Narsisa Nightingale

GOTU KOLA – Soothes Skin Problems

2008-12-22T08:00:00.000+08:00

Family: Umbelliferae; other members include carrot, parsley
Genus and spcies: Centella asiatica or Hydrocotyle asiatica
Also known as: Sheep rot, Indian pennywort, marsh penny, water pennywort, hydrocotyle
Parts used: Leaves

This herb gained reputation as a longevity promoter, and a Sinhalese proverb advised – “Two leaves a day keep old age away.”

HEALING with Gotu Kola
Any longevity claims for gotu kola as farfetched as the tale of Li Ching Yu. But modern science has found support for other traditional claims for this ancient herb.
1. Wound Healing. Gotu kola may spur wound healing. It accelerates healing of burns and minimizes scarring.
2. Psoriasis. Supporting its traditional use for skin diseases, it showed that a gotu kola cream can help relieve the painful scaly red welts of psoriasis. Seven psoriasis sufferers used the cream. It healed the welts in five within two months, and only one of the five experienced any recurrence within four months after the treatment ended. Gotu kola cream is not available commercially, but you can use a compress of gotu kola infusion to help treat psoriasis.
3. Leprosy. Gotu kola’s traditional use in treating leprosy (now called Hansen’s disease) was supported by a study published in Britain. The bacteria that cause leprosy have a waxy coating, which protects them against attack by the immune system. Gotu kola contains a chemical (asiaticoside) that dissolves this waxy coating, allowing the immune system to destroy the bacteria.
4. Leg Circulation. Gotu kola also may help promote blood circulation in the lower limbs, those with venous insufficiency.
5. Intriguing Possibility. Poor circulation through the legs causes varicose veins. Gotu kola has not been studied specifically as a treatment of this condition, but it’s possible ability to improve leg circulation might help prevent and treat varicosities.

Gotu kola has a sedative effect on laboratory animals. Sedation has never been reported in humans, but some scientists claim it is possible. In animals, large doses are narcotic, causing stupor and possibly coma. Some scientists warn this reaction is also possible in humans, echoing the Eclectics, who advised against ingesting the herb. It might however, help fight insomnia; just don’t use more than recommended amounts.

Ironically, reports have also appeared claiming gotu kola causes restlessness and insomnia, which is rather odd for a purported “narcotic.” Apparently these cases involved the caffeine-containing herb, kola, which is mislabeled as gotu kola. Gotu kola is not related to true Kola (Cola nitida), the caffeine-containing nut used in cola drinks.

Rx for Gotu Kola
Use an infusion of gotu kola to help improve circulation in the legs. Or give it a try if you have insomnia. For an infusion, use ½ teaspoon per cup of boiling water. Drink up to 2 cups a day. Gotu kola tastes bitter and astringent; adding sugar, honey, and lemon, or mixing it into an herbal beverage blend will improve its flavor.

To help treat wounds or psoriasis topically, try compresses made from gotu kola infusion. If results are disappointing, try a stronger infusion.

Gotu kola should not be given to children under age 2. For internal use by older children and people over 65, start with a low-strength preparation and increase strength if necessary.

SAFETY FACTOR

The only confirmed side effect in humans is skin rash in sensitive individuals.

The chemical asiaticoside that helps against leprosy also appears to be weakly carcinogenic. A concentrated solution of the isolated chemical was applied to the skin of mice twice a week for 18 months (a long time in mouse terms), and 2.5% developed skin tumors. The risk to humans, if any, from occasional use of weaker, smaller doses of the whole herb remains unclear but appears minimal. Nonetheless, those with a history of cancer might reasonably decide not to use it. When in doubt, consult your physician.

Other Cautions
The FDA considers gotu kola an herb of “undefined safety.” For otherwise healthy non-pregnant, non-nursing adults who have no history of cancer and are not taking other tranquilizers or sedatives, gotu kola is considered relatively safe in amounts typically recommended.

Gotu kola should only be used in medicinal amounts only in consultation with a physician. If gotu kola causes minor discomtorts, such as a rash or headache, use less or stop using it. Let your doctor know if you experience unpleasant effects or if the symptoms for which the herb is being used do not improve significantly in two weeks.

Ref.: Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman, 1991

GINSENG - Asia's Ultimate Tonic

2008-12-21T20:46:00.004+08:00

Family: Araliaceae; other members include ivy
Genus and species: Panax ginseng (Chinese/Korean/Japanese); Panax quinquefolius (American); Eleutherococcus senticosus (Siberian) Also known as: Man root, life root, root of immortality, Tartar root, heal-all, ‘seng, ‘sang
Parts used: Roots

Ginseng is as fascinating as it is controversial. The root of an unassuming ivylike groundcover, it has been the subject of more than 1,200 books and scientific papers, yet its effect are still hotly debated.

HEALING with Ginseng
Ginseng owes its healing value to several chemicals called ginsenosides. They are not fully understood, and their effects can be downright confusing. For example, some ginsenosides stimulate the CNS; others depress it. Some raise the blood pressure; others reduce it. These observations need to be clarified with additional research. But researchers have learned a great deal about this herb and its many effects.
1. Resistance to Disease. Some advocates of ginseng call the herb an adaptogen, a technical term for what traditional herbalists call a tonic. Chief among ginseng’s adaptogen
- Counteracts fatigue without caffeine and improves physical stamina.
- Counteracts the damage caused by physical and emotional stress.
- Prevents the depletion of stress-fighting hormones in the adrenal gland.
- Enhances memory.
2. Immune Stimulant. Ginseng appears to stimulate the immune system of both animals and humans. It revs up WBC’s that devour disease-causing microorganisms. Ginseng also spurs production of interferon, the body’s own virus-fighting chemical, and antibodies, which fight bacterial and viral infections.
3. High Cholesterol. Ginseng reduces cholesterol. It also increases good cholesterol (HDLs). As good cholesterol increases, heart attack risk drops.
4. Heart Attack. If the arteries that supply blood to the heart have been narrowed by cholesterol deposits (atherosclerotic plaques) and blood clots form in them, the result is a heart attack. Ginseng has an anti-clotting (anti-platelet) effect which reduces the risk of these clots – and heart attacks.
5. Diabetes. Ginseng protects the liver from the harmful effects of drugs, alcohol, and other toxic substances.
6. Radiation Therapy. Ginseng can minimize cell damage from radiation. Ginseng can provide the best protection against damage to healthy cells, suggesting value during cancer radiation therapy.
7. Cancer. Chinese researchers claim to have extended the lives of stomach cancer sufferers by as many as four years using ginseng. Soviet scientists say the herb shrinks some animal tumors.
8. Loss of Appetite. Asians have always considered ginseng particularly beneficial for the elderly. As people age, the senses of taste and smell deteriorate, which reduces appetite. As a result, some older people suffer undernourishment, which reduces their energy and alertness and increases their risk of illness.
9. Intriguing Possibilities. Several studies have investigated the Chinese belief that ginseng is a mild sex stimulant. None involved humans, and one must be extremely careful about applying animal sex research to people. In animals, instinct controls sex. In humans, more complex social and psychological factors govern it. But, for what it’s worth, Russian studies suggest ginseng treatment increase the sperm quality in bull semen.

Rx for Ginseng
Even if you start with real ginseng, it may not work because it may not be mature. Ginseng roots should not be harvested until they are six years old, but sometimes younger roots are mixed in to stretch the amount, a form of adulteration which may render the herb useless.

Finally, processing can also decrease ginseng quality.

Researchers urge consumers to take “great care in selecting ginseng products,” But how? Unfortunately, the only way to be absolutely certain of ginseng purity and age is to grow it yourself, which is much easier said than done. If you buy ginseng, read labels carefully. Look for products identified by species made with whole, unprocessed, six-year old roots.

Ginseng tastes sweetish and slightly aromatic. To take advantage of ginseng’s many healing benefits, use root powder, teas, capsules, all of which are available at health food stores and through herb outlets. Recommendations range from the equivalent of about ½ to 1 teaspoon per day. Sources say ginseng may be used daily. Others suggest daily use for a month, followed by a two-month layoff.

You can also make a decoction from dried, pulverized root material. Use ½ teaspoon per cup of water. Bring to a boil. Simmer 10 minutes. Drink up to 2 cups a day.

SAFETY FACTOR
With controversial herbs, critics often blow any side effects out of proportion, prompting outraged proponents to counter that herb is “completely safe.” Ginseng side effects are no cause for alarm, but no drug, herbal or otherwise, should be considered completely safe.

Problems with ginseng are rare, but the medical journals contain a few dozen reports. Ginseng may cause insomnia, breast soreness, allergy symptoms, asthma attacks, increased blood pressure, and disturbances in heart rhythm (cardiac dysrhythmias). People with insomnia, hay fever, and fibrocystic breasts should use it only with caution. Anyone with fever, asthma, emphysema, high blood pressure, or cardiac arrhythmia should not use it.

In addition, ginseng’s anti-clotting action should place it off-limits for those with clotting problems.
In Asia, ginseng is considered an herb for the elderly. It should not be given to children. Asian studies show ginseng causes no birth defects in the offspring of rats, rabbits, and lambs, but pregnant women should err on the side of caution and not use it.

Other Cautions
The FDA includes ginseng in its list of herbs generally regarded as safe. For otherwise healthy non-pregnant, non-nursing adults who do not have insomnia, hay fever, fibrocystic breasts, fever, asthma, emphysema, high blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia, or clotting problems, ginseng is considered relatively safe in amounts typically recommended.

Ginseng should be used in medicinal amounts only in consultation with your doctor. If ginseng causes minor discomforts, such as allergy symptoms or insomnia, use less or stop using it. Let your doctor know if you experience unpleasant effects or if the symptoms for which the herb is being used do not improve significantly in two weeks.

Ref.: Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman, 1991

GINKGO BILOBA – What’s Old is New

2008-12-20T07:20:00.001+08:00

Family: Ginkogoaceae; there are no other members
Genus and species: Ginkgo biloba
Also known as: Maidenhair tree
Parts used: Leaves

Ginkgo is the oldest surviving tree on earth. As a healing herb, it can help the oldest surviving people. Ginkgo may prevent and help treat many conditions associated with aging: stroke, heart disease, impotence, deafness, blindness, and memory loss.

HEALING with Ginkgo
Medical excitement over ginkgo comes principally from the herb’s ability to interfere with the action of a substance the body produces called platelet activation factor (PAF). It is involved in an enormous number of biological processes: asthma attacks, organ graft rejection, arterial blood flow, and the internal blood clots involved in heart attacks and some strokes. By inhibiting PAF, ginkgo has been shown to have enormous healing potential, particularly in conditions associated with aging.
1. Stroke. As people grow older, blood flow to the brain can decrease. That means less food and oxygen for brain cells. If blood flow becomes blocked, the result is a stroke.
2. Memory and Reaction Time. As blood flow to the brain improves, so do memory and mental functioning.
3. Heart Attack. It also improves blood flow to the heart muscle itself. And it may help prevent heart attacks by reducing the risk of internal blood clots that trigger them.
4. Intermittent Claudication. When cholesterol deposits narrow the arteries in the legs, the result is intermittent claudication – pain, cramping, and weakness, particularly in the calves. Ginkgo may improve blood flow through the legs.
5. Impotence. Ginkgo helps relieve impotence caused by narrowing of the arteries that supply to the penis.
6. Macular Degeneration. This is deterioration of the retina, the nerve-rich area in the eye necessary for sight. It is a leading cause of adult blindness. It can show significant improvement in the vision of people suffering from this disease. 7. Cochlear Deafness. This form of hearing disorder results from decreased blood flow to the nerves involved in hearing. It can show significant recovery, distinct improvement by using ginkgo.
8. Chronic Ringing in the Ears (Tinnitus). This is conclusively effective and improvement will be manifested in patients using this herb.
9. Chronic Dizziness (Vertigo). Vertigo will no longer be felt if ginkgo is taken.
10. Asthma. PAF causes the kind of bronchial constriction typical in asthma. Ginkgo interferes with PAF and helps prevent bronchial constriction, lending credence to the traditional Chinese use of ginkgo treating asthma and other respiratory complaints.
11. Intriguing Possibilities. Preliminary reports suggest ginkgo may help prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. It may also be effective against allergies,, high blood pressure, kidney problems and Alzheimer’s disease.

Rx for Ginkgo
Ginkgo is not generally available as a bulk herb, however many herb companies offer commercial preparations. Follow package instructions. Taste is not an issue because most preparations are pills.

Even if you have your own ginkgo tree, you can’t just brew up some tea and expect to take advantage of the herb’s healing benefits. It takes a lot of ginkgo leaves to make medicine. This is one instance in which commercial preparations are preferable.

SAFETY FACTOR
Platelet activation factor plays a key role in blood clotting. Ginkgo’s PAF-inhibiting action may cause problems for those with clotting disorders.

Some people who take extremely large amounts of the herb have reported irritability, restlessness, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. Recommended amounts are considered non-toxic.
For otherwise healthy non-pregnant, non-nursing adults who do not have clotting disorders, ginkgo is considered safe in amounts typically recommended.

Ginkgo should not be given to children under age 2, and except for prevention of asthma, there is no reason to give it to older children.

Ginkgo should be used in medicinal amounts only in consultation with your doctor. If ginkgo causes minor discomforts, such as nausea or diarrhea, use less or stop using it. Let your doctor know if you experience unpleasant symptoms or if the symptoms for which the herb is being used do not improve in two weeks.

Ref.: Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman, 1991

EUCALYPTUS – The Australian Flu Remedy

2008-12-19T05:49:00.001+08:00

Family: Myrtaceae; other members include myrtle
Genus and species: eucalyptus globulus
Also known as: Gum tree, blue gum, Australian fever tree Parts used: Leaf oil

HEALING with Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus leaf oil contains chemical (eucalyptol) that gives the herb its pleasant aroma and healing value.
1. Colds and Flu. Eucalyptus loosesn phlegm in the chest, making it easier to cough up. That’s why so many cough lozenges are flavored with it.
2. Wound Treatment. The anti-bacterial action of eucalyptol also makes it an effective treatment for minor cuts and scrapes.
3. Cockroach Repellent. Eucalyptol repels cockroaches.

Rx for Eucalyptus
For an inhalant, boil a handful of leaves or a few drops of essential oil water.

Rub a drop or two of eucalyptus oil into minor cuts and scrapes after they have been thoroughly washed with soap and water.
For an herbal bath, wrap a handful of leaves in a cloth and run bathwater over it.

For a cool, spicy refreshing infusion to treat colds and flu, use 1 to 2 teaspoons of dried, crushed leaves per cup of boiling water. Steep 10 minutes. Drink up to 2 cups a day. Is you use essential oil to make an infusion, do not use more than one or two drops.

Do not give eucalyptus to children under age 2. For older children and people over 65, start with low strength preparations and increase strength if necessary.

SAFETY FACTOR
Used externally, eucalyptus oil is considered non-irritating but sensitive individuals may develop a rash.

When taken internally, eucalyptus oil is highly poisonous. Fatalities have been reported from ingestion of as little as a teaspoon.

The FDA has approved eucalyptus oil for use in food and drugs. Anyone may use eucalyptus preparations externally although infants and children may rebel against the pungent aroma. If you develop a rash, stop using it. For otherwise healthy non-pregnant, non-nursing adults, eucalyptus is considered relatively safe for cautious internal use in the very small amount typically recommended.

Eucalyptus should be used in medicinal amounts only in consultation with your doctor. If eucalyptus causes minor discomforts, such as stomach upset or diarrhea, use less or stop using it. Let your doctor know if you experience unpleasant effects or if the symptoms for which the herb is being used do not improve significantly in two weeks.

Ref.: Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman, 1991

ECHINACEA – Antibiotic and Immune System Stimulant

2008-12-18T17:10:00.010+08:00

Family: Compositae; other members include daisy, dandelion, marigold

Genus and species: Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea
Also known as: Purple coneflower
Parts used: Roots

Echinacea is the best-kept secret among native American healing herbs. Few other plants are so potentially beneficial as immune-boosting infection fighters.

HEALING with Echinacea
1. Infection Fighter. Echinacea kills a broad range of disease-causing viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa, which tends to support its traditional uses in would healing and treatment of many infectious diseases. German researchers report success using Echinacea to treat colds, flu, tonsillitis, bronchitis, tuberculosis, meningitis, wounds, abscesses, psoriasis, whooping cough (pertussis), and ear infections. The herb fights infection in several ways. It contains a natural antibiotic (echinocoside), which is comparable to penicillin in that it has broad-spectrum activity.
Echinacea strengthens tissues against assault by invading microorganisms. Tissues contain chemical that in part acts as a shield against germ attack. Many germs produce an enzyme (hyaluronidase) that dissolves this chemical shield, allowing them out of the body’s tissues.
2. Immune System. Echinacea may also prevent infection by revving up the immune system. When disease-causing microorganisms attack, cells secrete chemicals that attract infection-fighting white blood cells (macrophages) to the area. The macrophages (literally “big eaters”) engulf and digest the invaders.
3. Colds and Flu. In addition, Echinacea may behave like the body’s own virus-fighting chemical, interferon. Before a virus-infected cell dies, it releases a tiny amount of interferon, which boosts the ability of surrounding cells to resist infection. Echinacea may do essentially the same thing.
4. Yeast Infection. Tests of Echinacea in people have produced dramatically positive results.
5. Radiation Therapy. Cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy typically suffer reduced white blood cell counts, increasing their risk of infection. Echinacea may help preserve WBC and thus protect radiation patients from infection. If you’re in radiation therapy, use Echinacea only in consultation with your physician.
6. Wound Healing. Science has confirmed echinacea’s traditional use in wound treatment. The same chemical (echinacein) that prevents germs from penetrating tissues also spurs broken skin to knit faster by spurring cells that form new tissue (fibroblasts) to work more efficiently. Echinacea preparations can be applied to cuts, burns, psoriasis, eczema, genital herpes, and cold sores.
7. Arthritis. The same chemical (HA) that helps shield tissues against germs also lubricates the joints. Joint inflammation (arthritis) breaks down HA, but echinacea’s HA-protective action may have an anti-inflammatory effect, thus lending credence to the herb’s traditional use in treating arthritis.
8. Intriguing Possibility. Echinacea shows promising anti-cancer activity against leukemia and a few animal tumors.

Rx for Echinacea
Use either a tincture or decoction to take advantage of echinacea’s infection-fighting potential or as a possible treatment for arthritis. To make a decoction, bring 2 teaspoons of root material per cup of water to a boil, and then simmer 15 minutes. Drink up to 3 cups a day. You’ll find the taste initially sweet, then bitter.

In a tincture, take 1 teaspoon up to three times a day.

If you’re using a commercial preparation, follow package directions.

Echinacea should not be given to children under age 2. For older children and people over 65, start with a low-strength preparation and increase strength if necessary.

SAFETY FACTOR
Echinacea often causes a tingling sensation on the tongue. This is normal and not harmful. The medical literature contains no reports of Echinacea toxicity.

However, there have been a few reports of bulk Echinacea root being adulterated by other herbs. Any adulteration would reduce the herb’s effectiveness, and depending on the adulterant, might cause adverse reactions.

Fortunately, many U.S. herb companies market prepackaged Echinacea preparations under FDA purity regulations. These may be used with confidence.

The FDA lists Echinacea as an herb of “undefined safety,” but available evidence suggests it’s safe. For otherwise healthy non-pregnant, non-nursing adults, Echinacea is considered safe in amounts typically recommended.

Echinacea should be used only in consultation with your doctor. If Echinacea causes minor discomforts, such as stomach upset or diarrhea, use less or stop using it. Let your doctor know if you experience any unpleasant effects or if the symptoms for which the herb is being used do not improve significantly in two weeks.

Ref.: Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman, 1991

COFFEE - Beyond the Boost

2008-12-17T06:17:00.000+08:00

Family: Rubiaceae; other members include gardenia, ipecac, cinchona
Genus and Species: Coffee Arabica, C. liberica, C. robusta
Also known as: Arabica, mocha, java, espresso, cappuccino, latté
Parts used: Roasted, ground seeds (“beans”)

HEALING with Coffee
Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee (and cocoa, tea, mate, and cola drinks) is also an ingredient in many cold, flu, sleep prevention, and menstrual remedies – uses that are direct outgrowths of its role in traditional herbal healing.

Coffee’s caffeine content depends on how it’s prepared. A cup of instant contains about 65mg. Drip or percolated coffee has 100 to 150 mg. A cup of espresso contains 350mg.

Caffeine is such an integral part of our culture; we seldom realize how much of a drug it is. The fact, is caffeine is classically addictive. Regular users develop tolerance and require more to obtain the expected effect. Deprived of caffeine, regular users usually develop withdrawal symptoms, primarily headaches.

The media regularly report health problems linked to coffee, but they never discuss its many possible healing benefits.
1. Pick Me Up. No doubt about it: coffee is a powerful CNS stimulant. For those who drive long distances, it helps prevent dozing at the wheel. And it counteracts the sedative effects of antihistamines, which is one reason it’s included in many cold remedies. It does not, however, help people sober up after overindulging in alcohol.
2. Increase Stamina. Attention, athletes: Coffee may improve physical stamina, according to a report in The Physician and Sportsmedicine. The International Olympic Committee forbids the use of more than seven cups within 3 hours before Olympic events.
3. Asthma. A few studies show coffee helps prevent asthma attacks. The caffeine opens the bronchial passages in the lungs, thus supporting one of the herb’s traditional uses.
4. Weight Loss. Coffee may help some people lose weight. It may boost the number of calories you burn per hour – your metabolic rate – by about 4 percent. In people with weight problems, that translates to a significant increase in calories burned after a meal, according to one study.
5. Jet Lag. Jet lag is the disorientation, insomnia, and fatigue that develop after flying across time zones. Coffee may help shift the body’s natural time cycle (circadian rhythm) after abrupt time-zone changes. Some jet-lag authorities recommend drinking coffee in the morning when traveling west and in the late afternoon when traveling east.

Rx for Coffee
Coffee has a wonderful, pleasantly bitter taste. Americans have more than proven that that’s sufficient incentive to drink it regularly. You might also enjoy coffee as a pick-me-up for its stimulating effects, to possibly help increase stamina, prevent asthma attacks and jet lag, or with meals as a possible weight-loss aid.

For an infusion (otherwise known as a cup of java), use 1 heaping tablespoon of ground beans per cup of water. Brew it using your favorite method – or buy instant and follow directions on the label. Drink up to 3 cups a day.
Coffee-flavored food items (yogurt, ice cream, etc.) also contain caffeine. If you use them, adjust your coffee consumption downward.

Coffee should not be given to children under age 2. For older children and people over 65, start with a low strength brews and increase strength if necessary.

SAFETY FACTOR
Coffee may increase anxiety, blood pressure, cholesterol, heart and respiratory rate, and secretion of stomach acid. It may cause insomnia, irritability, and nervousness. Caffeine has also been implicated in cancer, heart disease, anxiety neuroses, and brith defects. One recent report noted: “If caffeine were a newly synthesized drug, its manufacturer would almost certainly have great difficulty getting it licensed under current (FDA) regulations. If it were licensed, it would almost certainly be available only by prescription.

Ref: Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman, 1991

COCOA (CHOCOLATE) – Yes! It’s Good For You

2008-12-16T05:15:00.005+08:00

Family: Sterculiaceae; other members include kola
Genus and species: Theobroma cacao
Also known as: Chocolate, cacao
Parts used: Seed (often called bean)

Just a few years ago a burst of publicity surrounded a report suggesting that eating chocolate causes the release of brain chemicals responsible for the feeling of being in love. Researchers theorized this is why the broken-hearted sometimes seek solace in a box of chocolates.

Though this research is yet to be confirmed, there is still reason for chocoholics to rejoice! Your favorite vice may be just what the doctor ordered. Cocoa and its derivative, chocolate, may aid digestion, boost blood flow to the heart, and help anyone with chest congestion breathe easier. Unwrap a chocolate kiss and read on.
Devil’s Food

Chocolate cake is called “devil’s food.” And no wonder. The product of this herb has long been vilified as a cause of obesity, acne, heart disease, kidney stones, tooth decay, headaches, heartburn, and infant colic. Much of this reputation is undeserved.

Chocolate’s fat content may contribute to obesity and heart disease, but the chocolate used in confections is rarely as much of a problem as their high-fat, high-cholesterol butter and cream. Cocoa and chocolate contain no cholesterol (except milk chocolate, whose dairy ingredients contain a small amount). However, they are high in saturated fat, the kind of fat that can raise cholesterol levels and contributes to heart disease. But a good deal of cocoa’s saturated fat is in the form of stearic acid, which does not raise cholesterol. For the record, here’s how the various kinds of chocolate stack up.

TYPE----CALORIES (1oz.)-----CALORIES from FAT (%)
Cocoa--------75------------------- 65
Bittersweet--135------------------ 75
Baker’s------143------------------ 93
Milk ---------147------------------ 56

BAD RUMORS
Chocolate’s contribution to tooth decay has been blown out of proportion. Some research even suggests that cocoa contains substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause tooth decay. Again the problem with chocolate candy is not its cocoa content but rather the other sugary, gooey ingredients.
There is no evidence that chocolate causes acne, kidney stones, or infant colic. However, chocolate does contain chemicals (tyramines) that trigger headaches in some people, particularly those prone to migraines.

HEALING with Cocoa
Cocoa contains two chemicals that account for its users in herbal healing – caffeine and theobromine.
1. Pick Me-up. Cocoa has only 10 to 20% of coffee’s caffeine content – about 13mg per cup compared with instant coffee’s 65mg and drip coffee’s 100 to 150 mg. As a result, cocoa and chocolate may relieve drowsiness and provide mild stimulation without causing as much jitterness, insomnia, and irritability as coffee. Try some when you feel lethargic – purely as herbal medicine, of course.
2. Digestive Aid. The theobromine in cocoa relaxes the smooth muscle lining of the digestive tract, which may be why many people have room for chocolate after a heavy meal. Try some to soothe your stomach after meals.
3. Asthma. Theobromine and caffeine are close chemical relatives of a standard treatment for asthma (theophylline), which opens the bronchial passages of the lungs. Theobromine and caffeine have similar effects. Even if you don’t have asthma, try cocoa or chocolate for the chest congestion of colds and flu.

Rx for Cocoa
Kiss guilt good-bye. Now there are some genuine, good-for-you reasons to brew yourself a heavenly cup of cocoa. Try it as a pick-me-up or digestive aid. Anyone with asthma should be under a doctor’s care, but there’s no harm in a cup of cocoa for possible relief.

To make a cocoa use 1 to 2 heaping teaspoons per cup of hot water or low-fat or skim milk.

Some children and adults are extra sensitive to the stimulants in cocoa and chocolate. If insomnia, irritability, or hyperactivity becomes a problem, reduce consumption.

SAFETY FACTOR
The real safety issues have to do with this herb’s caffeine content. Caffeine is a powerfully stimulating, classically addictive drug. It is associated with insomnia, irritability, and anxiety attacks; increased blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar (glucose) levels; and increased risk of birth defects.

Cocoa and chocolate contain only 10to 20% as much caffeine as coffee but large amount can produce classic caffeine effects. Anyone with insomnia, anxiety problems high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes or heart diseases should limit caffeine consumption.

Ref: Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman, 1991

CLOVE – Your Dentist Loves It

2008-12-15T08:00:00.004+08:00

Family: Myrtaceae; other members include myrtle, eucalyptus
Genus and species: Eugenia caryophyllata or Syzgium aromaticum
Also known as: Clavos, caryophillus
Parts used: Dried, powdered flower buds

Step into any spice shop, take a deep breath, and enjoy the rich, warm aroma that fills the air. Chances are the dominant fragrance is clove, one of the world’s most aromatic healing herbs.

Step into your dentist’s supply room, though, and things smell quite different. But chances are clove oil is one of the items on the shelf. It’s a dental anesthetic – and more.

HEALING with Clove
Clove oil, like allspice is 60 to 90 percent eugenol, which is the source of its anesthetic and antiseptic properties.
1. Toothache, Oral Hygiene. Dentists use clove oil as an oral anesthetic. They also use it to disinfect root canals. Clove oil is the active ingredient in Lavoris mouthwash and a number of over-the-counter toothache pain-relief preparations, including Benzodent and Numzident.
2. Digestive Aid. Like many culinary spices, clove may help relax the smooth muscle lining of the digestive tract, supporting its age-old as a digestive aid.
3. Infection Fighter. Clove kills intestinal parasites and “exhibits broad antimicrobial properties against fungi and bacteria,” according to one of the many reports supporting its traditional use as a treatment for diarrhea, intestinal worms, and other digestive ailments.

Rx for Clove
For temporary relief of toothache prior to professional care, dip a cotton swab in clove oil and apply it to the affected tooth and surrounding gum.

For a warm, pleasant-tasting infusion, use 1 teaspoon of powdered herb per cup of boiling water. Steep 10-20 minutes. Drink up to 3 cups a day.

Medicinal amounts of clove should not be given to children under age 2. For older children and people over 65, start with low-strength preparations and increase strength if necessary.

SAFETY FACTOR
Japanese researchers have discovered that like many spices, clove contains antioxidants. Antioxidants help prevent the cell damage that scientists believe eventually causes cancer.

On the other hand, the laboratory tests, the chemical eugenol, has been found to be weak tumor promoter, making clove one of many healing herbs with both pro- and anti-cancer effects. At this point, scientists aren’t sure which way the balance tilts. Until they are, anyone with a history of cancer should not use medicinal amounts of clove.

For otherwise healthy non-pregnant, non-nursing adults, powdered clove is considered nontoxic. However, high doses of its oil may cause stomach upset when ingested and rash when used externally.

Clove or clove oil should be used in medicinal amounts only in consultation with your doctor. If clove oil causes minor discomforts, such as stomach upset or diarrhea, use less or stop using it. Let your doctor know if you experience any unpleasant effects or if the symptoms for which the herb is being used do not improve significantly in two weeks.

Some smokers switch to clove cigarettes, believing they’re safer than tobacco. They aren’t. Most clove cigarettes are 50 to 60 percent tobacco. And when clove burns, it releases many carcinogens.

Ref: Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman, 1991

CINNAMON – Spice with a Punch

2008-12-14T08:00:00.003+08:00

Family: Lauraceae; other members include bay, avocado, nutmeg, sassafras
Genus and species: Cinnamomum zeylanicum, C. cassia, C. saigonicum
Also known as: Cassia, Ceylon cinnamon, Saigon cinnamon
Parts used: Dried inner bark

We sprinkle it on toast, add it to cookie batter, stir it into hot apple cider, and find it in toothpastes and candies. But cinnamon is more than a sweet treat. It’s one of the world’s oldest healers. And modern science has confirmed its value for prevention of infection and indigestion.

HEALING with Cinnamon
Of course, cinnamon delights the taste buds. But it benefits other parts of the body as well.

1. Infection Prevention. A sound scientific reason for “flavoring” toothpastes and mouthwash with cinnamon does exist. Like many culinary spices, it’s a powerful antiseptic. It kills many decay-and disease-causing bacteria, fungi and viruses. Try sprinkling some on minor cuts and scrapes after they’ve been thoroughly washed. Perhaps toilet paper should be impregnated with cinnamon. One German study showed it “suppresses completely” the cause of most urinary tract infections (E. coli bacteria) and the fungus (Candida albicans) responsible for vaginal yeast infection.
2. Pain Relief. There’s another reason to dust a bit of cinnamon on cuts and scrapes – it contains the natural anesthetic oil eugenol, which might help relieve the pain of household mishaps.
3. Digestive Aid. Cinnamon does more than add flavor to cakes, cookies, ice creams and other high-fat desserts. Once you’ve consumed these delicacies, the herb helps break down fats in your digestive system, possibly boosting the activity of some digestive enzymes.
4. Women’s Health. Despite some modern herbalists’ contention that cinnamon helps calm the uterus, the weight of historical evidence suggests the opposite. Pregnant women should limit their use to culinary amounts. Other women might try it to bring on menstruation or after delivery.
5. Intriguing Possibility. Japanese researchers report that cinnamon helps reduce blood pressure. If yours is high, it won’t hurt to use more.

Rx for Cinnamon
For a warm, sweet, spicy infusion, use ½ to ¾ teaspoon of powdered herb per cup of boiling water. Drink up to 3 cups a day.

Cinnamon infusions should not be given to children under age 2. For older children and people over 65, start with a low strength preparations and increase strength if necessary.

To treat minor cuts and scrapes, wash the affected area thoroughly, then sprinkle on a little powdered cinnamon.

SAFETY FACTOR
In powdered form, culinary amounts of cinnamon are non-toxic, though allergic reactions are possible.

Cinnamon oil is a different story. On the skin, it may cause redness and burning. Used internally, it can cause nausea, vomiting, and possibly even kidney damage. Don’t ingest cinnamon oil.

Cinnamon is on the FDA’s of herbs generally regarded as safe. For otherwise healthy non-pregnant, non-nursing adults, cinnamon is considered safe in amount typically recommended.

Cinnamon should be used in medicinal amounts only in consultation with your doctor. If cinnamon causes minor discomforts, such as stomach upset or diarrhea, use less or stop using it. Let your doctor know if you experience any unpleasant effects or if the symptoms for which the herb is being used do not improve significantly in two weeks.

Ref.: Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman, 1991.

CHAMOMILE - Pretty Flowers, Potent Medicine

2008-12-13T06:00:00.001+08:00

Family: Compositae; other members include daisy, dandelion, marigold
Genus and species: Matricaria chamomilla (German or Hungarian); Anthemis nobilis (Roman or English)
Also known as: Camomile, matricaria, anthemis, ground apple
Parts used: Flowers

HEALING with Chamomile
In Germany, where herbal healing is more mainstream than it is in the US, one pharmaceutical company markets a popular chamomile product called Kamillosan, which Germans use externally to treat wounds and inflammations, and internally for indigestion and ulcers. Chamomile is so popular in Germany that many there call the herb alles zutraut – “capable of anything”.
1. Digestive Aid. Dozens of studies have supported chamomiles traditional use as a digestive aid. Several chemicals (primarily bisabolol) in chamomile oil appear to have relaxing action on the smooth muscle lining of the digestive tract (making it an antispasmodic). In fact, one study shows chamomile relaxes the digestive tract as well as the opium-based drug papaverine.
2. Ulcers. Chamomile also may help prevent stomach ulcers and speed their healing. In one experiment, two groups of animals were fed a chemical known to cause ulcers. Those also given chamomile developed significantly fewer. Then the animals that developed ulcers were divided into two groups. Those fed chamomile recovered more quickly.
3. Women’s Health. Antispasmodics relax not only the digestive tract but other smooth muscles, such as the uterus, as well. It’s antispasmodic properties supports its age-old use to soothe menstrual cramps and to lessen the possibility of premature labor. Oddly enough, it was also used to stimulate menstruation. Women should feel free to try chamomile both to soothe menstrual cramps and to promote the onset of menstruation, but pregnant women should steer clear of medicinal amounts.
4. Tranquilizer. Chamomile’s long history as a tranquilizer also has a scientific basis according to researchers who showed that the herb depresses the central nervous system. Try an infusion when you feel anxious, or add a handful of chamomile flowers to a hot bath.
5. Arthritis. In animal studies, the herb successfully relieves arthritic joint inflammation. Animal findings don’t necessarily apply to people, but chamomile has been used traditionally to treat arthritis. Try it and see if it works for you.
6. Infection Prevention. The Eclectic physicians of America were on the right track using chamomile compresses to prevent infections. Some studies show chamomile oil applied to the skin reduces the time it takes burns to heal. Other studies show the herb kills the yeast fungi that cause vaginal infections, as well as certain bacteria (Staphylococcus). Chamomile also impairs the replication of polio virus. For cuts, scrapes, or burns, brew a strong infusion, cool it, and apply in compresses.
7. Immune Stimulant. No one knew why chamomile prevented infections until British researchers discovered that the herb stimulated the immune system’s infection-fighting white blood cells (macrophages and B-lymphocytes). Drink some when you have a cold or flu. It does no harm, and it just might help.

Rx for Chamomile
Use an infusion or tincture to take advantage of chamomile’s many proven healing benefits.

For a pleasant, refreshing infusion, use 2 to 3 heaping teaspoons of flowers per cup of boiling water. Steep 10 to 20 minutes. Drink up to 3 cups a day.

In a tincture, use ½ to 1 teaspoon up to three times a day.
When using commercial preparations, follow package directions.

Weak infusions of chamomile may be given cautiously to children under 2 for colic. For older children and people over 65, start with low-strength preparations and increase strength if necessary.

For a relaxing herbal bath, tie a handful of chamomile flowers into a cloth and run your bathwater over it.

For cuts and scrapes or burns, brew a strong infusion. Soak a clean cloth in the liquid and apply it as a compress.

SAFETY FACTOR
Chamomile tea might cause a potentially fatal allergic reaction – anaphylactic shock – in people allergic to ragweed. High conservatives immediately urged the millions of people with ragweed allergy to shun chamomile. Outraged herb advocates insisted chamomile was vilified unfairly.

In a research, chamomile poses no health hazard. The only people who should think twice about using this herb (and its close relative, yarrow) are those who have suffered anaphylactic reactions from ragweed.

That doesn’t mean to say that reactions are impossible. Large amounts of highly concentrated preparations have caused some nausea and vomiting.

Chamomile is on the FDA’s list of herbs generally regarded as safe. For otherwise healthy non-pregnant, non-nursing adults, chamomile is safe in amounts typically recommended.

It should be used in medicinal amounts only in consultation with your doctor. If it causes minor discomforts such as nausea or vomiting, use less or stop using it. Let your doctor know if you experience any unpleasant effects or if the symptoms for which the herb is being used do not improve significantly in two weeks.

Ref: Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman, 1991.

CASCARA SAGRADA - World's Popular Laxative

2008-12-12T05:00:00.000+08:00

Family: Rhamnaceae; other members include buckthorn
Genus and species: Rhamnus purshiana
Also known as: Cascara, sacred bark, chittem bark
Parts used: Dried, aged bark

The 16th century Spanish explorers who first visited northern California had a problem – constipation. The local Indians had the solution – a tea made from a healing herb they held sacred. The herb worked, and the Spanish named it cascara sagrada, “sacred bark”. It has been the answer to millions of prayers ever since.

HEALING with Cascara Sagrada
Modern herbals recommend cascara sagrada for constipation and endorse the Eclectic physicians’ assertion that it “restores bowel tone.”
1. Constipation. Cascara sagrada is an ingredient in dozens of over-the-counter laxatives, among them Comfolax Plus and Nature’s Remedy. In addition, physicians write more than 2.5 million prescriptions a year for products that contain cascara sagrada.
It contains chemical (anthraquinones) that stimulate the intestinal contractions we know as “the urge.” And the Spanish were right in believing the cascara is milder than the other anthraquinone laxatives, which include aloe, buckthorn, rhubarb, and senna. It is less likely to cause nausea, vomiting, and intestinal cramps. But these reactions are possible, if they occur, use less or stop using it.
2. Intriguing Possibility. Harry Hoxsey may have been on the right track. The herb contains aloe-emodin, which has been shown to have anti-leukemia action in laboratory animals, supporting its use a cancer treatment. Unfortunately, aloe-emodin is also quite toxic, and scientists say more research is needed before it can be used to treat leukemia.

Rx for Cascara sagrada
To benefit from the laxative action of cascara, use either a decoction or a tincture.

For a decoction, boil 1 teaspoon of well-dried bark in 3 cups of water for 30 minutes. Drink at room temperature, 1 to 2 cups a day before bed.

The taste is quite bitter. You may find that a tincture is more palatable. In a tincture, take ½ teaspoon at bedtime. When using commercial preparations, follow package directions.
Do not give cascara to children under age 2. For older children and people over 65 years, start with low-strength preparations and increase strength if necessary.

SAFETY FACTOR
Anthraquinone laxatives are considered a last resort for constipation. First, eat a diet higher in fiber, drink more fluids, and exercise more. If that doesn’t work, try a bulk-forming laxative, such as psyllium, and if that doesn’t provide relief, try cascara sagrada.

It should never be use for more than two weeks. Over time, causes lazy bowel syndrome, an inability to move stool without chemical stimulation. If constipation, persists, consult a physician.

Cascara bark must be stored for at least a year before use. The fresh herb contains chemicals that can cause violent catharsis and severe intestinal cramps. Drying changes these chemicals and gives the herb milder action. Fresh bark may also be artificially dried by baking at 250°F for several hours.

It should not be used by anyone with ulcers, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, hemorrhoids, or other gastrointestinal conditions.

Pregnant women should not use cascara sagrada.

For otherwise healthy non-pregnant, non-nursing adults who do not have digestive disorders and are not taking other laxatives, cascara sagrada is considered relatively safe when used cautiously in amounts typically recommended.

If cascara sagrada causes minor discomforts such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or intestinal cramps, use less or stop using it. Let your doctor know if you experience any unpleasant effects or if constipation does not improve in a few days.

Ref: Healing Hebs, by Michael Castleman, 1991.

BLUE COHOSH - Herbal Labor Inducer

2008-12-11T05:00:00.000+08:00

Family: Berberidaceae; other members include may apple, mandrake, barberry
Genus and species: Caullophyllum thalictroides
Also known as: Papoose root, blue berry
Parts used: Root

The Indians called blue cohosh papoose root, believing it triggered labor and hastened childbirth. They were right. Science shows that an active substance found in blue cohosh can induce labor. This substance is so powerful, in fact, that the herb should be used only under medical supervision.

Blue cohosh is not related to black cohosh – they belong to different botanical families. But the Indians used both as gynecological herbs and called them both cohosh, Algonquian, for “rough”, because they both have gnarled roots. The “blue” refers to this herb’s bluish stem and dark blue berries.

HEALING with Blue Cohosh
Blue cohosh’s traditional uses in gynecology appear to stand up to scientific scrutiny.
1. Labor Inducer. Researchers have discovered a chemical (caulosaponin) in blue cohosh that provokes strong uterine contractions, thus supporting its primary Indian use. Should be used under strict medical supervision. If you’d like to use it at term, discuss your desire with your obstetrician and/or midwife and use it only with your doctor’s consent and supervision.
2. Menstruation Promotion. As a powerful uterine stimulant, blue cohosh could certainly trigger menstruation. But women should not use it for this purpose. It’s too powerful, and its side effects are potentially too serious.
3. Intriguing Possibilities. Researchers in India have discovered tantalizing evidence that the American Indians may have been on the right track in using blue cohosh as a contraceptive. In animals, the herb inhibits ovulation, according to a report. European researchers have identified some antibiotic and immune-stimulating properties in blue cohosh, possibly explaining its use by Eclectic physicians for bladder and kidney infections. Finally, it also has an anti-inflammatory activity, lending credence to its traditional use for arthritis.
4. Dead-End File. Despite its traditional reputation as a treatment for high blood pressure, studies show blue cohosh is more likely to cause this serious condition than treat it.

Rx for Blue Cohosh
Blue cohosh is a powerful herb that should be administered by a physician. The decoction tastes initially somewhat sweet, then bitter and unpleasant.

SAFETY FACTOR
No one with high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, glaucoma or a history of stroke should use blue cohosh.
When powdered, its root irritates mucous membranes. Handle with care. Take care not to inhale any or introduce it into your eyes.
Blue cohosh should be used only at term to induce labor, and then only under medical supervision.

Ref: Healing Herbs by Michael Castleman, 1991.

BLACK COHOSH - The Indians were Right

2008-12-10T08:00:00.000+08:00

Family: Ranunculaceae; other members include buttercup, larkspur, peony
Genus and species: Cimicifuga racemosa or Macrotys actaeoides
Also known as: Squawroot, snakeroot
Parts used: Rhizome and root

One of the 19th century’s most popular patent medicines was Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound, introduced in 1876 to treat “female weakness: -- that is, menstrual cramps. Pinkham’s Compound contained several herbs, and chief among them was black cohosh, long known among the Algonquian Indians as a treatment for gynecological complaints.

HEALING with Black Cohosh
When used safely, this herb may play a role in healing. Because of its possible side effects, however, it should be used only with the approval and supervision of your physician. Several studies show its early advocates may have been right about the herb’s potential to treat gynecological problems.
1. Menstrual Discomforts. Black cohosh has estrogenic effects, meaning it acts like the female sex hormone estrogen. The herb’s estrogenic action may lend support to its traditional use for menstrual complaints. Estrogenic herbs must be used carefully, however. Estrogen is a key ingredient in birth control pills. Any woman whose physician advises her not to take the pill may have to avoid using this herb as well. She should discuss black cohosh’s estrogenic activity with her doctor before using this herb.
2. Menopausal Discomforts. Estrogen is also prescribed for menopausal symptoms, and herbs with estrogenic action can be expected to have a similar effect on these symptoms.
3. Prostate Cancer. Female sex hormones slow the growth of prostate tumors. Physicians often prescribe hormones similar to estrogen for men with prostate cancer. Black cohosh’s estrogenic action may help manage this cancer, but men with prostate cancer should consult their physicians before using it.
4. High Blood Pressure. A study shows black cohosh reduces by opening the blood vessels in the limbs (peripheries). The herb may help manage high blood pressure, but consult your physician before using it for this purpose.
5. Intriguing Possibilities. One study shows black cohosh has anti-inflammatory activity, possibility explaining its Indian use as a treatment for arthritis. Another report shows it reduces animal blood sugar levels, suggesting possible value in controlling diabetes.

Rx for Black Cohosh
For a decoction, boil ½ teaspoon of powdered root per cup of water for 30 minutes. Let cool. It has an unpleasant aroma and a sharp, bitter taste. Add lemon and honey, or mix with a beverage tea. Take 2 tablespoons every few hours, up to 1 cup a day.

In a tincture, take up to 1 teaspoon per day.

Children under age 2 and people over 65 should start with low-strength preparations and increase strength if necessary.

SAFETY FACTOR
Overdose may cause dizziness, light-headedness, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, visual dimness, headache, tremors, joint pains, and depressed heart rate. For some, these effects may develop at relatively low doses.

In addition to the side effects listed above, the estrogen-like component of the herb may act just like estrogen itself and contribute to liver problems and abnormal blood clotting, as well as promote the development of certain types of breast tumors. Finally, pregnant women should not use estrogenic herbs.

Black cohosh’s possible effects on the heart are most worrisome. Anyone with heart disease, especially congestive heart failure, should not use it.

ALOE - Soothe Those Wounds

2008-12-09T08:00:00.004+08:00

Family: Liliaceae; other members include lily, tulip, garlic
Genus and species: Aloe vera and an estimated 500 other aloe species
Also known as: Cape, Barbados, Curaiao, Socotrine, or Zanzibar aloe
Parts used: The jellylike gel found in the leaves, and the bitter, yellow juice (latex) extracted from specialized cells of the leaves’ inner skin.

Every kitchen should have a potted aloe on the windowsill. That way, when minor burns, scalds, or cuts occur, it’s easy to cut off one of the thick fleshy leaves and squeeze its clear gel onto the injury. Aloe gel dries into a natural bandage. It may promote wound healing and help prevent infection.
Another part of aloe, the latex (extracted from special cells on its inner leaf skin), is powerful laxative – so potent, in fact, that many authorities say it should not be taken internally.

HEALING with ALOE
Contemporary herbalists use aloe in some of the same ways Dioscorides used it almost 2,000 years ago – externally for burns and wounds.
1. Wounds, Burns, Scalds, Scrapes, Sunburn. Scientific evidence of aloe’s wound-healing power was first documented in 1935 when an American medical journal reported the case of a woman whose x-ray burns were successfully treated with aloe gel scooped straight from leaves cut from the plant. Since then, several studies have supported the herb’s ability to spur the healing of first-and –second degree burns and other wounds. One report claim aloe also eases the discomfort of poison ivy rash.
2. Skin Creams. Cleopatra massaged aloe gel into her skin to make it shine. The herb is still widely used in skin-care products. But if you’re after beautiful skin, do what the legendary Egyptian beauty did – use the fresh leaf gel, not the “stabilized” (preserved) gel used in commercial shampoos and skin products. Stabilized aloe has none of the fresh herb’s skin-healing benefits. If you enjoy the fragrance of aloe shampoos and skin lotions, fine. Just don’t expect them to turn you into Cleopatra.
3. Infection Fighter. Aloe gel may not only spur wound healing, it may also help prevent infection in injured skin. Several studies show aloe effective against many different bacteria that can invade a wound.
4. Intriguing Possibilities. Studies show that aloe may kill the fungus (Candida albicans) that causes vaginal yeast infections so it is recommended by herbalists to use the herb in treating yeast infection but just because it kills the fungus, it doesn’t mean it can wipe out the infection in the whole human body.

In laboratory tests, one chemical (aloe-emodin) in aloe has shown promise against leukemia, but National Cancer Institute scientists say experimental preparations are still too toxic to give to leukemia sufferers.

A European study suggests aloe gel reduces blood sugar levels in experimental animals and humans with diabetes. The gel is not usually taken internally, but if other studies confirm this effect, aloe might one day be used to help manage diabetes.

Rx for Aloe
To help soothe wounds, burns, scalds, and sunburn, and to help avoid infection, select a lower (older) leaf, cut several inches off, slice it lengthwise, apply the gel, and allow it to dry. Make sure you clean the wound properly with soap and water first. As for the injured leaf, it quickly closes its own wound. The rest of it may be used in the future.
To enjoy the cosmetic benefits of aloe, apply gel from the leaf to freshly washed skin. Discontinue use if it seems to irritate your skin.

SAFETY FACTOR
Aloe gel is safe for external use by anyone who does not develop an allergic reaction. Aloe is best used in consultation with your doctor. Tell your doctor if wounds do not heal significantly within two weeks or appear to be getting worse.

NEVER A LAXATIVE
Aloe latex contains laxative chemicals (anthraquinones) with such powerful purgative action that they are called cathartics. Other laxative herbs ( senna, rhubarb, buckthorn, and cascara sagrada) also contain anthraquinones, but aloe’s action is considered the most drastic – and least recommended – because it often causes severe intestinal cramps and diarrhea. Many herbalists discourage its use, but some supplement companies sell aloe laxative tablets. If you use them, never exceed the package dose recommendation and reduce your dose or stop using the product if you develop intestinalcramps.

Aloe latex should not be ingested by pregnant women. Its cathartic nature may stimulate uterine contractions and trigger miscarriage. It should not be used by nursing mothers. The latex enters mother’s milk and may cause stomach cramps and violent catharsis in infants.

Aloe’s cathartic power may also aggravate ulcers, hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, colitis, or irritable bowel syndrome. Anyone with gastrointestinal illness should not use aloe latex as laxative.
In general, aloe is not recommended for internal use.

POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECT
Although aloe gel may help heal injured skin, one case study reported eczema-like welts in a man who had used it for several years – proving that too much of a good thing may cause problems.

Ref: Healing Herbs by Michael Castleman, 1991.

ALFALFA - Hope for the Heart

2008-12-08T14:40:00.010+08:00

Family: Leguminosae; other members include beans, peas
Genus and Species: Medicago sativa
Also known as: Chilean clover, buffalo grass, Lucerne (in Britain)
Parts used: Leaves

Farmers have long prized the alfalfa plant as animal forage, and in the last 20 years people who graze on salads have come to appreciate this herb’s sprouts as well. But it’s the alfalfa leaves that may contain its real healing power. They may help reduce cholesterol and help prevent heart disease and some strokes.

HEALING with ALFALFA

1. Heart Disease and Stroke. Animal studies show that alfalfa leaves help reduce blood cholesterol levels and plaque deposits on artery walls.

2. Cancer. One study shows that alfalfa helps neutralize carcinogens in the intestine. It also binds carcinogens in the colon and helps speed their elimination from the body.
Alfalfa seeds also contain two chemicals (stachydrine and homostachydrine) that promote menstruation and can cause miscarriage. Pregnant women should not eat alfalfa seeds.

3. Bad Breath. Alfalfa is a source of chlorophyll, the active ingredient in most commercial breath fresheners. Sip an alfalfa infusion if you’re concerned about bad breath.

4. Intriguing Possibility. In laboratory studies, alfalfa helps fight disease-causing fungi. It might one day be used to treat fungal infections.

5. Dead-End File. While contemporary herbalists generally endorse the age-old view that alfalfa treats ulcers, they may have to eat their own words. Scientific research has found no support for this traditional use of the herb.
Herbalists also recommend alfalfa for bowel problems and as a diuretic to treat fluid retention. Some supplement manufacturers promote alfalfa tables as a treatment for asthma and hay fever. But some studies shows that these claims have no merit, as it neither contains bronchodilators for treatment of asthma nor antihistamines, which may relieve hay fever.

SAFETY FACTOR
- No one should ever eat alfalfa seeds: they contain relatively high levels of the toxic amino acid canavanine which may cause pancytopenia (impairment of the platelets, necessary for clotting and the WBC’s, which fight infection).
- Canavanine in alfalfa seeds has also been linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- It also contains saponins, a chemical that may destroy RBC’s and cause anemia. Because of this, some herb critics warn against ingesting alfalfa (and the many other healing herbs that contain saponins) in any form.
- For healthy, non-pregnant, non-nursing people, alfalfa is considered safe in amounts typically recommended.

LEAF IT BE

Alfalfa leaf is on the FDA’s list of herbs generally regarded as safe.It should be used in medicinal amounts only in consultation with your physician. If it causes minor discomforts, such as stomach upset or diarrhea, use less or stop using it. Let your doctor know if you experience unpleasant effects or if the symptoms for which the herb is being used don’t improve significantly in two weeks.

Ref: The Healing Herbs, by Michael Castleman. 1991

Drugs : Cardiovascular

2008-02-20T18:20:00.010+08:00

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES:

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

Action : Increases force of myocardial contraction (positive inotropic effect). Decreases rate of conduction (negative chronotropic effect) while increasing refractory period of the AV node. Positive inotropic effect improves blood supply to vital organs and kidneys, providing a diuretic effect. Has a slow onset and shorter duration of action than other cardiac glycosides. Is eliminated through the kidneys. Digoxin elixir is better absorbed by the GIT than digoxin tablets.

Use : CHF, atrial fibrillation; atrial flutter; paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.

A/E : With toxicity there are many symptoms that make it difficult to distinguish from the condition being treated. Arrhythmias, bradycardia: arrhythmias more frequently seen in children; anorexia,nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; headaches, fatigue, confusion, insomnia, convulsions; visual disturbances: blurred vision, green or yellow tint or halos; hypersensitivity. Toxicity occurs more quickly in presence of low serum potassium. Quinidine-digoxin reaction may occur. When digoxin is stabilized in clients receiving quinidine, serum digoxin levels could double, leading to possible toxicity.

Nsg. Implications:

a. Half-life is longer in elderly

b. Monitor CBC, serum electrolytes, liver and renal function tests, and ECG

c. Hold if apical rate is below 60 or greater than 120 beats per min. in adults, below 90/min in infants, or below 70/min in children up to adolescence.

d. Monitor I&O and daily weights; potassium levels. Encourage foods high in potassium.

e. Monitor digoxin levels therapeutic range (0.5-2.0ng/ml).

f. Give after meals if with GI distress.

g. Do not confuse digoxin with digitoxin (Crystodigin) as they are not the same.

h. IM injections are painful and absorption is erratic. Avoid IM injections if possible and give in large muscle mass.

i. Digoxin antidote: Digoxin Immune Fab (Digi-bind)

Discharge Teachings:

a. Take radial pulse and notify physician if toxicity symptoms occur.

b. Take dose the same time each day and do not skip or double up on dose.

c. Avoid high-sodium foods. Increase dietary intake of potassium.

d. Daily weights

e. Separate digoxin from other pills in pillbox.

*take the short quiz below...

1. What is most important for the nurse to teach a mother of a 2 month old child who is on digoxin?

a. Take apical pulse before giving digoxin

b. Take weight daily

c. Provide foods high in potassium

d. Monitor I&O

A - Children and infants are prone to arrhythmias, which are a toxic effect of digoxin. Teaching the mother to take an apical pulse will help to identify if there is a potential for arrhythmias.

2. Which of the following cardiac glycosides is preferred for clients who have renal failure?

a. Digoxin (lanoxin)

b. Digitoxin (Crystodigin)

c. Deslanoside (Cedilanid-D)

d. Amrinone (Inocor)

B - Digitoxin is eliminated and metabolized through the hepatic system and not the kidneys; is considered safer to use in clients with renal failure.

3. A mother asks the nurse which pulse rate indicates a dose of digoxin should be withheld for her 2 month old child. The nurse responds, "Hold the digoxin if the pulse rate is:

a. below 60beats/min

b. below 70beats/min

c. below 90beats/min

d. below 120 beats/min

C - Fewer than 90 beats/min in an infant is a sign of bradycardia, which could indicate digoxin toxicity.

4. The nurse would know that the mother understands teaching about A/E's of digoxin if she said:

a. "I'll call the physician if my child's pulse is below 120beats/min."

b. "If my child develops a rash I'll use A&D ointment."

c. "I will call the physician daily to report my child's weight and daily intake and output."

d. "I will notify the physician if my child vomits or develops diarrhea."

D - Vomiting and diarrhea are A/E's of digoxin therapy and may also be symptoms of digoxin toxicity; should be reported to physician for follow-up.

Drugs : Eye Drugs

2008-02-19T18:25:00.004+08:00

MYDRIATICS AND CYCLOPEGICS

Atropine (Isopto Atropine)

Action : An anticholinergic that causes mydriasis (dilation) of the pupil and cyclopegia, which paralyzes the lens and eye muscles.

Use : Facilitate eye exams and treat uveitis.

A/E : Photophobia, reduced lacrimation, impaired distant vision, increased IOP, impaired distant vision.

Nsg. Implications:

a. Sun glasses to reduce photophobia.

b. Elderly clients should be screened prior to receiving atropine -- can increase IOP.

c. Artificial tears for reduced lacrimation.

d. Should not drive until drug effects have worn off.

MIOTICS

Acetylcholine (Miochol)

Action : A cholinergic drug that causes miosis (contraction) of the pupil and contraction of the ciliary muscles in the eye.

Use : Decreases IOP in glaucoma and achieves miosis in cataract sugery.

A/E : Low toxicity after systemic absorption; transient hypotension, decreased HR; bronchospasm; flushing, sweating.

Nsg. Implications:

a. Reconstitute just before use due to instability of solution.

b. Systemic reactions treated with intravenous atropine.

Related Drugs:

A. Carbachol (Isopto Carbachol) : Tell client of brief stinging in eye after use; sypmtoms of eye and brow pain, photophobia, and blurred vision will usually be lessened with prolonged use.

B. Echothiophate (Phospholine Iodine) : Solutions are unstable, client must wash hands before use.

C. Pilocarpine (Pilocar, Isopto Carpine) : Causes blurred vision and focusing difficulty. Client needs to understand that glaucoma treatment is long and needs adherence to prevent blindness; eyedropper tip should not be contaminated; clients with asthma and lung disorders should be observed for respiratory difficulties.

*now take the short quiz below...

1. To reduce the chance of a patient having a systemic effects related to atropine, the nurse will:

a. place a warm compress over both eyes

b. rinse the eye with water following instillation

c. maintain pressure on inner canthus for 1-2 minutes

d. have client wipe eyes with gauze after instillation

C - Applying pressure to the inner canthus (lacrimal sac) will reduce systemic effects.

2. Which of the following conditions should a patient be assessed for prior to topical atropine application?

a. cataracts

b. glaucoma

c. uveitis

d. conjunctivitis

B - Atropine can raise IOP. Clients with glaucoma have increased IOP and this could lead to an acute crisis and blindness.

3. Which statement by a patient indicates that he understands the instructions given to him following instillation of atropine?

a. "My son will drive me home after the exam."

b. "If my eyes itch, it's ok to rub them."

c. "I plan to go to the beach after this appointment."

d. "I will mow the lawn as soon as I get home."

A - Vision is temporarily impaired following the examination. This client should not drive, as distant vision is impaired.

4. Glaucoma is treated with eye medication that is:

a. both mydriatic and miotic

b. mydriatic

c. miotic

d. none of the above

C - Miotic eye medication causes a contraction of the eye pupil and contraction of the ciliary muscle, which helps to decrease intraocular pressure.

5. Which statement made by a patient indicates a need for more teaching about pilocarpine?

a. "I know a side effect of pilocarpine is blurred vision."

b. "I won't touch the eyedropper tip of the pilocarpine to my eye when instilling the drops."

c. "I will stop the pilocarpine as soon as my vision improves."

d. "I know that pilocarpine can cause side effects in my eye as well in other areas of my body."

C - Treatment for glaucoma will continue throughout the client's life. Eye medication should not be discontinued.

Drugs : Classifications VIII

2008-02-16T15:08:00.002+08:00

PAIN MEDICATIONS
Local Anesthetics
o Benzocaine and Antipyrine (Auralgan)
o Bupivacaine (Marcaine)
o Capsaicin (Capsin, Zostrix)
o Cocaine
o Dibucaine (Nupercainal)
o Lidocaine (Anestacon Topical, Xylocaine)
o Lidocaine (ELA-Max)
o Lidocaine and Prilocaine (EMLA) Pramoxine

Migraine Headache Medications

o Acetaminophen with Butalbital w/wo Caffeine (Fioricet, Medigesic, Repan, Sedapap-10 Two-Dyne, Triapin, Axocet, Phrenilin Forte)
o Almotriptan (Axert)
o Aspirin with Butalbital and Caffeine (Fiorinal with Codeine)
o Eletriptan (Relpax)
o Naratriptan (Amerge)
o Rizatriptan (Maxalu
o Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists
o Sumatriptan (Imitrex)
o Zolmitriptan (Zomig)

Narcotics
o Acetaminophen with Codeine (Tylenol No 1,2,3,4)
o Alfentanil (Alfenta)
o Aspirin with Codeine (Empirin No. 2,3,4)
o Buprenorphine (Buprenex)
o Butorphanol (Stadol)
o Codeine
o Dezocine (Dalgan)
o Fentanyl (Sublimaze)
o Fentanyl Transdermal (Duragesic)
o Fentanyl Transmucosal (Actiq, Fentanyl Oralet)
o Hydrocodone and Acetaminophen (Lorcet, Vicodin)
o Hydrocodone and Aspirin (Lortab ASA)
o Hydrocodone and Ibuprofen (Vicoprofen)
o Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
o Levorphanol (LevoDromoran)
o Meperidine (Demerol)
o Methadone (Dolophine)
o Morphine (Roxanol. Duramorph, MS Contin)
o Nalbuphine (Nubain)
o Oxycodone (OxyContin, OxyIR, Roxicodone)
o Oxycodone and Acetaminophen (Percocet, Tylox)
o Oxycodone and Aspirin (Percodan. PercodanDemi)
o Oxymorphone (Numorphan)
o Pentazocine (Talwin)
o Propoxyphene (Darvon)
o Propoxyphene and Acetaminophen (Darvocet)
o Propoxyphene and Aspirin (Darvon Com pound-65, Darvon-N with Aspirin)
o Sufentanil (Sufenta)

Nonnarcotic Agents
o Acetarninophen [APAP] (Tylenol)
o Aspirin (Bayer, St. Joseph)
o Tramadol (Ultram)
o Trarnadol/Acetaminophen (Ultracet)

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents
o Celecoxib (Celebrex)
o Diclofenac (Cataflarn, Voltaren)
o Diflunisal (Dolohid)
o Etodolac (Lodine)
o Fenoprofen (Nalfon)
o Flurbiprofen (Ansaid)
o Ibuprofen (Motrin, Rufen, Advil)
o Indomethacin (Indocin)
o Ketoprofen (Orudis, Oruvail)
o Ketorolac (Toradol)
o Meloxicam (Mobic)
o Nabumetone (Relafen)
o Naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn. Anaprox)
o Oxaprozin (Daypro)
o Piroxicam (Feldene)
o Rofecoxib (Vioxx)
o Sulindac (Clinoril)
o Tolmetin (Tolectin)
o Valdecoxib (Bextra)

Miscellaneous Pain Medications
o Amitriptyline (Elavil)
o Imipramine (Tofranil)
o Tramadol (Ultrarn)

RESPIRATORY AGENTS
Antitussives, Decongestants and Expectorants
o Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
o Benzonatate (Tessalon Perles)
o Codeine
o Dextromethorphan (Mediquell, Benylin DM, PediaCare 1)
o Guaifenesin (Robitussin)
o Guaifenesin and Codeine (Rohitussin AC, Brontex)
o Guaifenesin and Dextromethorphan (Many OTC Brands)
o Hydrocodone and Guaifenesin (Hycotuss Expectorant, others)
o Hydrocodone and Homatropine (Hycodan)
o Hydrocodone and Pseudoephedrine (Entuss-D, Histussin-D, others)
o Hydrocodone, Chlorpheniramine, Phenylephrine, Acetaminophen and Caffeine (Hycomine)
o Potassium Iodide
o Pseudoephedrine(Sudafed, Novafed, Afrinol)

Bronchodilators
o Albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)
o Albuterol and Ipratropium (Combivent)
o Aminophylline
o Bitolterol (Tornalate)
o Ephedrine
o Ephinedrine (Adrenalin, Sus-Phrine)
o Formoterol (Foradil Aerolizer)
o Isoetharine (generic)
o Isoproterenol (Isuprel)
o Levalbuterol (Xopenex)
o Metaproterenol (Alupent, Metaprel)
o Pirbuterol (Maxair)
o Salmeterol (Serevent)
o Terbutaline (Brethine, Bricanyl)
o Theophylline (Theolair, Somophyllin-CRT)

Respiratory Inhalants
o Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst, Mucosil)
o Beclomethasone (Beconase, Vancenase Nasal Inhaler)
o Beractant (Survanta)
o Budesonide (Pulmicort)
o Calfactan (lnfasurf) Colfosceril Palmitate (Exosurf Neonatal)
o Cromolyn sodium (Intal, Nasalcrom, Opticrom)
o Dexamethasone, Nasal (Dexacort Phosphate Turbinaire)
o Flumisolide (AeroBid, Nasalide)
o Fluticasone, Oral, Nasal(Flonase, Flovent)
o Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol Xinafoate (Advair Diskus)
o Ipratropium (Atrovent) Nedocromil (Tilade)
o Triamcinolone (Aristocort, Kenalog)
o Cromolyn sodium (Intal, Nasalcrom, Opticrom)
o Dexamethasone, Nasal (Dexacort Phosphate Turbinaire)
o Flumisolide (AeroBid, Nasalide)
o Fluticasone, Oral, Nasal(Flonase, Flovent)
o Fluticasone Propionate and Salmeterol Xinafoate (Advair Diskus)
o Ipratropium (Atrovent) Nedocromil (Tilade)
o Triamcinolone (Aristocort, Kenalog)

Miscellaneous Respiratory Agents
o Alpha1-Protease Inhibitor (Prolastin)
o Dornase Alfa (Pulmozyme)
o Montelukast (Singulair)
o Omalizumab (Xolair)
o Zafirlukast (Accolate)
o Zileuton (Zyflo)

URINARY/GENITOURINARY AGENTS
o Alprostadil (Caverject, Edex)
o Alprostadil Urethral Suppository (Muse)
o Ammonium Aluminum Sulfate (Alum)
o Belladonna and Opium Suppositories (B & 0 Supprettes)
o Bethanechol (Urecholine, others)
o Dimethyl Sulfoxide [DMSO] (Rimso-50)
o Flavoxate (Urispas)
o Hyoscyamine (Anaspaz,
o Cystospaz, Levsin)
o Methenamine (Hiprex, Urex)
o Nalidixic acid (NegGram)
o Neomycin-Polymyxin Bladder Irrigant [GU Irrigant]
o Nitrofurantoin (Macro dantin, Furadantin, Macrobid)
o Oxybutynin (Ditropan, Ditropan XL, Oxytrol)
o Pentosan polysulfate (Elmiron)
o Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
o Potassium citrate (Urocit-K)
o Potassium citrate and Citric acid (Polycitra-K) Sildenafil (Viagra)
o Sodium citrate (Bicitra)
o Tadalafil (Cialis)
o Tolterodine (Detrol, Detrol LA)
o Trmethoprim (Trimpex Proloprim)
o Vardenafil (Levitra)

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Medications
o Doxazosin (Cardura)
o Dutasteride (Avodart) Propecia)
o Finasteride (Proscar,
o Tamsulosin (Flomax)
o Terazosin (Hytrin)

WOUND CARE
o Becaplermin (Regranex Gel)
o Silver nitrate (Dey-Drop)

MISCELLANEOUS THERAPEUTIC AGENTS
o Drotrecogin alfa (Xigris)
o Megestro Acetate (Megace)
o Metaraminol (Aramine)
o Naltrexone (ReVia)
o Nicotine Gum (Nicorette, Nicorette DS)
o Nicotine Nasal Spray (Nicotrol NS)
o Nicotine Transdermal (Habitrol, Nicoderm, Nicotrol, ProStep)
o Potassium iodide
o Sodium Polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
o Triethanolamine (Cerumenex)

Drugs : Classifications VII

2008-02-16T14:59:00.002+08:00

HEMATOLOGIC AGENTS
Anticoagulants
o Ardeparin (Normitlo)
o Argatroban (Acosa
o Bivalirudin )Angiomax)
o Daltepann (Fragmin)
o Enoxaparin (Lovenox)
o Fondaparinux (Arixtra)
o Heparin
o Lepirudin (Refludan)
o Protamine
o Tinzaparin (Innohep)
o Warfarin (Coumadin)

Antiplatelet Agents
o Abciximab (ReoPro)
o Aspirin (Bayer, St. Joseph)
o Clopidogrel (Plavix)
o Dipyridamole (Persantine)
o Dipyridamole and Aspirin (Aggrenox)
o Eptifibatide (lntegrilin)
o Reteplase (Retavase)
o Ticlopidine (Ticlid)
o Tirofiban (Aggrastat)

Antithrombotic Agents
o Alteplase, Recombinant [TPA] (Activase)
o Aminocaproic acid (Amicar)
o Anistreplase (Eminase)
o Aprotinin (Trasylol)
o Dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex)
o Reteplase (Retavase)
o Streptokinase (Streptase, Kabikinase)
o Tenecteplase (TNKase)
o Urokinase (Abbokinase)

Hematopoietic Stimulants
o Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp)
o Epoetin Alfa [Erythropoietin, EPO] (Epogen, Procrit)
o Filgrastim [G-CSF1 (Neupogen)
o Oprelvekin (Neumega)
o Pegfilgrastim (Neutasta)
o Sargramostim [GM CSF] (Prokine, Leukine)

Volume Expanders
o Albumin (Albuminar, Buminate, Albutein)
o Dextran 40 (Rheomacrodex)
o Hetastarch (Hespan)
o Plasma Protein Fraction (Plasmanate)

Miscellaneous Hematologic Agents
o Antihemophilic Factor VIII (Monoclate)
o Desmopressin (DDAVP, Stimate)
o Pentoxifylline (Trental)

IMMUNE SYSTEM AGENTS
lmmunomodulators
o Adalimumab (Humira)
o Anakinra (Kineret)
o Etanercept (Enbrel)
o Interferon Alfa (Roferon-A, Intron A)
o Interferon Alfacon-I (Infergen)
o Interferon Beta-1b (Betaseron)
o Interferon Gamma-lb (Actimmune)
o Peg interferon alfa 2b (PEG-Intron)

Immunosuppressive Agents
o Azathioprine (Imuran)
o Basiliximab (Simulect)
o Cyclosporine (Sandimmune. Neoral)
o Daclizumab (Zenapax)
o Lymphocyte Immune Globulin [Antithymocyte Globulin, ATG] (Atgam)
o Muromonab-CD3 (Orthoclone OKT3)
o Mycophenotate Mofetil (CellCept)
o Sirolimus (Rapamune)
o Steroids, Systemic
o Tacrolimus (Prograf, Protopic)

Vaccines/Serums/Toxoids
o CMV Immune Globulin [CMV-IG IV] (CytoGam)
o Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids
o Diphtheria Tetanus Toxoids, and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed
o Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids, and Acellular Pertussis Adsorbed, Hepatitis B (recombinant), and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV) Combined (Pediarix)
o Haemophilus B Conjugate Vaccine (ActHIB, HibTITER, Pedvax HIB, Prohibit, Comvax)
o Hepatitis A Vaccine (Havrix, Vaqta)
o Hepatitis A (inactivated) and Hepatitis B Recombinant Vaccine (Twinrix)
o Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HyperHep, H-BIG)
o Hepatitis B Vaccine (Engerix-B, Recombivax HB)
o Immune Globulin, intravenous (Gamimune N, Sandoglobulin, Gammar IV)
o Influenza (Fluzone, FluShield, Fluvirin)
o Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (Menomune)
o Pneumococcal Vaccine,
o Polyvalent (Pneumovax-23)
o Pneumococcal 7-Valent Conjugate (Prevnar)
o Tetanus immune Globulin
o Tetanus Toxoid
o Varicella Virus Vaccine (Varivax)

MUSCULOSKELETAL AGENTS
Antigout Agents
o Allopurinol (Zyloprim, Lopurin, Alloprim)
o Colchicine
o Probenecid (Benemid)
o Sulfinpyrazone (Anturane)

Muscle Relaxants
o Baclofen (Lioresal)
o Carisoprodol (Soma)
o Chlorzoxazone (Paraflex, Parafon Forte DSC)
o Cyclohenzaprine (Flexeril)
o Dantrolene (Dantrium)
o Diazepam (Valium)
o Metaxalone (Skelaxin)
o Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
o Orphenadrine (Norflex

Neuromuscular Blockers
o Atracurium (Tracrium)
o Mivacurium (Mivacron)
o Pancuronium (Pavulon)
o Pipecuronium (Arduan)
o Succinylcholine (Anectine, Quelicin, Sucostrin)
o Vecuronium (Norcuron)

Miscellaneous Musculoskeltal Agents
o Edrophonium (Tensilon)
o Leflunomide (Arava)
o Methotrexate (Folex, Rheumatrex)

OB/GYN AGENTS
Contraceptives
o Estradiol Cypionate and Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Lunelle)
o Etonogestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol (NuvaRing)
o Levonorgestrel Implants (Norplant)
o Medroxyprogesterone (Provera, Depo-Provera)
o Norgestrel (Ovrette)
o Norelgestromin and Ethinyl Estradiol, Ortho Evra (Ortho)
o Oral Contraceptives, Monophasic
o Oral Contraceptives, Biphasic
o Oral Contraceptives, Triphasic
o Oral Contraceptives, Progestin Only

Emergency Contraceptives
o Ethinyl Estradiol, Levonorgestrel (Preven)
o Levonorgestrel (Plan B)

Estrogen Supplementation Agents
o Esterified Estrogens (Estratab, Menest)
o Esterified Estrogens with Methyltestosterone (Estratest)
o Estradiol (Estrace)
o Estradiol Transdermal (Estraderm)
o Estrogen, Conjugated (Premarin)
o Estrogen, Conjugated, Synthetic (Cenestin)
o Estrogen, Conjugated with Medroxyprogesterone (Prempro, Premphase)
o Estrogen, Conjugated with Methyl progesterone (Premarin with Methyl Progesterone)
o Estrogen, Conjugated with Methyltestosterone (Premarin with Methyltestosterone)
o Ethinyl Estradiol (Estinyl, Feminone)

Vaginal Preparations
o Amino-Cerv pH 5.5 Cream
o Miconazole (Monistat)
o Nystatin (Mycostatin, Nilstat)
o Terconazole (Terazol 7)
o Tioconazole (Vagi stat)

Miscellaneous Ob/Gyn Agents
o Dinoprostone (Cervidil Vaginal Insert, Prepidil Vaginal Gel)
o Gonadorelin (Lutrepulse)
o Leuprolide (Lupron)
o Magnesium Sulfate
o Medroxyprogesterone (Provera, Depo-Provera)
o Methylergonovine (Methergine)
o Mifepristone [RU486] (Mifeprex)
o Oxytocin (Pitocin)
o Terbutaline (Brethine, Bricanyl)

Drugs : Classifications VI

2008-02-16T14:32:00.004+08:00

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AGENTS
Antidiabetic Agents
o Acarbose (Precose)
o Chiorpropamide (Diabinese)
o Glimepiride (Amaryl)
o Glipizide (Glucotrol)
o Glyburide (DiaBeta, Micronase)
o Glyburide/Metformin (Glucovance)
o Insulins
o Metformin (Glucophage)
o Miglitol (Glyset)
o Nateglinide (Starlix)
o Pioglitazone (Actos)
o Repaglinide (Prandin)
o Rosiglitazone (Avandia) Tolazamide (Tolinase)
o Tolbutamide (Orinase)

Hormone and Synthetic Substitutes
o Calcitonin (Cibacalcin. Miacalcin)
o Catcitriol (Rocaltrol)
o Cortisone
o Desmopressin (DDAVP, Stimate)
o Dexamethasone (Decadron)
o Fludrocortisone acetate (Florinef)
o Glucagon
o Hydrocortisone (Cortef, Solu-Cortef)
o Methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol)
o Metyrapone (Metopirone)
o Prednisolone (Delta Cortef, others)
o Prednisone (Deltasone, others)
o Vasopressin (Pitressin)

Hypercalcemia Agents
o Etidronate (Didronel)
o Gallium nitrate (Ganite)
o Pamidronate (Aredia)
o Plicamycin (Mithracin)
o Zoledronic acid (Zometa)

Obesity
o Sibutramine (Meridia)

Osteoporosis Agents
o Alendronate (Fosamax)
o Raloxifene (Evista)
o Risedronate (Actonel)
o Teriparatide (Forteo
o Zoledronic acid (Zometa)

Thyroid/Antithyroid
o Levothyroxine (Synthroid)
o Liothyronine (Cytomel)
o Methimazole (Tapazole)
o Potassium iodide (SSKI)
o Propyithiouracit [PTU]

Miscellaneous Endocrine Agents
o Demeclocycline, Declomycin)
o Diazoxide (Hyperstat, Proglycem)
o Metyrosine (Demser)

EYE (OPHTHALMIC) AGENTS
Glaucoma Agents
o Acetazolamide (Diamox)
o Apraclonidine (lopidine)
o Betaxolol (Kerlone) Betagan)
o Brimonidine (Aiphagan)
o Brinzolamide (Azopt)
o Carteolol (Cartrol, Ocupress Ophthalmic)
o Dipivefrin (Propine)
o Dorzolamide (Trusopt)
o Dorzolamide and Timolol (Cosopt)
o Echothiophate Iodine (Phospholine Ophthalmic)
o Latanoprost (Xalatan)
o Levobunolol (A-K Beta,
o Levocabastine (Livostin)
o Lodoxamide (Alomide Ophthalmic)
o Timolol (Blocadren)

Ophthalmic Antibiotics
o Bacitracin (AK-Tracin Ophthalmic)
o Bacitracin and Polymyxin B (AK-Poly-Bac
o Ophthalmic, Polysporin Ophthalmic)
o Bacitracin, Neomycin and Polymyxin B (AK Spore Ophthalmic, Neosporin Ophthalmic)
o Bacitracin, Neomycin, Polymyxin B and Hydrocortisone (AK Spore HC Ophthalmic, Cortisporin Ophthalmic)
o Ciprofloxacin (Ciloxan)
o Erythromycin (Ilotycin Ophthalmic)
o Gentamicin (Garamycin, Genoptic, Gentacidin, Gentak)
o Neomycin and Dexamethasone (AK-Neo- Dex Ophthalmic NeoDecadron Ophthalmic)
o Neomycin, Polymyxin-B and Dexamethasone (Maxitrol)
o Neomycin, Polymyxin-B and Prednisolone (Poly-Pred Ophthalmic)
o Ofloxacin (Ocuflox Ophthalmic
o Silver Nitrate (Dey Drop)
o Sulfacetamide (Bleph-10, Cetamide. Sodium Sulamyd)
o Sulfacetamide and Prednisolone (Blephamide)
o Tobramycin (AKTob, Tobrex)
o Tobramycin and Dexamethasone (TobraDex)
o Trifluridine (Viroptic)

Other Ophthalmic Agents
o Artificial Tears (Tears Naturale)
o Cromolyn (Opticrom)
o Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
o Dexamethasone, Ophthalmic (AK-Dex Ophthalmic, Decadron Ophthalmic)
o Emedastine (Emadine)
o Ketorolac (Acular)
o Ketotifen (Zaditor)
o Lodoxamide (Alomide)
o Naphazoline and Antazoline (Albalon-A Ophthalmic)
o Naphazoline and Pheniramine (Naphcon A)
o Olopatadine (Patanol)

GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS
Antacids
o Alginic acid (Gaviscon)
o Aluminum carbonate (Basaljel)
o Aluminum hydroxide (Amphojel, AlternaGEL)
o Aluminum hydroxide with Magnesium carbonate (Gaviscon)
o Aluminum hydroxide with Magnesium hydroxide (Maalox)
o Aluminum hydroxide with Magnesium hydroxide and Simethicone (Mylanta, Mylanta II, Maalox Plus)
o Aluminum hydroxide with Magnesium Trisilicate (Gaviscon, Gaviscon-2)
o Calcium carbonate (Tums, Alka-Mints)
o Magaldrate (Riopan, Lowsium)
o Simethicone (Mylicon)

Antidiarrheals
o Bismuth Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol)
o Diphenoxylste with Atropine (Lomotil)
o Kaolin/Pectin (Kaodene, Kao-Spen, Kapectolin, Parepectolin)
o Lactobacillus (Lactinex Granules)
o Loperamide (Imodium)
o Octreotide (Sandostatin, Sandostatin LAR)
o Paregoric [Camphorated Tincture of Opium]

Antiemetics
o Aprepitant (Emend)
o Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
o Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine, others)
o Dolasetron (Anzemet)
o Dronabinol (Marinol)
o Droperidol (Inapsine)
o Granisetron (Kytril)
o Meclizine (Antivert)
o Metoclopramide (Reglan, Octamide)
o Ondansetron (Zofran)
o Palonosetron (Aloxi)
o Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
o Promethazine (Phenergan)
o Scopolamine (Transderm-Scop)
o Thiethylperazine (Torecan)
o Trimethobenzamide (Tigan

Antiulcer Agents
o Cimetidine (Tagamet)
o Esomeprazole (Nexium)
o Famotidine (Pepcid)
o Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
o Nizatidine (Axid)
o Omeprazole (Prilosec)
o Pantoprazole (Protonix)
o Rabeprazole (Aciphex)
o Ranitidine (Zantac)
o Sucralfate (Carafate)

Cathartics/Laxatives
o Bisacodyl (Dulcolax)
o Docusate calcium (Surfak)
o Docusate potassium (Dialose)
o Docusate sodium (Doss, Colace)

Glycerin Suppositories
o Lactulose (Chronulac. Cephula)
o Magnesium citrate
o Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia)
o Mineral Oil
o Polyethylene Glycol- Electrolyte Solution (GoLYTLY, CoLyte)
o Psyllium (Metamucil, Serutan, Effer Syllium)
o Sorbitol

Enzymes
o Pancreatin (Creon)
o Pancrelipase [Lipase, Protease. Amylase] (Pancrease, others)

Miscellaneous GI Agents
o Alosetron (Lotronex)
o Balsalazide (Colazal)
o Dexpanthenol (llopan Choline Oral, Ilopan)
o Dibucaine (Nupercainal)
o Dicyclomine (Bentyl)
o Hydrocortisone Rectal (Anusol-HC Suppository, Cortifoam Rectal, Proctocort)
o Hyoscyamine (Anaspaz,Cystospaz, Levsin)
o Hyoscyamine, Atropine, Scopolamine and Phenobarbital (Donnatal)
o Infliximab (Remicade)
o Mesalamine (Rowasa, Asacol, Pentasa)
o Metoclopramide (Reglan, Clopra, Octamide)
o Misoprostol (Cytotec)
o Olsalazine (Dipentum)
o Pramoxine (Anusol Ointment, Procto foam-NS)
o Pramoxine with Hydrocortisone (Enzone, Proctofoam-HC)
o Propantheline (Pro-Banthine)
o Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
o Tegaserod maleate (Zelnorm)
o Vasopressin (Pitressin)

Drugs : Classifications V

2008-02-16T14:19:00.003+08:00

DERMATOLOGIC AGENTS
o Acitretin (Soriatane)
o Acyclovir (Zovirax)
o Alefacept (Amevive)
o Anthralin (Anthra-Derm)
o Amphotericin B (Fungizone)
o Bacitracin (Baci-IM)
o Bacitracin, Topical (Baciguent)
o Bacitracin and Polymyxin B, Topical (Polysporin)
o Bacitracin, Neomycin and Polymyxin B, Topical (Neosporin Ointment)
o Bacitracin, Neomycin, Polymyxin B and Hydrocortisone, Topical (Cortisporin)
o Bacitracin, Neomycin, Polymyxin B and Lidocaine, Topical (Clomycin)
o Calcipotriene (Dovonex)
o Capsaicin (Capsin, Zostrix)
o Ciclopirox (Loprox)
o Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
o Clindamycin, Topical (Cleocin-T)
o Clotrimazole and Betamethasone (Lotrisone)
o Dibucaine (Nupercainal)
o Doxepin, Topical(Zonalon)
o Econazole (Spectazole)
o Erythromycin, Topical
o Gentamicin, Topical
o Haloprogin (Halotex)
o Imiquimod (Aldara)
o Isotretinoin [13-cis Retinoic acid] (Accutane)
o Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
o Lactic Acid and Ammonium Hydroxide (Lac-Hydrin)
o Lindane (Kwell)
o Metronidazole (MetroGel)
o Miconazole (Monistat)
o Minoxidil (Loniten, Rogaine)
o Mupirocin (Bactroban)
o Naftifine (Naftin)
o Nystatin (Mycostatin, Nilstat)
o Nystatin and Triamcinolone
o Oxiconazole (Oxistat)
o Penciclovir (Denavir)
o Permethrin (Nix, Elimite)
o Tolnaftate (Tinactin)
o Pimecrolimus (Elidel)
o Pramoxine (Anusol Ointment. Proctofoam-NS)
o Pramoxine and Hydrocortisone (Enzone, Proctofoam-HC)
o Podophyllin (Podocon-25, Condylox Gel05%, Condylox)
o Tretinoin, Topical[Retinoic Acid] (Retin-A, Avita)
o Selenium Sulfide (Exsel Shampoo, Selsun Blue Shampoo, Selsun Shampoo)
o Silver Sulfadiazine (Silvadene)
o Steroids, Topical
o Tacrolimus (Prograf)
o Tazarotene (Tazorac)
o Terbinafine (Lamisil)
o Witch Hazel

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
o Calcium acetate (Calphron, Phos-Ex. PhosLo)
o Calcium Glubionate (Neo-Calglucon[OTC])
o Calcium Gluceptate
o Calcium salts [calcium chloride and gluconate
o Cholecalciferol [Vitamin D3] (Delta D)
o Cyanocobalamin[Vitamin B,2}
o Ferric gluconate Complex (Ferrlecit)
o Ferrous gluconate (Fergon)
o Ferrous sulfate
o Folic acid
o Iron Dextran (DexFerrum, InFeD)
o Magnesium Oxide (Mag-Ox 400)
o Magnesium sulfate
o Phytonadione [Vitamin K] (Aqua- MEPHYTON)
o Potassium Supplements Kaon, Kaochlor, K-Lor, Slow-K, Micro-K, Klorvess)
o Pyridoxine [Vitamin B5J
o Sodium bicarbonate [Bicarbonate]Thiamine [Vitamin B1]

EAR (OTIC) AGENTS
o Acetic acid and Aluminum acetate (Otic Domeboro)
o Benzocaine and Antipyrin (Auralgan)
o Ciprofloxacin and Hydrocortisone (Cipro HC Otic)
o Neomycin, Colistin and Hydrocortisone(Cortisporin-TC Otic Drops)
o Neomycin, Colistin, Hydrocortisone and Thonzonium(Cortisporin-TC Otic Suspension)
o Neomycin, Polymyxin and Hydrocortisone (Cortisporin Ophthalmic and Otic)
o Polymyxin B and Hydrocortisone (Otobiotic Otic)Sulfacetamide and Prednisolone (Blephamide)
o Triethanolamine (Cerumenex)

Drugs : Classifications IV

2008-02-16T14:11:00.001+08:00

CNS AGENTS

Antianxiety Agents
o Aiprazolam (Xanax)
o Buspirone (BuSpar)
o Chiordiazepoxide (Librium)
o Clorazepate (Tranxene)
o Diazepam (Valium)
o Doxepin (Sinquan, Adapin)
o Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril)
o Lorazepam (Ativan, others)
o Meprobamate (Equanil, Miltown) Oxazepam (Serax)

Anticonvulsants
o Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
o Clonazepam (Klonopin )
o Diazepam (Valium)
o Ethosuximide (Zarontin )
o Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx)
o Gabapentin (Neurontin )
o Lamotrigine Lumictal
o Levetiracetam (Keppra)
o Lorazepam (Ativan, others)
o Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
o Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
o Phenobarbital
o Phenytoin (Dilantin)
o Tiagabine (Gabitril)
o Topiramate (Topamax)
o Valproic acid (Depakene, Depakote)
o Zonisamide (Zonegran)

Antidepressants
o Amitriptyline (E1avil)
o Bupropion (Welibutrin, Zyban)
o Citalopram (Celexa)
o Desipramine (Norpramin)
o Doxepin (Sinequan, Adapin)
o Escitalopram (Lexapro)
o Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)
o Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
o Imipramine (Tofranil)
o Maprotiline (Ludiomil)
o Mirtazapine (Remeron)
o Nefazodone (Serzone)
o Nortriptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor)Paroxetine (Paxil)
o Phenelzine (Nardil)
o Sertraline (Zoloft)
o Trazodone (Desyrel)
o Trimipramine (Surmontil) Venlafaxine (Effexor)

Antiparkinson Agents
o Amantadine (Symmetrel)
o Benztropine (Cogentin
o Bromocriptine (Parlodel)
o Carbidopa/Levodopa (Sinemet)
o Entacapone (Comtan)
o Pergolide (Permax)
o Pramipexole (Mirapex)
o Procyclidine (Kemadrin)
o Selegiline (Eldepryl)
o Trihexyphenidyl (Artane)

Antipsychotics
o Aripiprazole (Abilify)
o Chiorpromazine (Thorazine)
o Clozapine (Clozaril)
o Fluphenazine (Prolixin, Permitil)
o Haloperidol (Haldol)
o Lithium carbonate(Eskalith)
o Mesoridazine(Serentil)
o Molindone (Moban)
o Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
o Perphenazine (Trilafon)
o Prochiorperazine (Compazine)
o Quetiapine (Seroquel)
o Risperidone (Risperdal)
o Thioridazine (Mellaril)
o Thiothixene (Navane)
o Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)
o Ziprasidone (Geodon)

Sedative Hypnotics
o Chloral hydrate
o Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
o Zaleplon (Sonata)
o Estazolam (ProSom)
o Flurazepam (Dalmane)
o Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril)
o Midazolam (Versed)
o Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
o Phenobarbital
o Propofol (Diprivan)
o Quazepam (Doral)
o Secobarbital (Seconal)
o Temazepam (Restoril)
o Triazolam (Halcion)
o Zolpidem (Ambien)

Miscellaneous CNS Agents
o Atomoxetine (Strattera)
o Galantamine (Reminyl)
o Nimodipine (Nimotop)
o Rivastigmine (Exelon)
o Sodium oxybate (Xyrem)
o Tacrine (Cognex)

Drugs : Classifications III

2008-02-16T13:46:00.004+08:00

CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS

Aldosterone Antagonist
o Eplerenone (lnspra)

Alpha 1-Adregenic Blockers
o Alfuzosin (Uroxatral)
o Prazosin (Minipress)
o Terazosin (Hytrin) Doxazosin (Cardura)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
o Benaiepril (Lotensin)
o Captopril (Capoten)
o Enalapril and Enalaprilat (Vasotec)
o Fosinopril (Monopril)
o Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)
o Moexipril (Univasc)
o Perindopril (Aceon)
o Quinapril (Accupril)
o Ramipril (Altace)
o Trandolapril (Mavik)

Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists
o Candesartan (Atacand)
o Eprosartan (Teveten)
o Irbesartan (Avapro)
o Losartan (Cozaar)
o Olmesartan (Benicar)
o Telmisartan (Micardis)
o Valsartan (Diovan)

Antiarrhythmic Agents
o Adenosine (Adenocard )
o Amiodarone (Cordarone.
o Pacerone) Atropine Propafenone (Rythmol)
o Digoxin (Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps)
o Dofetilide (Tikosyn)
o Esmolol (Brevibloc)
o Flecainide (Tambocor)
o Ibutilide (Corvert)
o Lidocaine (Anestacon Topical, Xylocaine)
o Methoxamine (Vasoxyl)
o Mexiletine (Mexitil)
o Moricizine (Ethmozine)
o Procainamide (Pronestyl, Procan)
o Quinidine
o Sotalol (Betapace, Betapace AF)
o Disopyramide (Norpace, NAPAmide)
o Tocainide (Tonocard)

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
o Acebutolol (Sectral)
o Atenolol (Tenormin)
o Atenolol and ChlorthaIidone (Tenoretic)
o Betaxolol (Kerlone)
o Bisoprolol (Zebeta)
o Carteolol (Cartrol, Ocupress Ophthalmic)
o Carvedilol (Coreg)
o Labetalol (Trandate, Normodyne)
o Metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)
o Nadolol (Corgard)
o Penbutolol (Levatol)
o Pindolol (Visken)
o Propranolol (Inderal)
o Timolol (Blocadren)

Calcium Channel Antagonists
o Amlodipine (Norsasc)
o Bepridil (Vascor)
o Diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac)
o Felodipine (Plendil)
o Isradipine (DynaCirc)
o Nicardipine (Cardene)
o Nifedipine (Procardia, Procardia XL, Adalat, Adalat CC)
o Nimodipine (Nimotop)
o Nisoldipine (Sular) Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin)

Centrally Acting Antihypertensive Agents
o Clonidine (Catapres)
o Methyldopa (Aldomet)

Diuretics
o Acetazolamide (Diamox)
o AmiIoride (Midamor)
o Burnetanide (Bumex)
o Chlorothiazide (Diuril)
o Chlorthalidone (Hygroton)
o Furosemide (Lasix)
o Hydrochiorothiazide (HydroDIURIL Esidrix)
o Hydrochiorothiazide and Amiloride (Moduretic)
o Hydrochlorothiazide and Spironolactone (Aldactazide)
o Hydrochlorothiazide and Triamterene (Dyazide, Maxzide)
o Indapamide (Lozol)
o Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)
o Mannitol
o Spironolactone(Aldactone)
o Torsemide (Demadex)
o Triamterene (Dyrenium)

Inotropic/Pressor Agents
o Amrinone (Inocor)
o Digoxin (Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps)
o Dobutamine (Dobutrex )
o Dopamine (Intropin)
o Epinephrine (Adrenalin Sus-Phrine)
o Isoproterenol (Isuprel, Medihaler-tso)
o Methoxamine (Vasoxyl)
o Milrinone (Primacor)
o Nesiritide (Natrecor)
o Norepinephrine(Levophed) Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)

Lipid-Lowering Agents
o Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
o Cholestyramine (Questran)
o Colesevelam (Weichol)
o Colestipol (Colestid)
o Ezetimibe (Zetia)
o Fenofibrate (Tricor)
o Fluvastatin (Lescol)
o Gemfibrozil (Lopid)
o Lovastatin (Mevacor)
o Niacin (Nicolar)
o Pravastatin (Pravachol)
o Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
o Simvastatin (Zocor)

Vasodilators
o Alprostadil [Prostaglandin E1] (Prostin VR)
o Epoprostenol (Flolan)
o Fenoldopam (Corlopam)
o Hydralazine (Apresoline)
o Isosorbid Dinitrate (Isordil. Sorbitrate)
o Isosorbide Mononitrate (Ismo. Imdur)
o Minoxidil (Loniten, Rogaine)
o Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitrolingual, Nitro-Bid Ointment Nitro-Bid IV, Nitrodisc, Transderm-Nitro)
o Nitroprusside (Nipride, Nitropress)
o Tolazoline (Priscotine)
o Treprostinil sodium (Remodulin)

Drugs : Classifications II

2008-02-16T13:30:00.002+08:00

Antineoplastic Agents
Alkylating Agents
o Altretamine (Hexalen)
o Busulfan (Myleran)
o Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
o Cisplatin (Platinol AQ)
o Procarbazine (Matulane)
o Triethylene-triphosphamide (Thio-Tepa, TESPA, TSPA)

Nitrogen Mustards
o Chlorambucil (Leukeran)
o Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar)
o Ifosfamide (Ifex, Holoxan)
o Mechlorethamine (Mustargen)
o Melphalan [I-PAM] (Alkeran)

Nitrosoureas
o Carmustine [BCNU] (BiCNU)
o Streptozocin (Zanosar)

Antibiotics
o Bleomycin sulphate (Blenoxane)
o Dactinomycin (Cosmegen)
o Daunorubicin (Daunomycin, Cerubidine)
o Doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Rubex)
o Idarubicin (Idamycin)
o Mitomycin (Mutamycin)
o Pentostatin (Nipent)
o Plicamycin (Mithracin)

Antimetabolites
o Cytarabine [ARA-C] (Cytosar-U)
o Cytarabine Liposomal (DepoCyt)
o Floxuridine (FUDR)
o Fludarabine (Fludara)
o Fluorouracil [5-FUJ] (Adrucil)
o Gemcitabine (Gemzar))
o Mercaptopurine [6-MP] (Purinethol)Methotrexate (Folex, Rheumatrex)6-Thioguanine (Tabloid)

Hormones
o Anastrozole (Anmidex)
o Bicalutamide (Casodex) Estramustine phosphate (Estracyt, Emcyt)
o Fluoxymesterone (Halotestin)
o Flutamide (Eulexin)
o Fulvestrant (Faslodex)
o Goserelin (Zoladex)
o Leuprolide acetate (Lupron, Viadur)
o Levamisole (Ergamisol)
o Megestrol acetate (Megace)
o Nilutamide (Nilandron)
o Tamoxifen acetate (Nolvadex)Triptorelin (Trelstar Depot, Trelstar LA)

Mitotic Inhibitors
o Etoposide ]VP-161 (VePesid)
o Vinblastine (Velban, Velbe)
o Vincristine (Oncovin, Vincasar PFS)
o Vinorelbine (Navelbine)

Miscellaneous Antineoplastic Agents
o Aldesleukin [Interleukin- 2, IL-2] (Proleukin)
o Aminoglutethimide (Cytadren)
o L-Asparaginase (Elspar, Oncaspar)
o BCG (TheraCys, Tice BCG)
o Cladribine (Leustatin)
o Dacarbazine (DTIC)
o Docetaxel (Taxotere)
o Gefitinib (Iressa)
o Hydroxyurea (Hydrea, Droxia)
o Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec)
o Irinotecan (Camptosar)
o Letrozole (Femara)
o Leucovorin (Wellcovorin)
o Mitotane (Lysodren)
o Mitoxantrone (Novantrone)
o Paclitaxel (Taxol)
o Pentostatin (Nipent)
o Rasburicase (Elitek)
o Topotecan (Hycamtin)
o Tretinoin [Retinoic acid] (Vesanoid)

Drugs : Classifications I

2008-02-16T12:59:00.003+08:00

Allergy
Antihistamines
o Cetirizine (Zytec)
o Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton)
o Chemastine fumarate (Tavist
o Cyproheptadine (Periactin)
o Desloratadine (Clarinex)
o Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
o Fexofenadine (Allegra)
o Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril)
o Lorastadine (Claritin)

Miscellaneous Antiallergenic Agents
o Budesonide (Pulmicort)
o Cromolyn (Cromolyn sodium)
o Montelukast (Singulair)

Antidotes
o Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
o Amifostine (Ethyol)
o Charcoal (Activated Charcoal, Actidose-Aqua, CharcoAid, Charcodate)
o Dexrazoxane (Zinecard)
o Digoxin Immune FAB (Digibind)
o Flumazenil (Romazicon)
o Ipecac Syrup (OTC Syrup)
o Mesna (Mesnex)
o Naloxone (Narcan)
o Physostigmine (Antilirium, Isopto, Eserine)
o Succimer (Chemet)

Antimicrobial Agents
Antibiotics
Aminoglycosides
o Amikacin (Amikin)
o Gentamicin (Garamycin)
o Neomycin (Mycifradin)
o Streptomycin
o Tobramycin (Nebcin)

Carbapenems
o Entrapenem (Invanz)
o Imipenem-Cilastatin (Primaxin)
o Meropenem (Merrem)

Cephalosporins, First Generation
o Cefadroxil (Duricef)
o Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol)
o Cephalexin (Keflex, Keftab)
o Cephalothin (Keflin)
o Cephradine (Velosef)

Cephalosporins, Second Generation
o Cefacior (Ceclor)
o Cefmatozole (Zefazone)
o Cefonicid (Monocid)
o Cefotetan (Cefotan)
o Cefoxitin (Mefoxin)
o Cefprozil (Cefzil)
o Cefuroxime (Ceftin [oral], Zinacef [parenteral])
o Loracarbef (Lorabid)

Cephalosporins, Third Generation
o Cefdinir (Omnicef)
o Cefditoren (Spectracef)
o Cefixme (Suprax)
o Cefoperazone (Cefobid)
o Cefotaxime (Claforan)
o Cefpodoxime (Vantin)
o Ceftazidime (Fortaz, Ceptaz, Tazidime, Tazicef)
o Ceftizoxime (Cefizox)
o Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)

Cephalosporins, Fourth Generation
o Cefepime (Maxipime)

Fluoroquinolones
o Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
o Gaitfloxacin (Tequin)
o Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
o Lomefloxacin (Maxaquin)
o Moxifloxacin (Avelox)
o Norfloxacin (Noroxin)
o Ofloxacin (Floxin, Ocuflox Ophtalmic)
o Sparfloxacin (Zagam)

Macrolides
o Azithromycin (Zithromax)
o Clarithromycin (Biaxin)
o Dirithromycin (Dynabac)
o Erythromycin (E-Mycin, Ilosone, Erythrocin)
o Erythromycin and Sulfisoxazole (Eryzole, Pediazole)

Penicillins
o Amoxycillin (Amoxil, Polymox)
o Amoxycillin-Clavulanate (Augmentin)
o Ampicillin (Amcill, Omnipen)
o Ampicillin-Sulbactam (Unasyn)
o Dicloxacillin (Dynapen, Dycill)
o Mezlocillin (Mezlin)
o Nafcillin (Nallpen)
o Oxacillin (Bactocill, Prostaphlin)
o Penicillin G Aqueous (Potassium or Sodium) (Pfizerpen, Pentids)
o Penicillin G Benthazine (Bicillin)
o Penicillin G Procaine (Wycillin)
o Penicillin V (Pen-Vee K, Veetids)
o Piperacillin (Pipracil)
o Piperacillin-Tazobactam (Zosyn)
o Ticarcillin (Ticar)
o Ticarcillin-Clavulanate (Timentin)

Tetracyclines
o Doxcycline (Vibramycin)
o Tetracycline (Achromycin V, Sumycin)

Miscellaneous Antibacterial Agents
o Aztreonam (Azactam)
o Clindamycin (Cleocin, Cleocin-T)
o Fosfomycin (Monurol)
o Linezolid (Zyvox)
o Metronidazole (Flagyl, MetroGel)
o Quinupristin-Dalfopristin (Synercid)
o Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole [Co-trimaxozole] (Bactrim, Septra)
o Vancomycin (Vanoccin, Vancoled)

Antifungals
o Amphotericin B (Fungizone)
o Amphotericin B Cholesteryl (Amphotec)
o Amphotericin B Lipid Complex (Abelcet)
o Ampotericin B Liposomal (AmBisome)
o Caspofungin (Cancidas)
o Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex)
o Clotrimazole and Betamethasone (Lotrisone)
o Econazole (Spectazole)
o Flucomazole (Diflucam)
o Itraconazole (Sporanox)
o Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
o Miconazole (Monistar)
o Nystatin (Mycostatin)
o Oxiconazole (Oxistat)
o Terbinafine (Lamisil)
o Triamcinolone and Nystatin (Mycolog-II)
o Voriconazole (VFEND)

Antimycobacterials
o Clofazimine (Lamprene)
o Dapsone (Avlosulfon)
o Ethambutol (Myambutol)
o Isoniazid (INH))
o Pyrazinamide Rifabutin (Mycobutin
o Rifampin (Rifadin)
o Rifapentine (Priftin
o Streptomycin

Antiprotozoals
o Nitazoxanide (Alinia)

Antiretrovirals
o Abacavir (Ziagen)
o Amprenavir (Agenerase)
o Atazanavir (Reyataz)
o Bortezomib (Velcade)
o Delavirdine (Re) scriptor)
o Didanosine [ddI]
o Efavirenz (Sustiva)
o Emtricitabine (Emtrivia)
o Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
o Indinavir (Crixivan)
o Lamivudine (Epivir, Epivir-HBV)
o Lopinavir/Ritonavir (Kaletra)
o Nelfinavir (Viracept)
o Nevirapine (Viramune)
o Ritonavir (Norvir)
o Saquinavir (Fortovase)
o Stavu dine (Zerit)
o Tenofovir (Viread)
o Zalcitabine (Hivid)
o Zidovudine (Retrovir)
o Zidovudine and Lamivudine (Combivir)

Antivirals
o Acyclovir (Zovirax)
o Adefovir (Hepsera)
o Amantadine (Symmetrel)
o Cidovovir (Famvir)
o Foscarnet (Foscavir)
o Ganciclovir (Cytovene, Vitrasert)
o Interferon Alfa-2b and Ribavirin Combination (Rebetron)
o Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
o Palivizumab (Synagis)
o Peg interferon alfa 2 a (Pegasys)
o Penciclovir (Denavir)
o Ribavirin (Virazole)
o Rimantadine (Flumadine)
o Valacyclovir (Valtrex)
o Valganciclovir (Valcyte)
o Zanamivir (Relenza)

Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Agents
o Atovaguone (Mepron)
o Atovaquone/Proguanil (Malarone)
o Pentamidine (Pentam 300, NebuPent)
o Trimetrexate (Neutrexin)