NCP - Nursing Care Plans

NANDA - List of Nanda Nursing Diagnosis 2011

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Tue, 10 Jan 2012 21:09:11 PST

List of NANDA Nursing diagnosis Accepted for Use and Research Divided into 13 domains and 47 classes, below the full list of 13 Domains and 47 classes NANDA Nursing Diagnosis. And complete list of NANDA Nursing diagnosis based on alphabetical order.

Domains Health Promotions
1. Health awareness
2. Health management
Domains nutrition’s
1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. Absorption
4. Metabolism
5. Hydration
Domains Elimination/exchange
1. Urinary System
2. Gastrointestinal System
3. Integumentary system
4. Pulmonary System
Domains Activity/Rest
1. Sleep/Rest
2. Activity/Exercise
3. Energy Balance
4. Cardiovascular-pulmonary Responses
5. Self-Care
Domains Perception/Cognition
1. Attention
2. Orientation
3. Sensation/Perception Cognition
4. Communication
Domains Self Perception
1. Self-Concept
2. Self-Esteem
3. Body Image
Domains Role Relationship
1. Caregiving Roles
2. Family Relationship
3. Role Performance
Domains Sexuality
1. Sexual Identity
2. Sexual Function
3. Reproduction
Domains Coping/Stress Tolerance
1. Post-Trauma Responses
2. Coping Responses
3. Neuro-behavioral Stress
Domains Life Principles
1. Values
2. Beliefs
3. Values/Belief/action Congruence
Domains Safety/protection
1. infection
2. Physical Injury
3. Violence
4. Environmental Hazards
5. Defensive Processes
6. Thermo regulation
Domains Comfort
1. Physical Comfort
2. Environmental Comfort
3. social Comfort
Domains Growth/Development
1. Growth
2. Development

Source : http://nursing-diagnosis-nanda

NCP Nursing Care Plan for Peritonitis

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sun, 08 Jan 2012 19:18:28 PST

Deficient Fluid Volume Nursing Care Plan for Peritonitis

Nursing Diagnosis for Peritonitis Deficient Fluid Volume related to active fluid volume loss.

Deficient Fluid Volume NANDA Definition: Decreased intravascular, interstitial, and/or intracellular fluid. This refers to dehydration, water loss alone without change in sodium

Characteristics

Decreased urine output
Concentrated urine
Output greater than intake
Sudden weight loss
Decreased venous filling
Hemoconcentration
Increased serum sodium
Hypotension
Thirst
Increased pulse rate
Decreased skin turgor
Dry mucous membranes
Weakness
Possible weight gain
Changes in mental status

Goal:
To identify interventions to improve the balance of fluid and minimize the inflammatory process to improve comfort.

Expected outcomes:

Adequate urine output with normal specific gravity,
Stable vital signs
Mucous membranes moist
Good skin turgor
The capillary rise
Weight within the normal range.

Hyperthermia Nanda Nursing Diagnosis - Dengue Fever

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sun, 08 Jan 2012 19:15:47 PST

Dengue hemorrhagic fever is an acute infectious disease manifested initially with fever. Dengue fever is one of the contagious viral diseases spread through the mosquito bite. The female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes thrive in stagnant water of surroundings and become the carriers of the virus. The disease is characterized by mild to high fever, headache, joint and muscle pains and rashes.

Signs and Symptoms

Mild to high fever about 105 F
Severe pain in the bone joints
Intense headache and backache
Loss of appetite
Appearance of rashes all over the body
Nausea followed by vomiting

Home Remedies for Dengue

1. One should reduce the exposure to mosquitoes as far as possible and not venture out in the dawn or dusk, when the mosquitoes are most prevalent.

2. Mosquito nets, mosquito repellant ointments and coils must be regularly used while sleeping at night, to prevent the mosquito bite.

3. Holy basil leaves are very useful in preventing and treating dengue. Drinking a decoction of basil leaves and cardamom powder, adding little salt and milk helps in reducing high fever.

4. Juice extracted from two raw papaya leaves helps in preventing Dengue.

5. Drinking few cups pf herbal tea prepared from basil leaves, ginger and cardamom powder is very effective in reducing the fever.

6. Orange juice is widely used for treating Dengue fever. Drinking orange juice helps in proper digestion to fight against the disease.

7. Plenty of water or diluted fruit juice must be administered to the patient to maintain the required water balance of the body.

Read More :

Hyperthermia Nanda Nursing Diagnosis - Dengue Fever

List of Nanda Nursing Diagnosis for COPD

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sun, 25 Dec 2011 23:15:29 PST

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease is progressive, meaning the disease lasts a lifetime and is slowly deteriorating from year to year. In the course of this disease there are phases of acute exacerbation. Various factors play a role in the course of the disease, among other risk factors are factors that cause or exacerbate illnesses such as smoking, air pollution, environmental pollution, infection, genetic and weather changes.

The degree of airway obtruksi happened, and identification of components that allow for reversibility. Stage of the disease outside the lung and other diseases such as chronic sinusitis and pharyngitis. That ultimately these factors make further deterioration occurs sooner. To perform the management of COPD should consider these factors, so that the treatment of COPD for the better.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a broad classification of disorders that includes chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, emphysema and asthma, which is an irreversible condition associated with dyspnea on exertion and decreased air flow in and out of the lungs.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a lung disorder characterized by impaired lung function in the form of prolonged expiratory period caused by the narrowing of the airways and not much changed in the period of observation for some time.

Signs and symptoms will lead to two basic types:

Have a dominant direction of the clinical picture of chronic bronchitis (blue bloater).
Have a clinical picture towards emphysema (pink puffers).

Signs and symptoms are as follows:

body weakness
cough
shortness of breath
Shortness of breath on exertion and breath sounds
wheezing
prolonged expiratory
form the barrel chest (Barrel Chest) in advanced disease
the use of accessory muscles
decreased breath sounds
sometimes found paradoxical breathing
leg edema, ascites and clubbing

10 List of Nanda Nursing Diagnosis for COPD

NCP Nursing Care Plan for Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sun, 25 Dec 2011 23:06:34 PST

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

Intervertebral Discs are the cartilage plates that form a cushion between the vertebral bodies. Hard and fibrous material is combined in one capsule. Such as ball bearings in the middle of the disc called the nucleus pulposus. Herniated nucleus pulposus is a rupture of the nucleus pulposus.

Herniated nucleus pulposus into the vertebral bodies can be above or below it, can also directly into the vertebral canal.

Pain can occur in any part such as cervical spine, thoracic (rarely) or lumbar. Clinical manifestations depend on the location, speed of development (acute or chronic) and the effect on surrounding structures. Lower back pain is severe, chronic and recurring (relapse).

Diagnostic Examination
1. Spinal RO: Shows the degenerative changes in the spine
2. MRI: to localize even small disc protrusion, especially for lumbar spinal disease.
3. CT Scan and Myelogram if the clinical and pathological symptoms are not visible on MRI
4. Electromyography (EMG): to localize the specific spinal nerve roots are exposed.

Assessment Nursing Care Plan for HNP Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

1. Anamnesa
The main complaint, history of present treatments, medical history past, family health history.

2. Physical examination
Assessment of the patient's problem consists of onset, location and spread of pain, paresthesias, limited mobility and limited function of the neck, shoulders and upper extremities.
Assessment in the area include palpation of the cervical spine which aims to assess muscle tone and rigidity.

3. Examination Support

Diagnosis Nursing Care Plan for HNP Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

1. Acute Pain

2. Impaired physical mobility

3. Anxiety

4. Knowledge deficient

Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions Nursing Care Plan for Herniated Nucleus Pulposus

Decreased Cardiac Output Nursing Care Plan for Congestive Heart Failure

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Fri, 16 Dec 2011 20:08:53 PST

Decreased Cardiac Output NANDA Definition:

Inadequate blood pumped by the heart to meet metabolic demands of the body

Nursing Diagnosis:

Decreased cardiac output related to Altered heart rate and rhythm AEB bradycardia

characterized by:

with pale conjunctiva, nail beds and buccal mucosa
irregular rhythm of the pulse
bradycardic
pulse rate of 34 beats / min
generalized weakness

Short-Term Objectives:
the patient Will Participate in activities That Reduced the workload of the heart.

Long-Term Objectives:
Will the patient be Able to display hemodynamic stability.

Read More :

Decreased Cardiac Output Congestive Heart Failure Nursing Care Plan

Asthma Nursing Care Plan - Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 19:37:01 PDT

Asthma Nursing Care Plan

image from students.cis.uab.edu

Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic).(wikipedia)

Asthma Nursing Care Plan

Nursing Diagnosis for Asthma

Impaired gas exchange related to Altered oxygen supply obstruction of airways by secretions, bronchospasm, air-trapping Alveoli destruction
Ineffective airway clearance related to obstruction from narrowed lumen and thick mucus
Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements related to Dyspnea, sputum production Medication side effects; anorexia, nausea or vomiting
Fatigue
Ineffective breathing pattern
Anxiety
Deficient knowledge (treatment regimen, self-care, and discharge needs)
Fear

Nursing Care Plan for Asthma

Nursing Interventions for Asthma

Evaluate respiratory rate/depth and breath sounds.
Assist client to maintain a comfortable position.
Keep environmental free from sources of allergen such as dust, smoke, and feather pillows to a minimum according to individual situation.
Encourage/instruct in deep-breathing and directed coughing exercises
monitor skin and mucous membrane color.
Monitor vital signs
Encourage adequate rest and limit activities to within client tolerance.
Monitor and graph serial ABGs and pulse oximetry.
Administer medications as indicated

Source : http://nandanursing-blog.blogspot.com

Nursing Interventions Pneumonia

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 19:26:05 PDT

Nursing Interventions Pneumonia

Ineffective airway clearance related to inflammation, accumulation of secretionsGoal :
Effective way of breath, lung ventilation is adequate and there is no buildup of secretions.

Interventions :
- Monitor respiratory status every 2 hours, review the increase in respiratory status and abnormal breath sounds.
- Perform percussion, vibration and postural drainage every 4-6 hours.
- Give appropriate oxygen therapy program.
- Help cough up secretions / suction mucus.
- Give the comfortable position that allows the patient to breathe.
- Create a comfortable environment so that patients can sleep calmly.
- Monitor blood gas analysis to assess respiratory status.
- Give drink enough.
- Provide sputum for culture / sensitivity test.
- Manage provision of appropriate antibiotics and other drugs program.
Impaired gas exchange related to changes in alveolar capillary membrane.Goal :
Patients showed improvement ventilation, optimal gas exchange and tissue oxygenation is adequate.
Interventions :
- Observation of the level of consciousness, respiratory status, cyanosis signs every 2 hours.
- Give Fowler position semi-Fowler.
- Give oxygen by program.
- Monitor blood gas analysis.
- Create an environment of calm and comfort patients.
- Prevent the occurrence of fatigue in patients.
Deficient fluid volume related to inadequate oral intake, fever, tachypnoea.Goal :
Patients will maintain a normal body fluids.
Interventions :
- Record fluid intake and output.
- Monitor fluid balance: mucous membranes, skin turgor, rapid pulse, decreased consciousness, vital signs.
- Maintain the accuracy of the drip infusion based on the program.
- Perform oral hygiene.
Activity intolerance related to decreased blood oxygen levels.Goal :
Patients can do activities based on conditions.
Interventions :
- Assess the patient’s physical tolerance.
- Assist patients in activities of daily activities.
- Provide age-appropriate games that patients with activities that do not spend a lot of energy, match the activity with the condition.
- Give oxygenation by program.
- Give the energy needs.

Nursing Interventions Pneumonia

Source : http://nursing-care-plan.org

Nursing Interventions for Pain

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 19:19:05 PDT

Nursing Intervention and Rational - Pain Nursing Care Plan for Cesarean Section

Pain related to postoperative wound

Goal:
Clients can adapt to pain, reduced pain

Nursing Intervention for Pain :

Assess the condition of pain experienced by the client
R: Measurement of pain threshold value can be done with the scales and descriptions.

Explain the pain suffered by the clients and their causes
R: Improving coping clients in guidance to overcome the pain.

Teach distraction techniques
R: Reduction of pain perception.

Collaboration of analgesics
R: Reducing the onset of pain may be performed by administering oral or systemic analgesics in a broad spectrum / specific.

Read More : Nursing Interventions for Pain

Diabetes Nursing Interventions

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 19:11:43 PDT

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels, that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes (as it will be in this article) was first identified as a disease associated with “sweet urine,” and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine.

Normally, blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates (for example, after eating food), insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose level. In patients with diabetes, the absence or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition, meaning that although it can be controlled, it lasts a lifetime.(medicinenet.com)

Nursing Diagnosis for Diabetes Mellitus

Imbalanced Nutrition: More than Body Requirements related to intake in excess of activity expenditures

Nursing Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus

Assess current timing and content of meals.
Assist patient to identify problems that may have an impact on dietary adherence and possible solutions to these problems. Emphasize that lifestyle changes should be maintainable for life.
Assist patient to establish goals for weekly weight loss and incentives to assist in achieving them.
Advise patient on the importance of an individualized meal plan in meeting weight-loss goals. Reducing intake of carbohydrates may benefit some patients; however, fad diets or diet plans that stress one food group and eliminate another are generally not recommended.
Discuss the goals of dietary therapy for the patient. Setting a goal of a 10% (of patient’s actual body weight) weight loss over several months is usually achievable and effective in reducing blood sugar and other metabolic parameters.
Explain the importance of exercise in maintaining/reducing body weight.
- Caloric expenditure for energy in exercise
- Carryover of enhanced metabolic rate and efficient food utilization
Strategize with patient to address the potential social pitfalls of weight reduction.

Source :

Nursing Interventions for Diabetes

Genital Herpes - Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 19:01:30 PDT

by: James S. Pendergraft

HSV or 'Herpes Simplex Virus' is the virus which causes Genital Herpes. This virus is highly infectious and transmits from one to another due to contact with skin, like oral, vaginal or anal sex.

Causes of Genital Herpes:

The presence of HSV on the facade of the skin is enough to be transmitted to a partner. This virus is transmitted easily through the moist parts of the skin like the anus, genitals and the mouth. In a few cases, there are chances of getting infected even through other parts of the body like the skin or the eyes, which would be affected by 'Herpes Simplex'.

Genital herpes does not get transmitted through cups, towels or cutlery, as the virus is short lived when is not on the skin. Once diagnosed with HSV, this virus is reactivated very fast and causes a 'new bout of genital herpes'. This phenomenon is called 'recurrence'. Once you are infected by this virus, it lives within the nerves of the skin, but there are no symptoms. This is mostly inactive, but it gets reactivated every now and then.

The reason for the recurrence of HSV is not known, but there are certainly a few causes which accountable for the indications of the recurrence of genital herpes. For instance, abrasion in the genital area could be at the time of intercourse, which could be a cause of recurrence. There are other causes like, stress, excessive intake of alcohol, falling ill and the genital area being exposed to strong sunlight.

Symptoms of Genital Herpes :`

In most cases of HSV, there are no symptoms at the initial stages and this in turn does not make the sufferer aware of the condition. It is to be noted that, the symptoms of this virus are not known for a long period of time and in some cases not known for years too. In case you face any indications of the infection initially, it might be between four to seven days after being infected by HSV. This indication which appears is known as the primary infection. In case of indications of a primary infection, the condition is known to be a lot more severe as compared to the recurrent infections.

Symptoms of primary genital herpes are; vaginal discharge in case of women, fever, red blisters which are painful, these blisters burst and leave behind ulcers on the buttocks, rectum, external genital area and thighs, pain while passing urine, in case of women there is ulceration and blister on the cervix and a general feeling of being unwell.

These symptoms generally tend to last for about twenty days. In case of recurrent infections the symptoms would be again ulceration and blisters on the cervix in case of women, red blisters which are painful and a burning or tingling feeling in the area surrounding the genitals before the appearance of the blister. These symptoms tend to last for about seven to ten days.

Treatment of Genital Herpes :

Treatment of genital herpes depends on whether the treatment is for recurrent infection or for the first time. In case it is the first time, the treatment is done by a GUM that is Genito Urinary Medicine specialist in case you are not able to meet a GUM specialist you should at least consult a general physician who would put you on a course of anti viral tablets. In case of recurrent infection your general physician would treat you with a mild dose as the infection is less when it recurs.

There is also an episodic treatment for 6 recurrent infections in a year. Besides, there is the suppressive treatment done in case of more than six recurrent infections in a year.

To Your Health!

Source : http://www.womenscenter.com/

Herpes Testing You Should Know About

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 18:56:19 PDT

by: Rudy Silva

There are many reasons why you shouldn’t fail to have herpes testing. These reasons may mean your life, the health of your partner as well as further complications that it may lead you if you fail to undergo the disease’s examination.

Herpes is a disease caused by virus. Depending on the virus that causes the infection, the illness may be categorized as HSV-1 or HSV-2. Additionally, this disease may manifest on your mouth (oral herpes) or genital areas (genital herpes).

The HSV-1 virus usually causes oral herpes. This kind can make its victims suffer because of painful sores. These sores may appear on your gums, lips and within your mouth area. This virus can also cause genital herpes although 80% of patients infected by this virus only suffer oral herpes.

Also, this type of simplex virus doesn’t just affect adults. Because of how the disease is transferred, it is possible for your kids to acquire it.

On the other hand, HSV-2 simplex virus is the virus type that causes genital herpes. Accordingly, herpes survey showed that 8 people out of 10 are most likely infected with this kind of herpes.

Because of the speed of transmission, it is a must to go for herpes testing as promptly as possible. This disease can be easily passed on through skin to skin contact. This is most susceptible if you have open wound or lesion on your skin.

Aside from that, herpes can be communicated through sexual intercourse. Take note that this disease may occur on your mouth which could only mean that oral sex would not save you.

Herpes testing centers and agency encourage people with active sex life to have herpes test. This is specifically encouraged whenever some symptoms start occurring. Some manifestations of herpes that would signal you to have a check are:

Oral Herpes

- itchiness around the mouth (you may experience this before the sore)

- cold sores

- fever blisters

- lymph nodes on the neck

Genital

Although this kind of herpes may show confusing symptoms, you might want to consider the following signs:

- sores that are filled with fluid

- sores near your genital areas

- excruciating pain on your lower body or near the possibly infected area

Naturally, it is always best to hear the opinion of the experts; better yet, do some genital herpes testing. By doing so, you would know whatever it is that’s been causing your health to fail and find remedy for it as early as possible.

Some of the herpes tests that you can do include herpes blood test or herpes simplex test. Depending on the herpes test results, the doctor may suggest you to do further herpes lab test.

Another thing that you must know is that herpes testing for men differ from women’s test. The different tests of the two genders can provide more herpes testing accuracy. With such, you can be reassured that the chance that you might be given the wrong diagnostic is low.

Herpes testing is very important. This is something that you should do the moment you start feeling and seeing the symptoms. In fact, you should do this as early as possible.

Source:
http://www.articlecity.com/articles/health/article_12055.shtml

Nursing Care Plan for Endocarditis

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Mon, 15 Aug 2011 17:49:52 PDT

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. It usually involves the heart valves (native or prosthetic valves). Other structures that may be involved include the interventricular septum, the chordae tendineae, the mural endocardium, or even on intracardiac devices. Endocarditis is characterized by a prototypic lesion, the vegetation, which is a mass of platelets, fibrin, microcolonies of microorganisms, and scant inﬂammatory cells. In the subacute form of infective endocarditis, the vegetation may also include a center of granulomatous tissue, which may fibrose or calcify.

Nursing Assessment for Endocarditis

A. History or presence of risk factors:

Congenital heart disease
History of cardiac surgery
The use of intravenous drugs are indiscriminate
Previous cardiovascular diagnostic procedure is invasive previously.

B. Physical Examination of Cardiovascular Status Based Assessment
Possible Shows:

The three major components: anemia, intermittent fever, and systolic murmur (with aortic stenoses, tricuspid insufficiency, or mitral insufficiency) or diastolic murmur (with aortic insufficiency, tricuspid stenosis or mitral stenosis).
Arthralgia
Anorexia and weight loss
Tired
Splenomegaly
Vascular lesions
Osler's nodes (painful, red nodules on the skin)
Lychee Jeneway's (flat no pain, red spots found on the feet and slap palms become pale because of pressures).
Petechiae
Symptoms of heart failure

C. Diagnostic examination

Positive blood cultures for infectious organisms
Laboratory: show leukocytosis, and Hb, hemotokrit and red blood cells below normal limits.
The rate of sediment erythrocytes (ESR) increase, which describes the presence of inflammation
Rheumatoid factor positive.
Chest X-ray detecting congestive heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy.
ECG to assess heart failure and arrhythmias
An echocardiogram to determine the extent of valve damage

Risk factors include having

An abnormal or damaged heart valve
A severe case of mitral valve prolapse
An artificial heart valve
Certain heart defects

Nursing Diagnosis for Endocarditis

Activity Intolerance related to decreased cardiac output, due to endocarditis

Anxiety related to threat of sudden death, lack of knowledge about the diagnostic and management plans.

Disturbed Sleep Pattern related to shivering and sweating as a result of infection.

Nursing Interventions for Endocarditis

9 Secrets to Make Kids Smart or Genius

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 20:13:15 PDT

1. Learning Music
This is a great way to enhance right-brain learning with a relaxed and easy. According to the University of Toronto study, music lessons can improve the intelligence quotient and school achievement of a child. Even the longer studied, the results are increasingly apparent.

2. Give drink breast milk
Many scientific studies show that breast milk (breast milk) in addition to providing a wide range of nutrients, may also boost immunity and infant intelligence. A baby who ate milk for nine months significantly more intelligent than a baby who consume only breast milk for a month.

3. Improve health
The team of researchers from the University of Illinois has proved the relationship between health and learning of children in school. Research from Oppenheimer Funds in fact show that the exercise group not only boost your confidence, build a spirit of togetherness, it can even foster skills to lead. Eighty-one percent of the directress at a very young company, all of them have joined in an organization's activities.

4. Game
Indeed there are many games that can make the players become lazy thinking. But there are also a number of games that can increase bersosial spirit, creativity and inspiration, there is even able to train children to think wisely and to train the ability to make plans. Research at the University of Rochester also found that children who play games more capable of finding a sense of visual clues in learning.

5. Refuse junk food
Reduce foods high sugar yield, abstinence of various foods and high fat junk food to another. Instead, many are highly nutritious eating healthy foods, this will improve intelligence and motor development of children, especially for infants who have not even two years, it is very important. For example, a child should eat some iron to help brain growth. If it is less in number, delivery of nerve impulses will be weakened.

6. Cultivating curiosity
Experts reveal, when parents encourage children to have their own thoughts, is in fact being to direct their demands on the importance of knowledge. Put great attention to the child's interest, to introduce and teach new skills to them at every opportunity to educate outside of the house, all this is a great way to foster child's yearning for knowledge demands.

7. Read
In line with technological advances, many people overlook the importance of reading. Reading is a way of increasing one's intelligence quotient is the most direct and effective. Reading to children, become a member of the library and reading books all add to the collection is a good way to nurture a child's reading interests.

8. Breakfast
Proverb which says the bird got up early will get the food is not without foundation. A long way since 1970, scientific research to find a child who had breakfast in the morning to have better memory, better able to concentrate and also able to learn faster. Than did not eat breakfast, eat a piece of cake or drink a glass of milk, this will be very helpful in learning.

9. Play puzzle game
Playing chess, crossword puzzles or other games can stimulate intelligence. Sudoku games can instead foster a wise way of thinking and fosters problem-solving skills.

Besides the things above, when a child is very young must be frequently invited to chat, ask the children remember the vocabulary that is often used in everyday life or have the children memorize, all of this is the moment to help children cultivate good at intelligence quotient.

Experts say, "Turn off the TV, ask the child out of the house, closer to nature and cultivating the body, is one of the best methods to train children to be smart and nimble-bodied."

Asbestos Poisoning

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 19:56:07 PDT

Asbestos poisoning can cause a relatively rare cancer called mesothelioma. The disease can be caused by exposure to asbestos directly or indirectly, and claims can sometimes exceed tens of millions of dollars significantly.

Blue asbestos are found more likely to cause mesothelioma than chrysotile asbestos fibers for long and thin blue asbestos. However, the smallest particles of asbestos can be more dangerous than the fact that the larger the smaller particles can remain airborne for a long time.

Asbestos can cause other diseases such as mesothelioma, including lung cancer and kidney, and other pulmonary diseases. Asbestos has been recognized as a health risk from about 1900, but asbestos and mesothelioma has only officially linked since 1960. Those who live near the natural asbestos and other natural minerals such as found to have an increased risk of mesothelioma.

Some people only briefly exposed to small amounts of asbestos develop mesothelioma, and others are a large number of asbestos for a long time, no. One study showed that the incidence of mesothelioma 300 times more workers with asbestos insulation, compared with the total population. Asbestos can cause changes to DNA in cells, or even increase the likelihood that you will get the alien DNA in cells. Asbestos can also reduce the effectiveness of the immune system.

Mesothelioma caused by asbestos poisoning rare. The incidence of mesothelioma is highest in the UK, Australia and Belgium, but even in those countries (which has about twice the frequency compared with the United States, where about 2,000 new cases diagnosed each year), the incident is still one-thirtieth of lung cancer lungs. These figures would not be appropriate, because diseases such as mesothelioma is often misdiagnosed.

Nursing Diagnosis for Diabetes Mellitus

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sun, 07 Aug 2011 10:51:16 PDT

Nursing Diagnosis for Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus

Nursing Diagnosis for Diabetes Mellitus

Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity related to elevated levels of blood sugar

Impaired Physical Mobility related to pain in the leg wound

Pain related to ischemic tissue

Imbalanced Nutrition: Less than Body Requirements related to the lack of food intake

Disturbed Sleep pattern related to pain in the wound in the leg

Impaired physical mobilization related to weakness of limbs

Knowledge Deficit about the disease process, diet, care, and treatment related to a lack of information

Anxiety related to lack of knowledge about the disease.

Nursing Diagnosis for Diabetes Mellitus
Source : http://nandanursingdiagnosis.blogspot.com/2011/06/nursing-diagnosis-for-diabetes-mellitus.html

Nursing Care Plan for Empyema

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sat, 06 Aug 2011 08:41:08 PDT

Nursing Care Plan for Empyema

Empyema

Empyema is a collection of pus in the space between the lung and the inner surface of the chest wall (pleural space).

Symptoms

Chest pain, which worsens when you breathe in deeply (pleurisy)
Dry cough
Excessive sweating, especially night sweats
Fever and chills
General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise)
Shortness of breath
Weight loss (unintentional)

Nursing Diagnosis of Empyema 1:

Ineffective airway clearance related to bronchus spsame, increased production of secretions, weakness

Nursing Intervention and Rational:

Auscultation of breath sounds: note the presence of breath sounds, assess and monitor breathing sounds
R /: To determine the presence of airway obstruction, the degree yan tachipneu found the process of acute infection.

Assess the frequency of respiratory
R /: The process of acute infection (tachipnea)

Nursing diagnosis of empyema 2:

Impaired Gas Exchange related to airway obstruction secondary to the buildup of secretions, Bronchospasme

Nursing Intervention and Rational:

Assess the frequency and depth of breathing, note the use of auxiliary respiratory muscles and an inability to speak due to shortness
R /: Evaluation of the degree of respiratory distress or failure and chronic disease processes.

Help clients to find a position that facilitates breathing, with the head higher
R /: Supply of oxygen can be updated, in order to practice breathing lungs do not collapse.

Nursing diagnosis of empyema 3:

Imbalanced Nutrition, Less Than Body Requirements related to Shortness of breath, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, drug effects, weakness

Nursing Intervention and Rational:

Obserasi intake and output / 8 hours. The amount of food consumed each day and measuring body weight each day
R /: Identifying the lack of progress / storage of the expected goal

Create a fun atmosphere, an environment free of odor during meal times:

Perform mouth care before and after meals
Clean environment in which the presentation of food
Avoid use of foul-smelling fragrances
Perform chest physiotherapy and nebulizer at least one hour before meals
Provide a place to dispose of tissues / secretions cough

R /: The smells and sights that are not pleasant during the meal can lead to anorexia. The drugs are given soon after a meal can trigger nausea and vomiting.

Source : http://free-nursingcareplan.blogspot.com/2011/07/nursing-care-plan-for-empyema.html

Factors Affecting Personal Hygiene

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sun, 24 Jul 2011 08:11:39 PDT

Factors Affecting Personal Hygiene

Body image
Body image greatly affects personal hygiene, such as by physical changes so that individuals do not care about personal hygiene.

Social practice
In children always pampered in personal hygiene may lead to a change in personal hygiene.

Socioeconomic status
Personal hygiene need tools and materials such as soap, toothpaste, toothbrush, shampoo, toiletries, all require money to provide it.

Knowledge
Knowledge of personal hygiene is very important because a good knowledge to improve health. For example in patients with diabetes mellitus should maintain the cleanliness of his feet.

Culture
In some societies, if the individual's particular illness should not be bathed.

Habit
There are habits of people who use a particular product in self-care such as use of soap, shampoo and others.

Physical or psychological condition
In certain circumstances / illness diminished ability to care for themselves and need help to do so.

Impacts that often arise in problems of personal hygiene:

1. Physical Impact

Many health problems suffered by a person for not maintaining good personal hygiene, physical disorder that often occurs is a disorder of skin integrity, impaired oral mucous membrane, eye and ear infections and physical disorders of the nails.

2. Psychosocial Impact

Social problems related to personal hygiene is a need for a sense of comfort, love and love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization and impaired social interaction.

Signs and Symptoms of Self-care Deficit

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sun, 24 Jul 2011 07:59:14 PDT

Signs and symptoms of clients with self-care deficit :

1. Physical

Body odor, dirty clothes
Dirty hair and skin
Long nails and dirty
Dirty teeth with mouth odor
Untidy appearance

2. Psychological

Lazy, no initiative
Withdrawn, self-isolation
Feeling helpless, low self-esteem and feel humiliated

3. Social

Less social interaction
Less activity
Not able to behave according to norms
How to eat irregularly bladder and bowel movements in any place, brushing teeth and bathing are not able to independently.

Nursing Diagnosis for Agnosia

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sun, 24 Jul 2011 07:50:47 PDT

Agnosia is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss. It is usually associated with brain injury or neurological illness, particularly after damage to the occipitotemporal border, which is part of the ventral stream.

Nursing Diagnosis for Agnosia

Disturbed Sensory Perception: olfaction olfactory related to nerve damage.

Disturbed Sensory Perception: vision related to decreased visual acuity.

Disturbed Sensory Perception: Hearing impairment related to impulse delivery.

Disturbed Sensory Perception: feelings related to vagus nerve damage glosofaringeus.

Risk of injury related to impaired vision.

Nursing Assessment Nursing Care Plan for Agnosia

Nursing Assessment for Agnosia

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sun, 24 Jul 2011 07:33:36 PDT

Nursing Assessment for Agnosia

Focal neurological disorders
- Lobe focal, occurring personality disorders, disorder effects, motor system dysfunction, seizures, aphasia.
- In the occipital lobe, visual disturbances occur and can not recognize or name or anything visible.
- In the temporal lobe, auditory hallucinations are common.
- In the parietal lobe, can be found the inability to distinguish left and right.
Tion, personality changes
The decline in memory, decreased ability to make decisions.

Basis of assessment data

Activity
- Inability to mention again what is seen
- Impaired motor skills
- The inability to do things that have been done before.
Ego integrity
- Misperceptions of the environment
- Misidentification of the object
- Changes in body image and self-perceived
Food / fluid
- Changes in taste
- Decreased appetite
- Weight loss
Higyene
- Need help / depend on others.
Neuro Sensory
- Denial of symptoms that are primarily cognitive change and or a blurred picture.
- Decrease in ability, cognitive remember the new passes.
- Decrease in communication, difficulty in determining the correct words.
- Asked repeatedly by substance word has no meaning.
- Lose the ability to read or write.
- Difficulties in the complex and abstract thinking.
- Impaired memory
- Visual changes
- Ability to calculate simple
Comfort
- High risk of injury
Social interaction
- Feeling lost power
- Loss of social control
Health History
- The main complaint : Loss of perception
- History of present illness : Memory loss, impaired perception
- Past history of disease : History had suffered head trauma, stroke
- Family history of disease : Families may be suffering from a tumor.

Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sat, 25 Jun 2011 04:45:50 PDT

There is no known cure for Parkinson's disease. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms.

Medications control symptoms, mostly by increasing the levels of dopamine in the brain. At certain points during the day, the helpful effects of the medication often wears off, and symptoms can return. Your doctor may need to change the:

Type of medication
Dose
Amount of time between doses
How the medications are taken

Work closely with your doctors and therapists to adjust the treatment program. Never change or stop taking any medications without talking with your doctor.

Many medications can cause severe side effects, including hallucinations, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and delirium. Monitoring and follow-up by the health care provider is important.

Eventually, symptoms such as stooped posture, frozen movements, and speech difficulties may not respond very well to drug treatment.

Medications used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease are:

Levodopa (L-dopa), Sinemet, levodopa and carbidopa (Atamet)
Pramipexole (Mirapex), ropinirole (Requip), bromocriptine (Parlodel)
Selegiline (Eldepryl, Deprenyl), rasagiline (Azilect)
Amantadine or anticholinergic medications -- to reduce early or mild tremors
Entacapone -- to prevent the breakdown of levodopa

Lifestyle changes that may be helpful for Parkinson's disease:

Good general nutrition and health
Exercising, but adjusting the activity level to meet changing energy levels
Regular rest periods and avoiding stress
Physical therapy, speech therapy, and occupational therapy
Railings or banisters placed in commonly used areas of the house
Special eating utensils

Social workers or other counseling services to help you cope with the disorder and get assistance (such as Meals-on-Wheels)

Less commonly, surgery may be an option for patients with very severe Parkinson's disease who no longer respond to many medications. These surgeries do not cure Parkinson's, but may help some patients:

In deep brain stimulation (DBS), the surgeon implants electrical stimulators in specific areas of the brain to help with movement.
Another type of surgery destroys brain tissues that cause Parkinson's symptoms.

Source : ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Nursing Care Plan for Parkinson's Disease

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Sat, 25 Jun 2011 04:37:39 PDT

Parkinson's disease (also known as Parkinson disease, Parkinson's, idiopathic parkinsonism, primary parkinsonism, PD, or paralysis agitans) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system. It results from the death of dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain; the cause of cell-death is unknown. Early in the course of the disease, the most obvious symptoms are movement-related, including shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait. Later, cognitive and behavioural problems may arise, with dementia commonly occurring in the advanced stages of the disease. Other symptoms include sensory, sleep and emotional problems. PD is more common in the elderly with most cases occurring after the age of 50.wikipedia

Nursing Care Plan for Parkinson's Disease

Nursing Assessment for Parkinson's Disease

Assess cranial nerves, cerebral function (coordination) and motor function.
Observation of gait and while doing the activity.
Assess the history of symptoms and their effects on body functions.
Assess the clarity and speed of speech.
Assess signs of depression.

Nursing Diagnosis for Parkinson's Disease

Impaired physical mobility related to bradykinesia, tremor and muscle regiditas

Characterized by:

Subjective data: client said it was hard to activities,
Objective data: tremor during the move.

Objective: Improve mobility

Nursing Intervention for Parkinson's Disease

Help clients daily exercise such as walking, cycling, swimming, or gardening.

Encourage clients to stretch and exercise as directed postural therapist.

Client Bathe with warm water and do the sorting to help muscle relaxation.

Instruct clients to regular breaks in order to avoid weakness and frustration.

Teach for postural exercise and walking techniques to reduce the stiffness when walking and the possibility of learning continued.

Instruct the client to walk with open legs.

Create a client raised his hand with consciousness, lift the foot when walking, use the shoes for walking, and walking with step length.

Tell the client to walk to the rhythm of music to help improve the sensory.

Nursing Care Plan : Nursing Assessment, Diagnosis and Intervention for Hydrocephalus

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Tue, 21 Jun 2011 11:17:54 PDT

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is an accumulation of cerebral spinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain
If untreated or treatment is unsuccessful, hydrocephalus will lead to brain damage and could cause eventual herniation of the brain stem through the foramen magnum and death

Etiology:

May be congenital or acquired.
May be due to an obstruction of the CSF flow preventing the normal reabsorption of the CSF by the subarachnoid spaces. Termed “noncommunicating hydrocephalus,” this form may be caused by tumors, hemorrhage, infection or structural abnormalities.
Impaired absorption by the subarachnoid spaces, this form is called “communicating hydrocephalus” and is less common than the noncommunicating form
Accumulation of CSF in the ventricles leads to compression of the surrounding brain tissue and if the sutures are not closed, to an enlarging head circumference.

Hydrocephalus Nursing Assessment

Anamnese
- Assess Henyakit History
  Vomiting, nervous headache, lethargi, weary apathy, double vision, pupillary changes, contriction peripheral vision.
- Assess Progress History
  Birth: premature.
  At the time of birth cry hard or not.
  Is it ever fell with his head bumped.
  Complaints of abdominal pain.
Checking Physical
- Inspection :
  - Children can be looked up or not.
  - The enlargement of the head.
  - Forehead prominent and shiny. And blood vessels clearly visible.
- Palpation :
  - Measure the circumference of the head: The head getting bigger.
  - Fontanela: fontanela tense and a little harder than the surface of the skull.
- The Eye :
  - Accommodation
  - Movement of the eyeball.
  - Wide field of view
  - Convergence.
    RESULTS: eyebrows and eyelashes upwards, can not look up. Strabismus, nystaqmus, optic atrophy.
Observation of vital signs
Obtained data, as follows:
- Increased systolic blood pressure.
- Decreased pulse / Bradicardia.
- Increased frequency of breathing.

Nursing Diagnosis for Hydrocephalus

Risk for injury related to increased intra-cranial pressure

Goal:

Not an increase in intra cranial pressure

Expected results:
Normal vital signs, effective breathing patterns, positive light reflex, no disturbance of consciousness occurred, no vomiting and no seizures.

Nursing Interventions and Rational for Hydrocephalus

Observation of signs of increased ICP
Define coma scale
Avoid head-infusion
Avoid sedation
Never rub or shunt pump to check its function
Teach the family about the signs of increased ICP

Rational :

To find out early increased ICP
Decreased awareness, indicating an increase in ICP
Prevent systemic infection
Because the level of consciousness is an indicator of increased ICP
Causes blockage that can occur due to an increase in the CSS head pain or obstruction on the tip of the catheter in the peritoneal
Families can participate in the care of children with hydrocephalus

Nurses Role in Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Therapy

noreply@blogger.com (Adhe Krisna) — Tue, 21 Jun 2011 10:43:23 PDT

Nurses Role in Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Therapy

In the treatment of drug dependence needs to be done until the level of rehabilitation. The reason, besides causing physical and mental health disorders, drug dependence also gives social impact for the patient, family environment and surrounding community.

Rehabilitation is essentially intended to make the patient can perform normal actions, may continue their education according to his ability, to go to work according to their talents and interests, and most importantly, can adjust to living with family environment and surrounding community.

One thing that many expected after following the rehabilitation, the patient can be his religion as well. That is why many rehabilitation centers established under the belief / religion.

Drug Addiction Rehabilitation Therapy, includes several things:

Social Rehabilitation : includes all efforts that aim to guide and enhance a sense of awareness and social responsibility for families and communities.

Educational Rehabilitation : aims to maintain and improve their knowledge and see to it that patients can take part in education again, if possible, give guidance in choosing a school that suits his talents and intelligence capabilities.

Vocational Rehabilitation : the work aims to determine the ability of patients and how to overcome barriers or obstacles to placement in suitable work. Also provide the skills that have not owned by the patient in order to benefit patients for a living.

Religious Life Rehabilitation : aims to raise awareness of the patient will be the place of humanity in the midst of living. And worship in accordance with his religion.