pada satu hari iaitu dalam tahun 1974, saya telah bertemu dengan seorang
paderi besar di Malaysia, dari KualaLumpur bernama Kamaruddin Hj Ahmad.
Beliau telah membawa saya tinggal diseksyen 14, Jalan Gasing, Petaling Jaya.
Kami belajar selok belok agama Kristian di Gereja Jalan Gasing dan dibina
khas! untuk orang Melayu beragama Islam (ada hingga sekarang).Setelah satu
tahun saya tinggal disana, saya telah dihantar ke Indonesia selama 6 bulan,
belajar cara-cara untuk sembahyang orang mati, talkinkan orang dan
macam-macam lagi dalamBahasa Malaysia .

Saya belajar sekali dengan Ibu Tien Suharto yang menjadi pemimpin agong
Wanita Kristian seluruh Asia dan Bendahari Agong wanita Kristian seluruh
Indonesia . Saya pulang ke Malaysia, kemudian dilantik sebagai pendakwah
dari Perlis hingga ke Johor Bahru. Oleh kerana saya aktif di gereja, saya
dihantar pula ke Filipina selama 1 bulan, belajar selok belok Kristian dalam
bahasa Inggeris dan Bahasa Malaysia kerana terdapat orang Malaysia
,Singapura dan orang Filipina.

Kemudian saya balik ke Malaysia sebagai pendakwah dibayar RM60.00 sehari,
kenderaan percuma, seramai 6 orang. Selepas itu dihantar ke Singapura selama
1 bulan di Port Carzy bersama En Aziz orang Telok Intan. Beliau adalah
Setiausha Agong Persatuan Melayu Kristian Singapura. Beliau juga adalah
bekas Tentera Udara Di Raja dan berhenti memegang jawatan setiausha agong
Kristian Singapore . Apabila dilantik ke gereja saya masih lagi ketua dakwah
bersama 6 orang kawan.

Saya dihantar ke Baptish Church di Ipoh, dibekalkan duit RM1,400.00, bersama
2 orang kawan dan sebuah kereta untuk mengkristiankan pelajar-pelajar dan
pemuda-pemuda Negeri Perak.... Pada bulan Januari saya berasa tak tenteram
dan telah bertemu dengan Tuan Ibrahim, Kadi daerah Ipoh dan membawa saya
bertemu MuftiNegeri Perak dan En Azlan, Pengarah Jabatan Agama dan saya
terus bertaubat.

Jumlah Kristian seramai 3,000 orang telah dikristiankan, terutama penduduk
Negeri Perak dan Johor Bahru, Manjoi dan Rapat Setia (Perak). Cara hendak
mengenali mereka Lelaki - Berseluar hitam, berbaju putih, bertali leher
hitam, bawa beg James Bond (elaun satu hari RM60.00 ). Perempuan - Berbaju
putih skirt hitam dan reben hitam. Di Kuala Lumpur - Daya Bumi, Kota Raya
dan Sg Wang Plaza.

Cara-cara berdakwah:
Mereka akan menemubual, tanya asal terutama pencari kerja. Pendakwah akan
belanja makan apa saja, mempelawa tempat tinggal(asrama 120 katil, makan
disediakan) didakwah dengan kaset, cara perlahan-lahan diajak sembahyang
dengan diberi satu cross selepas dibawa sembahyang akan diberi sejenis air
hitam (holy water). Setelah diberi minum 1 minggu lidah menjadi hitam,
tidak boleh mengucap dan mendengar azan macam menutup telinga hal dakwah
Islam tidak mahu. Air itu khusus untuk orang Islam sahaja. Kewangan gereja
RM12.6 juta, sumber dari Sabah, Sarawak ,Filipina dan Singapura.

Motorola adalah penyokong dakwah Kristian ini (terletak di Petaling jaya,
Pulau Pinang dan Senawang). Senawang terlibat seramai 200 orang, ketua di
Senawang, Haji Hanapi Saat dan Hj Ismail orang Sungai Petani Kedah. Haji
Hanapi bekas guru - akibat desakan hidup terpengaruh dengan Kristian. Sekolah
yang paling teruk dilanda Kristian ialah Victoria Institution. Pengetuanya
En Ismail Rahim. 20 orang telah Kristian-susah untuk diberi nasihat kerana
kebanyakannya anak menteri dan datuk-datuk.

Di Ipoh
Sekolah Tengku Abd Rahman (STAR)- 2 orang Sekolah teknik seorang pelajar
perempuan (bersalib) telah bertaubat, bila saya tanya, katanya
untukmain-main saja, akhirnya dia bertaubat. Banting Kamariah bt Sidek -
lepasan sekolah ditarik oleh seorang guru Cina (pendakwah Cina dibayar
RM165.00 sehari) En Salleh Omar yang menawarkan cek sebanyak RM10 juta
kepada Yusof Noor untuk mengadakan persidangan Kristian sedunia (sebagaimana
tersebar di akhbar)1982.

Salasiah bt Sidek- Sekolah Tengku Khursiah, Seremban balik ke Nibong Tebal,
accident motor, didalam tudungnya ada salib. Punca terjebak dalam Kristian:

1. Desakan hidup
2.. Kurang agama

Beliau telah dapat menarik semula 300-400 orang kepada Kristian.Beliau
sekarang bekerja dengan Badan Kebajikan Islam Perak. Beliau mendedahkan juga
matlamat 1990 untuk menawan satu Malaysia/Brunei kepada Kristian. Padri
Besar di Malaysia ialah Kamaruddin Hj Ahmad. Pairin Ketingan adalah
penaungnya dan saya sebagai timbalan padri itu. Beliau telah dihantar ke
Melaka (masjid paling banyak). Beliau pergi setiap masjid bertanya imam dan
bilal untuk membuat kajian mengapa umat Islam malas ke masjid. Selepas
mesyuarat
3 hari saya hantar 6 orang pendakwah, tidak sampai sebulan 400 orang telah
masuk Kristian di Melaka.

Target Kristian: Pemuda yang tidak faham agama, ada yang tidak tahu Fatihah
dan dengan rock-pameran di kapal-kapal. Cara untuk masuk Kristian, mereka
perlu gambar 2 keping dan duit setem $7.00 pergi ke mahkamah di Selangor,
Kedah, Kuala Lumpur angkat sumpah. Nama dalam kad pengenalan tidak ditukar
(sukar nak dikesan)

Beliau beri penerangan kepada
1. Polis Bukit Aman,
2. Pusat Islam (untukmenyedarkan umat Islam)

Bila dibaca kitab tidak akan terpengaruh dengan Kristian ini. Seorang bekas
padri Abd Rahman Yaakob (Pengarah Anti Dadah,Batu Gajah) pernah menjadi
padri selama 23 tahun. En Abd Rahman adalah berdakwah didalam bahasa
Inggeris. Beliau sebagai padri dikenakan 4 syarat

1. Tidak boleh hisap rokok
2. Tidak boleh minum arak
3. Tidak boleh makan benda-benda berdarah
4. Tidak boleh kahwin.

Holy water dibawa dari Indonesia (Ketua padriIndonesia) bapak Bruto yang
menyediakan air ini.. Percetakan buku-buku Kristian di Cheras telah disiasat
dan mereka ada lesen. Ketua padri Kamaruddin Hj Ahmad. Dalam pada berdakwah
Kristian sebanyak 3 negeri tak boleh dimasuk Kristian iaitu,Kelantan, Kedah
dan Terengganu, mereka pernah dipukul hingga patah tangan.

*PENGUMUMAN - HARAP DISAMPAIKAN! KPD ORANG ISLAM KITA
'Sebarkanlah walausatu ayat pun'

(Sabda Rasulullah SAW) 'Nescaya Allah memperbaiki bagimu amalan-amalanmu dan
mengampuni bagimu** dosa-dosamu. Dan barangsiapa mentaati Allah dan
Rasul-Nya, maka sesungguhnya ia telahmendapat kemenangan yang besar.'

(Surah Al-Ahzab:71) demi kebaikan kita bersama
untuksuami,isteri,anak-anak,kaum keluarga,saudara- mara,
sahabat-handai dan
generasi akan datang yang kita sayangi. 'Agungkanlah dan laungkanlah 'Allah
hu Akbar'......maha suci Allah.

KELEBIHAN – KELEBIHAN PADA BULAN RAMADHAN

2010-08-25T17:24:00.000+08:00

1. Dibelenggu para syaitan dan jin.
“Apabila tiba awal malam dalam bulan Ramadhan, diikat semua syaitan dan jin-jin yang derhaka,….(Riwayat at-Tirmizi dan Ibn Majah)
Menurut Imam Abu Hanifah pula, semua jin dan syaitan dibelenggu. Namun masih ada orang melakukan kejahatan kerana syaitan telah menggunakan 11 bulan untuk menerapkan nilai-nilai buruk dalam diri kita. Kebiasaan buruk ini mampu mendorong seseorang kearah kejahatan walau di ketika Syaitan di belenggu. Jadi dalam 1 bulan inilah kita harus ambil peluang utuk menyucikan segalanya.
Abu Hurairah r.a. berkata, Rasulullah s.a.w. bersabda; “Apabila masuk bulan Ramadhan terbukalah pintu-pintu syurga dan terkuncilah segala pintu neraka manakala sekelian syaitan dirantai dan dibuka segala pintu rahmat.”(Bukhari & Muslim)

2. Amalan sunat diberi pahala fardhu dan fardhu diganda 70 kali.
“Daripada Salman r.a. ia berkata: Telah berkhutbah Rasulullah S.A.W. pada hari terakhir bulan Syaaban dan sabdanya:- Wahai manusia sesungguhnya telah datang kepada kamu satu bulan yang agung lagi penuh keberkatan (bulan Ramadhan) iaitu bulan yang ada padanya satu malam yang lebih baik daripada seribu bulan, bulan yang Allah jadikan berpuasa padanya suatu kewajipan dan berqiamullail (beribadat pada malam-malamnya) sebagai amalan sunat. Sesiapa yang mendekatkan dirinya kepada Allah pada bulan itu dengan melakukan amalan kebajikan (amalan sunat) maka ia mendapat pahala seperti melaksanakan perintah yang wajib dan sesiapa yang melakukan suatu amalan yang wajib pada bulan Ramadhan maka ia mendapat pahala seperti orang yang melakukan tujuh puluh (70) amalan fardhu.”.
Dari Abu Hurairah r.a., dari Nabi Muhammad s.a.w., sabdanya: “Apabila bermula malam yang pertama dari bulan Ramadhan .. menyerulah malaikat, katanya: “Wahai orang-orang yang mahukan kebaikan! Tampillah mengerjakannya dan wahai orang-orang yang hendak melakukan kejahatan! Berhentilah dari meneruskannya; (ketahuilah), Allah Taala banyak membebaskan orang-orang yang dijanjikan dengan neraka – daripada memasukinya”. Seruan dan keampunan yang demikian, diberikan pada tiap-tiap malam (dalam bulan Ramadhan).” (Riwayat Tirmizi dan Nasa’i)
3. Pintu neraka ditutup.
Pada bulan Ramadhan, kepanasannya tidak sampai ke alam barzakh (alam perantaran). Seksaan dihentikan pada bulan ini. Sesiapa yang mati dibulan Ramadhan tidak diseksa dan disoal oleh Malaikat Mungkar dan Nakir. Ada yang berpendapat ia ditangguh sehingga lepas Ramadhan.
4. Dibuka semua pintu syurga.
Dari Abu Hurairah r.a., bahawa Rasulullah s.a.w. bersabda: “Apabila datang bulan Ramadhan, terbukalah pintu-pintu syurga”.(Hadith Sahih – Riwayat Bukhari). Banyak rahmat diturunkan pada bulan ini. Orang mukmin ditambah rezekinya seperti makanan yang sedap-sedap semuanya ada di bulan ini. Orang-orang miskin juga dapat menikmatinya pada bulan ini.
5. Allah perhiaskan syurga.
Bahawa syurga berlenggang-lenggang ia dan berhias dari setahun ke setahun kerana masuknya bulan Ramadhan . Pada awal bulan Ramadhan bertiup angin di bawah Arasy dan bergeraklah daun kayu dengan longlai di bawah syurga, terdengarlah desiran daun kayu, hembusan bayu syurga yang teramat indahnya, seni rentak lagunya menawan seluruh perasaan nurani. Maka berhiaslah bidadari sekaliannya hingga berdirilah di atas puncak mercu syurga itu, lantas bersuaralah bidadari : Adakah orang yang hendak meminang kami kepada Allah ? Lalu bidadari lain pula bertanya : Apakah nama malam ini ? Jawab Malik Ridhwan, hai bidadari yang cantik manis, inilah malam Ramadhan .
6. Dilepaskan tahanan neraka
Dalam bulan Ramadahan (di akhirat juga masih ada bulan Ramadhan) Rasulullah Shalallahu ‘alaihi wasalam bersabda (yang ertinya): “Allah memiliki hamba-hamba yang dibebaskan dari neraka setiap siang dan malam bulan Ramadhan, dan semua orang muslim yang berdo’a akan dikabulkan do’anya.”
7. Ramadhan ialah tetamu yang mendatangkan keampunan Allah
Dari Abu Hurairah r.a., dari Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. sabdanya: “Sesiapa yang mengerjakan puasa bulan Ramadhan dengan keadaan beriman dan mengharapkan rahmat Allah Taala, nescaya diampunkan baginya dosa-dosanya yang telah lalu“. (Hadith Sahih – Riwayat Bukhari dan Muslim)
Dari Abu Hurairah r.a., katanya: Rasulullah s.a.w. bersabda: “Sesiapa yang tidak meninggalkan kata-kata dusta dan beramal dengannya dan perbuatan liar yang lazimnya dilakukan oleh orang-orang jahil, maka tiada bagi Allah sesuatu hajat tentang ia meninggalkan makanannya dan minumannya”. (Hadith Sahih – Riwayat Bukhari dan Abu Daud)“
8. Tawaran Pengampunan dosa lepas dan akan datang (2 tahun)
Dari Abu Hurairah r.a., dari Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. sabdanya: “Sesiapa yang mengerjakan puasa bulan Ramadhan dengan keadaan beriman dan mengharapkan rahmat Allah Taala, nescaya diampunkan baginya dosa-dosanya yang telah lalu“. (Hadith Sahih – Riwayat Bukhari dan Muslim)
Dari Abu Hurairah r.a berkata: “Adalah Rasulullah SAW menggalakkan qiyamullail (solat malam) di bulan Ramadhan tanpa memerintahkan secara wajib, baginda bersabda: “Sesiapa yang solat malam di bulan Ramadhan kerana beriman dan mengharapkan pahala daripada Allah, maka diampuni baginya dosa yang telah lalu.”
Diriwayatkan oleh Abu Hurairah bahawa Ar-Rasul SAW telah bersabda: Sesiapa yang berpuasa dengan penuh keimanan dan keikhlasan akan diampunkan dosanya yang telah lalu dan dosanya yang akan datang, sesiapa yang menghidupkan qiyamullail dengan penuh keimanan dan keikhlasan akan diampunkan dosanya yang telah lalu dan yang akan datang.
Rasulullah bersabda “Siallah (rugilah) puasa orang yang tidak mendapat keampunan”.

Wang Dinar Emas dan Dirham Perak Di Kelantan

2010-08-18T00:05:00.001+08:00

Wang Dinar Emas dan Dirham Perak Di Kelantan