NeuroBrainstorm

6 New Modern Day Religions

2013-06-16T00:47:00.002-05:00

Intro:
The recent massive religious changes in our society that have exceeded that of the renaissance has brought a new modern awakening. This list details genuine and unknown new religions. I also theorize the upcoming of some religions. This list excludes cults or prank like groups.

Religions of Scholarly Studies:

Flickr @ Shonk

Recently we have seen the creation of religions based on major scholarly studies.
This could make out a separate religion for each major scientific studies.

Gaia theory is a religious idea claiming the earth to be the sole god of humans. It harbors life and is itself an organism. This Gaia theory is based purely off of biology studies relating to stability systems.

Sacred Geometry is a belief that certain mathematical equations are holy in the sense that they are used in nature and the nature of us. Some holy aspects are purely from fractal organisms on earth. Belief in god differs. Link

Simulation Theory is a computer science stemmed belief that our reality is an advanced and complex computer simulation. The god of the universe is the script writer and thus can alter the coding and reality of the universe. Link

Soon more religious beliefs will arise through each subject of scholarly study. Perhaps the higgs boson will attract a religion, but in its current state the higgs boson is purely science.

Jedi:
Jediism or Jedi Realist religion is a derivative of Buddhism and samurai teachings. Meditation and conquering the mind(or the force) is one of the most important things to do.

Flickr @ Shothotspot.com

This religion also uses aspects maintained from the starwars films and games though does not actively believe in telekinisis. It asserts that peace in the universe is essentially happiness.

Happiness thus is not always something to strive for. Its a jedi's job to instill peace in the world in anyway possible.

Two highly active groups of jedi exist. http://www.templeofthejediorder.org/ is a website where you can become a padwan and learn the ways of the force. This group has the highest count and is a registered church in Texas. Plans for a physical church are underway though funding is low.

http://instituteforjedirealiststudies.org is a website that was started in the early 2000s and includes a far more rigorous training platform.

Worldwide, 547,000 individual people have claimed to be members of or followers of the jedi order since 2000. Some of these people are protesters or pranksters.

Atheism:
Since 2000, the Atheist population has dramatically increased. Certainly atheism isn't a religion in its true sense, but many people act as if its their faith. The internet is certainly to blame for this transition. Education is everywhere on the internet, and now anybody can learn anything they want. This knowledge has led them to conclude that a religion isn't necessary for life to continue on.

Googlism:
This religion being the newest is purely derived from atheists. They claim Google is the closest thing to god. They believe this because their "9 proofs". The first 3 proofs are the most convincing ideas. The first proof states that Google is the most knowledgeable system in the universe, which scientifically is a valid statement.

The second proof states that Google is scientifically verifiably omnipresent, as Google is on everyones computers the googles data is sent through the air via wifi. The third proof states that it even answers prayers in the form of search inquires.

This religions activity lately has fallen, but in 2011 it was highly active with thousands of viewers. The website is still popular as many viewers still visit the site. http://www.thechurchofgoogle.org/

Flickr @ marc falardeau

Human Love:
The current direction that our society is in with 50% of marriages becoming divorced is leading to a new ideology that perhaps a woman will coin. Currently with the decrease in christian followers, the few aspects that are believed the most, deal with love. This religion probably will never be organized beyond marriages.

Love in the future is going to be so obscure that a religion defining and expressing love between two individuals is going to be considered as a religion while to today's standards would seem unlikely.

Secular Humanism:
This religion or ideology is the most likely to be dominant in the future with atheism being second. This is because it seems that a society needs a religion to be stable, and this is not a requirement rather a benefit.

Secular Humanism is a religion that says humans can be good without a god. Compared to atheists, Humanists actively do good in the name of humans. This is not to say atheists don't do good, thats just not what they are based on.

This is more of a religion than atheism simply because of the way they operate. This will become a more politically correct term for an atheist in the future.

The Evolution Of Religion

2013-03-19T01:23:00.001-05:00

Intro:
The First Religion was created by modern humans. Religion as we know it started 42,000 years ago in Germany. Sexual Strength (Lion-Man) and Fertility (Venus) Gods were created because of flutes and plants in the area.

The Religion benefited the society so they maintained the belief. Religions tend to evolve based on their ability to benefit the society. Please read my intro post: Religious Evolution and Adaptation Link.

Flickr @ edenpictures

Societies in ancient human groups became quite civilized when modern humans genetically developed out of archaic humans around 200,000 years ago. Culture in these societies started to develop religious precursors. Religious precursors are activities that can form into religious rituals(and beliefs), but don't necessarily have to be religious(a god or supernatural being).

These precursors are more society based and are not like biological precursors like Pareidolia and Vocal Acrobatics.

Religious Precursors

Intentional burial of stone tools and gifts in a grave reduced the possibility of losing the method and technology of the item by forcing the creation of more of the specific item.

Human burial is a religious precursor because it is common for a few other animals to bury their dead like elephants, and they do not exhibit religious behavior(possibly secular though).

Research has found that recycling stone tools was common.[2] In addition, the recycled stone tools "were used repeatedly over a long period of time".[3]

An example of this benefit has been found in Blombos Cave from 75,000 years ago. A technologically advanced stone tool called a Pressure Flaked stone, is better than other tools because its precisely sized tip and edge. In the evolution of stone tools, this method was the most "modern".

This cave has been found to have no evidence of human burial besides a few scattered human teeth. After these people left the cave(we know after a long time due to artifacts) they lost the technology of pressure flaked tools. This technology wasn't discovered to exist until 50,000 years later.

These activities tended to stick with the culture because a culture that did have these benefits was more likely to survive. Random activities that didn't benefit the culture would have less of a chance of being spread from generation to generation, and the activities would eventually die out.

Lone Valley- Origin of all religion
45,000-42,000 years ago a group of genetically modern humans roamed into a region of south Germany called the lone valley(or swabian alb). These humans were anatomically able to speak like humans today. For around 50,000 years (atleast) before this, neanderthals dominated this area only. This area potentially became a ground for interaction between the two species.

The Lone Valley is a forested area full of complex house looking caves often less than a mile apart from each other and all located just above a grassy stream. These caves all had a protruding top that made it highly visible.

A 3 mile stretch of caves in the lone valley region

A recent Archaeological review of this small area suggests the cave group had higher human populations and stayed longer than other sites before it.[1] This means this area was like a prehistoric "settlement". Every cave has been found to have evidence of human habitation around this time. They would go to hunt and bring back the kill for generations.

The population was high enough that not everyone had to go to hunt, and many suggest the women stayed behind due to their lower levels of testosterone. They would often roam nearby the caves and look for vegetation to eat.

Nootropic plants

Flickr @ blumenbiene

A plant called Leucojum vernum (Spring Snowflake) is native to the Lone Valley area. It grows extremely dense in the spring; every step would crush a couple. Even today according to google maps, within a mile of Hohle Fels, a thick and luscious plot of them is thriving.

This plant contains a chemical (in great quantities) called galantamine that boosts memory by many mechanisms. One of these pathways include the increase of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation.

This results in higher levels of dopamine.[4] A study on religious belief showed that when dopamine was given to non religious believing individuals they noticed faces that weren't there at the same rate as religious people.

This effect could easily be boosted when administered to a human from 43,000 years ago. Today, Galantamine is used as a prescription drug for Alzheimers.

A neanderthal tooth has been found to provide the first evidence of medicinal plant consumption around 40,000 years ago[6]The combination of increases in acetylcholine and dopamine makes this plant a perfect drug that could help humans make the connection between things and religion.

Primitive Flutes
The most recent Radio-carbon dating in 2013 suggested ~42,000 years ago, humans living in this area carved flutes from bird bones and ivory. This is the earliest evidence of flutes in the world.

Earliest flute found in Geißenklösterle

Ivory and antlers both have similar properties. Deer Velvet has been in chinese medicine for thousands of years and still is today. Studies have shown that oral consumption of antlers has extremely little or no effect, while injection or sublingual has significant effects. These effects include higher levels of energy and sexuality. The mechanism of this effect is likely from both its MAOI effects on brain concentrations, and a hormone present in all bones called osteocalcin which has been found to improve fertility.

Flickr @ Vasenka

When humans made these flutes and played them, the act of blowing was forcing them to absorb the ingredients sublingually, as repeated playing increases saliva production. Eating bone marrow was common, but this never gave an effect like sublingual absorption through the mucus membrane, because stomach acids destroyed the active ingredients before absorption.

In addition to chemically aphrodisiac properties, music from a flute seems to increase sexual desire and fertility in the brain by itself. My Post The biological Evolution of Music explains how this too helped spread this religion. Perhaps music co evolved with religion due to this idea, kinda like how humans release hunger hormones before eating,but more research would be needed to tell for sure.

Creation of Gods
The fact that these humans had to play their flutes and not just eat them, gave them the idea that something else besides the antler was getting their sexual levels up and rewarding them with sexual pleasure; to them it was a god of sexual strength (Lion-Man God).

Chemicals in the flutes aswell as the playing of music would also increase fertility. After they started playing music, more babies were produced. To them, singing a flute would please the god. This made them think something similar to the lion-man god was making them have more babies. This god of "fertility" was venus.

Lion Man Found at Hohlenstein-Stadel

Lion-Man was a god of sexual strength. He symbolically was as strong as a lion. He gave people their sexual strength. He was also the oldest carving ever found at ~42,000 years ago. Every carving of him was made out of ivory. Evidence of him has been found 5 times over a span of a thousand years in the lone valley.

Venus Found at Hohle Fels

Venus was a god of fertility. Carvings were of different materials including the very first carving using ceramic material,but the first was used with ivory. Evidence of her has been found for ages in the form of Venus figurines.

Geißenklösterle Cave
In Geißenklösterle cave, deer and mammoths (with ivory) were the main fauna present. A Carving of a special man very similar to the lion man (but unsure) called adorant was found in this cave. Two flutes have also been found from ~42,000 years ago. One was made from ivory and one was made from mute swan bone.

Gross Grote
This site has evidence of human occupation, but not evidence of human processing of animal meat. This suggests the inhabitants ate else where.

Hohle Fels Cave

Lion Man from Hohle fels

A couple flutes were found in this cave. Also, two sculptures of the god of sexuality(Lion-Man God) were found. One was a full bodied lion man figurine, and another was of the lion mans head.

A carving of a mute swan flying was also found, proving that people were living in Hohle Fels and Geißenklösterle at the same time. The mute swan is special in its flight in that it looks like it is running on water before it achieves flight. This may have given the humans ideas that this bird is special and possibly god like. Its an unusual bird that doesn't really sing, hence the name mute bird.

The female version of the god of sexuality(Venus) called the Venus of Hohle Fels was also found. This one could be worn around a necklace.

Lion Man's head from Hohle fels

So far, flutes have only been found in Hohle Fels and Geißenklösterle. I predict evidence will appear in the other caves soon, because the discovery in hohle fels was in 2008 and the discovery in Geißenklösterle was 2012.

Passage to Hohlenstein-Stadel
After a lengthy stay at the lone valley cave system, animals in the surrounding started to run dry. We know this for two reasons. We know deer were the main animal they would eat because of the bones they left behind. After they left, deer wasn't very common.[7] We also know this because at brillenhohle there was cannibalism.

The Lone Valley group had to trek to another area. They would have to follow the stream to have access to water along the trip. The exact trip they took is unknown and it is unknown the duration of their stops,but we know their final destination along the stream. After 20 miles of traveling along the stream, they made it to Hohlenstein-Stadel.

The cave complex contains three caves each about a mile apart along a stream .

A 3 mile stretch of caves

Hohlenstein-stadel
In this cave, the biggest and most detailed lion man god sculpture was found. As of 2013, It was dated at ~40,000 years ago. This site also seemed to have the most activity in the area. Art of other animals began to develop in the area.

Chewed Lion Man

Vogelherd
A highly degraded lion man god sculpture was found in this cave. Also a head of the lion man god nearly identical to the lion man sculpture in hohlenstein was found in vogelherd. The Radio-carbon dating for these seem similar to the discoveries in hohlenstein stadel.

Conclusion
Religious precursors can form simply through hallucinations or creative thinking, But these precursors will never become a religion that will spread past a few people. This is because believing in random things will not benefit the society as true religions do. Religions evolve and survive because they acquire traits that improve the society to different degrees.

This primitive religion allowed greater survival of the group in south germany. The heightened reproduction improved their numbers and strength.

This religion may have traveled 600 miles south west to Isturitz, Oxocelhaya and Erberua Caves where 15+ ivory flutes and a lion head has been found.[8] This site is still under work,but this shows the possible spread of the religion.

Flutes found in Isturitz

In addition, The kostenki-avdeevo culture which came about around 8,000 years after the lone valley culture was found to have made more than 60 venus carvings.The Kostenki-Avdeevo culture even made the sculptures on necklaces just like the venus at Hohle fels. There is a slight route correlation of some venus findings that lead to russia, which could support the idea of this spread.

Additional Information

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Human_language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Caucasian_languages

There are Theories of the way proto language around 40,000 years ago sounded like. Venus was simply putʼ ert. This is a crude theory and mainly just fun to toy with.

Videos:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHy9FOblt7Y (Flute playing on disputed ancient flute)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=313rGMfWnB8 (bochsteinloch cave)

Sources:
[0] WU Fei-fei,JIN Li-ji,LI Xiao-yu,LI Hua-qiang,CAO Zhen-hui,YOU Jian-song,XU Yong-ping(Ministry of Education Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin,College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,China) (2012). Research progress in active ingredients and pharmacological effects of deer antler Chinese Journal

[1] https://docs.google.com/file/d/1onyP9f0Utt2G3bm-cUnYKlH62U7zCYBYk5CHxeV7mn0TYYS0E1euK2cjp5W-/edit?usp=sharing
[2]http://www.sci-news.com/archaeology/article00601.html
[3]http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/282432?uid=3739920&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101938183907

[4] Schilström, B., Ivanov, V., Wiker, C., & Svensson, T. (2006). Galantamine Enhances Dopaminergic Neurotransmission In Vivo Via Allosteric Potentiation of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Neuropsychopharmacology, 32 (1), 43-53 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301087

[5]http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-there-a-difference-between-the-brain
[6]http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00114-012-0942-0
[7]http://archaeology.about.com/od/gterms/qt/Geissenklosterle-Germany.htm
[8]https://docs.google.com/file/d/1Mh_I7Td9jg0VZJkN41V8Wz9bDYqzaPEV7I63J-qM513l1z2NuJoYsXNTBPuC/edit?usp=sharing
[9]https://docs.google.com/file/d/1QgLRr4cNLMG3WMOopzhS0OiN9iAgFK_KQ8ktlZrArWVyd7s9y7aD41pRpHDc/edit?usp=sharing

Extra Links:
Evidence for (flute) sexuality
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HLJX201203011.htm
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZYXN201003018.htm
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZYXY200905002.htm
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-XQYI201106038.htm
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15709389
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-REST201104023.htm
///
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4111360.stm (sock and sex)
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347283712728(orgasm)
///
Galantamine(memory of religion)
http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/321/3/1179.short
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20680514
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2175417/The-real-Neanderthal-diet-Researchers-shed-new-light-early-mans-diet--turns-ate-greens-knew-use-plants-medicine.html
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume
///
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_music
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_human_prehistory
http://www.ancient-wisdom.co.uk/boneflutes.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fossil_sites
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_art
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_height
http://www.historyofinformation.com/
http://anthropology.net/2008/11/04/a-12000-year-old-shaman-from-hilazon-tachtit-israel-the-emergence-of-relgion/
http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_2.htm
http://paleo.revues.org/1504 (evidence for cannibalistic behavior at brillenhohle)

Why Piracetam doesn't Work for some people

2012-12-15T13:48:00.000-06:00

Piracetam (this includes all racetams) needs additional supplements to be fully effective.[1] Even in the scientific community, people used to be confused of its mechanism of action. Now we have research that hasn't been discussed that will help us add additional supplements to increase its effects.

Mechanism
Piracetam works via AMPA receptors. AMPA receptors need the adrenal glands for signal transmission.[2] This means piracetam can be enhanced (or actually made "work") by things that also simulate adrenal function. Adrenal stimulation is why people often load piracetam until they see benefits.

The adrenal glands influence the brain in a way to release more glutamate in the brain via potassium. This glutamate is great for memory but eventually degrades into gaba.[4] Gaba is a chemical that will lead to lowered memory. Gaba release is why people feel less anxiety from taking piracetam.

Flickr @ zimpenfish

Piracetam's Side effects
The side effects of piracetam are very serious, and also very common among people who report it to be working. These side effects come from two different mechanisms.

Since piracetam works by activating AMPA receptors it can cause lowered adrenal gland function. This adrenal fatigue is reported all of the time despite all of the safety this compound has been said to have. Piracetam also can cause anxiety after prolonged use. This is due to its anxiolytic effect. People usually take cycles of piracetam to combat this, but for some it doesn't prevent side effects.

How to make Piracetam Work
Piracetam often doesn't work for people because their adrenals are less sensitive to stimulation or their body/brain is in a disease state. Adrenal support supplements will synergize and make piracetam work correctly. Pregnenolone works as a precursor to adrenal function.

Rats given choline and piracetam have better memory than just choline groups and just piracetam groups. Studies have shown that piracetam raises choline levels as much as 88% even without choline intake.[5] Piracetam alone lowers acetylcholine by about 18% (not good). ALCAR would counteract the lowered acetylcholine levels.

Click to see the image

Humans have a diet that includes choline, so choline might not be neccesary, but ALCAR is something that would be necessary.

Often people get headaches when taking ALCAR because their choline/acetyl levels are imbalanced. If that is the case, you must take choline aswell, but youll have to work with your personal dosage.

Large doses of piracetam effect people in a similar way as a medium dose (bell shaped curve) because the glutamate is being converted into gaba.

If you block the gaba then you will see only benefits from larger doses of piracetam. Dihydromyricetin in a safe dose will help bring out the benefits.

Ingredients: (Doses are on picture)
Piracetam (or nootpept)
ALCAR
Choline
Dihydromyricetin (or other natural gaba antagonist)
Pregnenolone (or other natural adrenal support)

Synergistics:
Creatine
MCT Oil

*Warning* Remove the dihydromyricetin dose if you are sensitive to gaba (have seizures) or if you take other gaba antagonists for example, pregnenolone is a gaba agonist but pregnenolone sulfate is a gaba antagonist. Always ask your doctor before you try any supplements.

Links
1 Samartgis JR, Schachte L, Hazi A, & Crowe SF (2012). Piracetam, an AMPAkine drug, facilitates memory consolidation in the day-old chick. Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior, 103 (2), 353-8 PMID: 22940587

2 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20820185
3 http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/3002398/reload=0;jsessionid=IbgTP8TjZpsOs7Myx9wJ.10
4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase
5 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0197458081900075
6 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166432889800981

Religious Belief is Purely Social

2012-11-25T11:55:00.000-06:00

"If religion was a book, religious people would think of reality as a novel, full of purpose, story, and simplicity.The atheists would take life as a non fiction book based on function, with us acting as mechanisms on the earth. Certainly atheism makes life appear purely plain and dry, which gives people a reason to be religious."-Neurobrainstorm

Intro:

Flickr @ DarkChan

Religious and atheist people have different views on how the world works. Morals or depression do not affect ones induction to either side. In fact, belief in religion or the absence, is dependent on ones social group and culture, RARELY based on pure beliefs.

The religious viewpoint is an older (in origin), more simple way to perceive the world , while the atheist idea is a more modern and complex way to understand this reality.

Friends and other people of the same social group tend to merge into the same belief or religion. Someone is more likely to be socially popular if they are able to converse more often about similar topics they agree on (such as religion). People who arn't very popular tend to disagree with alot of basic social ideas. Most people subconsciously want to be popular so they subscribe to the same beliefs and ideas (unknowingly) as the majority. Religion thus becomes a major point in social groups.

Why Religion is so Social:
Every different culture on earth has different religious traditions. The dominant religion controls the cultures beliefs. This is because popular people tend to agree with the social groups beliefs.

After being a part of religion for their whole life, a kids parents will urge and force their beliefs upon their kids. The parents understood that their religion was the proper etiquette for their culture (probably from their parents).

So wanting their kid to fit in and be apart of the society and culture; they punish and force their kids to comply as they would with other similar etiquette issues.

Flickr @ rejik

Biblical quotes and similar religion inspired media render social ties. Giving similar things to communicate about allows people to associate within the same social group.

Every religion has regular rituals. Rituals force same religion people to adhere to the same or similar social groups. These rituals include church "services", prayer, fasting etc..

In my upcoming book (slow buffer), people are compared to neurons in the brain. Different sections of the brain are like different social groups. In these social groups, the people communicate the same ideas in similar ways. Neurons in the brain have been proven to communicate in similar ways in their cluster structure (part of brain).

Please Continue onto the next part The Evolution of Religion

"Church is like listening to a song.Originally (adolescence), you're loving it because it sounds good and that puts you in a good mood. The more you hear this song, the more you understand the words and meaning. You eventually realize the abstruse (difficult to understand) is not the origin of your good mood. The content of the song SHOULD be essential for appreciation and commitment. Religion is like engaging into anything upbeat for it's anti-depressent properties." - Neurobrainstorm

The Biological Evolution of Music

2012-11-25T01:33:00.003-06:00

We enjoy listening to music as we like to observe attractive mates. These artists are attractive because they are able to both create music and improve their fertility.

On an evolutionary aspect, the females who could detect (enjoy the music/be impressed) that the music artist is fertile would produce more babies. Music is basically a strong fertility agent that is used by humans as a sign of attractiveness.

Flickr @ pcambraf

Not only is the ability to play music showing that you're fertile, it also shows that everything is good and you are not having problems with resources or danger (since your sitting around not concerned about those things).

Biological Reason
Sperm have mu and delta opioid receptors. Playing music has been proven to release opioids such as beta endorphin in the body.

The chemical release of beta endophin and other opioids increase sperm motility by activating these receptors. Sperm motility is the highest factor in male fertility. Infertile men have been found to have reduced levels of beta endorphin.

Dopamine receptors release steroids and neurotransmitters. These chemicals are sexual stimulators. Listening to music has been shown to release dopamine. A heightened arousal will cause more babies to be produced.

History
The first instruments ever made were flutes almost 35,000 years ago. Ancient flutes are often found in archaeological digs. They were made of simple material that they came in contact with all the time and were probably accidently invented.

Flickr @ Lawrence Rayner

Listening to these instruments is like seeing a colorful image. Back in these times, humans were only exposed to so many sounds and colors. The way the human brain works is that receiving new material or stimuli releases happy neurotransmitters. The brain only dislikes music when it sees it as a threat or danger. These early instruments such as the flute and drum, evolved into more complex instruments such as the lyre and full blown orchestra.

Links:

Fukuda N, Yomogida K, Okabe M, & Touhara K (2004). Functional characterization of a mouse testicular olfactory receptor and its role in chemosensing and in regulation of sperm motility. Journal of cell science, 117 (Pt 24), 5835-45 PMID: 15522887

Subirán N, Candenas L, Pinto FM, Cejudo-Roman A, Agirregoitia E, & Irazusta J (2012). Autocrine regulation of human sperm motility by the met-enkephalin opioid peptide. Fertility and sterility, 98 (3), 617-625000 PMID: 22749218

Agirregoitia E, Valdivia A, Carracedo A, Casis L, Gil J, Subiran N, Ochoa C, & Irazusta J (2006). Expression and localization of delta-, kappa-, and mu-opioid receptors in human spermatozoa and implications for sperm motility. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 91 (12), 4969-75 PMID: 16984994

Vacher C, Ferrière F, Marmignon MH, Pellegrini E, & Saligaut C (2002). Dopamine D2 receptors and secretion of FSH and LH: role of sexual steroids on the pituitary of the female rainbow trout. General and comparative endocrinology, 127 (2), 198-206 PMID: 12383448

-http://www.nature.com/aja/journal/v8/n6/abs/aja2006110a.html

-http://www.springerlink.com/content/k43162kpj0714047/

-http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v14/n2/full/nn.2726.html

-http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12383448

-http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-urology/volume-2-number-1/the-sperm-count-has-been-decreasing-steadily-for-many-years-in-western-industrialised-countries-is-there-an-endocrine-basis-for-this-decrease.html#sthash.hB9g3HQC.BtMcX5z8.dpbs

-http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/06/25/2608114.htm

-http://gizmodo.com/5302361/35000+year+old-flute-is-first-instrument-ever

-https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:vCt9eFn4shwJ:www.epjournal.net/wp-content/uploads/EP10688702.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh-BOMsqM580EXpS4dsC3QZ_5Q0A0d0D7NZa7uGclX4wYrbiZoMV0ujEKTikxul8Q3wwuIPD5On22_CMa4Bt2MPpELwGCQamZd3Od3MRsDqB_LKfBtK3E9_LtJ9eKFGqvgUREIS&sig=AHIEtbQBYMyOi7oFP583vlnR1IsHiXK-XA

Why Tobacco is still Legal -A side effect of society

2012-10-27T17:26:00.001-05:00

Intro:
People often ask why tobacco is legal in our society. Tobacco kills more people than any other drug and studies have shown it is perhaps more addictive than cocaine and heroin. Companies have only spent 16 million dollars on lobbying, so the fact that it's legal cannot entirely be due to that. I can explain this confusing topic through evolution.

Hormones:
An increase in Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is something enjoyed by society. It amplifies the perception of masculinity. Androgen receptor (AR) activation causes changes in the body that result in a view of masculinity such as facial hair, broadening of shoulders, and other secondary male characteristics. Testosterone is a weak AR activator compared to DHT.

Tobacco has been shown to increase DHT (and thus AR activation) through two mechanisms. The first method is through nicotine and its metabolites inhibiting the breakdown of DHT directly.

Flickr @ timparkinson

The second is that compounds made from processing tobacco (and also smoking it) form compounds that lower the breakdown of testosterone into estrogen. This allows the body more time to breakdown the testosterone into DHT and thus increase its levels.

Evolution:
DHT increasing drugs are legal because the users are able to transfer their genetics from generation to generation more than non users. This basically means, a tobacco user will be able to reproduce easier because his attractiveness increase from AR activation.

Flickr @ photon_de

A tobacco user's genes most likely support an addictive use of tobacco. [1'] Studies have shown that genes play a huge role in the severity and number of tobacco addictions. [1'] This means that someone can inherit and contribute to the spread of using tobacco. This spread will force it to stay legal.

The two major worldwide legal drugs both seem to increase DHT, Tobacco and alcohol. In contrast to the legal drugs, Nearly 100% of illegal drugs have negative effects on DHT or testosterone. Opioids have been shown to deminish all androgen hormones. [3'] Marijuana has been shown to act as an anti DHT chemical. [2']
~

1' Chen H, Hiler KA, Tolley EA, Matta SG, & Sharp BM (2012). Genetic factors control nicotine self-administration in isogenic adolescent rat strains. PloS one, 7 (8) PMID: 22937166

2' Brown TT, & Dobs AS (2002). Endocrine effects of marijuana. Journal of clinical pharmacology, 42 (11 Suppl) PMID: 12412841

3' Vermesh M, Silva PD, & Lobo RA (1987). Endogenous opioids modulate the inhibitory effects of androgen on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of normal women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 65 (6), 1183-6 PMID: 3680480

Drug Use- A side effect of society

2012-09-30T12:30:00.002-05:00

Food products:
Almost all foods interact with the brain in different ways. The western diet has a number of foods that strongly predispose someone to enjoy certain drugs more.

One study has showed administering an opioid antagonist over time will make the effects of an opioid drug more pronounced. Common food products like milk contain those types of chemicals. Milk has a fraction of its constitutes called kappa casein that antagonize opioid receptors.

Unlike some other receptors, opioid receptor antagonists don't upregulate mRNA, they alter the receptor to make it easier to activate.[4] This property makes opioid receptor activation easier to get addicted to because agonists down regulate the mRNA.

Flickr @ shilohtd

In addition, many foods also have opioid agonists with similar effects to the drug itself. Wheat gluten (Main component of wheat cereals!), rice albumin (Rice cereals), and some chemicals in meat products.

Chronic caffeine increases the effects of nicotine. [3] Nicotine increases the effects of cocaine. One of these chemicals could lead to a greater chance of addiction of another.

Career:
Jobs are necessary in the society we are in now, But working long hard hours is not quite a good thing for dopamine in the long run. People who work hard at work seem to get a dopamine rush which can in turn lead to lowered levels of dopamine.[1]

Flickr @ Travis Isaac

Lowered dopamine levels will thus lead to drug use (and alcohol). A study supports this idea " we find evidence that for working men characteristics of jobs affect levels of alcohol consumption and the incidence of self-medicating drinking." [2]

Stress (at jobs) causes an uprise in DHT. Studies show that this hormone even causes mice brains to crave alcohol (suggesting any drug too).

School's summers, work's vacations, and the weekend are things that seem like they could help reduce stress and drug use but infact reinforce the possible drug addiction, as these times allow a time for the user to use drugs such as alcohol.

Culture:
Society presents drugs as if a normal thing because some drugs are "accepted" and others arn't. Sexually denied worker bees aswell as humans go to alcohol to stave off bad feelings.

Doctors are well respected in the community. So strongly respected that most people think the drugs they give are less harmful than other ones. This notion leads to heavy numbers of drug over doses, addictions, and use.

Tobbacco can contribute to nearly every drug addiction. My post explaining it goes over that in more detail. Link to post

Conclusion:
All these factors that contribute to drug use should be edited or controlled. Society needs tweeks if people are to operate like civilized people. The next post will propose an interesting edification.

Link
[1] http://www.webmd.com/mental-health/news/20120501/does-dopamine-explain-why-slackers-slack?page=2

[2] http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/job.4030130106/abstract

[3]Johnson MW, Strain EC, & Griffiths RR (2010). Effects of oral caffeine pretreatment on response to intravenous nicotine and cocaine. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 18 (4), 305-15 PMID: 20695686

[4]Unterwald EM, Rubenfeld JM, Imai Y, Wang JB, Uhl GR, & Kreek MJ (1995). Chronic opioid antagonist administration upregulates mu opioid receptor binding without altering mu opioid receptor mRNA levels. Brain research. Molecular brain research, 33 (2), 351-5 PMID: 8750897

Why people with bad eyesight (nearsightedness) tend to be smarter

2012-09-02T14:03:00.000-05:00

A few studies over the years have shown a relationship between smart people and nearsightedness. [1] Currently there is no widely agreed reason for this worldwide relationship. The main suggested mechanism for this is genetic, though no extensive evidence has been presented.

There are a couple reasons why nearsighted people are smarter than other groups of people. The idea of it being genetic isn't supported. These reasons appear to be psychological, dubbed the "three F's".

Flickr @ fondapol

Focus:
Having nearsightedness is like shooting free throws in basketball as a deaf man. You have nearly no distractions. Since nothing in the distance is distracting you, your brain gets use to controlling your focus onto one thing. Focusing in on something is easily the most important aspect of cognition.

Flickr @ nist6ss

People with farsightedness would thus have to have less focus and (mild) ADHD. ADHD is associated with poorer academic achievements according to "Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD".

" Are children with myopia more intelligent?" seems to agree that farsighted people have ADHD as farsighted people also have poor academic achievements. [2]

Fabricate:
People with reduced eye function are also smarter because the way their body recreates events. They must create (or fabricate) a memory out of more data than they receive.

For example, say you walk up to someone and see what they look like, you then walk across the room and they talk to you yet they are blurry to you. Your brain would naturally try to remember their features.

Fear:
In "Are children with myopia more intelligent?" it says even myopic (nearsightedness) children without increased IQs have greater academic success. This stems down to one thing, fear of taking a risk. The inability of a child to see in the distance is similar to a child being in the dark. This loss aversion tends to cause people with myopia to try harder to be successful to avoid a risk.

Links:
[1] Czepita D, Lodygowska E, & Czepita M (2008). Are children with myopia more intelligent? A literature review. Annales Academiae Medicae Stetinensis, 54 (1) PMID: 19127804

[2] Loe IM, & Feldman HM (2007). Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD. Journal of pediatric psychology, 32 (6), 643-54 PMID: 17569716

Religious Evolution and Adaptation

2012-07-20T16:44:00.000-05:00

Intro:

The earth is a culture playground. The earth supports evolution in every way. Earth's land barriers allow cultures to specialize and become different. These isolated social groups are proof of evolution.

Every culture is centered around religion whether its obvious or subtle. Religion is an etiquette issue. That is why religion is treated like manners in our society. You're raised with manner and etiquette. You're Raised with religion and faith. Its not like religion is a personal pursuit. Its very social. (More on it.)

Flickr @ borevagen

Importance of Belief:

Religion is important as it prevents non-law negative effects in a society. An example is controlling sex before marriage. Nearly all modern-day (Fully Developed) religions attend to this. STDs were much more easy to obtain in the past because a lack of medicine to control it and a lack of protective condoms. Having a population obtain STDs can have a very strong effect on both the health and well being of the population.

Flickr @ trindade.joao

Someone may start disworshiping or disbelieving in a deity if the population still has a negative well being even after following the guide of that deity. (This also means evil deities are rarely worshiped.) Thus if a god tells you not to mate with so many different partners (marriage sex only) yet you still do, you'll believe what he said about sex when you get an STD and worship him as a superior.

Another grand example would be fear. A society of fear is very unstable. Think fight or flight. A culture being stable will mean it will last longer and expand in size. A more stable group of people over time will tend to outbeat a group of unstable people. Not always but the odds are in favor of stability.

Evolution of Religion:

So certain properties of a religion will benefit them in surviving just like in organisms. All religions teach not to murder or hurt. If you have a population of people that kill each other, soon you will have a deficient population and will be beat out.

All religions also teach that there is nothing to fear, even if the worst things happen, you will be saved from it all. This abolishes the widespread panic that could occur if there is any danger. Panic is know to cause regime changes, structure damages ,and overall terrorism to the society. One of the most important properties of a religion is how aggressive it is with converting or gaining followers. So a religion that can gain more followers and last longer will become dominant in a society and thus be seen as the truth.

Flickr @ Capture Queen

So a religion that supports the health and interests of a society is optimal. The native Indian tribes lived by using every part of the animal. If they wasted a lot of the animal then the tribe would have to kill more and the herds could become deficient or weakened and that tribe would either have to change to other means of food or be dead.

The Clovis Culture predated the "modern" native american indians. There is evidence that the clovis culture severely declined due to over killing. One such example is a site where 50 bison were killed and wasted.

This allowed a new belief of conservation to thrive over the maximum hunting of the clovis culture. The ones that did keep the maximum hunting belief died out.

The Oldest Religions:
History has covered quite a lot of religious evolution yet still has missed the most important original religions. From the oldest unadapted fallen civilizations we can tell that early religions were probably unstable due to the fact that they didn't survive to modern times.

Scientists keep uncovering buried remains of isolated minor civilizations with far different religious activities than ever previously found. Gobekli Tepe is just one example of this. The majority of the fallen societes with eradicated religions have been burned or buried with no evidence. Their power must have been minimal but their discovery will help understand the essence of religious evolution.

Flickr @ docguy

At the beginning of civilizations emergence, societies were constricted to their religion and didn't spread it greatly due to lack of trade interaction and lack of religious evolution to make it of interest. During this early period of religion, religions still evolved but didnt become viral until the religions were spread and followers began converting. Societies have come and gone. These fallen religions are proof of evolution.

Since the internet has merged all cultures, we are experiencing a cease to religious evolution. Culture is taking over and slowly pushing out religion. Technology makes us fear little. The next post on this topic will use recent findings of religious activity to help explain the origin of religious evolution.

Links:
1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagar_Qim (Oracle/ Offerings/ Statues of Deities)
2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe

Multiple Intelligence Personality Disorder

2012-04-14T16:01:00.002-05:00

Intro:
Some people fake their intelligence. I propose the existence of a mental disorder that has become so widespread, it has faded from the view of being abnormal. The behaviors these individuals exhibit is very similar to the behaviors caused by Multiple personality disorder.

Flickr @ greggoconnell

They hide or change their intelligence to acquire a social status. They don't realize they do this, It happens naturally to them. This is why people often experience a "contact high" in a social setting but not in a research setting.

Anti-Social People
People often refer to people as being book smart or common sense smart. Common sense people are social people that arn't considered extremely smart. Book smart people are smart and considered intellectual.

People that are both book smart and common sense smart are the truly intelligent people. People who are book smart but not common sense smart are that way almost always because they aren't social. They will dumb down to interact with people smoother.

When they dumb down and succeed in social interaction, their brain rewards them with neurochemicals. With positive feedback in the brain, this behavior becomes standard and thus a common overseen personality disorder.

Evolving with this trait:
Evolution most likely allowed this to be so widespread. People who could have a high intelligence (hunt food best or high paying job) but couldn't be highly social; this trait would benefit them. Alcohol use has benefited the same type of people and evolution has allowed alcohol use to remain widespread and legal. Other drugs (illegal) don't benefit social aspects of people.

Flickr @ smohundro

I predict this disorder will not become well known or accepted until society raises its standards of intelligence. The future will not consist of people who physically aren't as smart. It will be filled with people more ignorant, and thus society will view it as a problem later on.

For the most part, people now only experience different intelligences when in a social setting with dumber or equal people than them. There are less times when people try to act smarter to fit with a social group, but failure of that causes a negative feedback in the brain.

There is no failure in dumbing down. Therefore there is no negative feedback in the brain to prevent the multiple intelligence personality disorder.

Links:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_high

The Outcast Mentality

2012-03-31T23:37:00.002-05:00

Intro:

Flickr @ wwarby

Outcasts from society are becoming increasingly prevalent with the advent of the internet. These people are able to convey information within the society while being outcasts, contradictory yet possible.

Outcasts have always existed and always they have been ignored or not seen, as the definition suggests. Now these people are able to show the society what the culture really looks like and how they behave without filters, illusions, and etiquette.

Uninfluenced ideas:

Flickr @ rakkhi

Outcasts are deemed as negative since the ideal is to be part of the society. Atheists are too looked at as criminals. As we showed in our last post, society has been adapted to religious beliefs. So this makes everyone that isn't an outcast forced to comply with social "rules". An outcast thus has an extended benefit of being able to think outside the box (social "rules").

Recently we have witnessed a global rise in the atheist movement. It makes sense that america is the only highly developed nation with high rates of religious belief. The United States acts as the "global society" because it intervenes with other countries so much. Thus, A country that doesn't interact much could be thought of as the "outcast society".

Modern Revolutionaries:
The modern day has given rise to a virus of outcasts. The internet has made outcasts able to communicate rejected ideas. Fetishes, religions, cultural ideas, material considered "offensive", and musical preferences are all examples of rejected ideas that are becoming exposed. Eventually when the ideas are so widespread, they can become incorporated in the original society. This is just like how the human genome has incorporated ~50% of virus data DNA over its evolution.

Flickr @ allensima

An outcast (or a hermit) lives a different way of life. Outcasts are often shy, quiet, and sophisticated; they keep to their selves more than most people. These people often find themselves indulging in drug use or individual activities (such as video games and the computer) to release pleasurable amounts of dopamine. In a societies typical human, they would be dopamine-pleased with social interaction. This is the main difference in an outcast. The internet and technology has erupted with individuals pursuing this way of life.

Atheism has become mainstream because of the arrival of technology. The information and ideology that is a prerequisite to a lack of a belief has been available long before atheism became well known. This makes atheism dependent on outcasts.

Flickr @ familymwr

Conclusion:

Societies throughout history have always worked in similar ways. Each with their own set rules and social cues deemed appropriate. These ideas are imprinted in each ones mind just as moral and ethical ideas are. When one is strongly part of a society, filters are placed on them. Any ideas against the societies rules are automatically dismissed.This can lead to many dangerous beliefs and rituals.

An outcast is someone who is rejected by society for reasons often pertaining to being an outlaw of social etiquette. An outcast has a special ability in which their thoughts aren't inhibited by some social filter. This makes them able to combine scientific evidence and common logic to dismiss social religions and beliefs. Atheism is thus enacted.

Philosophy of the Universe

2012-01-30T21:53:00.001-06:00

Life is purely thought to us.
The universe is merely a giant math equation.
   This long complex equation is only a simple fractal. A fractal is in the same class of equations used to describe basically all of nature (work in progress). These geometric shapes can be cut into smaller pieces yet be similar and identical at different scales.

   These geometric shapes can be of all dimensions. Examples include landscapes, plants, organisation of organisms (forest), cells of the nervous system, enzymes, ocean waves, clouds and craters etc. If so much of nature can be described with fractals, why couldn't our native universe be determined the same way?

   This fractal causes every "physical" component to adhere to numbers like values. Thus no particles exist. We are able to differentiate each different value in the grid plane hosted fractal. We use our senses or scientific experiments to observe separate value particles. The classical notion of the universe is one of purely particle interactions, yet modern understandings yield this as a common misunderstanding.[1]

   When one "particle" is transitioned or moved, this affects particles near and far away as for the fractal to continue, it must equate to the universes fractal rules (that change in minute amounts). This proof is shown in that the universe doesn't obey the principle of locality. Quantum mechanics shows that particles can influence each other outside of their local communion.

   This universe fractal is able to add more stochastic information to the equation like noise on a digital display. Because a particle is only the value difference between other naboring values, more information can be added yet still maintain observed laws of the universe (Law of Conservation of Mass). Virtual particles are values that appear randomly in what use to be thought of as void.[2] These existent but rapidly non-existent particles are a byproduct of added information like noise.

   This added information is never ending and is caused by the existence of the universe it self. This information feed is what causes time, as if new information wasn't "constantly" being added then no changes in the universe would occur. Thus different time states wouldn't exist. The big bang is the moment when the universe became active.

   My Philosophy of a non material yet information filled universe is a tricky idea. The equation that causes the universe to change and appear live has time states. The universe cannot be produced with mathematics, but humans on earth just use that as a logic tool to describe and predict it.
The universe is a complex and ever changing equation.

Links:
1http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/Petrology/WhatAtomsLookLike.HTM
2http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Quantum/virtual_particles.html

Human Perception type assorts to Human Groups

2011-12-30T15:04:00.003-06:00

Social groups all cohere the same perception. This is one of the strongest reasons they unite or interact. They are able to communicate in a manner both share. Social classes are based on economic factors while social groups are based on how you think and operate (resulting in similar interests). This is important because this is the same way neurons in the brain work. If our society works as the brain does, maybe we can make some exciting predictions!

Flickr @ aforgrave

Neurons in the brain are clustered in certain sections of the brain. These neurons devote their operating time to finish functions the entire cluster has been "chosen" to complete. These neurons communicate with most members of their cluster. These clusters perform vital calculations for the body such as visual processing or movement. All the neurons in the group communicate and behave in a very similar synapse pattern compared to different groups.

1. Scientists (and other research specified humans) are sensory neurons that acquire the information (obviously different method than neurons)
2. Government and affiliated organizations (e.g. FDA) process the information into laws, regulation, or endorse unconstrained use a similar way that interneurons work.
3. Everyday people, or the common folk, are the people who respond to the processed information like motor neurons do. They respond with speaking against the Gov. through media (negative feedback) or even just how they naturally biologically react to the processed info.

For example: If the scientists (Sensory neurons) discovered vaccines are extremely important to health, then the Government (Interneurons) would determine whether they should be forced. If they are, then the rest of the people in the majority (motor neurons) would possibly change or react.

This is why genius' aren't highly accepted in social groups. They perceive and think about all aspects of life completely differently than everyone else.

(This segment is comfortably fit within my upcoming book "The Synopsis of Life".)
Links:
[1.2.3.] http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/nervssys/unit10/neurons.htm

Tobacco Gateway Drug- The Source of Most illegal Drug Addictions

2011-12-01T22:01:00.013-06:00

Modern Tobacco has a wide range of chemicals that increase the addictive nature of many commonly used drugs. One study showed that 2/3 of drug abusers are addicted to tobacco. The additives ,as well as nicotine, reflect the effects of other drugs aswell. Even 2nd hand exposure to tobacco causes substances to become more addictive such as , Cocaine, Oxycodone , morphine, DXM (Cough medicine) , MAOI Inhibitors (Depression medication), etc.

Flickr @ arenamontanus

Epigenetic Expression Studies:
Cocaine:
Studies show that nicotine has an ability to alter gene expression in a number of different ways.[2] These epigenetic changes have been shown to cause the brains reward system to boost its reaction to cocaine.[5] Drug tolerance (and thus addiction) is caused by epigenetic changes.[1] Certain epigenetic changes have even been found to be transfered to offspring.[7]

Depression Medications (MAOIs):
Tobacco contains two psychoactive chemicals called Harmaline and myristicin.[9] These alkaloids are Monoamine-Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI), similar to that of many addictive medications prescribed for depression.[12] Studies show tobacco causes long term changes in epigenetic regulation of Monoamine-oxidase.[8]

These changes were brought about from Harmaline's and myristicin's inhibitory action and causes an increase in the synthesis of Monoamine-oxidase.[8] This means there is a greater need to inhibit these increased levels aswell as a higher doseage required to effectivly work, thus starting the beginning aspect of addiction.[11]

Flickr @ markhillar

Opioids:
Isoquinolines and beta carbolines are chemicals that are made from the reactions of the additives aldehydes and other chemicals.[17] These chemicals bind to the delta opioid receptor. [18] Activation can cause down regulation which then leads to easier chance of opioid addiciton.

Cannabinoids:
Cocoa is added to most factory made cigarettes. A chemical called anadamide, and 2 other inhibitors of its break down, have been discovered in cocoa. These endogenous cannabinoids have been found to act on the same receptors as marijuana does. This means cocoa has a potential to create similar effects as marijuana.

Though marijuana addiction is rare, tobacco could lead to an increased number of users of marijuana.[13] The brain will associate the marijuana effect with receiving nicotine in the event of an addiction. [4]

Nicotine alone increases anadamide in the limbic forebrain, a key area associated with habit forming drugs.

Studies show that reverse agonizing CB1 receptors helps smokers quit by 1 1/2 fold. This is strong evidence that some of the addictive nature of cigarettes has to do with CB1 receptors and thus the cocoa additive in cigarettes. [15]

Alcohol:
Nicotine is highly androgenic (besides toxicity to testes). Nicotine prevents the breakdown of DHT which causes people to crave alcohol more.

More updates:
There is a list of 599 additives used in american tobacco.[14] I will continue researching this list and will update anymore possible addiction inducers. Thanks!

Why tobacco is still legal: Link to post
This post explains that our society and evolution is to blame.

*Updated once.
*Updated Twice.
*Updated third time.
*Updated 4th time.

Links:
[1]http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050265
[2]http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/3/107/107ra109
[3]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmala_alkaloid
[4]http://health.usnews.com/usnews/health/healthday/080130/drug-related-images-trigger-brains-reward-center.htm
[5]http://www.nature.com/news/2011/111102/full/news.2011.627.html?s=news_rss
[6]http://money.cnn.com/2010/08/17/news/international/pharma_FCPA_bribery_investigations.fortune/index.htm
[7]http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/E/Epigenetics.html
[8]http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007959
[9]http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2011/06/01/tc.2010.040287.short
[10]http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/158/7/609.full
[11]http://mentalhealth.about.com/library/sci/0702/bladdict702.htm
[12]http://www.antidepressantsfacts.com/addiction-withdrawal.htm
[13]http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376871699000344
[14]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_additives_in_cigarettes
[15]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimonabant
[16]http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899302033449
[17]http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/tobacco/en/l-3/5.htm
[18]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6099027
[19]http://web.archive.org/web/20051103184120/http://www.nida.nih.gov/nida_notes/NNVol15N5/Craving.html

How People have made famous Ideas and inventions

2011-10-29T16:33:00.007-05:00

Intro:
Throughout humanities role on earth, big named people have emerged through the shadows with big ideas. An ignorant mind assumes these people were genetically lucky to have certain mental breakthroughs. This is not to be assumed because abstract ideas are not necessarily synonymous with intelligence or memory.

Flickr @ Nomad thru life

This post will outline the exact mechanism at which these genius' formed their ideas and inventions. The methods these legends used inhibited normal brain function giving them an altered sense of all topics. They had these experiences with a knowledge of the subjects, so they could articulate something intelligently. That is the basic key to their success.

Basics:
Short duration experiments can induce creative episodes to cope with the absence of newly perceived material. This exact effect is shown when deprived of the senses. Isolation tanks cause the body to hallucinate or create the idea of things that aren't there because of the lack of perceived material.

Preparation:

Flickr @ Gurumustuk

In preparation to the event, you must keep your brain highly stimulated. A brain that isn't very active will not benefit if inhibited further. In addition to a period of high stimulation, the brain must be in optimal health.

These two factors multiply the effects of the inhibitor because most routes are often inhibitors of mental function, so a higher overall mental ability while inhibited (or experiencing conscious change) will lead to a greater ability to create beneficial material.

Some of our major neurotransmitters are inhibitors. [5] They benefit our creativity greatly, and are in use all the time. Exercise is something that both stimulates the brain greatly and keeps it healthy [2]. When combined with our naturally produced inhibitory chemicals, it has been shown in studies to dramatically improve creativity. [1]

Altering Conscious States:
The Hippy term "Changing conscious states", is neurologically altering our brains encoding and decoding of perceived material. Some sober experiences can slightly alter the way you perceive stimuli. TV experiences with cartoon type shows like spongebob reduce memory by training your brain to work in quick paced flashes just as the shows [7].

Buddha like states of long meditation are proven to reverse the fast paced perception to slowed, thought out experiences. fMRI scans have shown meditation increases activation in certain parts of the brain (a multiplier to creativity) [6].

Flickr @ Raelmyfi

One inhibited experience can yield valuable information, though multiply times will strengthen that chance. This is because Transfer-Appropriate processing memory requires some information that was perceived to be remembered in that same conscious state. [8] So you may notice something important, but not understand it until a couple experiences later.

Methods:
The most common method people have been using is depriving the brain of oxygen (not to deadly levels usually). Albert Einstien regularly used nicotine which restricts blood flow (and thus oxygen) to the brain. Thomson Edison used and endorsed drinking a wine called Vin Mariani which contains cocaine, a chemical known to constrict blood vessels in the brain and thus deprive of oxygen.

Dr. Nakamats is a Japanese man who invented or helped invent the karaoke, the floppy disk, and digital display. Nakamats claims he came up with the ideas by going under water for as long as he can and depriving himself of oxygen to the brain. [3]

The most common source of the constriction of blood vessels in the brain is from norepinephrine release. Studies also show norepinephrine is elevated when creative thoughts are conceived. Norepinephrine is suggested to help creativity by inhibiting long term memory.

Nearly All Inhibitor chemicals have a high potential to induce ideas. Psychoactive inhibitor substances such as marijuana and LSD have been proven to expand creative potential.[9] I have explained creativity in full detail in the post Imagination and Creativity.

Links:
[1] http://www.ric.edu/faculty/dblanchette/exercisearticle.htm
[2] http://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/guide/train-your-brain-with-exercise
[3] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFxNGvTP99E&feature=player_embedded
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_deprivation
[5] http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd10.html#gaba
[6]http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/content/65/4/564.full?ijkey=ad6454f747329753c6e432b298e953c38cc6857
[7]http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/12/news/la-heb-spongebob-squarepants-children-brain-20110912
[8]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer-appropriate_processing
[9]http://jsullivan41.hubpages.com/hub/LSD-Effects-on-Creativity

Evolution's Reason as to Why Natural foods are Healthy

2011-09-26T20:33:00.000-05:00

Intro:

Flickr @ SMcGarnigle

Natural plant foods have become healthy because of evolution's impact on earth's biological systems , like food hierarchies and energy/nutrient transfer arrangements.

If plants on earth didn't work by agreeing to and associating with other life forms, then evolution wouldn't have been able to produce intelligent beings like humans,and we would simply restart just as we have multiple times in mass extinction events as we've shown in my post, Earth's Organism System.

Main Factors:

There are two reasons why plants have evolved to be healthy medicines and great sources of nutrients for top level consumers. The First reason is primary evolution due to interaction with such plants.

As people use a plant over time, evolution will play a role in how the body reacts, including the humans ability to rid the negative aspects of the plant. This effect can occur extremely fast, for example some fish are already evolving to pollution in their water [3] , or the effect can occur very slowly, it depends completely on chance.

Flickr @ Chad Fust

For the second reason, evolution suggests that plants would be beneficial for Apex predators [6](Top level Consumers). This is because a plant species is more likely to survive if they have less predators feeding on it.

Most apex predators tend to eat a lot of meat as well as herbs (like bears, hyenas,snow leopards, humans and many more [1] [11]) , thus making them classifiable as omnivores.

These omnivores are more likely to survive because the plants they consume provide them with beneficial nutrients and chemicals.

These animals then help control the herbivore populations, thus improving survival of that given plant. A mutual relationship between the two becomes apparent.

This effect disappears when certain plants (that normally aren't in major exposure to higher order animals) contain dangerous chemicals that are made to resist organisms that are natural consumers of those certain plants.

These chemicals are dubbed natural pesticides. When introduced to an unnatural interaction these plants may break the "rules" of this theory, but in time evolution will adjust to it. [8]

Reason 1 Examples:

Native Americans and 1 out of 3 East Asians cannot break down alcohol and their body must "flush" the alcohol out of the body to rid it.

Flickr @ MikeBlyth

This is due to their lack of past usage with alcohol, which correlates to be due to lack of evolution. [2] Basically over time apex predators have been able to consume certain substances more safely because their random genes.

Reason 2 Examples:

Terpene's are a class of chemicals produced naturally by a wide variety of plants that act as natural pesticides. These chemicals kill lower level organisms that feed on it. For humans some benefits from terpene's include having anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory potential as well as anti-oxidant. [9]

Catechins are compounds found in some plants such as tea and cocoa that inhibit the growth of nearby plants. [5] When humans consume them, they act as a healthy antioxidant providing a few known medical effects, all being positive. [4]

Flickr @ davipt

Phytochemicals or phytonutrients are natural pesticides that are just more proof for the theory. In humans, the health benefits are nearly anything you can think of, but a few specifics include protecting from heart disease and cancer. [10]

Caffeine is a compound in tea and coffee that acts as a pesticide. It is bad for smaller organisms but very beneficial to the health of humans (an apex predator). [7]

Links:

[1] http://www.desertusa.com/animals/spotted-hyena.html

[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_tolerance

[3] http://blog.timesunion.com/green/hudson-river-fish-evolving-due-to-pcbs/2857/

[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechin#Health_benefits

[5] http://5e.plantphys.net/article.php?ch=&id=377

[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_predator

[7] http://www.menshealth.com/nutrition/health-benefits-caffeine

[8] http://science.jrank.org/pages/48691/Pesticide-Resistance.html

[9] http://jamespendleton.suite101.com/examination-of-terpenes-as-natural-products-a186241

[10]http://www.naturalnews.com/032463_phytochemicals_health_benefits.html
[11]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_apex_predators

Dinosaur Overpopulation Die Off Theory

2011-08-26T22:34:00.007-05:00

Intro:
Many people think an asteroid impact was the main component to the dinosaur's extinction, but studies have assessed that the impact had occurred over 300,000 years before the major extinctions. [15] These studies all showed that many species of sun dependent organisms thrived just as well after the impact casting doubt on the validity of this notion.

Flickr @ DjFello

Dinosaurs and many of the other prehistoric dominate animals were on average over sized to today's standards.[4] New evidence also states dinosaurs had to be warm blooded.[9] These adaptations wasted much energy and hurt them (and the whole earth) in the long run as we investigate the effects of overpopulation on ecosystem instability.

Native Sourced Imbalance:
The evolution of archosaurs into dinosaurs led to dinosaurs dominance on earth. After millions of years, herbivores comprised over 90% of all dinosaurs. Plants were very important sources of food to dinosaurs.

Flickr @ Adriangonsalves

This theory predicts that the lack of sunlight was not the cause of plant extinction as the asteroid theory relies on.

Many examples exist in which extant (living) organism species were equally likely to become extinct (according to lack of sunlight), but instead survived due to other mechanisms/adaptations.

Around the time of the major mass extinction, levels of oxygen in the atmosphere were at about 10% (around half of today's).[3] This causes problems for both plants and animals.

Plants need oxygen to absorb water and nutrients through their roots.[7] Animals obviously will die if inadequate amounts of oxygen are available. All marine life requires enough dissolved oxygen to live as the levels of atmospheric oxygen are coherent to dissolved oxygen in the ocean. [8]

Mechanism:
60-90% of the energy from an animal when transferred (through pred) is lost, the oxygen that was consumed in the lower level animals, is wasted when transferred to the powerful top class.[1] In addition to that, 90% of dinosaurs were consuming only plants, so an excess of herbivores can lead to a lack of plants, in turn causing less CO2 to be converted to oxygen.

[13]

This wasted oxygen overtime creates an imbalance of oxygen to CO2. Oxygen imbalance has been attributed (as we have shown already) to the death of nearly every organism leaving only adapted organisms to thrive in deficient environments.

Lack of oxygen has been cited as a source of die offs in a few studies, causing some animals with a more developed breathing system, to survive.[3] Those evolved animals that survived from dinosaurs included birds and alligators. Both these animals are shown to have improved lung function.[2]

Evolved Examples:

Flickr @ helen.2006

In addition to mammals and birds/alligators, many other living organisms appeared to have survived not because an increased photosynthetic ability(due to dust covered sun).

A living successfully evolved species from the Horsetail genus contains a cuticle comprised of more silicic acid than any other vascular plant (25% Dry weight!).[10] If the cuticle allowed too much water to leave, the plant would die of dehydration as unequal amounts would be absorbed.

A fossilized specimen of the still living Equisetum species was studied and exhibited to have an astonishing number of features that reduce water loss.

"Its epidermis had thick outer walls, a well-developed cuticle and silica deposits, and its stomata were situated well below the stem surface and were protected by cover-cells and silica deposits." [11]

That benefit according to the study was a mixture of features present in two living subgenera.[12] The more we investigate, the more we begin to understand that because there was a lack of oxygen around and before the Permian extinction[13], the plants that couldn't retain as much absorbed water died out. That (once again) is due to the difficulty for a plant to absorb water in a oxygen deficient environment.

In Yorkshire there exists a site with an abundance of fossils dating back to the cretaceous time period.[14] Unlike the past extant species fossils we discussed, these ferns were rarely fossilized because their small and thin cuticle.

Since the cuticle was smaller, more water was lost and thus, one could attribute not a lack of sunlight to the extinction of these species, but to the loss of water. In fact if sunlight was blocked out as the asteroid theory suggests, the cuticle would have a much less importance than we are discovering.

Links:
[1]http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/energyflow/energyflow.html
[2]http://news.discovery.com/animals/alligators-lungs-dinosaurs-dominance.html
[3]http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/10/031031062625.htm
[4]http://www.slate.com/id/2210631/
[5]http://www.unmuseum.org/deaddino.htm
[6]http://nhc.asu.edu/fossilplants/CYCAD.html
[7]http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/hydro/require.html
[8]http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/The-Ocean-in-Action/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/Ocean-dissolved-gases
[9]http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2009/nov/11/t-rex-dinosaurs-warm-blooded
[10]http://aobpla.oxfordjournals.org/content/2011/plr009.full
[11]http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110504183413.htm
[12]http://www.amjbot.org/content/98/4/680
[13]http://eonsepochsetc.com/Mesozoic/Triassic/Tri_Environment/environment.html
[14]http://steurh.home.xs4all.nl/engyork/ealgem.html
[15]http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2009/04/29/new-study-casts-doubt-on-the-asteroid-strike-theory-of-dino-extinction/

Synopsis of Life Series: Earth's Organism System

2011-08-06T17:09:00.325-05:00

Intro:
This review of life will change your views on what life is. The fractal nature of living organics have been eluded due to our senses, this is why our perspective of life before reading this had been skewed. Many repeating similarities in organisms and life make not just all organics on earth appear as one,but the earth its self, as we will show.

The organisation of organic compounds and life forms have created complex systems that have arose to associate in a manner only beneficial for life as a whole, due to evolution. The planet earth according to both scientific evidence and general philosophy, appears to be no exception to this rule.

Flickr @ krandolph

The most sophisticated level of organic organisation to date, (the biosphere) appears to need a redictation. We've come up with that conclusion after relating many similar functions of organic life to similarities in earth as a whole.

Earth is a planet with a biosphere comprised of a wide array of complex organic forms that are not only beneficial to the survival of one another, but crucial to the continued existence of life on earth altogether. The further we explore this notion (and others), the more we begin to question what life is. In conclusion, we are such a minute scale of life, the broader picture would consider us humans equivalent to "cells".

Organism System Theory:
The biota (all living organisms on earth) assort in a template extremely coherent with that of an animal such as a human. Think of each organism on earth as a "cell" each specialized to serve a specific function. Humans serve the reproductive (imagine earth as a cell, and humans are the nucleus) as well as the nervous systems.

The majority of organisms are only to support the stability of the many smaller systems that are required for life to maintain on earth such as oxygen/Co2 cycle and energy transfer (towards the end of the post we go into more detail) .

Humans serve a neuron like function for the "gaia organism" with the exception of artificial intelligence (well explain that further down).

We have proposed a new level of organic organisation because the Biosphere definition doesn't include crucial parts to humans and many animals survival altogether.

Earths magnetic field, the Ozone layer, the internal warmth, convection of tectonic plates, and the recently added "artificial" satellite array in orbit around the earth has been just a quickly added list of examples where the biosphere definition fails to exhibit the feat of being the largest known organisation of life.

An unobserved addition to the organism system is outside this planet. The interactions between planets and their stars must be accounted for when describing organic organisation because without these, the organisation would be very much different.

Earth Reproduction and similar Organism Functions:

Flickr @ bouche

All forms of life whether small compared to us or larger than us (were associated with) all contain very similar properties. These properties are assumed to be the template that life must (or tends to) follow. The functions needed in life contain transparencies between each scale.

This means we can find multitudes of similarities between cells, organisms, and an organism system (or planet). Reproduction is just one of these examples. Theoretically fractalism could be used to map out life scales stretching farther than just our solar system, but we will reserve that for a future post. This list of examples is limited from its reality amount because the point is made after a few of them.

Foregone Direction (Evolution):
Humans don't have free will (its an illusion), and only chose decisions that benefit them.[1] [3] Every "decision" isn't based on the free will of the individual, rather is affected by variables that alter its outcome completely by chance, just like evolution. (Read [1] [3] [5] as agreeing that free will is an illusion is somewhat crucial to the theory)

As a whole the human species (basically the whole biota) isn't really in control of what direction they move evolving/advancement wise.

They are truly forced into an optimal evolution because no free will occurs, so for the most part the best decisions are made. In addition to the idea of the optimal outcome, most humans do believe in free will, which it has been shown to benefit job performance. [2]

Flickr @ duesseldorf

If humans can't alter or combat earth's evolving, we are simply tools, just as enzymes in cells are. We are like yeast producing alcohol from sugars. Humans are supposed to be at the top of life yet we function equally to all life.

We are beginning to realize that life is nothing more then a fractal sized (scale doesn't change characteristics) template that is optimal for chemical dominance. Life will continue using this (optimal template for replication) through every sized scaling it reaches, forcing you to accept that life isn't simply animals and cells, its something much bigger (and ever expanding), life is this epic template stretching through the universe like a virus.

Cognitive Aspects:
An analogy could be made that humans are white matter neuron cells (more tied to being creative) while robotic intelligence or any similar dervitive will serve as the gray matter or operation function based cells.[8] When both were connected humans were put on a whole new level complexity. Information transfer among the organism system became optimal.

Flickr @ rebecca-lee

Humans brains remember events by repeating the activation of certain patterns of neurons.[9] Humans as a whole, or the earth, also learn throughout history by repeating history. An individual human acts as a neuron while, as a whole, the human species works as the "brains" of the earth.

Most people know that Brain cells are affected by neurotransmitters because they are used to relay signals. Replace the word neuro and put human, and you see a humantransmitter would be anything that transfers information or distorts it.

Media (TV, Newspapers, books, the Internet, etc.) affects the culture and the culture obviously is impacted by this. The extent that this occurs is so powerful that even cultural ideals can affect the impact of hormones/neurotransmitters on individual humans, making media/culture appear as a neurotransmitter for the gaia organism.

The greatest example would have to do with PMS. It has been shown in studies that it depends on the culture for PMS to cause moody behaviors yet the pain/effects are nearly the same worldwide.[11] [12]

Artificial Neural Improvements:
Computers and the internet are one of the greatest neural communication "implants" the earth has obtained. A long history of communication methods have been developed over humanities existence.

Flickr @ Thomas milne

Besides the original "camp fire stories", Back during our hunter-gatherer era, a widely accepted idea is that we painted stories of our predators and or prey for other bands of humanoid groups to see.[13] This is of course one of the most primitive means of more "modern info transfer", for the most part mimicking the internet.

Dreaming and predictive behaviors:
If we are certain earth as a life form will evolve (we already see this) then we should use our own evolvement patterns to predict our future possiblities. This is just what the brain attempts to do with dreams [6] [10].

So, Humans already have methods to transfer such predictive information via "media" as a medium but the most beneficial genre would occur in science fiction (today's sci fi is completely different), while the other not as helpful categories are used as both equilibrum stableizer (provide emotions like in comedy) and due to defiency in knowledge (future media will be a majority science fiction type content) other topics had to be used.

Flickr @ steel wool

In our premitive times of media and "entertainment" we are only producing minute amounts of "productive media" that help us predict and determine possible events.

The way media helps us predict is that presenting an idea to a society makes it an option as it has now been thought up, but also an overview of this idea has made it appear a bit more than just that.

Similar to how the other parts of our body are, we think of our brain as the most important aspect or (science fiction type) but without all the supporting organs (or other genres mediating more social aspects of humans) nothing would work the same.

In conclusion, media in the earth organism is equivalent to dreaming/ thoughts in humans.

Vascular System:
Animals and most plants contain a network of connections in which material that would normally be deplete in one area is allowed to be suffiecent in. This is exact mechanism is shown in our highways and roads (on gaia).

Flickr @ iursu

This allows specialization to occur in different sections of the body. Certain cities contain more academic scholars (usually those with colleges) and others may specialize in entertainment (Hollywood).

Without transportation of materials and foods throughout earth, each city would be forced to act as one, just as if cells in a body could not transport chemicals, they would be forced to become individual organisms.

Earth Replication:
The Earth organism tries to replicate just as any other life form on earth does, The method it uses is a bit different though. The spacecraft sent from the mother planet could be thought as the sperm attempting to reach the egg.

Flickr @ esquimo_2ooo

Once those "sperm" reach and do fertilize the egg, the planet slowly begins to germinate (or terraform). Terraforming is a process at which humans transform a planet into a livable environment for human life, gas and temperature wise.[15]

Terraforming then requires this new world to become quite identical to the mother planet just as replication in organisms works! Mars, for the past 30 or more years, has been accepted to be possibly terraformed through many processes, but in reality most planets could be converted. [14]

Evolution:
Bacteria that reproduce asexually evolve through mutations. People arguing against earth's organism system too often forget that fact. When earth's sperm (us humans) come to terraform a planet not every aspect of earth can be replicated so the two planets somewhat merge in a way a bit similar to sexual reproduction. The visual way this happens isn't the same but the overall task and goal are exact replicas.

Process Stability:

The Gaia priniple states that earth is a self regulating complex system that maintains an equilibrium for life to live. These biotic and abiotic self regulating systems on earth that attempt to allow optimal conditions for life work together in a way that unification seems apparent. The evidence for this phenomena has become abundant. [0]

Flickr @ Nurpu

Oxygen, C02 , and Surface temperature have all been cited as evidence for a feedback stabilizing system. Earth has managed to keep oxygen stable for some time even though oxygen is so reactive it should combine with other gases and minerals. Aswell as the Carbon cycle, much of this regulation occurs due to long-time evolved organisms. [0]

Many of these regulated properties also regulate the size and distribution of populations. The mechanism for global surface temperature appears to be quite different as since the dawn of life, the suns output of energy has increased at least 25%.

The only times Ice Ages have occurred were due to Oxygen and Methane changes, which can be attributed to an imbalance of oxygen dependent life to that of autotrophs. Since only limited numbers of autotrophs can live on earth, both this aspect as well as earths biodiversity and equilibrium of ecosystems can be shown as a regulator of size and type of organism populations. [0]

Earth without stability makes evolving to such complex organisms such as humans very difficult, one could even say it is a prerequisite. This proves that since a larger stable system is required to allow intelligent life to evolve in enough time, there is a connection between the organism and the planet.

The idea of this presented info is not to say that the earth has a conscious thought when it comes to keeping stability. Evolution is the sole cause of all of this and nearly every idea presented in this theory as far as we know.

Conclusion:
Life is only an optimal template at which chemicals achieve dominance in the universe. We have shown the fractal continuity of living organic forms at different scales/levels of organic organisation, as well as proposed an additional level to the complex of life.

Living at our personal level is a wee part of an arcane pyramid of life form association. We are nothing to the universe, yet without us the universe is not the same. We are a miniature part of a big game of specially sorted chemical dominance, with evolution being the driving force behind it all.

If we are looking for life else where, we should not be investigating indivual planets,rather as fractal continuity theorizes, we should be determining planetary relationships as we will cover in the next post.

Links:
[0]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis
[1]http://www.scotthyoung.com/blog/2007/05/28/is-willpower-an-illusion/
[2]http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-rock/is-free-will-real-better_b_583871.html
[3]http://www.physorg.com/news186830615.html
[4]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6QYDdgP9eg
[5]http://pastebin.com/LV7j3HL1
[6]http://www.suite101.com/content/precognitive-dreams-a51939
[7]http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/life.html
[8]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171286
[9]http://generallythinking.com/brain-rules/
[10]http://www.paralumun.com/dreams.htm
[11]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3677777
[12]http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1989-02-21/lifestyle/8902230019_1_pms-gottlieb-futile
[13]http://www.students.sbc.edu/matyseksnyder04/Prehistoric_Art.html
[14]http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~mfogg/paper1.htm
[15]http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~mfogg/program2/TerraSim.html

One Particle Universe [Part 1]

2011-07-25T17:19:00.005-05:00

Intro:
People often wonder what would happen if our universe didn't have certain properties. Wondering how the universe would work if there was no friction or if there was no speed of light is like asking what if we had only two dimensions. Asking such a question means they have a bad misconception of the universe. They forget that the worlds properties exist due to the micro interactions of particles.

Flickr @ krish49

They fall for the macro "illusion" [3] of space-time (Einstein's predictions are still correct [5]). If we understand that most people today still fall for illusions of a complex group of current dubbed "smallest particles" why can't we at least consider the fractal continuity of these complex illusions for current particles such as atoms and subatomic particles.

What is meant is that, we understand an atom is made up of protons and neutrons, and those made up of quarks, and so on, the pattern should endure further.

Few baseline properties exist and the absolute baseline level is disputable but that is what these next few posts will provide evidence for. One single "particle" tends to arrange itself into each of these large particles we see today. These much larger complex particles are very easily detected while a typically low energy, "point" is extremely hard (likely impossible) to detect.

I am now convinced that theoretical physics is actually philosophy.
-Max Born

Single Particle Universe Theory:
So you don't get confused let me address that this theory doesn't discredit the existence of any particles at all! Each confirmed particle to date has been significantly tested and verified so it seems insane to theorize they don't exist. First Before you read on, I encourage you to read my prelude post of this, so you can understand where this is all coming from.

The single smallest and only true particle of the universe is simply a point interacting with surrounding points via a linear connection or equation.

Flickr @ J.gabas Esteban

This theory provides the universe with a structure of 1st and 2nd dimension "objects". These points or (1st dimension objects) can change direction and go through each other, and still maintain the information of being "stacked" so there are a finite amount of them.

Every possible chance these points get, they attract to one another they are surrounded by (only when there is a dominate point), everywhere in the universe simultaneously. This smallest unit of time is the amount of time required for light to travel the distance of one point. The size of a point would have to be determined in order to find the time it takes to change, this will be in a further post.

One point must occupy each possible point in space or else chaos will ensue. This then proposes the idea that this explosive result is the big bang, but this will be covered in yet another post. We understand the universe not to be infinite, so for it to be closed it must only contain points, no void. Any void would mean infinite space thus not finite, perhaps only present in our "multiverse". This theory explains why Einstein's space time theory doesn't quite work in the quantum world.

The main points of my theory have to do with virtual particles, the breakdown of atomic nuclei, the N-Body problem, and the unanswered question of what causes gravity.

Geometry of larger complex particles:
Each particle that has been named today is a stable version of a complex cluster of points. The Geometry of these particles are in a way that the points are attracted and combined in a way to act as one. Atoms only work because the electrons movement stabilizes the otherwise non coherent combination.

A somewhat geometrically stable size for points to arrange in spherically are 1 am (10-^18 x 1 m). This is shown because electrons (core) and both quarks all have the same approximate size and are mostly stable. Points can also form into the size of neutrons and protons or 1 fm (10-^15 x 1m). The internal stacks that force points to be stable (or for most complex particles, internal constitutes are not moving) are arranged in a way that equilibrium is steady.

Flickr @ EMSL

~~Complex particles with charge have their positive or negative charge from an excess/deficient of attracted points outside of the optimal geometric shape~~.(Unconfirmed in the theory). The spinney nature and otherwise uncommon encounter of these particles is why they don't just become black holes or unstable point holes [2] (black holes are so massive they are stable). The constant motion of the quantum world accounts for many of these characteristics.

When understanding photons, you see its a particle(that acts as wave often)[1] of dense points that is very much similar to the group of complex particle clusters named bosons. A photon is formed because points are projected at the speed of light but because the points are unable to go faster they cluster in a bundle referred to as a photon.

No Poly-Particle Universe:
The current belief of the universe is one of an observer. We smash particles together and see what happens. This appears as a valid method in every way expect when you encounter things unobservable. Then you must use your logic to view similar things and determine the consequences.

Flickr @ chuybregt

The Annihilation of matter and anti matter cannot happen as the way it is thought to be. Parmenides once said reality is undivided and unchanging. This would be correct down at the quantum level.

His arguments were simply that for an object to become another, it must pass into a state of non existence, which doesn't exist. [4]

Energy is simply the movement of particles, so when an atom is annihilated no change in the fundamental particle takes place, thus still corresponding to Parmenides arguments.

The forces of our universe are only points forced to the speed of light. This is shown from E=MC^2. Energy is the driving force behind each force of nature, and thus making energy, only particles.

Next Post:
More will come from this proposal and any erroneous ideas from the theory should be emailed to me for further adjustments to adhere. Soon some exciting predictions and very likely testable experiments will be posted. The next post will cover mostly proof of this and finish proposing to explain certain mechanisms.

Links:
[1]http://www.physorg.com/news92937814.html
[2]http://particleadventure.org/virtual.html
[3]http://discovermagazine.com/2007/jun/in-no-time
[4]http://www.wadsworth.com/philosophy_d/special_features/timeline/ptimeline.html
[5]http://www.physorg.com/news110637405.html

Why has Religion Flourished? [Part 1]

2011-07-09T00:41:00.003-05:00

Intro:
Religion is a word synonymous with myth. Dragons, monsters, and Santa Claus have always been of the great stories but lack other traits to have maintained loyalty status.

The evolution of religion is very much similar to the evolution of organisms. Religions are evolving by using what benefits them and dismiss what doesn't benefit them. Evolution works in this way unknowingly. Religions require a set of traits, as without constant updates and adjustments, culture will pass up religion. These "updates" have become evident through the various translations and removal of various parts. More Info

Flickr @ C Jill Reed

The major adaptations to human's religions occurred during the transition from polytheism to monotheism. Whether it started from doubts or just to provide a more simple way for a preacher to "connect" to the one god (as creating a church for multiply gods is a little tricky) this change resulted in the power grab and multiple war crusades throughout history.

With the advent of the internet it has become open that most major churches are thriving in monetary manipulation such as this one example. Link Though I won't be covering the vast past reasons for the success of the church, in this series of posts I will show you why religion still flourishes today.

Manipulative Verses:
Most churches today have some sort of musical set that plays a genre known as "christian music" or which ever variant of religion. Perhaps not all, but most people sing along and truly get into the music. Churches use this to convey a message and maintain believers.

The individual people at the head of churches haven't called for manipulative music to be present, it's just the tendency of the most follower conductive traditions to thrive and succeed just as evolution proposes.

Common Church Song Lyrics:

Flickr @ dbking

God of this City

Salvation is Here

Just reviewing the first two songs that would typically be played, you can see the repetitive "cult" like lyrics that get stuck playing in your head because they're so simple.

This "idea injecting" method has been shown in a study to place false memories and make people believe a product tasted good in an advertisement when they never truly tried it.[1]

They use the music lyrics and bible verses to put ideas in the listeners mind in a way that the brain confuses it with a true event, almost as if they experienced it. This is why you can't convince a believer against his beliefs, their brain puts faith in the same category as real events.

Repetitive Ceremonies:

Doing the same thing over and over again can put you in a daze in which you don't typically look past it. We clean ourselves and brush our teeth everyday and never think about it. This is the exact way religion works.

Flickr @ ndrwfgg

We get kids tied into religion as soon as they're born by baptizing them and taking them to church.

From then on they've become mentally and emotionally attached to a point where if they were converted from religion, it in fact would change their understanding of life!

Afraid of truth:
Studies show the topic of religion questioning can bring fear, and thus leads to the need to associate with one another.

That study showed that believers and non believers both have significantly increased activation in an area of the brain responsible for recovering fear memories when asked of their religious belief compared to when asked memory related questions. [4] [5]

When you try and let someone free of this slavery using logic, they don't review the material you just covered. Their internal mechanisms have been altered in a way that ingrained emotions such as fear take control, inhibiting or changing logical operations. [6]

Each of these methods that have allowed the evolution of religion to thrive I have outlined thus far are the aspects regarding follower adhesion. My next addition will include the monetary and power based sections of this ever evolving world wide belief.

Links:
[1]http://neurobonkers.com/?p=3010
[2]http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2011-05-25-brain24_ST_N.htm
[3]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ew-CtVI0GsM&feature=related
[4]http://neuro.cjb.net/content/20/16/6225.short
[5]http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0007272
[6]http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:YnANNV9U_E4J:scholar.google.com/+emotion+inhibits+logic&hl=en&as_sdt=0,44&as_ylo=1994&as_vis=1

The Main Reason People Die of Old Age

2011-07-01T15:37:00.015-05:00

Repetitive Theory:
When an organism doesn't recognize change it suffers. The Majority of people die because life (to their body) is either "boring" or too repeatable and the body doesn't have to react or change to stimuli. This has been shown in both mental aspects aswell as at the molecular level.

This theory can be demonstrated by looking at older aged humans. Genetics cause them to show some signs of aging such as wrinkles and gray hair but no dangerous illness occurs until something repeatably happens. Recently life expectancy has risen in accordance to technology and entertainment advances. Much can be attributed to medical advances, but certainly not all of it.

Before civilization completely changed into what it is now, people tended to have extremely unchanged lives in both aspects of food and activities compared to todays standards. They had the same fields to tend to, and new information was scarce. This was easily correlated with terrible life expectancies.

Other Theories that explain why humans have lived longer such as the attachment theory have been used to show elderly satisfaction with life in relationship attachment.[2] This benefit could mean improved longetivity or even just a reason to live. The reason for this seems too complex for biological reasons so this would be useful for my theory. A new social attachment will mean a change in their life, making their body react to the changes and perhaps benefit them.

Evolutionary Aspects:

The evolutionary benefit for programmed death with lack of human change stems from the fact that animals that had change in their lives most likely had it due to themselves producing it, and an animal that is changing is making it more possible to evolve.

If animals lived at their "maximum" they wouldn't evolve as fast and thus the more adapted animals that didn't live to their maximum would rule over and possibly wipe them out. This effect has made nearly all animals have this trait.

Common Examples:
Diabetes occurs when the body is too use to releasing insulin. Babies will die when they are sensory deprived. Memory problems and other disorders build up when lack of new events occur. Studies show Bored People tend to die earlier than most people. [1]

Exercise changes your heart rate as well as other metabolic functions. It has been shown time and time again that exercise dramatically protects from cardiovascular disease.[3] A study showed that even though alcohol is a dangerous carbohydrate, heavy users still adore the benefit of mental and metabolic change and thus outlived abstinent drinkers.[6]

Flickr @ Tim Pearce, Los Gatos

Another study showed changes in consciousness through mindfulness training and Meditation improved the survival rate far more than relaxation and the control group. [5] This is similar to how beneficial sleep is to you. Not enough sleep doesn't change you enough while too much sleep makes it worse because sleep states aren't changing enough. [4]

Changes that are periodically set benefit the most because that makes changes occur more often. You'de think the quicker your body thinks time is going by ,due to more rest or sleep events, the quicker cell apoptosis and thus death would occur.

This is shown to be not true and helps support my theory because polyphasic sleep has been shown to not cause any adverse effects.

Exceptions to the Theory:

Genetic factors can make your body recognize change differently and thus confusing your rate of death. Some mutations can even completely avoid your detection of change and cause death or illness from other means, which is how we currently believe all illness is caused from today.

There is a limit that the human body can maintain without loosing vital components of the body, that which currently has been currently set at 122 Years. This Limit dubbed the "Hayflick Limit" by Leonard Hayflick is universal in human cells because the enzyme telomerase stops efficiency. With these exceptions altered, one could theoretically live forever.

Links:
[1]http://straightinfo.wordpress.com/2010/06/21/bored-people-die-younger/
[2]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9848245
[3]http://www.emaxhealth.com/81/17769.html
[4]http://thefutureofthings.com/news/1026/dont-sleep-too-much-it-might-kill-you.html
[5]http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=buy.optionToBuy&id=1990-11540-001
[6]http://singularityhub.com/2010/09/02/heavy-drinkers-outlive-non-drinkers-longevity-never-tasted-so-good/

Are Humans Against Life? [Part 1]

2011-06-28T15:18:00.004-05:00

Intro:

   Humans assume they're actions are sane because others they know from their species typically act the same way. This illusion can lead to numerous problems that I will be outlining. As a human species, common ideas about humanity seem to spread for no valid reason whatsoever. We assume were doing everything correct.

We think our brains are wired openly in the sense that we are uninfluenced by genetic and past ideas. Besides the main influences that even we have ruled out, such as religion and emotional factors, many greater forces act upon we humans.

   To suggest humans are genetically altered (naturally) in a way to inhibit normal animal behavior seems off. The idea behind this whole post is to show that we are not quite as smart as we assume, we just "decided" to dominate life on earth.

Past Dominate Group:
   When looking at other animals, there is no one reason that other animals don't dominate the game (or attempt) in a violent struggle, as evolution suggests. Perhaps somewhere a genetic factor changed all that. In a sense, it appears to stem from as far back as when dinosaurs ferociously dominated the earth.

   The animals that seemed to be aggressive were desensitized or died out due to the overwhelming force of the dinosaur species. This means that after the fall of the top predators back millions of years, we were left with a group of animals that only ate what was needed and were less aggressive, at least until we arose.

Flickr @ shvmoz

This continued as a trend and has become appearant in everyday life. The tendencies of those animals to be somewhat nicer and more as "the bullied kids" end out to domestication of not only dogs but nearly most zoo animals.

Relentless:
Humans just as dinosaurs appear to both be merciless when it comes to predation. This trait is what makes us different from monkeys and gave us the leap to the top. Most animals could attempt to strive and dominate but the somewhat peaceful order we have now was resolved long ago back when the aggressive nature of animals was still evolving.

Never before has supposed intelligence yielded power until combined with ruthless attitude. Humans just don't understand the essence of what life is meant to be (not in the sense of logically grasping the concept but more as an internal respect for nature). A dozen or so animals are of mastery intelligence in their field, but because equilibrium caused the animal to mostly cease further evolving, they never were genetically instructed to attempt to dominate.

Insane:
Humans can understand why mathematics works for our universe but other animals can't grasp it. They only grasp what is necessary for them to live. This is where it gets confusing, if humans can understand something they don't need to know why do they continue to be curious.

To other animals this behavior could seem like insanity because not only is there no reason to continue exploring things, even if you benefited any other animal would limit their use of power as evolution has caused.

Flickr @ ebertek

Belief of the culture is simply the only truth humans live by just as we use to believe in fairy tales and such. Just like language, the notion of something being correct for the human species changes according to what is beneficial but the absolute meaning or answer will never change. Its quite insane to devote an idea through a human culture that isn't beneficial to the race.

Conclusion:
Humans did not become dominate solely because their extremely intelligent. The curious mindset of humans is compromised of an ever changing set of ideas spread throughout the species. The variability of human knowledge through time can make people from both past and future cultures wonder if this whole curiosity of the world is insane.

Is Logic a Sense?

2011-06-18T01:01:00.007-05:00

Intro:
This quick post is centered around the speculation of all the senses. If you didn't know, the traditional 5 senses are only a fraction of all the total known senses. Though many aren't officially recognized, some include pain (different from touch as pain is damaged tissue), balance, and sense of heat/ temperature. All animals differ in their sense abilities for example: sharks have the ability to detect electrical fields. Humans appear in to my understanding to have evolved a "logic sense" as I will be outlining.

My idea for human's logic being a sense, and the brain a sense organ, came from the most unexpected source, a rapper. Lil Wayne's song, It's Young Money, has a set of lyrics that are possibly more complex then most people perceive them to be. The fact that he categorized intelligence along with all the other senses is what struck me.

Flickr @ deltamike

The Paralyzed feel me, The Blind see me ,and the Deaf can hear me, and the Smart fear me. - Lil Wayne

   To this day there is no definition of what a sense exactly is ,but you can determine some characteristics by comparing the other five classic senses. One definition states that an exteroceptive sense is a faculty by which outside stimuli are perceived.

   This definition works with the notion that logic is a sense because logic is not just the formal arrangement of ideas based on the other senses, its more than that.

   With out our logic sense we would be unable to "sense" when things are going bad. With out our logic sense philosophers such as parmenides wouldn't be able to claim that our senses deceive us.

Main Points:
   Currently it is believed that the brain is only simply used to perceive all our senses together but I have a few points that say logic itself is similar to other senses. First off our logic is used to perceive external stimuli all the time. Exogenous methods to perceive stimuli include many technologies and mathematics. Think about many unmanned probes space agencies have launched that require immerse precision to hit their target.

   Secondly Logic must have input just as any other sense requires. If you are sensory deprived as a baby you will die for this reason. Our logic can operate on its own only once adequate amounts of exposure from the senses have been reached. Logic feeds off most senses but that trait is not special, for example hearing requires feeling to operate.

   One last point has to do with artificial intelligence. Robots with the correct programming can perform logic in the absence of any senses. Robots will move until no moving is happening, they will then figure something is stopping them. You may say that programs are different but that is basically what humans are. Perhaps skipping the learning portion is what will allow robots to think without any senses.

Flickr @ photohome_uk

When you study what happens when one sense isn't working (for example: blindness) you notice your brain makes up by increasing another sense. Studies show that blindness/ vision problems can lead to both logic and hearing improvements.[2] If both were not improved the human might fall miserably. By looking at this, you can see logic acts just as a sense would.

Perhaps the whole reason our logic hasn't been considered as a sense is because senses have never been thought to be complex.

Links:
[1]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense
[2]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19127804

Mental Hacks: Motivation

2011-06-15T12:18:00.005-05:00

Sexual Motivation Theory:
Motivation has for the most part been associated with goals or desires. The sense of the goals all stem from the belief that the benefits of completing said actions will be profitable to ones self. Most people can agree with that, But when it comes to what drives someone, thats another question.

Almost all theories regarding motivation are similar in the sense they are somewhat complex, atleast far greater than my own theory. When trying to understand a primitive aspect of our biology, you should always find the most simplest method used.

Flickr @ wwarby

   "Sexual Motivation" is my theory that can be put into a sentence but must be explained in paragraphs. All motivation is fundamentally wired to either knowingly or subliminally gain an advantage in reproduction. All things that cause motivation are from an integrated higher order conditioned subconscious, unless the action performed directly influences reproduction. This means our brain will reward us for doing things that do not directly influence our social or reproductive power but rather benefit a baby step towards that reproductive goal.

   A quick argument you may obtain has to do with hunger. All I have to say to that is, Not only is consumption of energy necessary for reproduction, someone who manages to hold excess food in the past would of been in a social advantage and thus a reproductive advantage.

   Even if the action you have performed doesn't give you a benefit socially, your brain still may be tricked into believing so, thus social immaturity or disorder. Studies Show that testosterone improves motivational urge while deficiency reduces. [1]

   This is direct proof the main mechanism for motivation is sexual, as lack of sexual hormones leads to sterilization and thus even if the effected had the chance to reproduce they couldn't. This theory correlates with evolution completely, as all motivation theories should.

How to Improve Motivation:

Flickr @ ishane

   Most people, including me, want to stay motivated and strive to success. Methods to stay on the right path can be difficult at times and sometimes fighting through it just won't cut it.

   By using my new theory as a template you can use some of the same tips I use to stay working.

Tricking your brain is most likely the hardest part as it is fool proof. Here is a couple ways you may be able to get this to work.

1. Begin to attempt your goal for the first time and win or lose, get copulation some how, Repeat.
2. Associate the "baby steps" to your goal with sexual prestige, possibly by classical conditioning or subconscious methods such as lucid dreaming.
3. Check your hormone levels and your overall health, exercise and stamina can make things easier to do in the long run.
4. Be creative! Convince your brain to think if you try harder in your goal, you'll "score" more.

This post (Link) explains how the brain associates items in categories which is crucial for hacking your subconscious way of "thinking".

   Perhaps if my methods work you may account the benefits for its feeling, but in fact you are "hacking" your reward system in a safe way. If completed successfully, each and every time you work towards the goal, your brain will help you keep working.

Links:
[1]http://journals.lww.com/neuroreport/Abstract/2009/09230/Testosterone_and_unconscious_positive_priming.15.aspx
[2]http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092656609001032

Reality Series: Imagination and Creativity

2011-06-09T17:23:00.013-05:00

Intro:
Creativity as described by Sarnoff Mednick in 1962 "is that creativity is the result of connecting random bits of information to form new and original ideas". [1] This concept is extremely valid and has remained undisputed since, but to understand how or why the brain creates new ideas is still up for debate, though ill show a few intriguing ideas I've got storming up.

Flickr @ Patrick Hoesly

   For me, Creativity is combining things that are known to imagine a new thing with the ability to recognize its not the same. Inability to recognize its new is simply a mental disorder.

   Dr. Mednick did many studies on mentally disrupted people. It is known in many fields that the only way to begin to understand things, is to observe the impaired version of the particular system.

   Studies show that people with borderline Schizophrenia tend to have increased creativity.[4] A widely known example is that of Albert Einsteins kid, Eduard. Albert had to have passed on the schizophrenic trait to his son as though many factors influence SZ, genetic factors from the recessive schizophrenia trait contribute most.

   A "normal" individual will receive info and won't typically look past it, while schizophrenics will not only perceive it as somewhat different, they'll typically continue to analyze the info, further distorting it.

Neuro Mechanisms:
   Your brain imagines things by controlled "hallucinating" similar to sleeping. It is triggered involuntarily when your brain thinks ideas you are thinking about are either similar or match the situation. The "reactants" that combine into ideas are triggered by the theoretical Executive System in the brain.

Flickr @ Common Pixels

   Mentally unhealthy individuals either don't recognize they are imagining or their brain can't control their imagining mechanism depending on the severity of the disorder.

   Through evolution, humans have been able to create things and survive because of this ability. Other weak forms of this ability are present in nature but human's are by far the most productive and useful.

   Being Creative can have two outlets, Logical Inventing and Creative imagining. Logical Inventing is part of the Working Memory which also includes the previously mentioned executive system. This more complex ability requires imagining as a trigger start, and short term memory functions with learned information to finalize. These two abilities are what have made humans able to "Think outside the box".

Improving Creativity:
   Learning leads to increased amount of things to combine in the creativity process but not necessarily the motive/ ability to. Creativity doesn't quite show IQ but simply the ability to make the connection. Inventing is both a strong imagination and an ability to use and apply said idea. Unless your a jack of all trades, inventing will only occur in your mastered field.

   Technological expansion is exponential because learning is exponential. When various things are learned more questions arise which further down the road turn into more learned combinations for creativity. Creativity thus is not the only prerequisite to inventing.

   Your brain is function based. People doze off into creativity or lack of attention because its more pleasing than learning often due to evolutionary benefits. Perhaps that pleasing effect isn't directly noticed, but that subliminal feeling is the direct cause.

Flickr @ <SLiM>

"Imagination is more important than knowledge" -Albert Einstein

   Creativity could in turn be the fundamental reason humans expanded their mental grasp.

   Other animals ,especially pets, are shown stimuli from humans that should prepare learning or at least help exhibit more complex thought, but the animals ability to connect the dots, or use creativity, is stunted.

   For example, most animals are unable to unlock simple cage mechanisms even when their make up allows for such actions.

   Meta-Memory increases a humans ability to remember things. Without knowledge that you have the knowledge to remember, remembering isn't possible. This shows positive thinking is very beneficial. With your brain remembering more, you can imagine many new things.

Marijuana and Creativity:

Often the use of cannabinoids has been considered to make people think differently. The benefit of that was taken away with the idea that any purposed thought was non sense just because the usage of the drug. Until now, there was little evidence behind the theory that marijuana makes the user more creative.

Studies show that long term users of marijuana appear to have measurably morphed brains in the fact that more white matter is shown via DTI Imaging . [2] White matter's function is to transfer signals from gray matter through out the brain though new studies suggest its function is more similar to gray matter then previously thought. [3]

Gray matter performs tasks while white matter for the most part connects the signals. So for the conscious to combine two things to form a new idea, the two "reactants" most be connected through white matter. Studies show that white matter integrity is an indicator of higher divergent thinking scores which is a measure of creativity.[1]

Links:
[1]http://www.shelleycarson.com/scientific-research-on-creativity/researchers-find-that-%E2%80%9Cwhite-matter%E2%80%9D-structural-integrity-in-the-brain-is-associated-with-creativity
[2]http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T9X-4WV15NB-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2009&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1759134733&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=b6ced3d43c232762a872721fbbc93825&searchtype=a
[3]https://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=white-matter-listens-in
[4]http://www.schizophrenia.com/sznews/archives/002372.html

[5]http://www.livestrong.com/article/81868-parts-brain-influence-creativity/