<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106</id><updated>2024-10-20T01:48:44.557-03:00</updated><category term="English"/><category term="Español"/><title type='text'>Neurociencia XXI</title><subtitle type='html'>Bilingual neuroscience blog</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>86</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-2500499482760791520</id><published>2012-05-28T00:22:00.004-03:00</published><updated>2012-05-28T00:22:45.394-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Los sitios sociales dañan el cerebro de los niños</title><content type='html'>&amp;nbsp;


 
 
 
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPpd3NYaIyFuwk9mHe5GwAA4RTLMUT2FxBAVG_WU5bpuxUh3HVSN0xPk_nTTdLezSYtX8J8UktI7A24_Tsn-0qT5cQPMJ4AyvjlCiBwRXOJNRUx_OE8Y6i1yXkTfPGA1uGar5S3XwKJ4fn/s1600/ABCOOL.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPpd3NYaIyFuwk9mHe5GwAA4RTLMUT2FxBAVG_WU5bpuxUh3HVSN0xPk_nTTdLezSYtX8J8UktI7A24_Tsn-0qT5cQPMJ4AyvjlCiBwRXOJNRUx_OE8Y6i1yXkTfPGA1uGar5S3XwKJ4fn/s1600/ABCOOL.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;western&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBnRK0RRbax99bHyq3QjkyNSEMWVXui7BHvgafNWIdxv7HDO5N7gHk8vLulxqc4T_9wtC6JHN5ZVDkKAboYHTkwm3dI1yb7zhE_W2PmciwgU498wvD8_iKmuM4NDQ82iUQ15RF3i9WzsBP/s1600/ABCOOL1.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Los
sitios sociales dañan el cerebro de los niños&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hace
tan solo un par de años atrás, la destacada y brillante
neurocientífica Susan Greenfield -conocida por la conducción de
unos documentales llamados “Brain story” para la BBC- publicó su
opinión en contra de la utilización de sitios sociales durante la
niñez. Actualmente, el sector privado y público parece sordo a los
datos que procuraremos resumir en éste informe. En definitiva, los
sitios sociales cambian drásticamente las conexiones neuronales en
el cerebro de los niños. Dentro de los cambios alarmantes en los
cerebros de los usuarios más jóvenes caben señalar los siguientes:
reduce  capacidad para prestar atención, fomenta una cultura de
gratificación instantánea y cultiva -a su vez- actitudes negativas
como egocentrismo y depresión. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No obstante, vale aclarar que
la Dra. Greenfield no es la única voz en contra de éste fenómeno
de modificación cerebral masivo.&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;
La neurociencia tiene fundamentos científicos para -acérrimamente-
pensar a las redes sociales como un nuevo demonio agazapado en la
oscuridad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;La vida en sociedad ya no es lo que era:
Apaga la TV (y la PC)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Los
niños de “antes” se relacionaban con otros en su colegio, en las
plazas cercanas o con otros niños de su entorno, pasando mucho más
tiempo con personas reales y grupos humanos de “carne y hueso”.
&lt;br /&gt;En la actualidad, especialmente en los países desarrollados, una
gran parte de los niños que tienen un ordenador con acceso a la red
establecen ese tipo de relaciones con personas virtuales que
posiblemente nunca lleguen a conocer en el mundo real.&lt;br /&gt;Muchos
padres, profesores y psicólogos informan que una buena proporción
de los jóvenes con los que trataN a diario carecen de la capacidad
de comunicarse o concentrarse cuando no están frente a una pantalla.
Pero, retomando un poco el título del informe, es en este contexto
donde  surge el momento indicado para preguntarnos: ¿cómo cambia
esta “ciber-situación” el desarrollo mental de un niño?
¿Realmente le modifica las estructuras cerebrales?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Para
algunos neurocientíficos y psicólogos esta variable es perjudicial
para la juventud.&lt;br /&gt;Greenfield, neurocientífica de la Universidad
de Oxford y directora de la Royal Institution, cree que la exposición
repetida a sitios sociales puede “&lt;i&gt;reconfigurar&lt;/i&gt;” el cerebro
de una forma diferente a la que hasta hoy consideramos normal. Y por
si todo esto no fuese poco, este problema no es exclusivo de la
computadora, sino también se extiende a la exposición
indiscriminada de series de TV y los videojuegos. Para estos
especialistas, la permanencia frente a una pantalla jugando, mirando
TV o escribiendo a tus amigos puede transformarte en un humano
diferente. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contexto histórico&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Desde
la pólvora hasta la Revolución Industrial, distintos tipos de
tecnología fueron reemplazando la labor humana, por el fin de la 
“automatización”. Desde antaño, la máquina viene reemplazando
la fuerza de trabajo humana. Todavía hoy, la maquinaria en general
está desplazando el pensamiento creativo. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Si nos paramos a
ver nuestras “vidas pasadas” comprenderemos que desde hace muchos
años “las máquinas” (utilizadas sin compasión) están
contribuyendo  negativamente a la humanidad.&lt;br /&gt;Hace muchos años
existe en el planeta tierra -pero en dominio de muy pocos hombres-
los recursos tecnológicos suficientes para acabar con el hambre, la
mala salud, educación de toda la aldea global. Por lo que en este
artículo no se pretende criticar a las máquinas, sino al humano que
las implementa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Se leen muchos artículos en la literatura
neurocientífica, en los que distintos psicólogos de distintas
orientaciones señalan que la tecnología en general ha ido
modificando nuestra capacidad para enfrentar problemas cotidianos de
la vida real (por ejemplo, el sistema GPS puede hacer que los niños
sean incapaces de descifrar un mapa y la juventud de ahora tiene un
ataque de pánico frente a “La Guía T”). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hace unas tres
décadas atrás, se planteó una situación similar con la aparición
de calculadoras digitales de bajo precio, cuyo uso continuado podía
hacer que los jóvenes de la época “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;olvidasen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;”
como efectuar cálculos de forma manual.  En definitiva, no sería
-ésta- la primera vez en que se ve al progreso y la tecnología como
amenazante sin cuestionar a los seres humanos que la utilizan. 
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;“Del Dios ha muerto, el hombre lo mató” a “La
persona ha muerto, el facebook lo mató”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&quot;L&lt;i&gt;as
redes sociales son el dedo que nos chupamos todo el día mientras
estamos desparramados en un sillón, en lugar de salir a la calle y
relacionarnos con nuestros pares&lt;/i&gt;” despacha Greenfield. &lt;br /&gt;La
neurocientífica también sostiene que la exposición a los juegos de
ordenador, la mensajería instantánea, las salas de chat y los
sitios de redes sociales podrían originar una generación con una
pobre capacidad de atención. Preocupada, a menudo se pregunta “&lt;i&gt;si
realmente la conversación en tiempo real puede llegar a cambiar
radicalmente nuestras costumbres, de la misma forma que el acechar,
matar y desollar un animal para comerlo ha sido sustituida por la
conveniencia de los paquetes de carne en el supermercado&lt;/i&gt;.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBnRK0RRbax99bHyq3QjkyNSEMWVXui7BHvgafNWIdxv7HDO5N7gHk8vLulxqc4T_9wtC6JHN5ZVDkKAboYHTkwm3dI1yb7zhE_W2PmciwgU498wvD8_iKmuM4NDQ82iUQ15RF3i9WzsBP/s1600/ABCOOL1.jpeg&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBnRK0RRbax99bHyq3QjkyNSEMWVXui7BHvgafNWIdxv7HDO5N7gHk8vLulxqc4T_9wtC6JHN5ZVDkKAboYHTkwm3dI1yb7zhE_W2PmciwgU498wvD8_iKmuM4NDQ82iUQ15RF3i9WzsBP/s1600/ABCOOL1.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;La
relativización del Demonio, sin obrar como abogado del Diablo&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;De
esta serie de informaciones presentadas por investigadores y eruditos
comprometidos con la humanización de la ciencia, tiene que quedar en
claro que las redes sociales son perjudiciales para los niños.
Entonces nosotros, los “no-niños”, si todo salió bien y
contamos con una moderada dosis de madurez psicológica, no somos
víctimas potenciales  de esta “pandemia virtual”. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Los
adultos usamos las redes sociales para comunicarnos con nuestros
amigos verdaderos, familiares, vecinos y clientes. Muchos de nosotros
también, utilizamos las redes sociales  para seguir  a nuestros
científicos, músicos, artistas y deportistas favoritos ¿verdad?.
&lt;br /&gt;Pero como responsable de las futuras generaciones que somos, nos
cabe todavía preguntarnos, si los niños de hoy en día tienen
espacio para que sean escuchados, tolerados, educados y profundamente
amados. Son muchos los padres que víctima de alguna confusión
producida por su automatización al sistema, abandonan a su niño a
la “etiqueta psiquiátrica” de ADHD.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Es común que los
adultos maduros tengamos la intuición de que las redes sociales
podrían ser una solución a muchos de los problemas de educación
que hoy el mundo enfrenta. Porque somos muchos los que pensamos que
la educación es el peor enemigo de la ignorancia y también vemos en
la educación compasiva la solución a los problemas del mundo
moderno.&lt;br /&gt;Somos nosotros, entonces quienes utilizamos en forma muy
satisfactoria las nuevas tecnologías. Sigamos haciendo masa crítica.
Personalmente, no conozco a nadie  (adulto) que cancele unas
empanadas y vino con amigos, por unas partidas de “City Ville” o
“Angry Birds”, pero si conozco niños que dejarían todo por una
partida de vídeo juegos o un mensaje  del blackberry por
responder.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/2500499482760791520/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2012/05/los-sitios-sociales-danan-el-cerebro-de.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/2500499482760791520'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/2500499482760791520'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2012/05/los-sitios-sociales-danan-el-cerebro-de.html' title='Los sitios sociales dañan el cerebro de los niños'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPpd3NYaIyFuwk9mHe5GwAA4RTLMUT2FxBAVG_WU5bpuxUh3HVSN0xPk_nTTdLezSYtX8J8UktI7A24_Tsn-0qT5cQPMJ4AyvjlCiBwRXOJNRUx_OE8Y6i1yXkTfPGA1uGar5S3XwKJ4fn/s72-c/ABCOOL.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-583529480075236773</id><published>2011-11-26T00:06:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-11-26T00:06:41.953-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Español"/><title type='text'>Las referencias religiosas condicionan la psicología humana</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoYS6cF94WR4iEy77TmZDlHPesEy6_5mua4h814-AJTtX-UVY4-55CSCB4uiGnaRuyOXIo1Cmc7CpJ3YlYJO0wwNqbEi9kthalsH58NO9I4aibrrK1Uyr_XpLGH0iIGtCiq-pNfYl6bye/s1600/religion.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoYS6cF94WR4iEy77TmZDlHPesEy6_5mua4h814-AJTtX-UVY4-55CSCB4uiGnaRuyOXIo1Cmc7CpJ3YlYJO0wwNqbEi9kthalsH58NO9I4aibrrK1Uyr_XpLGH0iIGtCiq-pNfYl6bye/s1600/religion.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;soustitre&quot;&gt;Los recordatorios del concepto de Dios tienen un efecto divergente en la auto-regulación, revela un estudio&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Resumen:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 22px; font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Estudios recientes han sugerido que una posible causa  (evolutiva) del surgimiento de la religión habría sido que ésta fomenta  el autocontrol de los individuos y, con él, algunos comportamientos  sociales valiosos. Ahora, los resultados de una investigación realizada  por científicos de la Universidad de Waterloo, en Canadá, señalan que el  recordatorio del concepto de Dios puede generar respuestas divergentes  en la auto-regulación humana. Los hallazgos obtenidos sugieren asimismo  que las referencias religiosas condicionarían procesos psicológicos  subyacentes a la salud, la felicidad y la productividad humanas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ver el resto de la entrada en:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tendencias21.net/Las-referencias-religiosas-condicionan-la-psicologia-humana_a8710.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;http://www.tendencias21.net/Las-referencias-religiosas-condicionan-la-psicologia-humana_a8710.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/583529480075236773/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/11/las-referencias-religiosas-condicionan.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/583529480075236773'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/583529480075236773'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/11/las-referencias-religiosas-condicionan.html' title='Las referencias religiosas condicionan la psicología humana'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRoYS6cF94WR4iEy77TmZDlHPesEy6_5mua4h814-AJTtX-UVY4-55CSCB4uiGnaRuyOXIo1Cmc7CpJ3YlYJO0wwNqbEi9kthalsH58NO9I4aibrrK1Uyr_XpLGH0iIGtCiq-pNfYl6bye/s72-c/religion.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-6543621475166325632</id><published>2011-10-27T14:15:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-28T10:19:49.039-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Español"/><title type='text'>Sonidos Brainwaves binaurales: entre la sanación y  la manipulación mental</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2GgiJHJTOEFRIyL6Nq3BsqHCXTkrSZHmXHwou25WTM89EGBO0dn3ofTsXZ2BKatBZEaCFp_ulRZHNUHYQ9qtj8GO9x0MxJCvbxq02ZqovY4MWuclKW-DMWo5nvUbcuEJ9QmikFFS6PpeJ/s1600/binaural.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2GgiJHJTOEFRIyL6Nq3BsqHCXTkrSZHmXHwou25WTM89EGBO0dn3ofTsXZ2BKatBZEaCFp_ulRZHNUHYQ9qtj8GO9x0MxJCvbxq02ZqovY4MWuclKW-DMWo5nvUbcuEJ9QmikFFS6PpeJ/s1600/binaural.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;El cerebro está compuesto desde &lt;/span&gt;15.000 a 33.000 millones de neuronas, con más de 10.000 conexiones por cada una. A esta red de neuronas se la suele llamar “el tejido encantado”, dado que anatómicamente, es símil a tal. Las neuronas, para comunicarse unas con otras, utilizan impulsos eléctricos (bioelectricidad). Millones de neuronas enviando sincrónicamente – es decir: a la misma vez- sus señales bioeléctricas generan un patrón de ciclos medibles mediante un electroencefalograma. Este patrón, se llama: Patrón de Ondas Cerebrales (o en inglés: Brainwave). Estos patrones cambian dependiendo del tipo de actividad que estemos realizando, siendo 4 los tipos de patrones más conocidos y comunes para todos los seres humanos (aunque los investigadores siempre descubren nuevos patrones de activación neuronal).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;4 tipos de ondas cerebrales&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De las múltiples&amp;nbsp; acciones y reacciones de los patrones de activación y desactivación bioeléctrica del cerebro, resultan las siguientes 4 modalidades de activación, medible mediante estudios de electroencefalografía. (La frecuencia mediante la que se grafica dichas activaciones son “Ciclos sobre segundos = C/S”, es decir, cuántas activaciones hubo en un segundo).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Delta: estas ondas de forma sinusoidales, monomorfas e irregulares, &lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;con una frecuencia de 1-3 C/s, surgen principalmente en el sueño profundo y muy raras veces se pueden experimentar estando despierto. Sus estados psíquicos correspondientes son el dormir sin sueños, el trance y la hipnosis profunda. Las ondas delta resultan de gran importancia en los procesos curativos y en el fortalecimiento del sistema inmunitario.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Theta: &lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Con una frecuencia de 4 a 7 C/s, las ondas theta se producen durante el sueño (o en meditación profunda, entrenamiento autógeno, etc), mientras actúan –a su vez- lo que se conoce como formaciones del subconsciente. Las características de este estado son: memoria, aprendizaje, fantasía, imaginación e inspiración creativa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Alfa: De forma sinusoidal, tienen una frecuencia de 8 –12 C/s y están asociadas con estados de relajación. Se registran especialmente momentos antes de dormirse. Es un patrón típico cuando estamos –por ejemplo- relajados escuchando algún tema tranquilo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Betha: Gráficamente,&amp;nbsp; su forma es irregular, &lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;y originan un campo electromagnético con una frecuencia comprendida entre 13 y 30 C/s (vibraciones por segundo). Se registran cuando la persona se encuentra despierta y en plena actividad mental. Es el patrón propio de estar despiertos, del estado de vigilia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi49ShC2nEG-W9wtkQqAzoMxUvzeddskhdi3tPPkN4hylwEICIel60nP9D_pHV2DjTJducj65Y8JPaQAlw_AtDLt-F11ynfqJvqa2vr_W0E9VHpPWlSVWNXS2vSxoOb9i19a_zegn2TABQY/s1600/ondas.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi49ShC2nEG-W9wtkQqAzoMxUvzeddskhdi3tPPkN4hylwEICIel60nP9D_pHV2DjTJducj65Y8JPaQAlw_AtDLt-F11ynfqJvqa2vr_W0E9VHpPWlSVWNXS2vSxoOb9i19a_zegn2TABQY/s1600/ondas.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Sonidos binaurales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Conforme pasó el tiempo, y los investigadores nos fueron dando el resultado de sus descubrimientos, los profesionales de la salud mental, tienen nuevas y modernas herramientas para abordar los tratamientos. Dentro de ese kit de nuevas herramientas terapéuticas, encontramos a los sonidos binaurales, comúnmente llamados “Brainwaves”. Las ondas cerebrales, &lt;/span&gt;tienen una muy fuerte relación con la salud y el estado de ánimo de las personas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Los sonidos brainwave-binaurales, son frecuencias sonoras producidas en laboratorio, mediante la cual se generan sensaciones de tridimensionalidad, de relajación, de estimulación, de desprendimiento astral, etc. dentro del cerebro. Como todavía la exactitud de los efectos terapéuticos de éstos sonidos está aun cuestionada, se recomienda &amp;nbsp;que los tratamientos con brainwave sólo se realicen luego de que un profesional, evalúa las condiciones cognitivas del sujeto, mediante una evaluación neuropsicológica.Aunque para todos aquellos que amamos la música, y casi que no podríamos imaginar la vida sin ella, la comprensión de que mediante frecuencias sonoras uno puede cambiar su estado de consciencia, no vale la pena siquiera cuestionarlo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;No obstante, si uno persigue el fin de relajarse, sobreponerse a un insomnio, ganar un poco más de concentración para un examen, usar brainwaves binaurales está “permitido”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;El yin-yang de los brainwaves binaurales&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Es una constante en la historia de la humanidad que lo que se crea con fines lúdicos o a favor de la salud, termina siendo utilizado con fines inescrupulosos. Como sucedió con la energía nuclear, lo mismo está sucediendo con los brainwaves. Tal es así, que no sólo los militares los utilizan en sus programas de entrenamiento para soldados; sino que además, los casinos, los shoppings y las empresas, campañas políticas, etc. los utilizan para obtener beneficios personales y éticamente cuestionables.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Actualmente, hay muchos ingenieros de sonido y neurocientíficos que procuran mostrar que “artistas” como Britney Spear o Justin Bieber; utilizan este tipo de poderosas frecuencias para modificar los patrones de activación cerebral de los adolescentes (que al igual que los niños, son los más fáciles de manipular mediante casi cualquier tipo de técnica de control mental de masas). El uso de brainwaves camuflado en la música, podría ser una posible explicación de porqué artistas como los recientemente mencionados, son tan afamados y sus canciones producen esas extrañas reacciones en lo jóvenes. Convengamos, que las fanáticas de los Beatles, gritaban y se excitaban frente a Lennon &amp;amp; company, pero no quedó registro de que escuchando sus temas, los adolescentes hayan tenido ataques epilépticos o crisis generalizadas de ansiedad, cómo si sucede con la “música” de Bieber o Britney.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhEDObDHWUrYc7Yy2HDRmJsH1-f2jXo7LTGq6GnoTJoNTMnkY0acxinL-NlgvmGx07dg0OvEMSx1Cg7AnjdgTkwF5xLC5Gba38YYAT4KyW2Q3qnkPKzFCCUlv0EtlH5qApzIxVGQJDQ6Nr/s1600/brain+machine.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhEDObDHWUrYc7Yy2HDRmJsH1-f2jXo7LTGq6GnoTJoNTMnkY0acxinL-NlgvmGx07dg0OvEMSx1Cg7AnjdgTkwF5xLC5Gba38YYAT4KyW2Q3qnkPKzFCCUlv0EtlH5qApzIxVGQJDQ6Nr/s1600/brain+machine.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;De todas maneras, lo que no se discute es el poder de los brainwaves binaurales. Nuevas modalidades de psicoterapias cognitivas basadas en Binaural brainwaves (una suerte de musicoterapia cibernética) los utilizan para obtener los siguientes resultados: Relajación, concentración, creatividad, ansiedad, estrés, meditación, como energisante, antidepresivo, para sueños lúcidos y más. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Entonces ¿cabe preguntarse si los binaurales brainwaves son buenos o malos? &lt;br /&gt;
Personalmente, en éste apartado, creo que no son las cosas, sino nuestra visión o uso de las cosas lo que hace que algo sea funcional o disfuncional. No existe tal cosa como el bien o el mal, y lo que puede ser bueno para unos, puede ser malo para otros.&lt;br /&gt;
Concluimos con la siguiente inquietud: La música que usa brainwaves, sin fines terapéuticos ¿Debería ser llamada música? Y los músicos (no terapeutas) que usan brainwaves ¿Son músicos?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/6543621475166325632/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/normal-0-21-false-false-false-es-ar-x.html#comment-form' title='1 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/6543621475166325632'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/6543621475166325632'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/normal-0-21-false-false-false-es-ar-x.html' title='Sonidos Brainwaves binaurales: entre la sanación y  la manipulación mental'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2GgiJHJTOEFRIyL6Nq3BsqHCXTkrSZHmXHwou25WTM89EGBO0dn3ofTsXZ2BKatBZEaCFp_ulRZHNUHYQ9qtj8GO9x0MxJCvbxq02ZqovY4MWuclKW-DMWo5nvUbcuEJ9QmikFFS6PpeJ/s72-c/binaural.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-8162880440279629380</id><published>2011-10-24T15:04:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-24T15:04:21.760-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Español"/><title type='text'>¿Son más eficaces unas lenguas que otras?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjliBYWF3DVbrHBxSFuLiSjs_Pl4knSSwz7dckHUWPN6WLZ9BZsZwZ732U9kyZeCR8CctBhBKn8S1h1Tow-muZBz9VPF1itH7yVbRqCpiL5zgyzQqmJRiL52NaiiUXgmRhC1W1mIWJCqg0c/s1600/japonesa.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjliBYWF3DVbrHBxSFuLiSjs_Pl4knSSwz7dckHUWPN6WLZ9BZsZwZ732U9kyZeCR8CctBhBKn8S1h1Tow-muZBz9VPF1itH7yVbRqCpiL5zgyzQqmJRiL52NaiiUXgmRhC1W1mIWJCqg0c/s1600/japonesa.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Autor intelectual de la siguiente entrada:&lt;br /&gt;
Javier Valenzuela Manzanares&lt;br /&gt;
Dept. de Filología Inglesa, Universidad de Murcia, España &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Según un reciente estudio, las lenguas tienen un mecanismo que  regula la velocidad de transferencia de información. Así, las lenguas  que tienden a hablarse más lentamente suelen también ser  “informacionalmente más densas”, es decir, a condensar en pocos  elementos lingüísticos una gran cantidad de información, y viceversa.  Existe, pues, un equilibrio entre velocidad de habla y densidad  informacional, que hace que la tasa de transferencia de información de  las distintas lenguas sea aproximadamente la misma.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Imagínese a un típico alemán hablando de manera natural en su idioma;  las palabras surgen a una determinada velocidad. A continuación, haga  lo mismo con un hablante italiano. ¿A cuál de los dos se imagina  hablando más rápido? Si se basa en el estereotipo presente en nuestra  cultura, la respuesta será que al hablante italiano: en nuestra  percepción, los hablantes italianos tienden a hablar a toda velocidad (y  gesticulando mucho). Esa misma percepción tienen los ingleses de los  hablantes españoles: para ellos el hablante típico español es el  equivalente sonoro de una metralleta disparando ráfagas de palabras. Si  las distintas velocidades en producción de sonidos fueran emparejadas  con una mayor o menor velocidad en la transferencia de información, bien  podría pasar que al traducir una película italiana de dos horas, con su  acelerado ritmo lingüístico, al más pausado alemán, esa película pasara  en su versión doblada a durar tres horas, por ejemplo. Claramente, no  es éste el caso, así que debe de haber algún mecanismo en las lenguas  que mantiene la tasa de transferencia de información aproximadamente  constante, al margen de la velocidad con que sus hablantes encadenen  sonidos.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Este asunto es que el que han analizado los investigadores de la  Universidad de Lyon François Peregrino, Christophe Coupé y Egidio  Marsico, en un estudio cuyos resultados han sido publicados  recientemente en la revista &lt;em&gt;Language&lt;/em&gt; (2011). Empezaron tomando  como material veinte textos del corpus multilingüe MULTEXT,  originalmente escritos en inglés británico y traducidos de manera libre a  siete idiomas (francés, alemán, italiano, español, japonés, y chino  mandarín), intentando en la medida de lo posible que el contenido  semántico se mantuviera intacto. Los textos, de unas cinco oraciones  semánticamente conectadas, eran informes orales formales, pequeñas  narraciones, o instrucciones de corte más informal (p.ej., un texto  describía una situación en la que se pedía comida por teléfono). A  continuación, estos textos fueron analizados por expertos nativos, que  contaron el número de sílabas de cada uno, además del número de  palabras. Seguidamente, los textos fueron grabados por una serie de  hablantes nativos (entre seis y diez, dependiendo del idioma), que los  leyeron a una velocidad considerada “normal”, ni muy apresurada ni  tampoco excesivamente cuidadosa.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
El siguiente paso fue medir la “densidad informacional” de cada  lengua, es decir, decidir cómo de “comprimida” está la información al  ser codificada en la señal hablada. Como se puede asumir que la cantidad  de información de los distintos textos es la misma (al ser un mismo  texto traducido a distintos idiomas), es relativamente sencillo calcular  esa “densidad informacional” de cada idioma; en este caso, utilizaron  el número de sílabas para hacer este cálculo. La idea era comprobar si  existen lenguas “informacionalmente densas”, que expresan una cantidad  dada de información con pocos elementos lingüísticos, frente a lenguas  “informacionalmente ligeras”, o “poco densas”, que necesitarán una mayor  cantidad de elementos lingüísticos para expresar esa misma cantidad de  información, y valorar su relación con la tasa de producción de sílabas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Tabla 1&quot; class=&quot; &quot; height=&quot;243&quot; src=&quot;http://medina-psicologia.ugr.es/%7Ecienciacognitiva/files/2011-19-table1.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Tabla 1.- Datos del estudio de Peregrino y col. (2011).&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption aligncenter&quot; style=&quot;width: 410px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Los resultados indicaron que las lenguas que se hablaban más  rápidamente eran también las menos densas informacionalmente; y al  contrario, las lenguas de ritmo más lento eran también las que contenían  una mayor densidad informacional. Por ejemplo, de la muestra analizada,  el japonés es la lengua de habla más rápida, en la que se pronuncia un  mayor número de sílabas por segundo (7,84), como indica la Tabla 1; sin  embargo, su densidad de información es también la más baja (0,49).  Igualmente, el español es también muy rápido en su pronunciación (7,82  sílabas por segundo) y de nuevo, tiene una densidad de información  bastante baja (0,63). Comparadas con el español, lenguas como el inglés  (6,19 sílabas por segundo) o el alemán (5,97 sílabas por segundo) son  más lentas, pero compensan este hecho con densidades informacionales de  las más altas. Finalmente, el idioma más lento de los analizados, el  mandarín, con tan sólo 5,18 sílabas por segundo, es también el de mayor  densidad informacional. En la Figura 1 se puede observar que no sólo la  ordenación de las lenguas en estas medidas se ajusta a la hipótesis,  sino que existe una clara relación lineal entre ellas. Si se observa la  tasa media de velocidad de información (cuarta columna de la Tabla 1),  vemos que casi todos los idiomas oscilan alrededor de los mismos valores  (cercanos al 1).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Figura 1&quot; class=&quot; &quot; height=&quot;269&quot; src=&quot;http://medina-psicologia.ugr.es/%7Ecienciacognitiva/files/2011-19-f1.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot; width=&quot;500&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Figura  1.- Todas las lenguas estudiadas se localizan a lo largo de una única  línea, lo que indica que su velocidad de pronunciación se puede predecir  casi perfectamente a partir de su densidad informacional. &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption aligncenter&quot; style=&quot;width: 510px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Estos resultados muestran un mecanismo de las lenguas desconocido  hasta ahora: su tendencia a modular la tasa de transferencia de  información. Una posible explicación de este “termostato informacional”  podría ser que las lenguas deben mantener unos valores de transferencia  de información dentro de unos límites que garanticen una comunicación  máximamente eficiente: lo suficientemente rápida para que la información  transmitida sea útil, y al mismo tiempo lo suficientemente lenta para  no incurrir en costes comunicativos (hablar excesivamente deprisa podría  complicar mucho la articulación de determinados sonidos, así como la  decodificación perceptual de la señal, entre otros problemas).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Este estudio no es más que una primera aproximación y sus resultados  serán sin duda refinados en futuros trabajos (cuando se incorporen  nuevas lenguas al estudio, un mayor número de hablantes, o se usen datos  de contextos conversacionales, más naturales que la lectura de textos),  pero sus datos apuntan al descubrimiento de un nuevo mecanismo  regulador en las lenguas. Gracias a él, no existirían unas lenguas más  eficaces que otras: todas mantienen una tasa de transferencia de  información aproximadamente equivalente.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/8162880440279629380/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/son-mas-eficaces-unas-lenguas-que-otras.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/8162880440279629380'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/8162880440279629380'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/son-mas-eficaces-unas-lenguas-que-otras.html' title='¿Son más eficaces unas lenguas que otras?'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjliBYWF3DVbrHBxSFuLiSjs_Pl4knSSwz7dckHUWPN6WLZ9BZsZwZ732U9kyZeCR8CctBhBKn8S1h1Tow-muZBz9VPF1itH7yVbRqCpiL5zgyzQqmJRiL52NaiiUXgmRhC1W1mIWJCqg0c/s72-c/japonesa.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-8217955362891907600</id><published>2011-10-20T12:01:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-20T12:01:30.823-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>Estrogen Works in the Brain to Keep Weight in Check, Study Shows</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;A recent UT Southwestern Medical Center study found that estrogen  regulates energy expenditure, appetite and body weight, while  insufficient estrogen receptors in specific parts of the brain may lead  to obesity.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjNFUL8kuRcXuAItinJ-FbHYQFnWkFhsiNA_CL-JZXtYRkkPWhODu14U9IbCRxywHVj8fUrZUaKyV_TCuY1gvDQaF_5hum0cv_KC2HCovfXUofbSi2HoERfWxT1tdz948XN74eBmk9wCYA/s1600/estradiol.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjNFUL8kuRcXuAItinJ-FbHYQFnWkFhsiNA_CL-JZXtYRkkPWhODu14U9IbCRxywHVj8fUrZUaKyV_TCuY1gvDQaF_5hum0cv_KC2HCovfXUofbSi2HoERfWxT1tdz948XN74eBmk9wCYA/s1600/estradiol.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&quot;Estrogen has a profound effect on metabolism,&quot; said Dr. Deborah  Clegg, associate professor of internal medicine and senior author of the  study published Oct. 5 in &lt;em&gt;Cell Metabolism.&lt;/em&gt; &quot;We hadn&#39;t previously thought of sex hormones as being critical regulators of food intake and body weight.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The mouse study is the first to show that estrogen, acting through  two hypothalamic neural centers in the brain, keeps female body weight  in check by regulating hunger and energy expenditure. Female mice  lacking estrogen receptor alpha -- a molecule that sends estrogen  signals to neurons -- in those parts of the brain became obese and  developed related diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Similar results were not seen in male mice, although researchers  suspect other unknown estrogen receptor sites in the brain play a  similar role in regulating metabolism for males as well.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Estrogen receptors are located throughout the body, but researchers  found two specific populations of estrogen receptors that appear to  regulate energy balance for female mice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The findings are potentially important for millions of postmenopausal  women, many of whom have decided against hormonal replacement therapy.  The study could lead to new hormonal replacement therapies in which  estrogen is delivered to specific parts of the brain that regulate body  weight, thereby avoiding the risks associated with full-body estrogen  delivery, such as breast cancer and stroke.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVcyg3ot8naa0t2JV_6JwLv86PfzECSahlY_lqV6cg3TRHfqe4ryaNt11Dd66frDGiMEJ8nmd7dwrsJx-N_R7J2Rle0afRDvQz9FZGNgXLkU8eVKQH3y_ZuHMfiIPQHdRVclJBhOSUKHdi/s1600/body+weight.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVcyg3ot8naa0t2JV_6JwLv86PfzECSahlY_lqV6cg3TRHfqe4ryaNt11Dd66frDGiMEJ8nmd7dwrsJx-N_R7J2Rle0afRDvQz9FZGNgXLkU8eVKQH3y_ZuHMfiIPQHdRVclJBhOSUKHdi/s1600/body+weight.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Doctors stopped routinely recommending long-term estrogen therapy for  menopausal women in 2002 when a Women&#39;s Health Initiative study showed  the hormone also led to increased risk of cardiovascular disease.&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;The role of estrogen in postmenopausal women continues to remain  uncertain,&quot; Dr. Clegg said. &quot;Current research is focused on the timing  and the type of estrogen supplementation that would be most beneficial  to women. Our findings further support a role for estrogens in  regulating body weight and energy expenditure, suggesting a benefit of  estrogen supplementation in postmenopausal women.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other UT Southwestern researchers involved in the study included lead  author Dr. Yong Xu, a former postdoctoral researcher in Dr. Clegg&#39;s  lab; Dr. Carol Elias, assistant professor of internal medicine; and Dr.  Joel Elmquist, professor of internal medicine.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The research was supported by grants from the National Institutes of  Health, the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes  Association.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Via: Sciencedaily&lt;/b&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/8217955362891907600/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/estrogen-works-in-brain-to-keep-weight.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/8217955362891907600'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/8217955362891907600'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/estrogen-works-in-brain-to-keep-weight.html' title='Estrogen Works in the Brain to Keep Weight in Check, Study Shows'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjNFUL8kuRcXuAItinJ-FbHYQFnWkFhsiNA_CL-JZXtYRkkPWhODu14U9IbCRxywHVj8fUrZUaKyV_TCuY1gvDQaF_5hum0cv_KC2HCovfXUofbSi2HoERfWxT1tdz948XN74eBmk9wCYA/s72-c/estradiol.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-8791374105737227743</id><published>2011-10-17T21:30:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:30:16.148-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>Pushing the Limits of Performance</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGn9cLl8-bwYouBCuWEwN7S-PVh2r-l3kpEM3lD7ETdPVdYyQ8VhIf4FWNawTakjnR2MKdBh06IQbn-Qy6dR2eJUfrcbGthttLYlqU-j-zMKcqlgIvjnDlbwR6ybTlb8m1YZqESQOCsxkC/s1600/cy.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;149&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGn9cLl8-bwYouBCuWEwN7S-PVh2r-l3kpEM3lD7ETdPVdYyQ8VhIf4FWNawTakjnR2MKdBh06IQbn-Qy6dR2eJUfrcbGthttLYlqU-j-zMKcqlgIvjnDlbwR6ybTlb8m1YZqESQOCsxkC/s200/cy.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Deceiving the brain can lead to an improvement of up to five per cent in  sporting performance, according to research from Northumbria University  -- news which could have a significant impact on athletes&#39; chances in  the 2012 Olympics.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In a research project, trained cyclists were asked to race against an  avatar on a computer screen which they believed was moving at the rate  of the cyclist&#39;s personal best.&lt;br /&gt;
However, the avatar was actually going at a speed one per cent faster  than the cyclist&#39;s fastest time. Despite this, the cyclists, who could  also see themselves as an avatar cycling the virtual course, were able  to match their opponent, going faster than they ever had before.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Researchers believe this is because there is a reserve of energy  production that can be tapped into, even in well-trained athletes.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRQrhcb0EL4wg1JH2eXLCxiLSxZilXCW-hn6q2ILuNjJZmnp9DqYr20mYvlAyPYvr1I8wkdowtZuCN20dYRGlw0HkIwtRhhco9grS3bDgUnlO2nf2ZPZtwUh7PVrXUYveCWE15oJgUQL3G/s1600/at.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRQrhcb0EL4wg1JH2eXLCxiLSxZilXCW-hn6q2ILuNjJZmnp9DqYr20mYvlAyPYvr1I8wkdowtZuCN20dYRGlw0HkIwtRhhco9grS3bDgUnlO2nf2ZPZtwUh7PVrXUYveCWE15oJgUQL3G/s1600/at.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;In training, the mind anticipates the end of a bout of exercise in  order to set an initial pace. Sensory receptors, which monitor the  body&#39;s responses, feed this information back to the brain, allowing it  to control the body&#39;s resources to last until the end of the exercise to  avoid damage.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Professor Kevin Thompson, Head of Sport and Exercise Sciences at  Northumbria University, who carried out the research along with PhD  student Mark Stone, said: &quot;We feel that this system is conservative and  even in well-trained individuals, who have a well developed pacing  template, there is a reserve of energy production which can be utilised  to further enhance performance.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
He added: &quot;These findings demonstrate a metabolic reserve exists  which, if it can be accessed, can release a performance improvement of  between two and five per cent in terms of their average power output.&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;At elite level sport, even an increase of one per cent in average  speed can make the difference between somebody being placed in a race or  not.&#39;&#39;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study found that adding a competitive opponent to motivate  participants to access this reserve was not effective when the  participant was aware that their opponent was exercising at a power  output 2% or 5% greater, but was effective when participants did not  know.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Prof Thompson added: &quot;We believe a small deception of the brain can  enhance performance. Despite the internal feedback to the brain being  heightened by the extra power output being produced, the participants  still believed it was possible to beat their opponent.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Vía: ScienceDaily&lt;/b&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/8791374105737227743/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/pushing-limits-of-performance.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/8791374105737227743'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/8791374105737227743'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/pushing-limits-of-performance.html' title='Pushing the Limits of Performance'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGn9cLl8-bwYouBCuWEwN7S-PVh2r-l3kpEM3lD7ETdPVdYyQ8VhIf4FWNawTakjnR2MKdBh06IQbn-Qy6dR2eJUfrcbGthttLYlqU-j-zMKcqlgIvjnDlbwR6ybTlb8m1YZqESQOCsxkC/s72-c/cy.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-8900678478768437086</id><published>2011-10-10T23:20:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-10T23:20:53.033-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>Brain imaging reveals why we remain optimistic in the face of reality</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDkoSC4O9PoqB3wJTAIaW4eIHhqp0JxwOUJCC1nMyY1xRdcrm64kNpnDp9_XTFDQhJlAJsFoY-KZ6DC2rEeCqPujnrStLT2ZRLZvFDeuUdtcx_X5wleu-w1YTq00SJqmO7_NzctshrwWGh/s1600/optimisim.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDkoSC4O9PoqB3wJTAIaW4eIHhqp0JxwOUJCC1nMyY1xRdcrm64kNpnDp9_XTFDQhJlAJsFoY-KZ6DC2rEeCqPujnrStLT2ZRLZvFDeuUdtcx_X5wleu-w1YTq00SJqmO7_NzctshrwWGh/s1600/optimisim.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;For some people, the glass is always half full. Even when a football  fan&#39;s team has lost ten matches in a row, he might still be convinced  his team can reverse its run of bad luck. So why, in the face of clear  evidence to suggest to the contrary, do some people remain so optimistic  about the future?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In a study published today in &lt;i&gt;Nature Neuroscience&lt;/i&gt;,  researchers at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging at UCL  (University College London) show that people who are very optimistic  about the outcome of events tend to learn only from information that  reinforces their rose-tinted view of the world. This is related to  &#39;faulty&#39; function of their frontal lobes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
People&#39;s predictions of the future are often unrealistically  optimistic. A problem that has puzzled scientists for decades is why  human optimism is so pervasive, when reality continuously confronts us  with information that challenges these biased beliefs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Seeing the glass as half full rather than half empty can be a  positive thing – it can lower stress and anxiety and be good for our  health and well-being,&quot; explains Dr Tali Sharot. &quot;But it can also mean  that we are less likely to take precautionary action, such as practising  safe sex or saving for retirement. So why don&#39;t we learn from  cautionary information?&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this new study, Dr Sharot and Professor Ray Dolan from the  Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, together with Christoph Korn  from the Berlin School of Mind and Brain have shown that our failure to  alter optimistic predictions when presented with conflicting information  is due to errors in how we process the information in our brains.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilJTsVejbez0RUSA-6VljulhbSpDG-9s3SmBiQFJ6BBjPKYJ83lXWJMxHAGnYFxmy5VkRO2HVu-55mYQFzt6j6zc5kTBBxL8kSjhcx4yeE1LMLoIPQclftpBFvbWM1uki-zt4RzltXRpNt/s1600/optim.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilJTsVejbez0RUSA-6VljulhbSpDG-9s3SmBiQFJ6BBjPKYJ83lXWJMxHAGnYFxmy5VkRO2HVu-55mYQFzt6j6zc5kTBBxL8kSjhcx4yeE1LMLoIPQclftpBFvbWM1uki-zt4RzltXRpNt/s1600/optim.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Nineteen volunteers were presented with a series of negative life  events, such as car theft or Parkinson&#39;s disease, whilst lying in a  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner, which measures  activity in the brain. They were asked to estimate the probability that  this event would happen to them in the future. After a short pause, the  volunteers were told the average probability of this event to occur. In  total, the participants saw eighty such events.&lt;br /&gt;
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After the scanning sessions, the participants were asked once again  to estimate the probability of each event occurring to them. They were  also asked to fill in a questionnaire measuring their level of optimism.&lt;br /&gt;
The researchers found that people did, in fact, update their  estimates based on the information given, but only if the information  was better than expected. For example if they had predicted that their  likelihood of suffering from cancer was 40%, but the average likelihood  was 30%, they might adjust their estimate to 32%. If the information was  worse than expected – for example, if they had estimated 10% – then  they tended to adjust their estimate much less, as if ignoring the data.&lt;br /&gt;
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The results of the brain scans suggested why this might be the case.  All participants showed increased activity in the frontal lobes of the  brain when the information given was better than expected, this activity  actively processed the information to recalculate an estimate. However,  when the information was worse than estimated, the more optimistic a  participant was (according to the personality questionnaire), the less  efficiently activity in these frontal regions coded for it, suggesting  they were disregarding the evidence presented to them.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3usmFqpluBXbxtBRvRL5fBR_EioiEr8-aGPDKVK0q_ne4lUvwyxYIoGLoIP7D_OpM5TCzlMRarfcDsAzbXXi_z5W-zfjC6id3r4QEjr7RgZEpVaFn-T_vLqoryB2XK-OPd4M2n_Gey8KQ/s1600/will+be+ok.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3usmFqpluBXbxtBRvRL5fBR_EioiEr8-aGPDKVK0q_ne4lUvwyxYIoGLoIP7D_OpM5TCzlMRarfcDsAzbXXi_z5W-zfjC6id3r4QEjr7RgZEpVaFn-T_vLqoryB2XK-OPd4M2n_Gey8KQ/s1600/will+be+ok.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Dr Sharot adds: &quot;Our study suggests that we pick and choose the  information that we listen to. The more optimistic we are, the less  likely we are to be influenced by negative information about the future.  This can have benefits for our mental health, but there are obvious  downsides. Many experts believe the financial crisis in 2008 was  precipitated by analysts overestimating the performance of their assets  even in the face of clear evidence to the contrary.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#39;Understanding the brain&#39; is one of the Wellcome Trust&#39;s key  strategic challenges. At the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging,  clinicians and scientists study higher cognitive function to understand  how thought and perception arise from brain activity, and how such  processes break down in neurological and psychiatric disease.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Commenting on the study, Dr John Williams, Head of Neuroscience and  Mental Health at the Wellcome Trust, said: &quot;Being optimistic must  clearly have some benefits, but is it always helpful and why do some  people have a less rosy outlook on life? Understanding how some people  always manage to remain optimistic could provide useful insights into  happens when our brains do not function properly.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;###&lt;/div&gt;The research was funded by the Wellcome Trust, the British Academy and the German Academic Exchange Service. &lt;br /&gt;
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Via:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-10/wt-bir100611.php&quot;&gt;http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-10/wt-bir100611.php&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/8900678478768437086/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/brain-imaging-reveals-why-we-remain.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/8900678478768437086'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/8900678478768437086'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/brain-imaging-reveals-why-we-remain.html' title='Brain imaging reveals why we remain optimistic in the face of reality'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDkoSC4O9PoqB3wJTAIaW4eIHhqp0JxwOUJCC1nMyY1xRdcrm64kNpnDp9_XTFDQhJlAJsFoY-KZ6DC2rEeCqPujnrStLT2ZRLZvFDeuUdtcx_X5wleu-w1YTq00SJqmO7_NzctshrwWGh/s72-c/optimisim.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-5185955118535404198</id><published>2011-10-05T12:41:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-05T12:41:26.650-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>How Your Brain Reacts To Mistakes Depends On Your Mindset</title><content type='html'>“Whether you think you can or think you can’t—you’re right,” said Henry  Ford. A new study, to be published in an upcoming issue of &lt;em&gt;Psychological Science&lt;/em&gt;,  a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, finds that  people who think they can learn from their mistakes have a different  brain reaction to mistakes than people who think intelligence is fixed.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9CqKQW4ZnZumzFWBd46hdyVTsGBHaJRWKdF4BeFotI7TMcfvYy5fOkmXmiPk32VrmrEBJKqUWlJnxfQINPuFKyoQpHJQGcCFVEmlkZksMjlOyi3y4UAAtNhzHXXGbhPSFehvxJYtLPHNA/s1600/reaction.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9CqKQW4ZnZumzFWBd46hdyVTsGBHaJRWKdF4BeFotI7TMcfvYy5fOkmXmiPk32VrmrEBJKqUWlJnxfQINPuFKyoQpHJQGcCFVEmlkZksMjlOyi3y4UAAtNhzHXXGbhPSFehvxJYtLPHNA/s1600/reaction.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;“One big difference between people who think intelligence is  malleable and those who think intelligence is fixed is how they respond  to mistakes,” says Jason S. Moser, of Michigan State University, who  collaborated on the new study with Hans S. Schroder, Carrie Heeter, Tim  P. Moran, and Yu-Hao Lee. Studies have found that people who think  intelligence is malleable say things like, “When the going gets tough, I  put in more effort” or “If I make a mistake, I try to learn and figure  it out.” On the other hand, people who think that they can’t get smarter  will not take opportunities to learn from their mistakes. This can be a  problem in school, for example; a student who thinks her intelligence  is fixed will think it’s not worth bothering to try harder after she  fails a test.&lt;br /&gt;
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For this study, Moser and his colleagues gave participants a task  that is easy to make a mistake on. They were supposed to identify the  middle letter of a five-letter series like “MMMMM” or “NNMNN.” Sometimes  the middle letter was the same as the other four, and sometimes it was  different. “It’s pretty simple, doing the same thing over and over, but  the mind can’t help it; it just kind of zones out from time to time,”  Moser says. That’s when people make mistakes—and they notice it  immediately, and feel stupid.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWAhLx05g335ebPl3NctGRCY70dZqsRWlByl30malPCoa1kpCJKffaKX_YQelx4EzJO-tESxvf-wkTQ2KAH4yDQloQVvfzWB5n4zenZiB93KKU1kTRaNwThS7F_SApA_TWm_ilo3DPJd5D/s1600/estum.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWAhLx05g335ebPl3NctGRCY70dZqsRWlByl30malPCoa1kpCJKffaKX_YQelx4EzJO-tESxvf-wkTQ2KAH4yDQloQVvfzWB5n4zenZiB93KKU1kTRaNwThS7F_SApA_TWm_ilo3DPJd5D/s1600/estum.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;While doing the task, the participant wore a cap on his or her head  that records electrical activity in the brain. When someone makes a  mistake, their brain makes two quick signals: an initial response that  indicates something has gone awry—Moser calls it the “’oh crap’  response”—and a second that indicates the person is consciously aware of  the mistake and is trying to right the wrong. Both signals occur within  a quarter of a second of the mistake. After the experiment, the  researchers found out whether people believed they could learn from  their mistakes or not.&lt;br /&gt;
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People who think they can learn from their mistakes did better after  making a mistake – in other words, they successfully bounced back after  an error. Their brains also reacted differently, producing a bigger  second signal, the one that says “I see that I’ve made a mistake, so I  should pay more attention” Moser says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The research shows that these people are different on a fundamental  level, Moser says. “This might help us understand why exactly the two  types of individuals show different behaviors after mistakes.” People  who think they can learn from their mistakes have brains that are tuned  to pay more attention to mistakes, he says. This research could help in  training people to believe that they can work harder and learn more, by  showing how their brain is reacting to mistakes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;clear: both; display: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://www.psychologicalscience.org/redesign/wp-content/plugins/wp-spamfree/img/wpsf-img.php&quot; style=&quot;border-style: none; display: none; height: 0px; width: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;           &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;###&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;For more information about this study, please contact: Jason S. Moser at &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:jmoser@msu.edu&quot;&gt;jmoser@msu.edu&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
via: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.psychologicalscience.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.psychologicalscience.org&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/5185955118535404198/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/how-your-brain-reacts-to-mistakes.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/5185955118535404198'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/5185955118535404198'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/how-your-brain-reacts-to-mistakes.html' title='How Your Brain Reacts To Mistakes Depends On Your Mindset'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9CqKQW4ZnZumzFWBd46hdyVTsGBHaJRWKdF4BeFotI7TMcfvYy5fOkmXmiPk32VrmrEBJKqUWlJnxfQINPuFKyoQpHJQGcCFVEmlkZksMjlOyi3y4UAAtNhzHXXGbhPSFehvxJYtLPHNA/s72-c/reaction.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-3491878814287641372</id><published>2011-10-04T23:19:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-04T23:19:36.063-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>National Geographic: Teenage Brains</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3 class=&quot;title&quot;&gt;Moody. Impulsive. Maddening. Why do teenagers act the  way they do? Viewed through the eyes of evolution, their most  exasperating traits may be the key to success as adults.&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz04Fvaq6MaHf_joYuA3R03muTND9vD_RzQGeMiIWCjWrvI5tjgOTRn7-8rtfi9etrigi4u1abChIUGJE9rBuIxQZx78NgMpHG69o2F7ocucUgBbkZ_PuheZ-rUL8ZeVr017hjSCCcwO0Q/s1600/teenage-brains-mirror-image-615.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz04Fvaq6MaHf_joYuA3R03muTND9vD_RzQGeMiIWCjWrvI5tjgOTRn7-8rtfi9etrigi4u1abChIUGJE9rBuIxQZx78NgMpHG69o2F7ocucUgBbkZ_PuheZ-rUL8ZeVr017hjSCCcwO0Q/s320/teenage-brains-mirror-image-615.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;title&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;title&quot;&gt; See the rest of the note by clicking the link below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/10/teenage-brains/dobbs-text/1&quot;&gt;http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/10/teenage-brains/dobbs-text/1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;title&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;title&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/3491878814287641372/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/national-geographic-teenage-brains.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/3491878814287641372'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/3491878814287641372'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/10/national-geographic-teenage-brains.html' title='National Geographic: Teenage Brains'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz04Fvaq6MaHf_joYuA3R03muTND9vD_RzQGeMiIWCjWrvI5tjgOTRn7-8rtfi9etrigi4u1abChIUGJE9rBuIxQZx78NgMpHG69o2F7ocucUgBbkZ_PuheZ-rUL8ZeVr017hjSCCcwO0Q/s72-c/teenage-brains-mirror-image-615.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-6952840504512694173</id><published>2011-09-30T09:40:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-09-30T09:40:49.824-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Español"/><title type='text'>Científicos sustituyen con éxito el cerebelo de una rata por un chip</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h3 class=&quot;access&quot; style=&quot;color: black; font: normal normal bold 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un equipo de investigadores de la Universidad de Tel Aviv, en Israel, ha logrado restaurar en una rata una función cerebral previamente inhabilitada, mediante el implante de un cerebelo artificial. Este avance abre una nueva vía a la posibilidad de desarrollar implantes cerebrales que sustituyan áreas del cerebro humano dañadas por infartos cerebrales u otras condiciones. Estos implantes podrían ayudar incluso a recuperar procesos de aprendizaje perdidos por efecto del envejecimiento.&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzwD1siOssRlhVTOPhQU_8ubJ1wYbF9Uh-ty_RC5ydV9agKOXdF8OGMseKwcrJJteNL8FMmK6NaQfh90Ff6zzWlWRW-fz_0l0N4QI55KVXSQxSnhH_HKEOkvslEJB1IiDzo2CA78Cxgchz/s1600/ratita.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzwD1siOssRlhVTOPhQU_8ubJ1wYbF9Uh-ty_RC5ydV9agKOXdF8OGMseKwcrJJteNL8FMmK6NaQfh90Ff6zzWlWRW-fz_0l0N4QI55KVXSQxSnhH_HKEOkvslEJB1IiDzo2CA78Cxgchz/s320/ratita.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Un equipo de investigadores de la Universidad de Tel Aviv&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://www.tau.ac.il/index-eng.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;(TAU)&lt;/a&gt;, en Israel, ha logrado restaurar en una rata una función cerebral previamente inhabilitada, mediante el implante de un cerebelo artificial.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Este avance abre una nueva vía a la posibilidad de desarrollar implantes cerebrales que sustituyan áreas del cerebro humano dañadas por infartos cerebrales u otras condiciones. Estos implantes podrían ayudar incluso a recuperar procesos de aprendizaje perdidos por efecto del envejecimiento.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Comunicación en dos direcciones&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Según publica la revista&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21128315.700-rat-cyborg-gets-digital-cerebellum.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Newscientist&lt;/a&gt;, los implantes de cóclea o las extremidades artificiales han probado ya que es posible conectar dispositivos electrónicos al cerebro. Sin embargo, hasta ahora, estos dispositivos han permitido sólo la comunicación en una dirección, desde el dispositivo hasta el cerebro o viceversa.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Lo que han conseguido el investigador de la Universidad de Tel Aviv,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://freud.tau.ac.il/~mintz/&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Matti Mintz&lt;/a&gt;, y sus colaboradores ha sido crear un cerebelo sintético que puede recibir señales sensoriales del&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronco_del_encefalo&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;tronco cerebral&lt;/a&gt;, una región que actúa como medio de transmisión de la información neurológica procedente del resto del cuerpo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Pero no sólo eso: este cerebelo artificial es capaz de interpretar dichas señales y, después, enviar una señal a otra región diferente del mismo tronco cerebral, que a su vez impulsa a las neuronas motoras para que se ejecute un movimiento.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Según explicó Mintz en el último encuentro Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence, organizado por la&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://www.sens.org/&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Sens Foundation&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;de California y celebrado en Cambridge, este logro probaría que se puede “registrar información procedente del cerebro, analizarla de manera similar a como lo hace la red biológica, y devolverla al cerebro de nuevo”.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Desarrollo del experimento&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Una de las funciones del cerebelo natural es ayudar a coordinar y a cronometrar los movimientos. Esto, junto al hecho de que el cerebelo tiene una arquitectura neuronal sencilla, lo convierte en una región del cerebro óptima para su reproducción sintética. Mintz afirma que “conocemos la anatomía del cerebelo y algunos de sus comportamientos casi perfectamente”.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Los científicos analizaron las señales enviadas a un cerebelo real y las señales que éste generaba como respuesta. Después, usaron esta información para crear una versión artificial del cerebelo en un chip, que fue situado en el exterior del cráneo de la rata y conectado al cerebro de ésta a través de electrodos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Para probar el chip, en primer lugar se anestesió a la rata y se le incapacitó su cerebelo real. Después, se intentó enseñar al animal un reflejo motor condicionado, un parpadeo, mediante la combinación de un tono auditivo y una ráfaga de aire vertida sobre sus ojos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;El animal fue incapaz de aprender este reflejo antes de que le fuera incorporado el chip. Sin embargo, una vez que le fue conectado el cerebelo sintético, se comportó como un animal corriente, y aprendió a relacionar el sonido con la necesidad de parpadear. Por tanto, el circuito artificial funcionó como un circuito neurológico natural.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;El siguiente paso que pretenden dar los investigadores es modelar áreas más extensas del cerebelo, que permitan aprender secuencias de movimientos, y probar un nuevo chip con estas características en otro animal consciente.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Según uno de los colaboradores de Mintz, el investigador Robert Prueckl, de&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://www.gtec.at/&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Guger Technologies&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;en Graz, Austria, nuevos avances podrían producirse con el desarrollo de softwares mejorados y mejores técnicas de implantación de electrodos. El objetivo último será fabricar chips que mimeticen áreas complejas del cerebro.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Contexto de la investigación&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;En su&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://www.sens.org/node/2210&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;presentación&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;en el encuentro de la Sens Foundation, Mintz explicó que la calidad y la esperanza de vida humanas se ven condicionadas por numerosas enfermedades cerebrales. En la actualidad, la recuperación de estos problemas está basada en intervenciones dirigidas a la activación de procesos de auto-reparación cerebral.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Se espera que futuros avances en intervenciones biológicas, como las intervenciones genéticas o las terapias con células madre puedan promover la recuperación neuronal. Pero otra estrategia factible sería la de sustituir microcircuitos neuronales naturales por sus análogos sintéticos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Décadas de interacción entre las investigaciones científicas, los desarrollos tecnológicos y la demanda clínica creciente han dado lugar a nuevas técnicas de registro y estimulación de diversas áreas del cerebro.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Hasta la fecha, la estimulación del cerebro ha conseguido paliar una gama de síntomas del&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermedad_de_Parkinson&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;Parkinson&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;o del Trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_obsesivo-compulsivo&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;(TOC)&lt;/a&gt;, y los análisis en regiones cerebrales profundas han permitido detectar el origen neuronal de los ataques epilépticos. La esperanza es que estas dos técnicas puedan ser interconectadas por un procesador a tiempo real, y utilizadas en sincronía con el cerebro.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;“Nuestro objetivo”, escribe Mintz, “era probar la factibilidad de una metodología híbrida de circuito cerrado para la rehabilitación de funciones cerebrales, mediante la sustitución de un microcircuito cerebral dañado”. Los resultados obtenidos han demostrado que esta metodología funciona.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Avance previo&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;En junio de 2010, Mintz y sus colaboradores anunciaron la creación de otro chip, el Rehabilitation Nano Chip o&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://www.renachip.org/&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;ReNaChip&lt;/a&gt;, capaz de proporcionar una estimulación precisa a regiones profundas del cerebro, lo que permitiría aliviar los efectos de trastornos como la&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresion&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;depresión&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;o el Parkinson. Estos trastornos requieren de una estimulación neuronal de gran precisión.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;Pero, además, según publicó la Universidad de Tel Aviv en un&amp;nbsp;&lt;a class=&quot;liens&quot; href=&quot;http://www.aftau.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&amp;amp;id=12445&quot; style=&quot;color: #330099; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;comunicado&lt;/a&gt;, el ReNaChip podría usarse en un futuro para restaurar funciones cerebrales perdidas después de un traumatismo producido por un accidente de tráfico o un infarto cerebral.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot; /&gt;La metodología utilizada por los investigadores en este caso consistió en registrar actividad neuronal a través de electrodos implantados en áreas dañadas del cerebro. A partir del análisis de esta actividad, se desarrollaron algoritmos para la estimulación de la actividad neuronal corriente, que fueron programados dentro del microchip para su posterior implantación en el cerebro.&lt;br /&gt;
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Fuente: Tendencias21.net&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/6952840504512694173/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/cientificos-sustituyen-con-exito-el.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/6952840504512694173'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/6952840504512694173'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/cientificos-sustituyen-con-exito-el.html' title='Científicos sustituyen con éxito el cerebelo de una rata por un chip'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzwD1siOssRlhVTOPhQU_8ubJ1wYbF9Uh-ty_RC5ydV9agKOXdF8OGMseKwcrJJteNL8FMmK6NaQfh90Ff6zzWlWRW-fz_0l0N4QI55KVXSQxSnhH_HKEOkvslEJB1IiDzo2CA78Cxgchz/s72-c/ratita.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-7224071166122509117</id><published>2011-09-27T17:30:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-09-30T09:41:27.050-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>Brain rhythms are key to learning</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;New study from MIT neuroscientists finds that brain waves shift frequency as a new task becomes routine.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Neuroscientists have long known of the existence of brain waves —  rhythmic fluctuations of electrical activity believed to reflect the  brain’s state. For example, during rest, brain activity slows down to an  alpha rhythm of about eight to 10 hertz, or cycles per second. &lt;br /&gt;
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It  has been unclear what role, if any, these waves play in cognitive  functions such as learning and memory. But now, a study from MIT  neuroscientists shows that a switch between two of these rhythms is  critical for learning habitual behavior. &lt;br /&gt;
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In a paper appearing this week in the &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)&lt;/i&gt;,  the researchers report that as rats learn to run a maze, activity in a  brain region that controls habit formation shifts from a fast, chaotic  rhythm to a slower, more synchronized pace. That switch, which occurs  just as the rats start to master the maze, likely signals that a habit  has been formed, says MIT Institute Professor Ann Graybiel, senior  author of the &lt;i&gt;PNAS&lt;/i&gt; paper.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFqClqjDH_WG9kuP8o4HxOuvlGshFEEkNDhh6YOdtrk_UtnseEHaOiEmLHOz263dWdzDNhtY8b6ImFTKyWtygujHP0vlJw9T8NThqdx9HVCHcxftjHl9MkFaQaKiB2duDyHmLLaFT_5zk0/s1600/brainlearingwave.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFqClqjDH_WG9kuP8o4HxOuvlGshFEEkNDhh6YOdtrk_UtnseEHaOiEmLHOz263dWdzDNhtY8b6ImFTKyWtygujHP0vlJw9T8NThqdx9HVCHcxftjHl9MkFaQaKiB2duDyHmLLaFT_5zk0/s320/brainlearingwave.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
This is a major clue to how the brain reorganizes itself during  learning, says Graybiel, who is also a principal investigator at the  McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Rhythms in the brain&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Several  brain waves of different frequencies have been observed in humans and  other animals. This paper focused on beta waves, which range from 15 to  28 hertz, and high gamma waves, which range from 70 to 90 hertz. The  beta band is associated with a lack of movement, and gamma with highly  attentive states.&lt;br /&gt;
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Graybiel and graduate student Mark Howe, lead  author of the paper, set out to see if they could link these rhythms  with the changes in brain state that accompany learning. &lt;br /&gt;
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Graybiel’s  lab has previously shown that patterns of electrical activity in a part  of the brain known as the basal ganglia are critical for habit  formation. Habits begin when you gain some benefit for taking a  particular action, but eventually the behavior becomes ingrained and you  do it even when you no longer get the reward. In extreme cases, this  could mean continuing to scratch part of the body even after it stops  itching, for example.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHz28KGzhpJKIKwBnBVa9aXZPdzmFu9x5wIQ4uEmjU0rsqsyB65Nup6btyNjLezstCr6WsT-nm3v-TSG9ix2lM4tvzLFKTdvds8gV6uM-r0hYGaZSBOXxnPTscQrNmAjwTCwKHdclED5PZ/s1600/brainrhthm.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHz28KGzhpJKIKwBnBVa9aXZPdzmFu9x5wIQ4uEmjU0rsqsyB65Nup6btyNjLezstCr6WsT-nm3v-TSG9ix2lM4tvzLFKTdvds8gV6uM-r0hYGaZSBOXxnPTscQrNmAjwTCwKHdclED5PZ/s1600/brainrhthm.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;In this study, Howe looked at brain rhythms in a region at the very  bottom of the basal ganglia, known as the ventral striatum. This area is  necessary for responding to pain or pleasure, and is also highly  involved in addiction. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Brain activity was measured as rats ran  along a T-shaped maze, in which they had to learn to turn left or right  in response to a sound. If they made the correct turn and reached the  end of the maze, they received a reward: chocolate milk.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the  first few runs, while the rats were still learning the maze, the  researchers saw bursts of ventral striatum activity in the gamma  frequency range shortly before the rats finished the maze. This activity  was dispersed throughout the ventral striatum: Cells synchronized with  the rhythm at different times, in a fairly uncoordinated fashion. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
When  the rats began to catch on to how to earn the reward, the gamma  activity faded away and was replaced with short bursts of activity in  the beta band, a lower frequency, just after they finished the maze. The  activity also became much more coordinated throughout the entire  ventral striatum. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“Although there has been a lot of work on  studying brain oscillations, there’s really no work looking at how  oscillations in different frequency bands impact different parts of the  learning process, and that’s what this paper does,” says Michael Frank,  an associate professor of cognitive, linguistic and psychological  sciences at Brown University who was not involved with the work.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;Reinforcing habits&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To  get a deeper view of what was happening during this frequency shift,  the researchers also measured activity from single neurons in the  ventral striatum, and found that activity in two groups of neurons  coordinated with the oscillations. Output neurons, which control the  ventral striatum’s communication with the rest of the brain, spiked  during the peaks of both gamma and beta oscillations. Another type,  which inhibits the output neurons, spiked at the troughs of the  oscillations.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDdNC6gcP9XHbMBWqHyoMikVC6txnZR2UG8Q-c4zUoxG8yaEpVMBj-WPMxD_2P5f2IWrzSwwIGPrxRbv4xJx7bQb5toO5_7y4lh3LqyQxZkKtWlQJYNR1XcdWnAdUhA057B7LqvF1iPiH9/s1600/reforcinghabits.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDdNC6gcP9XHbMBWqHyoMikVC6txnZR2UG8Q-c4zUoxG8yaEpVMBj-WPMxD_2P5f2IWrzSwwIGPrxRbv4xJx7bQb5toO5_7y4lh3LqyQxZkKtWlQJYNR1XcdWnAdUhA057B7LqvF1iPiH9/s1600/reforcinghabits.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
“Whenever you have a strong rhythm, these two populations of neurons oscillate in opposite directions,” Howe says. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This  finding suggests that while the rats are learning a new behavior, the  high-frequency activity in the output neurons of the ventral striatum  sends messages to the rest of the brain directing it to learn a new  behavior, reinforced by the chocolate reward. Then, once the behavior is  learned and a habit is formed, those messages are no longer needed, and  are shut off by inhibitory neurons during the beta oscillations. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
“As  the rats were learning, that reinforcement signal goes away, because  you really don’t need it,” Graybiel says. This is beneficial to the  brain because once that habit is formed, “what you want to do is free up  that bit of brain so you can do something else — form a new habit or  think a great thought,” she says.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The researchers, including  Howe, Graybiel, and other lab members Hisham Attalah, Dan Gibson and  Andrew McCool, are now planning to investigate whether habit formation  is interrupted if they alter the brain rhythms in the ventral striatum.  They also want to identify more specifically the neurons that are  involved. Identifying and controlling such neurons might offer a new way  to help combat addiction — an extreme form of habitual behavior.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To see the original articule, please click the link below:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/habit-formation-0927.html&quot;&gt;http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/habit-formation-0927.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/7224071166122509117/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/brain-rhythms-are-key-to-learning.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/7224071166122509117'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/7224071166122509117'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/brain-rhythms-are-key-to-learning.html' title='Brain rhythms are key to learning'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFqClqjDH_WG9kuP8o4HxOuvlGshFEEkNDhh6YOdtrk_UtnseEHaOiEmLHOz263dWdzDNhtY8b6ImFTKyWtygujHP0vlJw9T8NThqdx9HVCHcxftjHl9MkFaQaKiB2duDyHmLLaFT_5zk0/s72-c/brainlearingwave.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-1089067244921217471</id><published>2011-09-26T09:31:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-09-30T09:42:09.548-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Español"/><title type='text'>¿El contacto con mujeres atractivas afecta negativamente la salud de los hombres?</title><content type='html'>&lt;style type=&quot;text/css&quot;&gt;
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&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introducción:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Una investigación reciente ha descubierto que la liberación de cortisol (hormona relacionada con situaciones de estrés) aumenta en un grupo de hombres cuando se encuentran en una situación de interacción social con mujeres atractivas. Según varios medios de comunicación, este estudio indica que las mujeres atractivas son perjudiciales para la salud. En este artículo analizo cuáles son exactamente los datos obtenidos y qué conclusiones son posibles y correctas a la luz de los resultados.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSW-TJIFmhjLc1t3NpB9gPa3F2u3N6QJlQeyutRXnvHCdKq8WHIttuOfxGr2fJpjC5CxQyx8LRMdQfINKOZnu-6CvsWSyROI7P8s-VpT-2oBy2HIpH_iyLi4XWN9mg7N8n2uDWKZJaIqy8/s1600/mujerestres.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSW-TJIFmhjLc1t3NpB9gPa3F2u3N6QJlQeyutRXnvHCdKq8WHIttuOfxGr2fJpjC5CxQyx8LRMdQfINKOZnu-6CvsWSyROI7P8s-VpT-2oBy2HIpH_iyLi4XWN9mg7N8n2uDWKZJaIqy8/s1600/mujerestres.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sobre el origen de la investigación&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Hace poco tiempo apareció en varios periódicos on-line un titular bastante llamativo: “Las mujeres guapas son perjudiciales para la salud” (http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/697214/9/guapa/ salud/hombres/). Esta noticia está basada en un trabajo reciente realizado por el grupo dirigido por Alicia Salvador, investigadora de la Universidad de Valencia. ¿Realmente se sigue tal conclusión de los datos de este estudio? Veamos lo que realmente hicieron los investigadores y las conclusiones a las que se puede llegar a partir de ellos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;En 2010, Leander van der Meij, Abraham Buunk y Alicia Salvador publicaron en la prestigiosa “Hormones and Behavior” un trabajo titulado “El contacto con mujeres atractivas afecta la liberación de cortisol en hombres”. Es cierto que si uno se queda en la mera lectura del título puede caer en la tentación de asociar el aumento de los niveles de cortisol con sus conocidos efectos nocivos, tales como la elevación de la glucemia, su vinculación con problemas cardíacos o, de manera más concreta, su relación con el estrés (Selye, 1956; Dickerson y Kemeny, 2004). Las conclusiones de los autores eran, sin embargo, mucho más moderadas.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diseño del experimento&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;El diseño del experimento era sencillo: 84 hombres heterosexuales, todos ellos estudiantes de la Universidad de Valencia, fueron reclutados para una investigación sobre “secreción de hormonas”. Se controlaron mediante instrucciones el consumo de sustancias estimulantes, tabaco, alcohol, medicación, así como los hábitos de sueño durante al menos dos días antes de su participación. Una vez en el laboratorio, cada participante debía realizar una sencilla tarea de ordenador (intrascendente para la investigación real). Se tomaron muestras de saliva antes y después de realizar esta tarea. Estas muestras de saliva se usaron para medir el grado de liberación de cortisol. Posteriormente debían realizar un sudoku, pero antes de ello debían esperar cinco minutos acompañados de una persona, que podía ser hombre o mujer. Estas “personas estímulo” eran colaboradores de la investigación, estaban instruidos para mantener una conversación amigable durante la espera, y eran evaluados según su atractivo por los participantes después de su interacción social. Tras la realización del sudoku se volvía a tomar una tercera muestra de saliva.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;No se encontraron cambios significativos en los niveles de cortisol entre la primera y la segunda medida de saliva, pero los resultados mostraron que los niveles de cortisol se incrementaban tras la interacción social con una mujer evaluada como atractiva por el participante.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Acercamiento a las conclusiones&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;En opinión de los autores, lo que ocurre en realidad es que los niveles de cortisol se incrementan ante una situación de “posible cortejo” (no se producía tal aumento si el contacto era con mujeres no atractivas para los participantes masculinos, ni cuando el contacto era con otros hombres).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Este incremento se puede explicar mediante la teoría de la “auto-preservación” social, que predice incrementos de cortisol cuando el bienestar psicológico se ve amenazado (Dickerson y Kemeny, 2004), entendiendo esta amenaza del bienestar psicológico como la posibilidad de perder el estatus social que la persona mantiene hasta ese momento. Es decir, si el hombre interacciona con una mujer atractiva se desata la predisposición al cortejo. Si el cortejo finalmente se llevase a cabo, llevaría asociada la posibilidad del rechazo. Este rechazo potencial es el hecho que resulta realmente amenazante para la integridad del estatus social del hombre, teniendo como consecuencia una experiencia de estrés.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Los medios masivos de comunicación no ayudan la objetividad científica&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Como he comentado al inicio del artículo, dado lo impactante del título del artículo y del conocimiento existente sobre el cortisol (que ha sido relacionado con hiperglucemia, problemas cardiacos, relación con el estrés), este trabajo ha recibido amplia, y equivocada, repercusión mediática. Del trabajo original no se desprende una conclusión que cuadre con esos titulares sensacionalistas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Es cierto que existe una relación entre el cortisol y el estrés, y también es sencillo encontrar trabajos rigurosos relacionando estrés y salud (p.ej., Cohen y Williamson, 1991; Chandola y col., 2008; Kulkarni, O’Farrel, Erasi y Mochar, 1998) lo cual puede inducir a pensar en la secuencia: mujer atractiva-cortisol-estrés-problemas de salud. Sin embargo, estas relaciones están mediadas de forma crucial por la magnitud de los cambios: situaciones de estrés leve o moderado son capaces de aumentar de forma detectable la liberación de cortisol, pero es necesaria una situación sostenida de alto estrés y altos niveles de cortisol para que sus efectos nocivos sobre la salud sean detectables (Pruessner, Hellhammer, Pruessner, y Lupien, 2003; Schulz, Kirschbaum, Prüssner y Hellhammer, 1998; Wüst, Wolf, Hellhammer, Federenko, Schommer y Kirschbaum, 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Consejo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;font-style: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;De ahí que no se pueda afirmar la existencia de una relación causal entre las mujeres atractivas y los problemas de salud. La próxima vez que se encuentre una noticia de este estilo, tómela con una pizca de sal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;JUSTIFY&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;LEFT&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Artículo escrito originalmente por&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
Antonio González-Hernández (Dept. de Psicología Social, Antropología Social, Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales, Universidad de Málaga, España)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/1089067244921217471/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/el-contacto-con-mujeres-atractivas.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/1089067244921217471'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/1089067244921217471'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/el-contacto-con-mujeres-atractivas.html' title='¿El contacto con mujeres atractivas afecta negativamente la salud de los hombres?'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSW-TJIFmhjLc1t3NpB9gPa3F2u3N6QJlQeyutRXnvHCdKq8WHIttuOfxGr2fJpjC5CxQyx8LRMdQfINKOZnu-6CvsWSyROI7P8s-VpT-2oBy2HIpH_iyLi4XWN9mg7N8n2uDWKZJaIqy8/s72-c/mujerestres.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-6788095078383021258</id><published>2011-09-19T12:03:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:53:00.976-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>Zen Brain: Exploring The Connection Between Neuroscience And Meditation</title><content type='html'>This past August, more than 50 people gathered in the Circle of the  Way temple at Upaya Zen Center in Santa Fe, New Mexico, to explore the  connection between neuroscience and meditation. This is the fourth year  we have done so.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDk-CSOabU8NV3FqrycR-cA9V-bu3GF1S0t36jGX-ixG29slS5246bH05vUIa-bc5_2mvm5psS_B5J0YiEZXBjhHyVas8P0RI8D-DxqrygLNnVtov9WNWWqz6Dgm0H522j7QMZU7T0g8h4/s1600/zen.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDk-CSOabU8NV3FqrycR-cA9V-bu3GF1S0t36jGX-ixG29slS5246bH05vUIa-bc5_2mvm5psS_B5J0YiEZXBjhHyVas8P0RI8D-DxqrygLNnVtov9WNWWqz6Dgm0H522j7QMZU7T0g8h4/s1600/zen.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Why? This is a Zen center that is inspired by the example set by His  Holiness the Dalai Lama, who nearly 30 years ago began a dialogue with  Dr. Francisco Varela and myself that was to eventually become embodied  in the Mind &amp;amp; Life Institute, an organization that supports and  sustains dialogue and rigorous scientific inquiry into meditative  states.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Over the years His Holiness has enjoyed relationships with many  scientists, including Varela, Sir Karl Popper, and David Bohm. His  Holiness said:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;With the ever growing impact of science on our lives,  religion and spirituality have a greater role to play reminding us of  our humanity. There is no contradiction between the two. Each gives us  valuable insights into the other. Both science and the teachings of the  Buddha tell us of the fundamental unity of all things.&lt;/blockquote&gt;Upaya Zen Center continues this deep inquiry into science and  Buddhism through the vehicle of the Zen Brain retreats, as well as other  programs. Those who are enrolled in Upaya&#39;s Contemplative End-of-Life  Care training (for medical professionals) and the Buddhist Chaplaincy  Program develop a thorough grounding in the latest findings on  neuroscience and meditation as they go about their work in the world.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In the Zen Brain retreats, prominent scientists and Zen practitioners  explore Buddhist, neuro-scientific and clinical science perspectives on  topics like altruism, compassion and consciousness. Lectures and  discussions with participants are embedded within zazen (meditation)  practice throughout each day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The most recent Zen Brain program this August explored trauma,  stress, loss and the human potential for resilience and happiness. The  faculty, drawn from the most accomplished clinicians and researchers  studying this topic, featured Al Kaszniak, Ph.D., George Chrousos, M.D.,  George A. Bonanno, Ph.D. and Philippe Goldin, Ph.D. I also had the  privilege of participating with these scientists as a contemplative and  someone who has worked in this field for many years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The main coordinator of this unusual program at Upaya is Dr.  Kaszniak, the director of the Neuropsychology, Emotion and Memory Lab at  the University of Arizona, where he studies Alzheimer&#39;s disease and  other age-related neurological disorders, as well as emotion response  and regulation in long-term Zen and mindfulness meditators. His most  recent publication is a chapter on the use of meditation to reduce  stress and improve well-being among caregivers of persons with dementia  to be included in the book Enhancing Cognitive Fitness in Adults: A  Guide to the Use and Development of Community-Based Programs (P.E.  Hartman-Stein and A. LaRue, eds.).&lt;br /&gt;
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Dr. Chrousos is renowned as one of the world&#39;s pre-eminent pediatric  physicians and endocrinologists. He also serves as the UNESCO chair in  adolescent care. His expertise in stress in large part can be linked to  his work in endocrinology. Dr. Chrousos&#39; presentation during Zen Brain  on &quot;Stress: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly&quot; explored the effects of  stress on the individual.&lt;br /&gt;
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Dr. Bonanno, professor of clinical psychology at Columbia University,  has been hailed as a pioneering researcher in bereavement and trauma.  In work funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National  Science Foundation, Dr. Bonanno has examined how adults and children  respond to and cope with extremely aversive events, such as the death of  a loved one, war, sexual abuse, and terrorist attack. More recently, he  has focused on defining psychological resilience in adults exposed to  extreme adversity and on the factors that might inform resilient  outcomes.&lt;br /&gt;
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Dr. Goldin is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of  Psychology at Stanford University. His clinical research focuses on the  effect of mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy on  neural substrates of emotional reactivity, emotion regulation, and  attention regulation. He also explores the effect of child-parent  mindfulness meditation training on anxiety, compassion, and quality of  family interactions.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/buddhism&quot; target=&quot;_hplink&quot;&gt;Buddhism&lt;/a&gt;  is a path to liberation from suffering, and among the most pervasive  universal triggers of suffering are trauma, stress and loss, including  bereavement. Fundamental to Buddhist teaching is the recognition that  freedom from suffering can be found through realizing that the  fundamental nature of our mental experience is ever-changing,  interdependent and without any fixed, unchanging self at its core.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyOMi43KsJrp9h51Q6cQ72apAmjmrD4TkM7Yr0_FuMzFdsFD5wCwWTd63Nfyy0fiMszyMbIwY6GLRf3LWR6A1C6w53P85yLzjYi_vHF6vt7N3Pk5Ta1Da4UfvWI2n1DPIA8PAbY8Rg3mLT/s1600/zen1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyOMi43KsJrp9h51Q6cQ72apAmjmrD4TkM7Yr0_FuMzFdsFD5wCwWTd63Nfyy0fiMszyMbIwY6GLRf3LWR6A1C6w53P85yLzjYi_vHF6vt7N3Pk5Ta1Da4UfvWI2n1DPIA8PAbY8Rg3mLT/s1600/zen1.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
In these unusual programs, participants explore constructs like  &quot;affective stickiness,&quot; a phrase coined by Dr. Richard Davidson,  Research Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of  Wisconsin-Madison. This is the phenomenon by which we interpret an  experience as negative and then become so strongly identified with it  that it becomes a fixed part of &quot;us.&quot; The particular kind of  misinterpreation of self-identification can prevent us from accessing  our full range of consciousness and often limits our capacity to make  choices regarding a situation.&lt;br /&gt;
This phenomenon recalls the astute observation that Albert Einstein made in 1950:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;A human being is a part of a whole, called by us &#39;universe,&#39;  a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts  and feelings as something separated from the rest... a kind of optical  delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us,  restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few  persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this  prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living  creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty.&lt;/blockquote&gt;What would it mean for us to truly understand that this thing we call  &quot;self&quot; is a fiction, not only from a philosophical perspective but from  a scientific one? What kind of impact could that realization have on  the way we structure our economy, our health care system, our  government, and even our relationships with each other, with those  &quot;different&quot; from us, and with the Earth?&lt;br /&gt;
What a marvelous possibility for us to explore at this time in our planet&#39;s history.&lt;br /&gt;
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If you&#39;d like to join us in this exploration, the next Zen Brain  program is January 12-15, 2012. More information is available on the  Upaya website, www.upaya.org.&lt;br /&gt;
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Vía: huffington post</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/6788095078383021258/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/zen-brain-exploring-connection-between.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/6788095078383021258'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/6788095078383021258'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/zen-brain-exploring-connection-between.html' title='Zen Brain: Exploring The Connection Between Neuroscience And Meditation'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDk-CSOabU8NV3FqrycR-cA9V-bu3GF1S0t36jGX-ixG29slS5246bH05vUIa-bc5_2mvm5psS_B5J0YiEZXBjhHyVas8P0RI8D-DxqrygLNnVtov9WNWWqz6Dgm0H522j7QMZU7T0g8h4/s72-c/zen.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-3553285032726784534</id><published>2011-09-16T14:01:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:51:36.720-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Español"/><title type='text'>La revolución neurocientífica modificará los conceptos del yo y de la realidad</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3 class=&quot;access&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;El pasado 10 de septiembre, el neurocientífico  Francisco J. Rubia, Catedrático de la Facultad de Medicina de la  Universidad Complutense de Madrid, dictó la siguiente conferencia,  dentro del marco del 43º Congreso de la European Brain and Behaviour  Society de Sevilla, sobre los últimos avances de la neurociencia. Según  Rubia, los hallazgos realizados en este campo en los últimos años han  sido múltiples y podrían producir lo que él denomina &quot;la cuarta  humillación humana&quot;, tras el final del geocentrismo, la aparición de la  teoría de la evolución y el descubrimiento del inconsciente. Estos  hallazgos llevarían, de hecho, a cuestionarse conceptos tan  fundamentales para nuestra cosmovisión como la naturaleza de la realidad  o del yo o la existencia del libre albedrío.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;access&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tendencias21.net/La-revolucion-neurocientifica-modificara-los-conceptos-del-yo-y-de-la-realidad_a7436.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjkcsTAaX1AIs73vbTh7FN1zZ0Katuz1L8AKm1pUNcMHV-1gX3UeV6SERJZUME01xbt47XELeA7nXcItN6qE8WXFCEJwuHznbXzlkyO_Y4WWpCOxwUXgVw5D7Wuyr187vz2o_WS3H355of/s1600/albedrio.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;228&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjkcsTAaX1AIs73vbTh7FN1zZ0Katuz1L8AKm1pUNcMHV-1gX3UeV6SERJZUME01xbt47XELeA7nXcItN6qE8WXFCEJwuHznbXzlkyO_Y4WWpCOxwUXgVw5D7Wuyr187vz2o_WS3H355of/s400/albedrio.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;access&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;En el artículo se mencionan las 3 revoluciones de la humanidad (industrial, agricola, chip), y sobre los efectos de las mismas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;access&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;También menciona las neuroarmas y las neurosociedades, sobre lo que falta por conocer, y sobre lo que sería la cuarta herida narcisista a la humanidad (la primera de Copérnico, la segunda de Darwin y la tercera de Freud).&lt;br /&gt;
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El yo ya no existe como tal, y la realidad, va -según parece- a cambiar su sentido y significado. &lt;br /&gt;
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También se mencionan aspectos relacionados al cerebro y la espiritualidad, y si existe tal cosa como la fuerza de voluntad.&lt;br /&gt;
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La nota completa la encontrarán aqui:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;access&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tendencias21.net/La-revolucion-neurocientifica-modificara-los-conceptos-del-yo-y-de-la-realidad_a7436.html&quot;&gt;http://www.tendencias21.net/La-revolucion-neurocientifica-modificara-los-conceptos-del-yo-y-de-la-realidad_a7436.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3 class=&quot;access&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/h3&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/3553285032726784534/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/la-revolucion-neurocientifica.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/3553285032726784534'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/3553285032726784534'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/la-revolucion-neurocientifica.html' title='La revolución neurocientífica modificará los conceptos del yo y de la realidad'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjkcsTAaX1AIs73vbTh7FN1zZ0Katuz1L8AKm1pUNcMHV-1gX3UeV6SERJZUME01xbt47XELeA7nXcItN6qE8WXFCEJwuHznbXzlkyO_Y4WWpCOxwUXgVw5D7Wuyr187vz2o_WS3H355of/s72-c/albedrio.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-2318471079442116817</id><published>2011-09-16T13:51:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:51:42.406-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>Prenatal Exposure to Stress Linked to Accelerated Cell Aging</title><content type='html'>Young adults whose mothers experienced psychological trauma during their pregnancies show signs of accelerated aging, a UC Irvine-led study found.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbruPyPHUAX15pM9UIEr1MVNgsj_OnafEkD4cCHjmNpuH9tDHldFzV2R5D3bROaAqacY-37DBU4zIOPVhvau-guhEZv4O6EC252f1M0jfrVGxhPG9p-n4U1G7DmBpiXhyphenhyphennPXtaUZj_vt9_/s1600/streespregna.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbruPyPHUAX15pM9UIEr1MVNgsj_OnafEkD4cCHjmNpuH9tDHldFzV2R5D3bROaAqacY-37DBU4zIOPVhvau-guhEZv4O6EC252f1M0jfrVGxhPG9p-n4U1G7DmBpiXhyphenhyphennPXtaUZj_vt9_/s400/streespregna.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;265&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The researchers discovered that this prenatal exposure to stress  affected the development of chromosome regions that control cell aging  processes. The study results, which appear online this week in the &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences&lt;/i&gt;, point to the importance of maternal health and well-being during pregnancy.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;Our previous research on prenatal stress exposure has shown its  effects on long-term metabolic, immune, endocrine and cognitive  function,&quot; said the paper&#39;s lead author, Dr. Pathik D. Wadhwa, UCI  professor of psychiatry &amp;amp; human behavior, obstetrics &amp;amp;  gynecology, pediatrics, and epidemiology. &quot;But this is the first to show  the impact of prenatal stress on cell aging in humans, and it sheds  light on an important biological pathway underlying the developmental  origins of adult disease risk.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
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Study participants were healthy 25-year-old women and men born to  mothers who had, during pregnancy, experienced psychosocial stress in  the form of major, traumatic life events, such as the death or sudden  severe illness of an immediate family member. Blood tests revealed that  subjects&#39; white blood cells had aged an average of three and a half more  years -- five among women -- than those of individuals whose mothers  had uneventful pregnancies.&lt;br /&gt;
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This hastened aging was evidenced by the shortened length of  telomeres, repetitive stretches of DNA-protein complexes that cap and  protect the ends of chromosomes. Telomeres maintain chromosomal  stability and control the processes that underlie cellular aging by  functioning as a &quot;clock&quot; that regulates how many times a cell can  divide. The shorter the telomere strands, the faster the cell ages.&lt;br /&gt;
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The telomere maintenance system plays an important role in human  disease and longevity, and scientists now know that telomere length is  correlated to the risk of disease and premature mortality in humans.  Truncated telomeres -- such as those found in the white blood cells of  study participants -- can, for example, be a precursor to diabetes,  cancer and coronary heart disease.&lt;br /&gt;
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&quot;These results indicate that stress exposure in intrauterine life is a  significant predictor of adult telomere length -- even after accounting  for other established prenatal and postnatal influences on telomere  length,&quot; said Sonja Entringer, UCI assistant professor of pediatrics and  first author on the paper.&lt;br /&gt;
A rapidly emerging body of human and animal research indicates that  intrauterine conditions play an important role not only in all aspects  of fetal development and health across gestation and birth, but also in a  wide range of physical and mental health outcomes over an individual&#39;s  entire lifespan.&lt;br /&gt;
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Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Elissa S. Epel and Jue Lin of UC San  Francisco and German researchers Robert Kumsta, Dirk H. Hellhammer and  Stefan Wust contributed to the study, which was supported by the  National Institutes of Health and the Barney &amp;amp; Barbro Fund.&lt;br /&gt;
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Via: ScienceDaily</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/2318471079442116817/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/prenatal-exposure-to-stress-linked-to.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/2318471079442116817'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/2318471079442116817'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/prenatal-exposure-to-stress-linked-to.html' title='Prenatal Exposure to Stress Linked to Accelerated Cell Aging'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbruPyPHUAX15pM9UIEr1MVNgsj_OnafEkD4cCHjmNpuH9tDHldFzV2R5D3bROaAqacY-37DBU4zIOPVhvau-guhEZv4O6EC252f1M0jfrVGxhPG9p-n4U1G7DmBpiXhyphenhyphennPXtaUZj_vt9_/s72-c/streespregna.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-7738378184308560758</id><published>2011-09-11T20:46:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:51:50.653-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>How your brain works</title><content type='html'>In this series of videos, you will see how your brain works&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;345&quot; src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/embed/I5ao8mvMeFE&quot; width=&quot;420&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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These brief videos provide an introductory appreciation of how we learn  skills and information, move, think, feel, speak and remember. They are  brought to you by the UCLA Brain Research Institute and by Bruce H.  Dobkin, MD, who directs the neurorehabilitation program in the  Department of Neurology at UCLA. The videos especially aim to reach out  to students in grade school to stir their interest, and to people with  disabilities in walking, using an affected upper extremity, and loss of  memory from neurological diseases such as stroke, brain trauma, tumors,  multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, Parkinsons, and Alzheimers disease.&lt;br /&gt;
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Video 1:&lt;br /&gt;
General organization of a real human brain.&lt;br /&gt;
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Video 2: &lt;br /&gt;
The pathology of brain injuries and diseases.  Rat versus human brain complexity. How do we reach for a ball? How do we walk?&lt;br /&gt;
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Video 3: &lt;br /&gt;
How does practice enable us to learn and retain skills and information? &lt;br /&gt;
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Video 4: &lt;br /&gt;
How  can we drive the nervous system to adapt in ways that help restore lost  skills after injury from disease? Can we reorganize the brains  connections?</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/7738378184308560758/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/how-your-brain-work.html#comment-form' title='1 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/7738378184308560758'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/7738378184308560758'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/how-your-brain-work.html' title='How your brain works'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/I5ao8mvMeFE/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-7864263440386525434</id><published>2011-09-09T10:56:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:51:58.303-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>Specific Brain Area Found Responsive for Rewards</title><content type='html'>According to &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101013211022.htm&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;researchers&lt;/a&gt;  from the Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive (Cognitive Neuroscience  Center) in Lyon, France, the orbitofrontal cortex, which is located in  the anterior ventral part of the brain, is comprised of distinct regions  that respond to rewards like money and chocolate.&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijV7HFRxyqPa-ifBvoaWRalPZDKYywtyTYMAIb7jrly4mhu1XuIkS7vzF0JDluLHBqsvXA64bcDvu8o1q2NbXuLupzfKJYGyJh-4DpbsWKlv6RzI10yHCXS1fw9LBGpKIXoYzOPiDo6VA3/s1600/rewards.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijV7HFRxyqPa-ifBvoaWRalPZDKYywtyTYMAIb7jrly4mhu1XuIkS7vzF0JDluLHBqsvXA64bcDvu8o1q2NbXuLupzfKJYGyJh-4DpbsWKlv6RzI10yHCXS1fw9LBGpKIXoYzOPiDo6VA3/s1600/rewards.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Every day we must make reward choices. In order to do so, we have to  compare their value on a single scale, which hints that all rewards are  assessed in the same area. However, at the same time it is possible that  different rewards activate different brain areas, depending on the  characteristics of the reward.&lt;br /&gt;
To study the brain areas associated with rewards, scientists  conducted a game as an experiment. Participants were rewarded with money  and their cerebral activity was measured with an FMRI (functional &lt;a href=&quot;http://http//www.northshore.org/radiology/procedures/mri-scan/brain-mri.aspx&quot;&gt;magnetic resonance imaging&lt;/a&gt;) scanner.&lt;br /&gt;
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The experiment concluded that reward association is shared between  the cerebral regions known as the ventral striatum, insula,  mesencephalon and the anterior cingulated cortex. Scientists also found  that there is dissociation between primary and secondary awards, which  supports the hypothesis of different brain areas responding to various  gratifications.</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/7864263440386525434/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/specific-brain-area-found-responsive.html#comment-form' title='1 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/7864263440386525434'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/7864263440386525434'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/specific-brain-area-found-responsive.html' title='Specific Brain Area Found Responsive for Rewards'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijV7HFRxyqPa-ifBvoaWRalPZDKYywtyTYMAIb7jrly4mhu1XuIkS7vzF0JDluLHBqsvXA64bcDvu8o1q2NbXuLupzfKJYGyJh-4DpbsWKlv6RzI10yHCXS1fw9LBGpKIXoYzOPiDo6VA3/s72-c/rewards.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-5225940767130117962</id><published>2011-09-08T11:37:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:52:05.075-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>How Golf Practice Changes the Brain</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Neuroscience research provides increased understanding of how behavior  and specific activities change the brain.&amp;nbsp; This type of research  underscores the concept of neuroplasticity--that our brains change in  response to how it is used on a daily basis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv9gfjtiFF3Phem9F1S_IXgZoXXpLNgsSSZwFK92JNq-4GZt7gVaoOiSA8DknN4ruOtwafjONTxzp4VRax3TTMr_ujMBMo5GA4Tb9CtfjyLwf9bjZov8WJj2cCduGoh_ZIA3CITYBrIT4O/s1600/golf.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;211&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv9gfjtiFF3Phem9F1S_IXgZoXXpLNgsSSZwFK92JNq-4GZt7gVaoOiSA8DknN4ruOtwafjONTxzp4VRax3TTMr_ujMBMo5GA4Tb9CtfjyLwf9bjZov8WJj2cCduGoh_ZIA3CITYBrIT4O/s320/golf.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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One area of research in neuroplasticity is the effect of specific  cognitive and motor behavior on brain structure.&amp;nbsp; A novel study  published in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Journal of Neuroscience &lt;/i&gt;examined the effect of  golf practice on brain structure.&amp;nbsp; Bezzola and colleagues from  Switzerland and Germany in this study proposed that golf practice is  likely to effect the following brain regions based on their known  functions:&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dorsal stream--development of visuomotor skills&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Subcortical and cerebellar regions--motor learning&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Frontal association areas--cognitive aspects of skill development&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt; A group of relatively novice golfers had brain scan before and after a  period of 40 hours of golf practice.&amp;nbsp; This study used a real world type  of design.&amp;nbsp; The golfer intervention group were directed to complete  their practice under a golf instructor at their own course at their own  pace.&amp;nbsp; The experimental group and control groups in this study were  between the ages of 40 and 60 years of age as the goal was to examine  the effect in those who were likely to begin experiencing some decline  in brain cognitive function.&lt;br /&gt;
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The brain imaging in this study was completed using magnetic resonance  imaging or MRI.&amp;nbsp; This technique allows for examination of small changes  in brain gray and white matter volumes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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The golf practice intervention group demonstrated significant  brain&amp;nbsp;volume increases&amp;nbsp;in a variety of brain regions including the:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;ventral premotor cortex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;several regions in the parietal cortex including the inferior  parietal cortex (area demonstrated in the attached Brain Tutor HD screen  shot)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;parietal-occipital junction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh4fu7D6Jzr0tcXBE7Lt9icn1obb40GlqY3zL0DV6q8gG3v2CkPrJw8JrWJ7r-Wwm8Sny8kodSVuy8cJYP8Xm6On4j5m9GmoLkaJUIKHgPL-95a4wQXTb1miykn_urxJ9iVB5q7apVZbg/s1600/parietallobe.PNG&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgh4fu7D6Jzr0tcXBE7Lt9icn1obb40GlqY3zL0DV6q8gG3v2CkPrJw8JrWJ7r-Wwm8Sny8kodSVuy8cJYP8Xm6On4j5m9GmoLkaJUIKHgPL-95a4wQXTb1miykn_urxJ9iVB5q7apVZbg/s400/parietallobe.PNG&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt; The golfers in the study took up to five months to complete the 40 hours  of practice.&amp;nbsp; Interestingly, those who completed their practice in the  least number of days showed&amp;nbsp;the greatest increase in brain volumes in at  the parietal occipital junction.&lt;br /&gt;
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The authors note their study is important because it shows brain  neuroplasticity occurs not just in strictly controlled motor exercise  protocols but in the real world of structured leisure activity like  golf.&amp;nbsp; The note structured leisure exercise activities &quot;may be  considered an additional therapeutic setting in the process of  neuro-rehabilitation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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This study also suggests middle-aged individuals have a new excuse for  taking up a new physical activity like golf.&amp;nbsp; If their spouse objects  to&amp;nbsp;heading out to the&amp;nbsp;golf course to practice, a scientific response  might be: &quot;Honey, I&#39;m just going out to work out my brain  parietal-occipital junction&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Via: BrainPost&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/5225940767130117962/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/how-golf-practice-changes-brain.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/5225940767130117962'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/5225940767130117962'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/how-golf-practice-changes-brain.html' title='How Golf Practice Changes the Brain'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv9gfjtiFF3Phem9F1S_IXgZoXXpLNgsSSZwFK92JNq-4GZt7gVaoOiSA8DknN4ruOtwafjONTxzp4VRax3TTMr_ujMBMo5GA4Tb9CtfjyLwf9bjZov8WJj2cCduGoh_ZIA3CITYBrIT4O/s72-c/golf.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-353269630394367501</id><published>2011-09-07T10:14:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:52:11.676-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Español"/><title type='text'>La Teoría de la Interacción Supramodular</title><content type='html'>&lt;i&gt;Los estados fenoménicos permiten la integración de información  diversa. Una limitación de esta idea de consenso integrativo es que no  especifica qué clase de conflictos requieren de estados fenoménicos para  la integración informativa. La Teoría de la Integración Supramodular  propone que los estados fenoménicos solamente son necesarios para  integrar los conflictos de inclinaciones del sistema músculo-esquelético  hacia acciones dirigidas a metas.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFcXtPFxMl7z94_i5QpKjSMV1bTxmd7tKJpRzHL0UMNlDlhUG1g1pl533yf-vgtWVEGLaDZqpMzo4oZ4Rk8xprlxuu-JEdRLz4dCsxGMYvXSD5zbqm0wYTDedZls1v4Uydku0_-VCQ00uU/s1600/supramodular.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFcXtPFxMl7z94_i5QpKjSMV1bTxmd7tKJpRzHL0UMNlDlhUG1g1pl533yf-vgtWVEGLaDZqpMzo4oZ4Rk8xprlxuu-JEdRLz4dCsxGMYvXSD5zbqm0wYTDedZls1v4Uydku0_-VCQ00uU/s1600/supramodular.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Uno de los retos que el sistema nervioso del ser humano afronta es  que, a menudo, algunos de los sistemas que lo integran pueden tener  inclinaciones a actuar de distinta manera frente al mismo estímulo.   Bajo condiciones de conflicto, un sistema puede intentar aproximarse a  un estímulo, mientras otro sistema puede intentar evitarlo. Por ejemplo,  un sistema puede tratar de dejar caer un plato caliente que uno está  llevando de la cocina a la mesa del comedor, pero otro sistema puede  desear continuar llevándolo. Frecuentemente, estos sistemas tienen  distintos planes, principios de operación, orígenes filogenéticos, y  bases de conocimiento. Un conflicto básico ocurre, p.ej., mientras se  sostiene la respiración: simultáneamente uno se encuentra inclinado a  inhalar y a no inhalar.&lt;br /&gt;
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Aunque está bien establecido que la preparación de la acción y el  control perceptivo-motor pueden darse inconscientemente (Rosenbaum,  2002), se ha propuesto que la función principal de los estados  fenoménicos es integrar procesos que de otro modo serían independientes  (Baars, 2002; Merker, 2007). Esta propuesta es desarrollada de manera  detallada en la Teoría de Espacio Global de Stanislas Dehaene (Dehaene y  Naccache, 2001; Dehaene, Changeux, Naccache, Sackur y Sergent, 2006).&lt;br /&gt;
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Conforme a este punto de vista, los estados fenoménicos permiten que  información diversa sea integrada en un tipo de espacio de trabajo,  cuyos contenidos son transmitidos globalmente. Una limitación de esta  idea de consenso integrativo es que no especifica qué clase de  conflictos requiere de estados fenoménicos para la integración de  información y qué clase no los requiere. La Teoría de la Integración  Supramodular (Morsella, 2005) propone que los estados fenoménicos son  necesarios para integrar sólo ciertos tipos de información, en concreto,  los conflictos de inclinaciones hacia acciones del sistema  músculo-esquelético dirigidas a metas. Éste es el principio de  Respuestas Paralelas hacia el Músculo Esquelético (o Parallel Responses  into Skeletal Muscle-PRISM; Morsella, 2005).&lt;br /&gt;
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De las tres formas de integración informativa en el cerebro, la  conciencia es necesaria sólo para un tipo de unión (Morsella y Bargh, en  prensa). La interlocución consciente no es necesaria para la unión de  aspectos perceptuales dentro o entre las modalidades perceptuales (unión  aferente, como en el caso de la unión de aspectos perceptuales o  ilusiones intersensoriales), y tampoco es necesaria para la unión de  códigos perceptuales y de acción (unión eferente; Haggard, Aschersleben,  Gehrke y Prinz, 2002), como cuando un estímulo subliminal provoca una  decisión-respuesta correcta (Taylor y McCloskey, 1990). Sin embargo, la  conciencia es necesaria para integrar dos flujos informativos opuestos  de unión eferente. Este tipo de unión eferente-eferente produce acción  integrada (p.ej., sostener la respiración o participar en el test de  Stroop).&lt;br /&gt;
De acuerdo con esta teoría, los planes músculo-esqueléticos  incompatibles deben activar fuertes cambios en la conciencia (véase la  evidencia en Morsella, Gray, Krieger y Bargh, 2009). Por otro lado,  conflictos que ocurren en otros niveles de procesamiento informativo  (p.ej., conflictos intersensoriales) y que no involucran a los músculos  esqueléticos no producen tales cambios (Morsella y cols., 2009a, 2009b.)&lt;br /&gt;
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Sin estos estados fenoménicos y la interlocución entre sistemas que  establecen, la acción puede ser influida por un sistema u otro (como en  el caso de acciones “no integradas” como la inhalación reflexiva o la  evitación de dolor), pero no puede ser influida por más de un sistema  simultáneamente (como en el caso de “acciones integradas” como sostener  la respiración). Otros sistemas efectores, como el del músculo liso, no  sufren de esta forma de multideterminación y no manifiestan esta  solución interlocutiva. Por lo tanto, conflictos que ocurren fuera del  sistema muscular esquelético (p.ej., que afectan al reflejo pupilar o la  peristalsis) no requieren de mediación consciente y no están asociados  con cambios en la conciencia (Morsella y cols., 2009a).&lt;br /&gt;
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PRISM es la única teoría que explica por qué los músculos  esqueléticos son músculos “voluntarios”: lo son porque están dirigidos  por múltiples sistemas encapsulados que, cuando entran en conflicto,  requieren de estados fenoménicos para producir acción adaptativa. El  control cognitivo existe más al nivel del comportamiento explícito que  al nivel de las inclinaciones del sistema: lo que puede ser suprimido al  nivel del comportamiento no siempre puede ser suprimido al nivel  mental. Con base en la función de interlocución de los estados  fenoménicos, la selección integrada de acciones dirigidas a metas puede  tomar en consideración los “votos” de sistemas que son frecuentemente  rivales. Estos votos pueden ser interpretados como tendencias basadas en  conocimiento innato o aprendido.&lt;br /&gt;
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Este punto de vista es consistente con la propuesta de que la función  de la conciencia es construir una simulación cuasi-perceptual interna  del mundo externo y de nuestro lugar (y nuestras disposiciones) en él  (Hesslow, 2002; Merker, 2007). De manera figurativa, se puede decir que  este simulacro es como el sistema de navegación de los automóviles  modernos, excepto en que las representaciones de los estados e  inclinaciones del organismo (p.ej., los votos de los sistemas de acción)  también están incluidos en la simulación.&lt;br /&gt;
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En conclusión, los procesos de ‘control-reflexivo’ están asociados  con estados fenoménicos y con las acciones integradas, como sostener la  respiración, guiñar el ojo (voluntariamente), suprimir una respuesta  habitual o prominente, o suprimir comportamiento socialmente  inapropiado.&lt;br /&gt;
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Artículo originalmente escrito por:&lt;br /&gt;
Ezequiel Morsella (a,b) y Carlos Montemayor (c)&lt;br /&gt;
(a) Departamento de Psicología, San Francisco State University, Estados Unidos&lt;br /&gt;
(b) Departamento de Neurología, University of California, San Francisco, Estados Unidos&lt;br /&gt;
(c) Departamento de Filosofía, San Francisco State University, Estados Unidos&lt;br /&gt;
En revista online de Ciencia Cognitiva</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/353269630394367501/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/la-teoria-de-la-interaccion.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/353269630394367501'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/353269630394367501'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/la-teoria-de-la-interaccion.html' title='La Teoría de la Interacción Supramodular'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFcXtPFxMl7z94_i5QpKjSMV1bTxmd7tKJpRzHL0UMNlDlhUG1g1pl533yf-vgtWVEGLaDZqpMzo4oZ4Rk8xprlxuu-JEdRLz4dCsxGMYvXSD5zbqm0wYTDedZls1v4Uydku0_-VCQ00uU/s72-c/supramodular.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-4179931685449028961</id><published>2011-09-06T14:51:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:52:26.446-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>The Bilingual Brain</title><content type='html'>A new study sheds further light on how we learn language, showing the  power of early exposure to language. Language is something that humans  are very good at, which is a way of saying that we have cortex dedicated  to and specialized for language.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The dominant hemisphere (dominant by definition, the left hemisphere  in most people) contains several structures specialized for language.  Wernicke’s area is the brain’s dictionary – it translates words into  concepts and concepts into words. When you are trying to think of a  specific word for something – that process is taking place in Wernicke’s  area. There is also specialized cortex that processes auditory  information, translating sounds into words, and feeding that information  to Wernicke’s area. In the frontal lobe there is Broca’s area that  converts words into speech – essentially this is specialized motor  cortex that allows for the exquisite control of the muscles of speech  necessary to produce the subtle sounds of speech. Wernicke’s area and  Broca’s area are connected by a cable called the arcuate fasciculus.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVP6Noe-0Ct7GPnjLqYBII3srULor2wztIW2XE7dYEppQbPgDypChHfviGVf0UBU6h3v0b_fTy0eaUndu0_l7S12ahQNHwAPSpfKgTofpBsh1P1FZqzh_1gwI3U4gn8z876LXzYvAJyNwp/s1600/lobulos.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVP6Noe-0Ct7GPnjLqYBII3srULor2wztIW2XE7dYEppQbPgDypChHfviGVf0UBU6h3v0b_fTy0eaUndu0_l7S12ahQNHwAPSpfKgTofpBsh1P1FZqzh_1gwI3U4gn8z876LXzYvAJyNwp/s1600/lobulos.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It has also been known for a long time that the language cortex  develops when we are very young, beginning in infancy and then pretty  much locking in place by the time we are four years old. This is the  “window” of development for language. For children who are raised  without exposure to language by age four, they will never acquire normal  fluency. If you normally developed a primary language, and then learn a  second language after age four, the second language will use more brain  resources – it won’t have the same language cortex encoding that the  primary language does.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span id=&quot;more-3573&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;This window of development also applies  to phonemes – the individual sounds that make up words. We learn a  finite number of phonemes by age four, and then we are pretty much stuck  with that set of language sounds. Children as young as 8-10 months old  start to learn how to distinguish sounds that are part of speech from  other sounds, and the speech sounds (phonemes) become encoded in the  language cortex. After about four years old no new phonemes can be  learned, and every speech sound we hear from that point forward will be  slotted into an existing phoneme.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-08/uow-bbv082611.php&quot;&gt;This is where the new study comes in&lt;/a&gt;.  The researchers found that babies 8-10 months old were already  developing the ability to distinguish sounds important to language –  like the difference between an “r” and an “l” in English. However, they  also found that babies not exposed to a language that makes this  distinction, for example like a child raised in a Japanese household,  will start to lose the ability to make this distinction at the same age.  So by 10 month old children are already losing their ability to learn  new languages, or at least the sounds that make up languages.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition they found that children raised in a bilingual household  had a greater facility for learning language and the window of learning  new sounds was extended. The researchers hypothesize that in a bilingual  environment children learn that there is more than one word for  everything, and they also greatly stimulate their language cortex by the  task of switching between the two languages.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This study extends what was already known about the advantages of  learning multiple languages by age four. This study, in fact, indicates  that if you want to maximize your child’s language ability, they should  be exposed to a second language from infancy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The study looked at children raised in a bilingual household. It is  unclear if the advantage extend to simply playing a second language for  the children to hear, but that is not being used interactively with  another person. Perhaps a video would be better than pure audio, but  still that should be studied specifically before any claims are made for  such products. Children may need direct human interaction to make the  connection with language.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This study does add to existing evidence, and suggests that perhaps  parents should be encouraged to expose children to more than one  language. Language instruction might also be added to preschool and  daycare programs. By the time children reach Kindergarten, it’s already  too late.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
via: Neurologicablog</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/4179931685449028961/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/bilingual-brain.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/4179931685449028961'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/4179931685449028961'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/bilingual-brain.html' title='The Bilingual Brain'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVP6Noe-0Ct7GPnjLqYBII3srULor2wztIW2XE7dYEppQbPgDypChHfviGVf0UBU6h3v0b_fTy0eaUndu0_l7S12ahQNHwAPSpfKgTofpBsh1P1FZqzh_1gwI3U4gn8z876LXzYvAJyNwp/s72-c/lobulos.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-788906416787467770</id><published>2011-09-05T11:24:00.003-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:49:46.070-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Español"/><title type='text'>Primer mapa del Cerebro Místico</title><content type='html'>Desde hace varios años, se viene trabajando en la hipótesis que Dios, está ubicado en algunas zonas de la corteza cerebral. Que lesionada la misma, puede hacerle perder la fe, incluso al mismo Benedicto XVI, y que por otra parte, una lesión en esas zonas en cuestión, puede convertir al más acérrimo ateo, como ser Humberto Eco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnSz9jhD5ywlPLRDMHEHvJDDfhjswHMCoWuDi4OlQE7VUwUDZfEtEuLlp9d7f-8Ob9V20xwdg_aZ1vppkse17jee7GkDPvSuK9qXP7PFYeTrqXw1SpnCf7i1XaZzXRH-KAy_kFHXZaaic/s1600/god+in+the+brain.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;144&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnSz9jhD5ywlPLRDMHEHvJDDfhjswHMCoWuDi4OlQE7VUwUDZfEtEuLlp9d7f-8Ob9V20xwdg_aZ1vppkse17jee7GkDPvSuK9qXP7PFYeTrqXw1SpnCf7i1XaZzXRH-KAy_kFHXZaaic/s320/god+in+the+brain.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
La nota que trata sobre &quot;El primer Mapa de Cerebro Místico&quot;, nos cuenta&lt;br /&gt;
que &quot;El Institute of Noetic Science ha creado un mapa sobre las áreas del cerebro que, hasta ahora, la neurología ha relacionado con diversos aspectos de la espiritualidad. Tronco cerebral y misticismo, o lóbulo temporal y religiosidad, son algunas de las relaciones establecidas por la neurología. El mapa detalla las investigaciones que se relacionan con cada una de las zonas cerebrales implicadas y señala que la biología de la creencia está repartida por todo el cerebro.&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
En la nota encontrarán referencias a los siguientes temas:&lt;br /&gt;
- Tronco cerebral y misticismo &lt;br /&gt;
- Meditación y parte frontal del cerebro&lt;br /&gt;
- Otros aspectos de la espiritualidad &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Para ver la entrada completa, por favor clikée el siguiente enlace:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tendencias21.net/Crean-el-primer-mapa-del-cerebro-mistico_a3760.html&quot;&gt;http://www.tendencias21.net/Crean-el-primer-mapa-del-cerebro-mistico_a3760.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.tendencias21.net/Crean-el-primer-mapa-del-cerebro-mistico_a3760.html&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/788906416787467770/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/primer-mapa-del-cerebro-mistico.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/788906416787467770'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/788906416787467770'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/primer-mapa-del-cerebro-mistico.html' title='Primer mapa del Cerebro Místico'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHnSz9jhD5ywlPLRDMHEHvJDDfhjswHMCoWuDi4OlQE7VUwUDZfEtEuLlp9d7f-8Ob9V20xwdg_aZ1vppkse17jee7GkDPvSuK9qXP7PFYeTrqXw1SpnCf7i1XaZzXRH-KAy_kFHXZaaic/s72-c/god+in+the+brain.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-8123553781488336464</id><published>2011-09-04T16:16:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:49:52.475-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>Interactive Human Brain in 3D</title><content type='html'>Very interesting 3D Brain. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/brain#3/4294967273&quot;&gt;http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/brain#3/4294967273&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Enjoy it!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
But, just in case you don´t realise, please, consider to see and watch the whole 3D body&amp;nbsp; animation. &lt;br /&gt;
And I also recomend you to watch this youtube video:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;345&quot; src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/embed/HVGlfcP3ATI&quot; width=&quot;420&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/8123553781488336464/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/interactive-human-brain-in-3d.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/8123553781488336464'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/8123553781488336464'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/interactive-human-brain-in-3d.html' title='Interactive Human Brain in 3D'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/HVGlfcP3ATI/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-6841997610047093315</id><published>2011-09-02T23:33:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:49:58.659-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>Do you know what a MEG (magnetoencephalography) is?</title><content type='html'>A Magnetoencephalography&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;MEG&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;) is a technique for mapping brain activity by recording &lt;/span&gt;magnetic fields&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt; produced by electrical currents occurring naturally in the brain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;, using arrays of &lt;/span&gt;SQUIDs&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;  (superconducting quantum interference devices). Applications of MEG  include basic research into perceptual and cognitive brain processes,  localizing regions affected by pathology before surgical removal,  determining the function of various parts of the brain, and &lt;/span&gt;neurofeedback&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here, you will find a full explanation of what a MEG is.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalography&quot;&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalography&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;And also an instructive video:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-headline&quot; id=&quot;History_of_MEG&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;345&quot; src=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/embed/jv4KI1_I-mo&quot; width=&quot;420&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/6841997610047093315/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/do-you-know-what-meg.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/6841997610047093315'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/6841997610047093315'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/09/do-you-know-what-meg.html' title='Do you know what a MEG (magnetoencephalography) is?'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/jv4KI1_I-mo/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-7689631799395047703</id><published>2011-08-31T10:46:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:50:05.534-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="English"/><title type='text'>The Brain’s Working-Memory Capacity Revealed</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;A new study provides a deeper look into why most people’s brains have a limited capacity to memorize information. The knowledge gained in the paper, which was published in last week’s issue of the &lt;i&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Science&lt;/i&gt;, could help hone cognition-boosting games and visual displays for airplane pilots and automobile drivers.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;One of the more basic limitations of our intelligence is the maximum number of information pieces the brain can memorize and retrieve on a short-term basis. This is known as the maximum capacity of the working memory.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; 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&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 141.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;A team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Mass., tested the working-memory capacity of two macaque monkeys. The researchers were not surprised to find that four is the maximum number of objects the macaques could remember information about at any given time. That’s the same maximum capacity of most people’s working memory, according to earlier studies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7ZydeaW7qbj9RZh0M2yKYHKJEUmAPTZtdlzx6Y58jR6r_XfDwAMA_WPEx9hh62xHkKQxUIMPG2jj23G25V1KDic8dwkz9qyerubnqRUPAxQa_mGFBQfCoU_Xhb7XrZEQcP7BLxIXP70g/s1600/monkey-memory.jpeg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7ZydeaW7qbj9RZh0M2yKYHKJEUmAPTZtdlzx6Y58jR6r_XfDwAMA_WPEx9hh62xHkKQxUIMPG2jj23G25V1KDic8dwkz9qyerubnqRUPAxQa_mGFBQfCoU_Xhb7XrZEQcP7BLxIXP70g/s1600/monkey-memory.jpeg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 141.6pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.betterbrainbetterlife.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/monkey-memory.jpeg&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-left: 141.6pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;(Monkey&#39;s Can Recall Simple Shapes)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;But the MIT team members did not expect their major finding, which was that the left and right visual fields—and hence the right and left hemispheres of the brain where information from each field, respectively, is processed—seem to be independent. Neural recordings uncovered the fact that the monkeys were limited to recalling two objects in their right and left visual fields.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;“Before the study, we expected that information resources in your brain could be used in a very flexible way —that one hemisphere can lend a hand when the other hemisphere is only using part of its capacity,” explained lead researcher Timothy Buschman, PhD. “But it seems that’s not the case. There are limitations—although we don’t yet know whether these are physical or something else—to how information from the outside world can be represented internally in the brain and hence remembered, accessed and utilized.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Dr. Buschman is a postdoctoral associate at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT. He, along with his supervisor and institute associate director Earl Miller, Ph.D, and two other researchers simultaneously recorded the firing of neurons in the prefrontal and parietal cortices of the brains of the two macaques. The monkeys watched a computer screen that displayed very briefly, either two, three, four, or five coloured squares. A short time later the monkeys were shown the same display but with one square coloured differently. The macaques received a reward for glancing toward the single changed square.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Each monkey could only remember information regarding an average of four coloured squares. In addition, the neural recordings showed that the monkeys could only recall two objects on each side of their field of vision. The limitation occurred during memory encoding, not during memory retrieval.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;“Why our working memory has a limited capacity has been the subject of an ongoing debate among researchers,” said Dr. Buschman. “One group believes it’s because there only a limited number of objects we can hold in our mind at one time. Other people think we have a pool of available resources that we can divvy up—and capacity limitations happen as we divide up those resources for use with particular memories, overextending ourselves too much. And our study shows a hybrid model is likely what is happening— resources are pooled, except there are actually two pools. And we can’t take resources from one pool and use them to help out the other pool.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Dr. Buschman noted the separate pools of working-memory resources can be harnessed in several practical ways. He and Dr. Miller hope to build visual displays, such as heads-up displays (transparent displays of information that present information without requiring the viewer to look away, initially developed for aviation) that have similar amounts of information in the left and right sides. This would not overload viewers’ working-memory capacity and hence would allow more information on the displays to be retained and accessed.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;“In addition, better brain-training games can be developed that isolate each visual hemisphere, targeting training to weaknesses in each hemisphere alone,” concluded Dr. Buschman.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Via:&amp;nbsp; Rosemary Frei, Freelance Journalist for “Betterbrainbetterlife.com”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/7689631799395047703/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/08/brains-working-memory-capacity-revealed.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/7689631799395047703'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/7689631799395047703'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/08/brains-working-memory-capacity-revealed.html' title='The Brain’s Working-Memory Capacity Revealed'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl7ZydeaW7qbj9RZh0M2yKYHKJEUmAPTZtdlzx6Y58jR6r_XfDwAMA_WPEx9hh62xHkKQxUIMPG2jj23G25V1KDic8dwkz9qyerubnqRUPAxQa_mGFBQfCoU_Xhb7XrZEQcP7BLxIXP70g/s72-c/monkey-memory.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6802252817060575106.post-7036172564870298460</id><published>2011-08-30T17:28:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T21:50:32.719-03:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Español"/><title type='text'>Meditación y Neurociencias, un estudio científico más que demuestra que entrenando tu mente, cambiás tu cerebro</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.5pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;La siguiente entrada, es una mejorable traducción personal, realizada del artículo publicado en Scientific Midfulness, el día 6 de abril del 2011. Para ver la nota original, diríjase al siguiente enlace:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scientificmindfulness.com/2011/04/neural-correlates-of-focused-attention.html&quot;&gt;http://www.scientificmindfulness.com/2011/04/neural-correlates-of-focused-attention.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Aclaración: cuando en el artículo se habla en primera persona, refiere al autor original del texto, y no al traductor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Correlatos neurales entre atención focalizada y la práctica de meditación (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;fMRI)&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Un&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;antiguo compañero de postgrado,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;me envió un&lt;/span&gt; ingenioso &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;estudio de neuroimagen&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;realizado por un grupo de&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;investigadores&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;en Italia.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;El artículo&lt;/span&gt; comparaba &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;8&lt;/span&gt; monjes budistas y 8 practicantes novicios de meditación. &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Los monjes&lt;/span&gt; del estudio, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;formaban parte de&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;una tradición Budista de Tailandia, fundada por&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Ajahn&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Chah&lt;/span&gt;. Estos monjes, promediaban las &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;15.750 horas&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;de&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;experiencia práctica en meditación&lt;/span&gt;. En cambio, &amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;los novatos&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;aunque &amp;nbsp;expresaron su interés&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;en la meditación&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;no tenían ninguna experiencia&lt;/span&gt; previa en la práctica &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;de meditación&lt;/span&gt;. No obstante, para el estudio &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;se les dio&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;10 días de&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;práctica antes del estudio&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Usando&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;una&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;resonancia magnética funcional (fMRI), &lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;los investigadores registraron &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;los patrones&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;del cerebro durante&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;un bloque de&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;horas que implicaban&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;períodos&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;alternantes de&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;atención focalizada&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;(FA&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;y &amp;nbsp;control&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;abierto (&lt;/span&gt;OM). Los autores indicaron que &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;para aquellos familiarizados con&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;las prácticas budistas&lt;/span&gt;, FA &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;corresponde a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;la meditación&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Samatha&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;Pali: &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;calma mental&lt;/span&gt;) y &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;OM&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;era una forma de&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Vipassana&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;Pali: &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;la visión clara&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;o comprensión&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; Los &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;participantes&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;alternan&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;entre los 6&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;minutos de&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Samatha&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;y&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;Vipassana,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;con 3 minutos&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;de &amp;nbsp;no &lt;/span&gt;meditación, y descanso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;El artículo, en general, utiliza un lenguaje demasiado &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;técnico. &lt;/span&gt;Con resultados muy específicos en relación a qué &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;partes&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;de la neuroanatomía&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;se utilizan &amp;nbsp;dependiendo de las formas de&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;atención que el meditador realice. &lt;/span&gt;Pero, &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;en general&lt;/span&gt;, los resultados sugieren &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;que la práctica de&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;la meditación&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;es la encargada de reorganizar&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;la actividad cerebral. En otras palabras&lt;/span&gt;, los meditadores &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;experimentados&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;mostraban un patrón&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;de actividad&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;cerebral&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;que los novatos&lt;/span&gt; no podían mostrar al realizar&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt; las mismas tareas cognitivas (en éste caso, la atención).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;El proceso de re-organización cerebral, se conoce como Neuroplasticidad Cerebral. Antiguamente, se creía que el cerebro era como una piedra sólida, que no podía modificarse. Es decir, que uno nace con un cerebro &amp;nbsp;que biológicamente, está incapacitad para modificarse. En cambio, nuevas modalidades de investigación y grandes descubrimientos neurocientíficos, han demostrado ésta sorprendente capacidad “plástica” del cerebro.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;El cerebro es dúctil y se re-organiza a sí mismo. Es decir, el cerebro puede modificarse.&amp;nbsp; Siguiendo ésta línea de investigación en neuroplasticidad cerebral, se han realizado muchos estudios cotejando la neuroplasticidad cerebral con la práctica de Mindfulness. Los resultados, siempre sugieren que la meditación en general, traza nuevos surcos cerebrales, y aumenta la conectividad entre las neuronas. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
El artículo original del cual se baso el autor para hacer el anterior escrito es:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;hps&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;- Manna, A., Raffone, A., Perrucci, M.G., Nardo, D., Ferretti, A., et al. &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;(2010). Neural Correlates of Focused Attention and Cognitive Monitoring in Meditation. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Brain Research Bulletin, 82&lt;/i&gt;, 46-56.&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/feeds/7036172564870298460/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/08/meditacion-y-neurociencias-un-estudio.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/7036172564870298460'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/6802252817060575106/posts/default/7036172564870298460'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://neurocienciaxxi.blogspot.com/2011/08/meditacion-y-neurociencias-un-estudio.html' title='Meditación y Neurociencias, un estudio científico más que demuestra que entrenando tu mente, cambiás tu cerebro'/><author><name>Bilingual Neuroscience Blog</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/00828787756275118001</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='29' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwrogZ_DLQc1khrh6fk20jSB5rKg_vNCFnV14qiIX_CYyOYAGFdOMOJ74qS4N6r4SEkC5Z1JSs9eZ4wMgVZwssQFV7CV56vQIQK7oVRuqGXILaT_uNnFJnC2JlJSVtt5M/s220/neurociencia+21.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN3UkTCffpxi8yxb2V64FwdjYL5-2LTS0ZQornYny2X1n38Fpe0iiaPB45EtK5I7n8xKNQnqZt-I3FFIMcwhMru54YY6599951Kl-K-8FS-vkgD4hLw3tYU7TCi8DqwwOXWm1AcCiGmULj/s72-c/med+and+nscience.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>