New Movies 2020 full Action Movies Artificial Intelligence 2020

Earn Money With Google Adsense 2021

2020-05-19T03:57:00.004+05:00

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Disclaimer- Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute the might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.

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Dave Bautista's 10 Best Movies

2020-05-14T04:43:00.002+05:00

Despite a short stint in Hollywood, Dave Bautista is still on the way to the top. Here are his 10 best movies According to artificial technology reviews.

Gaining iconic status in the world of the WWE as a six-time world champion under the name "Batista" aka The Animal, Dave Bautista has become one of the most recognizable faces in sci-fi, action and comedy movies over the past decade. His imposing stature and crowd-pleasing personality being very reminiscent of fellow WWE-legend-turned-actor Dwayne Johnson has helped him make a name for himself in Hollywood.

Bautista is an actor still on his way to the top of his career as a movie star but his relatively short stint in Hollywood, and abroad, has already produced a number of beloved characters in record-breaking movies.

Dave Bautista is still on the way to the top. Here are his 10 best movies According to artificial technology reviews.

Hotel Artemis (57%)

Hotel Artemis was the directorial debut of Iron Man 3 co-writer Drew Pearce and a palpable flop. Alongside Bautista’s side character, the movie featured screen legends Jodie Foster and Jeff Goldblum as well as supporting actors Zachary Quinto, Charlie Day, Sterling K. Brown and Sofia Boutella. But it failed to ignite audience’s passions, its snappy script perhaps being better appreciated by a more niche audience.

Bautista plays an orderly named Everest at the titular Hotel Artemis (an exclusive hospital for criminals in the not too distant future) and assists Foster’s head nurse with jobs requiring some muscles.

Riddick (57%)

Bautista plays a star-hopping mercenary bounty hunter, named Diaz, in the back-to-basics semi-reboot of Vin Diesel’s eponymous sci-fi antihero Richard B. Riddick. Here, Diaz is under the employ of the despicable cutthroat leader Santana. Like his boss, Diaz is forced to join forces with the man they came to hunt in order to survive an onslaught of their alien planet’s indigenous monsters.

Not quite your typical goon, Diaz takes the honor of being Riddick’s opponent in the movie’s big fight scene and Bautista’s unique skills from the wrestling ring really begin to shine.Spectre (63%)

Sam Mendes’ followup to Skyfall didn’t set either the box office or the hearts of fans ablaze like his first outing with Daniel Craig’s superspy did, but it did enough to be considered a worthy entry in the ongoing series.

Bautista plays a mysterious member of the shadowy organization Spectre. He acts effectively as a classic Bond movie henchman, sent on a relentless mission to kill Bond and protect the organization’s secrets. He’s presumed dead but given his resemblance to fan favorite henchman Jaws, it’s been speculated that audiences could see him again one day.

Final Score (68%)

Bautista plays Michael Knox, a former soldier taking his fallen comrade's daughter to a football game at London’s West Ham stadium. On the same night, terrorists take over and rig the place with explosives, holding it hostage for their own goals.

Sharp-eyed action movie fans will have already spotted the familiar nature that Final Score goes for and it hits its marks. With 31 reviews, it has no consensus yet on Rotten Tomatoes but Variety's Dennis Harvey summed it up well when he wrote that "Final Score has no ambitions beyond pure escapism, and it meets its humble goal.”

Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol. 2 (84%)

Reprising his role from 2014’s Guardians of the Galaxy, Dave Bautista is not excluded from the movie’s need for longer action set pieces, weirder ideas, louder laughs and bigger tears. While not as well received as the original, fans and critics agree that it succeeds in what it sets out to achieve.

Bautista became so invested in the bonds made during these movies' filming that he was the most prominent figure to come out publicly, and loudly, in support of director James Gunn when he was briefly fired from the third installment.Avengers: Infinity War

The beginning of Marvel Studios’ two-part farewell to their flagship Avengers series (for now) was a dazzling success and its highest-grossing venture until the second part was released. It follows on from events laid out in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, with Bautista’s character still seeking revenge against the superhero universe’s biggest and baddest villain, Thanos.

Though not as high-grossing or critically well-received as the concluding part of the so-called Infinity Saga, Infinity War satisfied fans of the movie series both old and new. As Rotten Tomatoes put it, the movie was “a thrilling, emotionally resonant blockbuster."

Blade Runner 2049 (87%)

Bautista plays what seemed to be a small role in Denis Villeneuve’s belated sequel Blade Runner 2049. His one short scene here not only sets up the entire plot, but his character’s words and actions echo throughout the entire story. Sometimes literally.

He plays a fugitive Replicant in Ridley Scott’s iconic sci-fi universe who harbors a hugely important secret regarding the future relationship between the synthetic workers and their human masters. His time spent with Villeneuve evidently being an experience they both enjoyed as Bautista was one of the early cast announcements for Villeneuve’s next project, Dune.Master Z: The Ip Man Legacy (89%)

A spin-off sequel to the hugely successful Ip Man movies starring Donnie Yen as the infamous martial arts master, Yuen Woo-ping’s Master Z: The Ip Man Legacy is set in the same plotline of the preceding movies but follows a former opponent of the titular Ip Man.

Bautista plays the movie’s antagonist, Owen Davidson, who operates a drug smuggling syndicate from a restaurant that he owns. It’s far from Bautista's first time as a movie's villain but with an 89% fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes, it’s his most acclaimed bad guy role to date.

Guardians Of The Galaxy (91%)

James Gunn’s debuting of Marvel Comics’ little-known space superheroes seemed like the riskiest thing that the still-growing Marvel Studios had done or, possibly, would ever do. This seems very quaint now after the company’s unimpeded blockbuster rampage from the ensuing five years, but there it is.

No one really knew that Guardians of the Galaxy would be a hit when it first came out and that element of surprise cemented it as one of the decade’s most memorable blockbusters. Bautista’s role as the overly literal but incredibly lovable Drax the Destroyer became the biggest role of his career thus far.

TOPE QUOTES OF THE WORLD

2020-05-13T01:29:00.001+05:00

TOPE QUOTES OF THE WORLD

"If you want to achieve greatness stop asking for permission." --Anonymous

2. "Things work out best for those who make the best of how things work out." --John Wooden
3. "To live a creative life, we must lose our fear of being wrong." --Anonymous
4. "If you are not willing to risk the usual you will have to settle for the ordinary." --Jim Rohn
5. "Trust because you are willing to accept the risk, not because it's safe or certain." --Anonymous
6. "Take up one idea. Make that one idea your life--think of it, dream of it, live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body, be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success." --Swami Vivekananda
7. "All our dreams can come true if we have the courage to pursue them." --Walt Disney
8. "Good things come to people who wait, but better things come to those who go out and get them." --Anonymous
9. "If you do what you always did, you will get what you always got." --Anonymous
10. "Success is walking from failure to failure with no loss of enthusiasm." --Winston Churchill
11. "Just when the caterpillar thought the world was ending, he turned into a butterfly." --Proverb
12. "Successful entrepreneurs are givers and not takers of positive energy." --Anonymous
13. "Whenever you see a successful person you only see the public glories, never the private sacrifices to reach them." --Vaibhav Shah
14. "Opportunities don't happen, you create them." --Chris Grosser
15. "Try not to become a person of success, but rather try to become a person of value." --Albert Einstein
16. "Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people." --Eleanor Roosevelt
17. "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." --Thomas A. Edison
18. "If you don't value your time, neither will others. Stop giving away your time and talents--start charging for it." --Kim Garst
19. "A successful man is one who can lay a firm foundation with the bricks others have thrown at him." --David Brinkley
20. "No one can make you feel inferior without your consent." --Eleanor Roosevelt
21. "The whole secret of a successful life is to find out what is one's destiny to do, and then do it." --Henry Ford
22. "If you're going through hell keep going." --Winston Churchill
23. "The ones who are crazy enough to think they can change the world, are the ones who do." --Anonymous
24. "Don't raise your voice, improve your argument." --Anonymous
25. "What seems to us as bitter trials are often blessings in disguise." --Oscar Wilde
26. "The meaning of life is to find your gift. The purpose of life is to give it away." --Anonymous
27. "The distance between insanity and genius is measured only by success." --Bruce Feirstein
28. "When you stop chasing the wrong things, you give the right things a chance to catch you." --Lolly Daskal
29. "I believe that the only courage anybody ever needs is the courage to follow your own dreams." --Oprah Winfrey
30. "No masterpiece was ever created by a lazy artist." --Anonymous
31. "Happiness is a butterfly, which when pursued, is always beyond your grasp, but which, if you will sit down quietly, may alight upon you." --Nathaniel Hawthorne
32. "If you can't explain it simply, you don't understand it well enough." --Albert Einstein
33. "Blessed are those who can give without remembering and take without forgetting." --Anonymous
34. "Do one thing every day that scares you." --Anonymous
35. "What's the point of being alive if you don't at least try to do something remarkable." --Anonymous
36. "Life is not about finding yourself. Life is about creating yourself." --Lolly Daskal
37. "Nothing in the world is more common than unsuccessful people with talent." --Anonymous
38. "Knowledge is being aware of what you can do. Wisdom is knowing when not to do it." --Anonymous
39. "Your problem isn't the problem. Your reaction is the problem." --Anonymous
40. "You can do anything, but not everything. --Anonymous
41. "Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower." --Steve Jobs
42. "There are two types of people who will tell you that you cannot make a difference in this world: those who are afraid to try and those who are afraid you will succeed." --Ray Goforth
43. "Thinking should become your capital asset, no matter whatever ups and downs you come across in your life." --A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
44. "I find that the harder I work, the more luck I seem to have." --Thomas Jefferson
45. "The starting point of all achievement is desire." --Napoleon Hill
46. "Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day-in and day-out." --Robert Collier
47. "If you want to achieve excellence, you can get there today. As of this second, quit doing less-than-excellent work." --Thomas J. Watson
48. "All progress takes place outside the comfort zone." --Michael John Bobak
49. "You may only succeed if you desire succeeding; you may only fail if you do not mind failing." --Philippos
50. "Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear--not absence of fear." --Mark Twain
51. "Only put off until tomorrow what you are willing to die having left undone." --Pablo Picasso
52. "People often say that motivation doesn't last. Well, neither does bathing--that's why we recommend it daily." --Zig Ziglar
53. "We become what we think about most of the time, and that's the strangest secret." --Earl Nightingale
54. "The only place where success comes before work is in the dictionary." --Vidal Sassoon
55. "Too many of us are not living our dreams because we are living our fears. " --Les Brown
56. "I find that when you have a real interest in life and a curious life, that sleep is not the most important thing." --Martha Stewart
57. "It's not what you look at that matters, it's what you see." --Anonymous
58. "The road to success and the road to failure are almost exactly the same." --Colin R. Davis
59. "The function of leadership is to produce more leaders, not more followers." --Ralph Nader
60. "Success is liking yourself, liking what you do, and liking how you do it." --Maya Angelou
61. "As we look ahead into the next century, leaders will be those who empower others." --Bill Gates
62. "A real entrepreneur is somebody who has no safety net underneath them." --Henry Kravis
63. "The first step toward success is taken when you refuse to be a captive of the environment in which you first find yourself." --Mark Caine
64. "People who succeed have momentum. The more they succeed, the more they want to succeed, and the more they find a way to succeed. Similarly, when someone is failing, the tendency is to get on a downward spiral that can even become a self-fulfilling prophecy." --Tony Robbins
65. "When I dare to be powerful, to use my strength in the service of my vision, then it becomes less and less important whether I am afraid." --Audre Lorde
66. "Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to pause and reflect." --Mark Twain
67. "The successful warrior is the average man, with laser-like focus." --Bruce Lee
68. "There is no traffic jam along the extra mile." --Roger Staubach
69. "Develop success from failures. Discouragement and failure are two of the surest stepping stones to success." --Dale Carnegie
70. "If you don't design your own life plan, chances are you'll fall into someone else's plan. And guess what they have planned for you? Not much." --Jim Rohn
71. "If you genuinely want something, don't wait for it--teach yourself to be impatient." --Gurbaksh Chahal
72. "Don't let the fear of losing be greater than the excitement of winning." --Robert Kiyosaki
73. "If you want to make a permanent change, stop focusing on the size of your problems and start focusing on the size of you!" --T. Harv Eker
74. "You can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something--your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life." --Steve Jobs
75. "Two roads diverged in a wood and I took the one less traveled by, and that made all the difference." --Robert Frost

Bob Marley Quotes on Life, Love, and Happiness

2020-05-13T01:28:00.001+05:00

Bob Marley Quotes on Life, Love, and Happiness

“Better to die fighting for freedom than be a prisoner all the days of your life.”

“Don’t trust people whose feelings change with time. Trust people whose feelings remain the same, even when the time changes.”

“Every day the bucket a-go a well, one day the bottom a-go drop out.”—I Shot The Sheriff, from the album Burnin’ (1973)

“Every time I plant a seed, He say kill it before it grow, he say kill it before they grow.”

“Everything is political. I will never be a politician or even think political. Me just deal with life and nature. That is the greatest thing to me.”

In the late 1960s, Marley became a Rastafarian and this heavily influenced his music. During the 1970s, Marley formed the band Bob Marley and the Wailers. The group produced several successful albums that reached the masses and introduced the world to reggae music.
On May 11th, 1981, Bob Marley died of cancer in Miami at the age of 36. Although his life was tragically short, his musical talents live on.
These Bob Marley quotes aptly capture his spirituality and beliefs.

“In this great future, you can’t forget your past.” —No Woman, No Cry, from the album Natty Dread (1974)

“A hungry mob is an angry mob.” —Them Belly Full (But We Hungry), from the album Natty Dread (1974)

“All dese governments and dis this and that, these people that say they’re here to help, why them say you cannot smoke the herb? Herb… herb is a plant, you know? And when me check it, me can’t find no reason.” “All them say is, ‘it make you rebel’. Against what?”—Interview (1979) with Dylan Taite in Aotearoa, New Zealand.

Positive & Inspirational Life Quotes

2020-05-13T01:26:00.004+05:00

What inspires you?

There are a lot of things that can provide inspiration – seeing other people accomplish great things, seeing other people overcome adversity, hearing inspirational quotes from great people, even the sheer beauty of nature can remind us just how lucky we are to be alive.

It’s easy to forget what an amazing gift life really is. Our lives are nothing but a cosmic blink. Even our seemingly all-encompassinworld is just tiny blue dot circling an average sized star spiraling around a galaxy of 200-400 billion stars, which itself is just one galaxy among billions more. Yet for one brief moment, we get to experience the wonders of existence, of consciousness.

Having a positive outlook on life is a crucial part of finding inspiration. In the paragraph above, did you feel inspired reading about the vastness of our universe and our unique place within it, or did you feel overwhelmed and depressed at the insignificance of it all?
Our brains are wired to find things we’re looking for – if you’re always cynical or waiting for things to go wrong, then your life will reflect that. On the other hand, having a positive outlook on life will bring you joy and provide you with inspiration when you least expect it.

Of course, there are times when it’s difficult to feel cheery or positive – life can be difficult. If you’re having trouble seeing the cup as half full instead of half empty, reading some positive quotes about life can help you snap out of your funk. Here are some inspirational life quotes to help you see the amazing potential that life has to offer.

“There is no royal road to anything. One thing at a time, all things in succession. That which grows fast, withers as rapidly. That which grows slowly, endures.” – Josiah Gilbert Holland

Alan Turing

2020-05-13T01:24:00.001+05:00

Alan Turing

Computers would probably have been non-existent if it wasn't for famous British mathematician, Alan Turing. Having been a child prodigy, he went on to pursue his PhD from the 'Princeton University'. Soon, he became an important member of a group of code-breakers in the 'Government Code and Cypher School' ('GC&CS') in Bletchley Park. He was given the daunting task of deciphering the ever-changing German codes sent through the ingenious machine, 'Enigma'. Alan proved the almost impossible task, possible with his 'bombe' device, which used a technique called 'Banburismus'. Eventually this mathematician and his team of code-breakers were successful in defeating the 'Enigma'. However, two code-breakers from his team were found out to be Soviet spies, and thus the work was declared highly confidential. For a long time, no records of Turing's work were available, and the 'Official Secrets Act' prohibited him from talking about his work to anyone. His homosexuality caused him to be convicted, though the British government has apologized posthumously in recent times. His works and life has recently been popularized by the ‘Academy Award’ winning movie, ‘The Imitation Game’, released in 2014. Read on and explore the life and works of this brilliant mathematician and code-breaker.

Childhood & Early Life

Alan Mathison Turing was born to Julius Mathison and Ethel Sara on June 23, 1912, in Paddington, London. Julius was employed with the 'Indian Civil Service', and with his wife, he had another son, John.
He pursued his elementary education from 'St Michael's', later studying at the 'Sherborne School' in Dorset, starting from 1926.
In 1931, he began attending 'King's College', at the 'University of Cambridge', graduating in mathematics three years later with top scores.
He began pursuing a fellowship from 'King's College' in 1935, during which he published the paper, 'On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem'.
It was in this paper that he drew references from Austrian mathematician Kurt Gödel's research to develop simple imaginary devices which came to be called 'Turing machines'.
According to his hypothesis, such a machine is capable of calculating anything that can be quantified. The modern computer came into existence because of this assumption made by the young Turing.
During 1936-38, he was taught at the 'Princeton University', by famous American logician, Alonzo Church. Along with lessons in mathematics, Alan was taught cryptology, and towards the end of this period, he was able to get his PhD from the university. After this he was also taught by Ludwig Wittgenstein, at the 'University of Cambridge'.

Career

In September 1938, Turing took up a part-time job at the 'Government Code and Cypher School' ('GC&CS'), an organization that specialized in breaking war codes. The 'GC&CS' was located at Bletchley Park during the World War II, and it was here that Alan was accompanied by fellow code-breaker Dilly Knox.
The young mathematician was appointed to break the codes sent by German officials, during World War II, through the radio machine, 'Enigma'. In 1939, the 'Polish Cipher Bureau' had shared with the 'GC&CS', their method of trying to break the codes.
Knox and Alan tried to develop the complex Polish techniques into a simpler and more workable method. The indicators referred to by the Polish were not too reliable, since they could be altered at any point of time by the Germans. Turing thus tried using decoding methods, and developed a device known as the 'bombe'.
In December, 1939, he developed a decrypting technique using statistical analysis, and called it the 'Banburismus'. The 'Banburismus' had the potential to decipher the 'Enigma' codes, which were more complex than those used by other warring countries.
The first bombe began functioning in Bletchley Park, on March 18, 1940, and it was built to electrically arrive at logical conclusions about what the Enigma indicators meant.
By the following year, Turing and his colleagues, Hugh Alexander, Gordon Welchman, and Stuart Milner-Barry, were getting agitated with their slow progress. They needed more people and funding, and sought out Prime Minister Winston Churchill for help. Churchill obliged to the urgency shown, and soon there were over 200 ‘bombes’ in place.
In 1942, the brilliant mathematician went to the United States to study the methods of breaking the 'Naval Enigma' codes being employed by logicians at the 'Computing Machine Laboratory', in Dayton, Ohio.
The same year, he invented the 'Turingery' method to combat and decipher coded messages being sent by Germans through their newly built 'Geheimschreiber' typing machine. The device, based on the new technique, built by Alan, was given the name 'Tunny' at Bletchley Park.
During 1945-47, Turing began working at the 'National Physical Laboratory' ('NPL'), where he developed a machine called the 'Automatic Computing Engine' ('ACE').
Around the same time, he produced a research paper describing his conception of computer that could hold pre-fed programs. A crude and incomplete model of the 'ACE' was built for testing purposes in 1950, when the illustrious mathematician was in Cambridge.
Computers like the 'Bendix G-15', designed in America, and 'Electric DEUCE', built in England, are based on the 'ACE'.
In 1948, Turing began working at the 'Computing Laboratory' initiated by mathematician Max Newman, located in the 'University of Manchester'. It was here that the former began showing an inclination towards mathematical biology.
The same year, he also worked as a Lecturer at the 'University of Manchester's Department of Mathematics. During this time, with help from his friend, D. G. Champernowne, he began developing a chess program, which could be played on a computer that he had envisioned but not built.
In 1948, he also stated the 'LU decomposition method', a pioneering technique which is presently used to solve matrices.
The following year, he was promoted at the university to the post of Deputy Director of the 'Computing Laboratory'. He developed a type of software named 'Manchester Mark 1', while continuing to research on abstract mathematics and artificial intelligence.
He developed the 'Turing Test', which can judge whether a machine is "intelligent" or not. In 1950, the chess program was built, with Champernowne's help, and was named 'Turochamp'.
From 1952-54, despite failing health, he pursued research on mathematical biology, and produced the thesis titled 'The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis'
Major Works
This scientist is known for having pioneered the concept of modern-day computers, by introducing the idea of a ‘Turing Machine’, which is simple, and yet capable of solving any form of algorithms that can be measured and quantified.
Awards & Achievements
Alan was awarded the 'Smith's Prize' in 1939, by the 'University of Cambridge', for his exceptional contribution in the field of applied mathematics.
In 1945, this great mathematician was honoured by King George VI, with the 'Most Excellent Order of the British Empire', for his services during the World War II.

Personal Life & Legacy
While studying at the 'Sherborne School', Alan befriended classmate Christopher Morcom, who the former fell in love with. The blossoming friendship abruptly ended when Morcom died of bovine tuberculosis.
In 1941, he proposed to Joan Clarke, who was his colleague at Bletchley Park. The two got engaged, but the marriage was soon called off when Turing decided it was unfair getting married to Clarke despite being homosexual.
At the age of 39, Alan got into a relationship with 19 year old, Arnold Murray. During a burglary investigation at the mathematician's house, personal details about his homosexuality came into light, and Alan was arrested on charges of indecency.
After conviction in 1952, he was given a choice between hormonal castration using medicines or imprisonment. The ingenious logician chose medication so that he could continue his scientific work at home.
On June 8, 1954, Alan was found poisoned at home, and after the autopsy, it was concluded that he had taken his own life by consuming large quantities of potassium cyanide.
Several awards have been named after this mathematical genius, and many biographies have been penned, the most notable being by the 'Royal Society'.
A novel, 'Cryptonomicon', by American writer, Neal Stephenson, published in 1999, refers to this famous mathematician.
The 2014 movie, 'The Imitation Game', was featured on Alan's life, with British actor Benedict Cumberbatch playing the mathematician's role.
Several universities have named rooms, buildings, and even computer programs, after the distinguished mathematician.

Albert Abraham Michelson

2020-05-13T01:23:00.001+05:00

Albert Abraham Michelson

Albert Abraham Michelson was the first American scientist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics for his work on finding the speed of light. He designed and developed a device named ‘interferometer’ which could split a beam of light into two parts. The two parts of the same beam traveled at right angles to each other and were then brought together again. With his fellow scientist Edward Williams Morley he carried out an experiment with this device which is known as the ‘Michelson-Morley experiment’. The experiment helped him to conclude that the speed of light is 299,853 km per second. This figure remained the same for almost fifty years till he was able to design another device which produced a more accurate result. The speed of light was determined this time as 299,798 km per sec which was refined further to 299, 774 km per sec. He was also able to measure for the first time the size of the star ‘Betelgeuse’ to be 386,160,000 km with another special interferometer. He was unable to live to see the final results of his final experiment on the velocity of light which has been standardized. He also determined the length of the standard meter with the red light emitted by hot cadmium.

Childhood & Early Life

Albert A. Michelson was born on December 19, 1852 in Strzelno in the province of Posen, Prussia, currently located in Poland.
When he was only two, his Jewish parents immigrated to the United States in 1855.
He grew up in the mining towns of California and his family finally settled in Virginia City in Nevada.
His father was a successful merchant and sent his son to the public schools where Albert received his initial education.
He finished high school while staying with his aunt Henriette Levy Michelson in San Francisco.
He joined the ‘United States Naval Academy’ in Annapolis, Maryland in 1869 at the age of 17.
At the academy he excelled in optics and graduated as a midshipman in 1873.
Career
- After being on a naval cruise for two years, Albert A. Michelson returned to the academy and joined as an instructor in physics and chemistry in 1875.
- In 1877 while in Annapolis, he conducted his first experiment on the speed of light.
- In 1879 he determined that light travelled in air and in vacuum at 299,864 ± 51 km per second and 299,940 km per second respectively.
- In 1879 he was transferred to the ‘Nautical Almanac Office’ in Washington which was a part of the ‘United States Naval Observatory’ where he worked with Simon Newcomb.
- The academy granted him leave of absence and he went to Europe in 1880 to continue further studies on optics at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. He also studied at the ‘College de France’ and the ‘Ecole Polytecnique’ located in Paris. He stayed in Europe for two years. He resigned from the navy in 1881.
- In 1883 he became professor in physics at the ‘Case School of Applied Science’ situated in Cleveland, Ohio where he developed a better ‘interferometer’.
- In 1887 he and Morley conducted the famous ‘Michelson-Morley experiment’ to determine the speed of light which remained as standard for the next forty or more years until Michelson himself obtained a better result.
- In 1889 he joined the ‘Clark University’ in Worcester, Massachusetts as a professor.
- He was appointed the first head of the physics department of the newly started ‘University of Chicago’ in 1892.
- From 1920, Michelson devoted himself to using a baseline measurement method with the distance between the ‘Mount Wilson Observatory’ and ‘Lookout Mountain’ serving as the baseline.
- The measurement was started in 1922 and completed in 1924 by the ‘U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey’. Experiments done by him in the next two years came up with the result of 299,796 ± 4 km per sec. But this result was controversial because of the change in baseline which occurred due to a 6.3 magnitude earthquake in June 29, 1925 and other factors.
- After 1927, many experiments were carried out using electricity to measure the speed of light which produced lower values than what Michelson had arrived at in 1926.
- In 1930, he collaborated with Fred Pearson and Francis G. Pease in conducting a new experiment in Pasadena, California. He used a 1.6 Km long tube from which air was completely evacuated.
  
  Awards & Achievements
  Albert A. Michelson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1907 for his experiments on the speed of light with his self-made optical instruments.
  He also received many other awards such as the ‘Copley Medal’ in 1907, the ‘Henry Draper Medal’ in 1916 and the ‘Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society’ in 1923.
  Personal Life & Legacy
  Albert A. Michelson died on May 9, 1931 in Pasadena, California.
  Many universities and the US Naval academy have named halls and museums after him.
  A crater on the Moon is named after him.

Adrien-Marie Legendre

2020-05-13T01:21:00.001+05:00

Adrien-Marie Legendre

Adrien-Marie Legendre, a renowned French mathematician holds a distinguished place in the field of mathematics. Having spent his early years in extensive research work, he has various theories to his credit. Legendre’s contribution to the elliptical, physics and mathematical analysis had been a guiding light for various other researchers in the similar field. He served as a professor at the famous science institute in Paris, wherein he also did his research and brought out publications simultaneously. His major areas of work cover elliptic functions, number theory, gravitational attractions, geodesy, calculus and various other branches of mathematics. He has been honored by various titles, membership to commemorate his contributions in the field of mathematics and physics. He developed the least squares method, which has wide ranging application in linear regression, signal processing, statistics, and curve fitting. He gave the concept of Legendre transformation, which is used to go from the Lagrangian to the Hamiltonian formulation of classical mechanics. Legendre transformation is also used in thermodynamics to obtain the enthalpy and the Helmholtz and Gibbs (free) energies from the internal energy.

Childhood & Early Life

Adrien-Marie Legendre was born on September 18, 1752 in a prosperous and wealthy family in Paris
Coming from a wealthy family, he could manage to study and research for a longer time (1770s till the French Revolution).
He was enrolled in College Mazarin (Collège des Quatre-Nations), Paris, for studying physics and mathematics wherein he won accolades for challenging his own thesis on these subjects.Added By Anonymous
He studied mathematics under Abbé Joseph-Francois Marie, a mathematician of high repute.Added By Anonymous
Career
He was a faculty for mathematics along with Pierre-Simon Laplace at the École Militaire in Paris from 1775 to 1780.
One of his most popular works entitled, “Treatise on Elliptic Functions” (1786) is based on elliptic integrals wherein he established tables showing the values of elliptic integrals and their utility in mechanics and dynamics.
In 1786, Legendre spent time working mainly on calculus especially on the procedures of maxima and minima.
In 1783, Legendre was offered a membership of the French Academy of Sciences post his research work on gravitational attraction of elliptical bodies.
In 1784, he made an addition to the previous paper through ‘Recherches sur la figure des planets’, which marked the evolution of polynomials (most commonly known as Legendre Polynomial today), which along with transformational concepts are widely used in the field of physics and engineering.
He worked in a Paris Observatory team along with Royal Greenwich Observatory for studying geodetic measurements in 1787 by using trigonometric methods.
His contributions to the field of mathematics have been many such as developing the metric system (along with Cassini and Mechain), developing the standard metre, logarithmic and trigonometric tables.
In 1794, the Elements of Geometry (Éléments de géométrie), a famous book on mathematics was published through which Legendre tried to simplify what Euclid proposed. His book was widely accepted in the United States wherein 1819 onwards it was translated in a number of languages.
Legendre was the examiner for mathematics for artillery graduates from 1799 to 1815 at École Militaire.
In 1806, his description of the orbits of comets was published in the form of a book in the name of 'Nouvelles Methodes pour la Determination des Orbites des Cometes'.
After the French Revolution, Legendre was appointed in the mathematics section of the French Academy of Sciences which was reopened in 1795 (after the French revolution closure) as Institut Nationale des Sciences et des Arts and also continued in the geometry from 1803 after Napolean’s intervention.
In 1824, he refused to vote for government candidate at the Institut National. As its consequence he was deprived of his pension for his service at Ecole Militaire by the Minister de L’interieur of the ultra royalist government. The situation changed with the arrival of new government in 1828.
He was the first one to testify the irrationality of π and π2 and establishing the theory that π does not form the square root of any algebraic equation of finite nature and rational co-efficients.
The very first study regarding the methodology of least squares is covered in Legendre’s work, ‘Nouvelles méthodes pour la détermination des orbites des comètes’ (New Methods for the Determination of Comet Orbits, 1806).
His other research work entitled ‘Théorie des nombres’ (1830) compiled all the work pertaining to the number theory. It also covered the law of quadratic reciprocity.
Legendre was a perpetual source of inspiration for others working in this field. The Galois Theory, the number theory, Abel’s elliptic work owe their inspiration majorly to Legendre’s work.
Awards & Achievements
His work pertaining to curves carved by bombs and cannonballs and range calculation using velocity and angles of projection was recognized and acclaimed by the Berlin Academy of Sciences in 1782.
He also earned the membership of the British Royal Society in 1789.
He was pension deprived on account of his not acknowledging a government candidate for the Institut National. However, post the change in government in 1828, Legendre became the Officer of the Legion d’ Honneur in 1831.
He was made the Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1832. Added By Anonymous
Personal Life & Legacy

Legendre married Marguerite-Claudine Couhin in 1793.
During the French Revolution Legendre had to forgo his family fortune in the turmoil and the shutting down of the Academy of Sciences.
He faced a difficult time due to health issues and poverty after being pension deprived. After a prolonged illness, he passed away on January 10, 1833 in Paris at an age of 81.
His belongings were preserved by his wife to be memorialized. She was later cremated in 1856 beside Legendre in Auteuil ( the village where they both last lived together)
Legendre was honored along with 72 prominent French scientists who were commemorated on plaques at the first stage on the Eiffel Tower, Paris.
The Moon Crater, Legendre and the main belt asteroid, 26950 Legendre are named after him.Added By Anonymous

Albrecht von Haller Bio

2020-05-13T01:19:00.001+05:00

Albrecht von Haller

Among the various contributions he has made to the world, Albrecht von Haller is most renowned for his observations related to the nervous system and respiratory process. He did not belong to a well-to-do family and even lost his parents at an early age. However, he had an innate understanding of languages and in his childhood he made a compilation of several biographies. He later decided to pursue a career as a physician and travelled to several places gaining knowledge on medicine from different exponents in the profession. One of his mentors was the renowned physician Herman Boerhaave who guided him during his days at the university. He also cultivated an interest in the subject of botany and starting from collection of different species of flowers, he went on to be a renowned botanist of the eighteenth century. He also had a knack for poetry and even when he carried on his research works in botany, he penned much poetry revolving around diverse themes. He was one among the superlative anatomists that the world had known, and is credited with heralding the era of modern day neurology and physiology. One of the most prominent observations made by him was the autonomous function of the heart. Read on to know about other valuable contributions which Haller has made to natural science.

Childhood & Early Life

Albrecht von Haller was born to Niklaus Emanuel Haller and Anna Maria Engel, on 16th October, 1708, in Bern, Switzerland. He had five siblings and after the death of his mother, his father remarried Salome Neuhaus.

He was initially taught by a former pastor and later attended a school in Bern. Albrecht frequently suffered from illness and as a result could not participate in outdoor activities much. He developed an interest for languages and had innate talent in the discipline, and dabbled with languages such as Hebrew, Greek and Chaldee.
He had also created a compilation of about two thousand biographies of notable historical figure, in his early childhood.
During the time 1722-23, he stayed at his step-uncle’s house in Beil. His uncle Johann Rudolf Neuhaus was a physician and gave Albrecht lessons in philosophy, and various other subjects. However, he was not interested in philosophy, and determined to embark on a career as a physician. He also wrote poetry during the same time.
In December 1723, he enrolled at the ‘University of Tübingen’ where he studied medicine under the tutelage of Johann Duvernoy and Elias Rudolph Camerarius Jr.
In 1725, he joined the ‘Leiden University’ and had the opportunity to be under the guidance of renowned and remarkable people like Boerhaave and Albinus.
In 1727, he completed his graduation from the university by defending his thesis before a reviewing academic committee, that the salivary duct was only a blood-vessel and nothing else.
He travelled to London, where he was introduced to physicians and scientists such as James Douglas, Sir Hans Sloane, John Prijgle and William Chesselden among many other notable scientists.
He then went to Paris and pursued studies with Jacob Winslow and Henri François Le Dran as his teachers.
He moved to Basel in 1728, and carried on further studies under the tutelage of John Bernoulli in mathematics. Albrecht was drawn towards the subject of botany during this time and while he travelled through places like Baden, Savoy and some of the Cantons of Switzerland, he collected different plant species which later became the elementary part of his work involving flora of Switzerland.
Career
Von Haller was also engaged in literary pursuits during the same time and penned the poem ‘Die Alpen’ in 1729, which was based on his journey through the mountainous region of Alps. The same year, he travelled back to Bern and was engaged in the profession of a physician in the city.

In 1732, his book ‘Gedichte’ was published and the poem ‘Die Alpen’ was first printed in this book.
In 1736, he moved to Germany and joined the ‘University of Göttingen’ as the chairperson of the botany, medicine, surgery and anatomy department of the institute.
In 1743, this eminent physician was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. During his stay at Göttingen, he was included in the cantonal council of Bern.
Albrecht was inducted into the ‘Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ in 1747 as a foreign member, and two years later, he was promoted to a noble rank.
In 1753, he resigned from his post of chairman at the ‘University of Göttingen’ and relocated to his hometown Bern. There he was elected to the office of Rathausammann, and was engaged in political affairs of the region. During the same time he also carried on his botanical research work as well as penned poetry.
In 1755, his book ‘Onomatologia medica completa’ was published which was co-written by Johann Peter Eberhard.
He penned the book ‘Historia stirpium indigenarum Helvetiae inchoata’ in 1768, and this was followed by the publication of his book ‘Ode sur les Alpes’.
In between 1771-72, he inked his work on botany named ‘Bibliotheca botanica’ and his researches and observations mentioned in this book, hold good till date.
During the period 1771-74, the philosophical works which he wrote include ‘Usong’, Alfred’ and ‘Fabius and Cato’, and in these he discusses despotism, aristocratic republican and limited monarchy.
His book ‘Bibliotheca anatomica qua scripta ad anatomen et physiologiam’, which appeared in two volumes was published between the years 1774-77.
Major Works
This anatomist has made many contributions to the world but one of his most important works is his observation of the activities of the muscle as well as the nervous system. These observations by this learned physiologist, led to the foundation of modern day neurology.
Haller is also credited with observing and understanding the respiratory process and the independent functioning of the heart.
Personal Life & Legacy
He married thrice and was the father of eight children. Two of his sons named Gottlieb Emanuel and Albrecht, also embarked on a career as a botanist.
By 1773, his health started deteriorating and he took to opium in order to relieve himself of suffering. The use of this drug, apparently, brought him an early death than his illness.
On 12th December, 1777, this exceptional anatomist breathed his last in Bern. His works ‘Materia medica oder Geschichte der Arzneyen des Pflanzenreichs’ and ‘Histoire des Plantes suisses ou Matiere médicale et de l'Usage économique des Plantes par M. Alb. de Haller ... Traduit du Latin’ were published posthumously.

Alexander Bain renowned inventor and clockmaker

2020-05-13T01:17:00.000+05:00

Alexander Bain

Alexander Bain was a renowned inventor and clockmaker, who invented many instruments including the electric clock, chemical telegraph receivers, punch-tapes and the facsimile machine, commonly known as the ‘fax machine’. His other inventions include an earth battery, insulation for electric cables, an electric fire alarm, inkstands, ink holders and a ship’s log. He owned the patents of all of his inventions. This inventor from Scotland also installed the railway telegraph lines between Glasgow and Edinburgh. His invention of electric clocks can be observed in the National Maritime Museum of London, the London Science Museum, the Royal Scottish Museum and the Deutsches Uhrenmuseum. His improved version of fax service was opened between Paris and Lyon. This service was called pantelegraph. During his work on chemical telegraph, he developed two types of chemical recorders. One of these methods was the tape method which was used for general purpose. He developed the other method for major terminals. By 1859 his chemical telegraph was used only on the Boston-Montreal line in America. The credit of inventing an automatic method of playing on wind instruments by moving a band of perforated paper that controls the supply of air to the pipes goes to him.

Childhood & Early Life

Alexander Bain was one of the thirteen children of a crofter. Although he did not excel in academics, he developed interest in science after he attended a science lecture when he was only 12 years old.
Career

In order to learn the art of clock making, he went to London in 1837. After reaching London, he worked as a journeyman in Clerkenwell. At the same time, he used to attend lectures at the Polytechnic Institution.
For most of the period during 1840 to 1860, he remained busy in developing electric clocks. His creation of mantel clock consisted of complex design. It worked on an electro-magnetic pull push.
He set up his own workshop in Hanover Street. On 11 January 1841, he got his electric clock patented. This clock consisted of a pendulum which used to move by electromagnetic impulses.
In the month of December of 1841, along with Lieutenant Thomas Wright RN, he patented the technique for usage of electricity to control railway engines.
One of his patents includes his plan of inverting the needle telegraph that Ampere, Wheatstone and others developed earlier. He employed a suspended movable coil between the poles of a fixed magnet to make signals.
From 1843 to 1846, he devoted his time on an experimental facsimile machine. For this purpose, he used a clock in order to synchronize the movement of two pendulums for line-by-line scanning of a message.
He also made arrangements of metal pins on a cylinder made of insulating material for the transmission of message. He scanned the pins with the help of a flexible slender electric instrument that would transmit on-off pulses.
On 12th December 1846, he patented a chemical telegraph. At that time the Morse and other telegraphs that were used, were comparatively slow. He planned to use signal current to make a readable mark on a moving paper tape.
He decided to soak the paper tape in a mixture of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. After the paper’s soaking in this mixture, it gave a blue mark when a current was passed through it.
This mechanical system used to produce marks at such a high speed that hand signaling was not enough to keep up with it. Therefore, he utilized punched paper tape to devise a method of automatic signaling.
The chemical telegraph invented by him was tied between Paris and Lille. This system worked at a speed of 282 words in 52 seconds. England’s Electric Telegraph Company used his telegraph on its wires.
In 1850, he worked over an improved version of facsimile machine. But it was his bad luck that Frederick Bakewell received a patent for his improved version of ‘image telegraph’ two years earlier.
Later, it was noticed that mechanism of both Bain’s and Bakewell’s mechanism presented poor quality images. Moreover, the transmitter and receiver were also not synchronized completely in their machines.
In 1850, Henry O’Reilly of America used his chemical telegraph. Later, Samuel Morse claimed that the paper tape and alphabet used for this telegraph, belonged to his patent.

Personal Life & Legacy

He was a widower and had a son and a daughter. Both of his children were abroad. According to some accounts, his son lived in America while his daughter on the Continent. After his death, his body was buried on Kirkintilloch.
His inventions enabled him to earn a large sum of money. Later, he faced financial problem due to lack of proper investment. In 1873, he received a Civil List pension from Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone.
His invention of chemical telegraph inspired Wheatstone to develop his automatic sender. To honor his inventions, the main BT building in Glasgow is named Alexander Bain House.
Trivia
This talented inventor demonstrated his famous models of electric clock to Sir Charles Wheatstone, an English scientist and inventor in 1840. After seeing those models, Wheatstone opined that there was no future of those clocks.

Aldo Leopold

2020-05-13T01:15:00.001+05:00

Aldo Leopold

Aldo Leopold was a well known ecologist, forester, environmentalist, scientist and a well-known American author. Besides teaching at the University of Wisconsin, he also authored “A Sand County Almanac”. With this book, he introduced his opinion on ‘land ethic’, his innovative ideas about the preservation of land. It was Aldo who, for the first time, used the term ‘wilderness’ to describe wildlife preservation. He played a crucial role in the development of Gila Wilderness, the first national wilderness area in the Forest Service system. He was the co-founder of the Wilderness Society and Wildlife Society. Possessing great expertise on wildlife management, he campaigned for the scientific management of wildlife habitats by public as well as private landholders. Through his book “Game Management”, he discussed the necessary technique of managing and restoring wildlife population. Apart from that, he published more than 300 articles, papers and newsletters on scientific concepts and received wide recognition for his articles on wilderness. His valuable suggestions regarding biodiversity and ecology had a great influence on the environmental movement. His new "ecological ethic" stressed the importance of predators in the balance of nature. It helped in the return of bears and mountain lions to New Mexico wilderness.

Childhood & Early Life

Aldo Leopold was born in Burlington, Iowa, United States, to Carl Leopold and Clara Starker. His younger siblings were May Luize, Carl Starker and Frederic.
Though German was his first language, yet he managed to master English at a very young age. From early childhood, he was a keen observer of nature and learnt woodcraft and hunting from his father.
After attending Prospect Hill Elementary, he studied at Burlington High School. Later, he decided to pursue a career in forestry for which he went to study forestry at Yale University.
In 1904, he attended The Lawrenceville School, a preparatory college in New Jersey so that he could enter Yale University. During his stay at Lawrenceville, he spent most of his time in observing the wildlife.
In 1905, he studied at Sheffield Scientific School at Yale. In the following year, he started coursework at Yale Forest School and in 1909 he finished his Master of Forestry.

Career

In 1909, he served as a forest assistant at the Apache National Forest in the Arizona Territory.
In 1911, he worked at the Carson National Forest in northern New Mexico as deputy supervisor. During his tenure as deputy supervisor, he took the initiative to develop a comprehensive management plan for the Grand Canyon. It was he, who, for the first time, wrote Forest Service’s fish handbook.
In 1914, he served for the U.S. Forest Service district headquarters in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in the department of grazing. In the following year, he took the charge of developing activities in recreation, game, fishing and publicity.
In 1918, when the U.S. joined World War I, he left his forest service and worked as secretary of the Albuquereque Chamber of Commerce. In the next year, he rejoined the Forest Service as the assistant district forester of the forests in Southwest.
In 1923, he finished writing the “Watershed Handbook”. This book represents a vivid description of his observations of nature during his numerous inspection tours of Southwestern forests.
In 1924, he took the responsibility of an associate director of the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin. He served here till 1928. Later, he conducted game surveys of Midwestern states. He prepared game survey reports for nine states. The Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers’ Institute used to provide funds for these game surveys.
In 1930, he played a pivotal part in formulating the American Game Policy as the chairman of the Game Policy Institute of the American Game Conference. This policy was adopted in the December 1930.
In 1933, he worked in the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Wisconsin as a new chair of game management. In 1935, after getting a Carl Schruz fellowship, he went to Germany to study forestry and wildlife management.
In 1936, he set up a society of wildlife specialists. This society was later named as the Wildlife Society. In 1939, the University of Wisconsin appointed him as the chairman of a new Department of Wildlife Management.
In 1943, he took the responsibility of the Wisconsin Conservation Commission for a six-year term. During his tenure here, his active involvement in deer policy created much uproar.

Personal Life & Legacy

He tied the nuptial knot with Estella Bergere on October 9, 1912. They had five children - Starke, Luna, Nina, Carl and Estella.
He authored “A Sand County Almanac”, his observation of nature. This book appeared posthumously in 1949. Through it, he openly criticized the harm done to natural systems by humans.

Top 10 Greatest Scientists Who Changed The World

2020-05-13T01:13:00.003+05:00

Top 10 Greatest Scientists Who Changed The World

Right from the beginning of human settlement, a lot of people came up with ideas, philosophies, beliefs, experiments, research, redesigning of thoughts, and surveys to bring myths to reality. People contributed for science to study different aspects of nature to prosper mankind. These genius minds put a keen interest on every phenomenon right from when they were kids. The zeal, passion, dedication, hard work and the effort they put in their work helped them discover something new about the world we live in.

The world today dwells in the abode of scientific advancement in different sectors of medical science, engineering and technology because of these scientists. The present picture of the world that we see would not have transformed without the contribution of these great personalities. Great philosophers and masterminds that existed in the ancient Greek era to the present day scientists, we’ve seen inexplicable abilities that helped us define our existence and human life.
Their names are engraved in the sands of time for their work in the welfare of mankind with different inventions that has made our modern lives easy. The following list commemorates 10 of the greatest scientists we’ve ever seen who changed the world.

10. Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Student of Plato and a tutor to Alexander the Great, Aristotle was a genius Greek philosopher and scientist of the ancient age. Born on 384 BC Aristotle was a biologist, a zoologist, ethicist, a political scientist and the master of rhetoric and logic. He also gave theories in physics and meta physics.
Aristotle gained knowledge in different fields with his expansive mind and prodigious writings. However, only a fraction of his writings are preserved at present. Aristotle made collections to the plant and animal specimens and classified them according to their characteristics which made an standard for future work. He further gave theories on the philosophy of science.
Aristotle also elaborated and estimated the size of earth which Plato assumed to be globe. Aristotle explained the chain of life through his study in flora and fauna where it turned from simple to more complex.

9. Archimedes (287-212 BC)

Regarded as the greatest mathematician ever, Archimedes developed profound and influential knowledge on mathematical physics and engineering that are widely used in machines as well as in constructions. Born on 287 BC, Archimedes is one of the finest scientist who broke through in both theories and practice.
He introduced infinitesimals and laid the foundation for calculus. He gave descriptions on the first finite geometric progression, computed areas and volumes of sphere and parabolic segments.
He also discovered the laws of lever, density, fluid equilibrium, buoyancy in different fields statics and hydrostatics. He is regarded as the prophet to the formal science that was started in Ancient Greece.
“Give me a place to stand and I can move the whole world”, he said and we can still fill the impact of his generosity even today. All other scientists after him stand on his shoulders. Even though most of his work were burned in the museum of Alexandria, the remnants gave enough ideas for modern day science and technology.

8. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642 AD)

Born in Pisa, Italy in 1564, Galileo is called as the father of modern science because of his discoveries in astronomy and physics.
He was sent to study medicine by his father, but he chose his career in science and mathematics and made the first telescope to observe stars and planets.
He also discovered the law of pendulum as he watched a chandelier swing in the cathedral of Pisa. He also discovered that the surface of moon was not smooth but contained burrows and holes to what he called crater.
Galileo discovered 4 revolving moons around Jupiter which are named after him. He proved what Copernicus said about sun being the center of the solar system. Galileo became blind in his old days and died in the year 1642.

7. Michael Faraday (1791-1867 AD)

Born on 1791, British citizen Michael Faraday was a son of a blacksmith who had to leave school in the fourth grade.It started working as a bookbinder and taught himself to read and writer. He developed a fascination with science and particularly in electricity after he studied lot of serious academic works during his days.
Faraday is specially known for his discoveries of electromagnetic inductions and rotations, field theory, dia-magnetization and the magneto-optical effect. This humble genius invented the electric motor and Faraday’s ring.
Faraday’s inquisitive and curious nature made him take chemistry lectures and taught at the Royal Institution as a lecturer later when Humphry Davy retired.
Faraday also published research papers optical deceptions, condensation of gases and isolation of benzene from gas oils. He also wrote books on ”Experimental Researches in Electricity” and the “Chemical history of the Candle”. Faraday died on 1867.

6. Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931 AD)

“The Wizard of the Menlo Park” nicknamed Thomas Alva Edison was born in 1847. Excelled as both scientist and inventor, Edison patented a whopping total of 1,093 inventions in his life time. Most of the inventions that came from Edison are batteries, phonographs, cement, mining, telegraphs, lights and powers.
He also improved the telephone made by Graham Bell and invented the kinetoscope that was used for viewing moving films. He was seen working almost more than 20 hours a day.
Edison masterminded the digital voting system with his electro-graphic vote recorder for the legislative of the parliament. He also proposed ideas on preserving fruits by keeping it in vacuum. Edison pioneered the idea for storage batteries that was later used by Henry ford in his automobile.
“Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration” is one of the most famous quote by this genius. He died in the year 1931.

5. Marie Curie Sklodowska (1867-1934 AD)

Marie Curie holds record for the first female to be awarded with a Nobel Prize. Inventor and scientist Curie was born as the youngest of five children in the year 1867 in Warsaw, Poland.
Marie Curie has always remained a source of inspiration and motivation for different female scientists because of her determination to work. She invented the first mobile X-ray machine which helped to check the injured soldiers in the battlefield.
Radium is another great invention from her. Curie experimented different elements to check their radio activity and found thorium. She also invented the pitch-blend which was the source of radiation in a mixture more powerful than uranium or thorium. She is also called ”the mother of atom bomb” with her invention of the radio active materials.
However, with all her brilliance, hard work and patience in careful experiments she performed, her own invention killed her because of radiation poisoning in 1934.

4. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895 AD)

Louis Pasteur made astounding contributions in the field of science, technology and medicine. This genius was born on 1822 and spent his life working in chemistry and microbiology.
Pasteur was the first ever scientist to study about fermentation in food elements that was caused by microbes. He also explained about biogenesis and proposed a theory named as the “Germ Theory”. He also created a process of toning and treating milk free from the damage causing microbes to what he called ”Pasteurization”.
Pasteur is also regarded as the first man on earth to ever discover cure for puerperal fever and make the vaccines for rabies and anthrax. He also explained the asymmetry in various crystals on a molecular basis.
His breadth of accomplishment and approaches in different fields of discoveries and inventions makes him a giant genius. He died in 1895.

3. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727 AD)

Born on 1643 in Woolsthrope, England, Sir Issac Newton is best known for his law on gravitation. He was a poor student at school or at running the family estate. However, he loved making mechanical toys and models of windmills.
Newton explained the theory of gravity and gravitation by inventing calculus as no other principles could explain it. The new revolution in mathematics, calculus was derived from his binomial theorem to infinite series which accurately could measure the area inside the curve or rate of change of it.
He also explained the theory on tides which occurred due to the gravitation pull from the sun, moon and earth.
He also invented the reflecting telescope. Newtons laws can be found in different areas of mechanics, optics and chemistry. He was knighted with the title Sir by Queen Anne in 1705. Newton died at the age of 84, in 1727.

2. Albert Einstein (1879-1955 AD)

Born on 1879 in Ulm, Einstein is considered as one of the greatest revolutionary scientist the world has ever known.
The “Man of Century” has some spectacular works in physics which even makes him the father of modern physics for his contribution in developing the general theory of relativity. The world’s most famous equation E=mc2 on which the bomb is based comes from his theory.
One of the greatest scientist of the 20th century, Einstein’s Special theory of relativity revolutionized physics which even challenged the scientists at CERN. Albert Einstein’s genius mind for the scientific advancement cause immeasurable change to the world. Together with his intellect, he was also a celebrity with his flirtatious behavior that could impress any women.
This rare genius was awarded Nobel Prize in 1921 ”For his work on theortical physics, and for his discovery of the photoelectric effect”. Greatest physicist ever voted Einstein died on 1955 in Princeton.

1. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943 AD)

This Serbian born scientist atop the list because of his immense knowledge in different fields of science and technology.

Without a question, this 1856 born guy was a cool geek. He could speak 8 languages, recite a whole book completely just with one reading, make a device just by seeing it once and not writing down anything. A funny fact about him was that he was a celibate his whole life.
Tesla had developed almost everything by himself and did not expose any of it which later was invented by other scientists in his time. Tesla had generated ac current before Edison knew about charges. Markoni who got Nobel prize for inventing radio used all the ideas of Tesla. X-rays by Roentgen, RADAR by Watson-watt were all devised by Nikola Tesla.

There was almost nothing that Tesla did not do. First hydro electricity plant in Niagara falls, experiments with cryogenic engineering, transistors, radio wave recorder from outer space were all built by Tesla. Remote control, neon lightening, modern electric motor, earthquake machine are finest inventions from Tesla. He was a true genius.
However, most of his ideas and inventions were either copied, stolen or taken by somebody else. Tesla made a way to charge a house with electric lightening for electricity purpose but did not share it thinking somebody else will take it.
This incredible mind created revolution with his inventions. He was a future-thinker and his minds would run on any wavelengths. However, he died tragically in a hotel room and was found dead only after two days of his death in 1943.

life or death

2020-05-13T00:59:00.000+05:00

Love goes into drains
I wonder why one day all lovers go their ways.
They win our hearts.

We lose our bodies.

And thus
Love goes into drains.
Why love has strange ways?
Why do lovers go their ways
when love is God itself?
-tr. Ravi Kopra
***
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Ik Din Juda Hojate Hain...
Dil Jeet Ke Jaan Haar Ke...
Barbad Hotee Preet Hai....
Duniya Kee Kyon Yeh Reet Hai...
Jab IshQ Khud Hi Hai Khuda...
Hote Hain Kyon Do Dil Juda. ..
-being lonely
The warmth of my love
When everything about you
is falling apart, and
you're going bananas,
I'll be there with you
When everyone turns against you
trying hard to disgrace you,
I'll feel the pain in your heart
and will be there to support you
My love, you're my heart
Let me love you
Let me give myself to you
Let me give you the
warmth of my love.

but he isn't in love everyone knows
he came back as if he's so busy
but he isn't in love everyone knows
it seems he has lost all desires now
he has for long no qualms against me
he feels all desolate in love now
he won't pour out his feelings now
everything though is under his control
to be free in love is not his nature still

Kaise woh lot aye ke fursat usse nahin
duniya samajh rahi hai mohabbat usse nahin.
lagta hai aa chuki hai kami us ki chah main
kafi dinon se mujh se shikayet usse nahin.
dil ki zameen us ki hai banjar issi liye
jazbon ki barishon ki jo aadat usse nahin.
her cheez ikhtiar main rakhta hai woh magar
dil se rehai pane pe qudrat usse nahin

listen, why don't you come back?
listen, why don't you come back?
see, the the moon is up
the stars are shining
I'm praying for you
waiting for you
thinking of you
searching for you
hoping you come back
when my heart quickens
it calls for you
when my tears flow
they show my sadness
missing you
whenever it rains
I think of you
whatever little happiness
I have is half-filled without you
listen, why don't you come back?
why don't you come back?

I cannot forget your love
"I cannot forget you.
I cannot forget your love."
Why people go on telling
lies after lies?
When you find a new women
who wants you and
talks sweet things to you
to entrap you
Or when you meet a blond
whose eyes are blue
whose skin is white as
milk or is like sunlight,
all your lies then prove to be true -
You sing the same old love
song to your new girl friend:
"I cannot forget you.
I cannot forget your love."

Nelson Mandela

2020-05-13T00:58:00.000+05:00

Nelson Mandela
(1918 – 2013 ) Campaigned for justice and freedom in his native South Africa. Spent 20 years in jail for his opposition to apartheid. After his release, he became the first President of democratic South Africa and helped heal the wounds of apartheid by his magnanimous attitude to his former political enemies.
Nelson Mandela was born in Transkei, South Africa on July 18, 1918. He was the son of a local tribal leader of the Tembu tribe. As a youngster Nelson, took part in the activities and initiation ceremonies of his local tribe. However, unlike his father Nelson Mandela gained a full education, studying at the University College of Fort Hare and also the University of Witwatersrand. Nelson was a good student and qualified with a law degree in 1942.
During his time at University, Nelson Mandela became increasingly aware of the racial inequality and injustice faced by non-white people. In 1943, he decided to join the ANC and actively take part in the struggle against apartheid.
As one of the few qualified lawyers, Nelson Mandela was in great demand; also his commitment to the cause saw him promoted through the ranks of the ANC. In 1956, Nelson Mandela, along with several other members of the ANC were arrested and charged with treason. After a lengthy and protracted court case the defendants were finally acquitted in 1961. However, with the ANC now banned, Nelson Mandela suggested an active armed resistance to the apartheid regime. This led to the formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe, which would act as a guerilla resistance movement. Receiving training in other African countries, the Umkhonto we Sizwe took part in active sabotage.
In 1963, Mandela was again arrested and put on trial for treason. This time the State succeeded in convicting Mandela of plotting to overthrow the government. However, the case received considerable international attention and the apartheid regime of South Africa became under the glare of the international community. At the end of his trial, Nelson Mandela made a long speech, in which he was able to affirm his commitment to the ideals of democracy.

We believe that South Africa belongs to all the people who live in it, and not to one group, be it black or white. We did not want an interracial war, and tried to avoid it to the last minute.

Mikhail Gorbachev

2020-05-13T00:56:00.000+05:00

Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev was general secretary of the Soviet Union Communist Party from 1985-1991. He was also the first democratically elected President in 1990.
Mikhail Gorbachev played a key role in dismantling the Communist grip on power in both the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. His aspirations for democracy and reform opened up the way for the end of the Cold War and the bringing down of the Berlin Wall. He was removed from Presidential office in 1991, during a failed coup attempt. Since leaving office, Gorbachev has worked tirelessly promoting new efforts at social justice and concern for the environment through his own organisation the Green Cross.
Mikhail Gorbachev was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in October 1990.
Gorbachev was born in March 1931 in Stavropol, the North Caucuses to a poor peasant family. At the age of 11, the district was occupied by the Germans for three years, a torrid time for all in the village. In 1950 he enrolled at Moscow university where he became a member of the Soviet Union Communist party. It was here that Gorbachev met his future wife, Raisa Maximova, they married soon after meeting.
After gaining a degree in law, Gorbachev made much progress within the Communist party.
In 1980 he was the youngest politburo member and in 1985 he was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party.
At first Gorbachev was relatively unknown but he soon gave an indication that he wished to reform society. In particular he announced two key policies, Perestroika and Glasnost.

Perestroika involved reforming the economy and opening it up to market forces.
Glasnost involved political reform. This involved freedom of religious expression and individual liberties; it paved the way for democracy and for many political prisoners to be released. It was particularly significant for the Eastern Block. When eastern European economies made calls for democracy, the Soviet Union no longer stood in their way (as they had in Hungary and Czechoslovakia)

On the international scene Gorbachev aspired to end the arms race as he said:

“We need Star Peace, not Star Wars”

He has been credited with playing a major role in ending the cold war, in both the east and also the West.
In 1991 conservative military forces attempted a coup where the life of Gorbachev was in serious jeopardy. The Coup eventually failed but on returning to Moscow political power and shifted from the Politburo to modernisers such as Yeltsin. Gorbachev resigned and never made a successful return to Russian politics.
Raisa Maximova, Gorbachev’s wife died of Leukaemia in 1999. They had one daughter Irina.
Although unpopular in Russia for his perceived role in the breakup of the Soviet Union, he remains an influential voice. In 2011, he criticised Putin (who he previously had supported) for his third term as Russian President. He was also critical of the democratic deficit in the 2011 elections. Gorbachev has also warned against a new ‘cold war’ and argued that America and the West need to be careful in interfering in Russian affairs and Russian spheres of influence.

Albert Einstein

2020-05-13T00:55:00.000+05:00

Albert Einstein

Born in 1879, Ulm Germany, Albert Einstein was to become the most celebrated scientist of the Twentieth Century. His theories were to lay the framework for new branches of physics. He also become well known as a humanitarian, speaking out against nuclear weapons – weapons he had indirectly contributed towards creating.
Einstein is one of the undisputed genius’ of the Twentieth Century, but, his early academic reports suggested anything but a glittering career in academia. His early teachers found him dim and slow to learn. Part of the problem was that Albert expressed no interest in learning languages and learning by rote that was popular at the time.

School failed me, and I failed the school. It bored me. The teachers behaved like Feldwebel (sergeants). I wanted to learn what I wanted to know, but they wanted me to learn for the exam. Einstein and the Poet (1983)

However, at the age of 12, he picked up a book on geometry and read it cover to cover. – He would later refer to it as his ‘holy booklet’. He became fascinated by maths and taught himself – becoming acquainted with the great scientific discoveries of the age.
Around this time, his father’s family business failed and so the family moved to Milan, Italy. Despite Albert’s fascination with maths, he still languished at school. Eventually he was asked to leave by the school because his indifference was setting a bad example to other students.
On leaving school he decided to become a maths teacher to help support him in his studies of maths and physics.
He applied for admission to the Federal institute of Technology in Zurich. His first attempt was a failure because he failed exams in botany, zoology and languages. However, he passed the next year and in 1900 became a Swiss citizen. He later married Mileva Marec; they had two sons before divorcing several years later.

Albert Einstein’s Scientific Contributions

Quantum Theory
Einstein suggested that light doesn’t just travel as waves but as electric currents. This photoelectric effect could force metals to release tiny stream of particles known as ‘quanta’. From this Quantum Theory, other inventors were able to develop devices such as television and movies. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921
Special Theory of Relativity
This theory was written in a simple style with no footnotes or academic references. The core of his theory of relativity is that:

“Movement can only be detected and measured as relative movement; the change of position of one body in respect to another.”

Thus there is no fixed absolute standard of comparison for judging the motion of the earth or plants. It was revolutionary because previously people had thought time and distance are absolutes. But, Einstein proved this not to be true.
He also said that if electrons travelled at close to the speed of light, there weight would increase
This lead to Einstein’s famous equation:

E= mc2

Where E = energy . m = mass and c = speed of light.
General Theory of Relativity 1916
Working from basis of special relativity. Einstein sought to express all physical laws using equations based on mathematical equations.
He devoted the last period of his life trying to formulate a final unified field theory which included a rational explanation for electromagnetism. However, he was to be frustrated in searching for this final break through theory.
As a German Jew, Einstein was threatened by the rise of the Nazi party. In 1933, when the Nazi’s seized power, they confiscated Einstein’s property and Einstein (then in England) took an offer to go to Princeton university in the US. He later wrote, he never had strong opinions about race and nationality. He saw himself as a citizen of the world.

“I do not believe in race as such. Race is a fraud. All modern people are the conglomeration of so many ethnic mixtures that no pure race remains.”

Once in the US, Einstein dedicated himself to a strict discipline of academic study. He would spend no time on maintaining his dress and image. He considered these things ‘inessential’ and meant less time for his study. Although a bit of a loner, and happy in his own company, he had a good sense of humour. “Gravitation is not responsible for people falling in love.”
Einstein professed belief in a God “Who reveals himself in the harmony of all being”. But, he followed no established religion. His view of God, sought to establish a harmony between science and religion.

Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind.

– Einstein Science and Religion (1941)

Politics of Einstein

Einstein described himself as a Zionist Socialist. He did support the state of Israel, but, became concerned about the narrow nationalism of the new state. In 1952, he was offered the position as President of Israel, but, he declined saying he had:

“neither the natural ability nor the experience to deal with human beings.” … “I am deeply moved by the offer from our State of Israel, and at once saddened and ashamed that I cannot accept it. “

Albert Einstein was involved in many civil rights movements such as the American campaign to end lynching
On the outbreak of war in 1939, Einstein wrote to President Roosevelt about the prospect of atomic bomb. He warned Roosevelt that the Germans were working on it. Roosevelt headed his advice and started the Manhattan project. But, after the war ended, Einstein reverted to his pacifist views. Einstein said after the war.

“Had I known that the Germans would not succeed in producing an atomic bomb, I would not have lifted a finger.” (Newsweek, (10 March 1947)

He was scrutinised closely in the McCarthyite era for potential Communist links. He wrote article in favour of Socialism, criticised Capitalism and criticised the arms race. Einstein remarked:

“I do not know how the third World War will be fought, but I can tell you what they will use in the Fourth—rocks!”

Einstein died in 1955, at his request his brain and vital organs were removed for scientific study.

Mother Teresa

2020-05-13T00:52:00.001+05:00

Mother Teresa was born, 1910, in Skopje, capital of the Republic of Macedonia. Little is known about her early life, but at a young age she felt a calling to be a nun and serve through helping the poor. At the age of 18 she was given permission to join a group of nuns in Ireland. After a few months of training, with the Sisters of Loreto, she was then given permission to travel to India. She took her formal religious vows in 1931, and chose to be named after St Therese of Lisieux – the patron saint of missionaries.

On her arrival in India, she began by working as a teacher, however the widespread poverty of Calcutta made a deep impression on her; and this led to her starting a new order called “The Missionaries of Charity”. The primary objective of this mission was to look after people, who nobody else was prepared to look after. Mother Teresa felt that serving others was a key principle of the teachings of Jesus Christ. She often mentioned the saying of Jesus,

“Whatever you do to the least of my brethren, you do it to me.”

As Mother Teresa said herself:

“Love cannot remain by itself — it has no meaning. Love has to be put into action, and that action is service .” – Mother Teresa

She experienced two particularly traumatic periods in Calcutta. The first was the Bengal famine of 1943 and the second was the Hindu/Muslim violence in 1946 – before the partition of India. In 1948, she left the convent to live full time amongst the poorest of Calcutta. She chose to wear a white Indian Sari, with blue trimmings – out of respect for the traditional Indian dress. For many years, Mother Teresa and a small band of fellow nuns survived on minimal income and food, often having to beg for funds. But, slowly her efforts with the poorest were noted and appreciated by the local community and Indian politicians.
In 1952, she opened her first home for the dying, which allowed people to die with dignity. Mother Teresa often spent time with those who were dying. Some have criticised the lack of proper medical attention, and refusal to give painkillers. But, others say that it afforded many neglected people the opportunity to die knowing someone cared.
Over time the work grew. Missions were started overseas, and by 2013, there are 700 missions operating in over 130 countries. The scope of their work also expanded to include orphanages, and hospices for those with terminal illness.

“Not all of us can do great things. But we can do small things with great love.”

- Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa never sought to convert those of an another faith. Those in her dying homes were given the religious rites appropriate to their faith. However, she had a very firm Catholic faith and took a strict line on abortion, the death penalty and divorce – even if her position was unpopular. Her whole life was influenced by her faith and religion, even though at times she confessed she didn’t feel the presence of God.
The Missionaries of Charity now has branches throughout the world including branches in the developed world where they work with the homeless and people affected with AIDS. In 1965, the Society became an International Religious Family by a decree of Pope Paul VI.
In the 1960s, the life of Mother Teresa was first brought to a wider public attention by Malcolm Muggeridge who wrote a book and produced a documentary called “Something Beautiful for God”.
In 1979, she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize “for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace.” She didn’t attend the ceremonial banquet, but asked that the $192,000 fund be given to the poor.
In later years, she was more active in western developed countries. She commented that though the west was materially prosperous, there was often a spiritual poverty.

“The hunger for love is much more difficult to remove than the hunger for bread.”

- Mother Teresa
When she was asked how to promote world peace, she replied.

“Go home and love your family”

Over the last two decades of her life, Mother Teresa suffered various health problems but nothing could dissuade her from fulfilling her mission of serving the poor and needy. Until her very last illness she was active in travelling around the world to the different branches of “The Missionaries of Charity” During her last few years, she met Princess Diana in the Bronx, New York. The two died within a week of each other.
Following Mother Teresa’s death the Vatican began the process of beatification, which is the second step on the way to canonisation and sainthood. Mother Teresa was formally beatified in October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and is now known as Blessed Teresa of Calcutta.
Mother Teresa was a living saint who offered a great example and inspiration to the world.

Awards Mother Teresa

The first Pope John XXIII Peace Prize. (1971)
Kennedy Prize (1971)
The Nehru Prize –“for promotion of international peace and understanding”(1972)
Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975),
The Nobel Peace Prize (1979)
States Presidential Medal of Freedom (1985)
Congressional Gold Medal (1994)
Honorary citizenship of the United States (November 16, 1996),

Sir Isaac Newton Early Life of Newton

2020-05-13T00:49:00.001+05:00

Sir Isaac Newton was born on Christmas Day, in 1643, to a relatively poor farming family. His father died 3 months before he was born. His mother later remarried, but her second husband did not get on with Isaac; leading to friction between Isaac and his parents. The young Isaac attended school at King’s School, Grantham in Lincolnshire (where his signature is still inscribed in the walls.. Isaac was one of the top students, but before completing his studies his mother withdrew him from school, so Isaac could work as a farmer. It was only through the intervention of the headmaster that Isaac was able to return to finish his studies; he passed his final exams with very good results, and was able to go to Trinity College, Cambridge.

Newton at Cambridge

At Cambridge he was able to pursue his interests in mathematics, science and physics. At the time the prevailing education was based on Aristotle, but Isaac was more interested in modern mathematicians such as Rene Descartes. Isaac Newton had a prodigious capacity to consider mathematical problems, and then focus on them until he had solved the mystery behind them. His one pointed nature led him to, at times, be detached from the world. For example, he had little time for women. An early teenage romance came to nothing, and he remained single throughout his life.
Sir Isaac Newton, has been referred to as one of the greatest genius’ of history. His mathematical and scientific achievements give credence to such a view. Amongst his many accomplishments in the field of science include:
Developing a theory of Calculus. Unfortunately, at the same time as Newton, calculus was being developed by Leibinz. When Leibinz published his results, there was a bitter feud between the two men, with Newton claiming plagiarism. This bitter feud lasted until Leibinz death in 1713, it also extended between British mathematicians and the continent.

Mathematical Achievements of Newton

Generalized binomial theorem
Newton’s identities,
Newton’s method,
classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables),
Substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences,
Use of fractional indices
Used geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine equations.
Used power series with confidence and to revert power series.
Discovered a new formula for pi.

Scientific Achievements of Newton

Optics – Newton made great advancements into the study of optics. In particular he developed the spectrum by splitting white light through a prism.
Telescope – Made significant improvements to the development of the telescope. However, when his ideas were criticised by Hooke, Newton withdrew from the public debate. He developed an antagonistic and hostile attitude to Hooke, throughout his life.
Mechanics and Gravitation. In his famous book Principa Mathematica. Newton explained the three laws of motion that laid the framework for modern physics.
This involved explaining planetary movements.

Newton Hit on the Head with an Apple

The most popular anecdote about Sir Isaac Newton is the story of how the theory of gravitation came to him, after being hit on the head with a falling apple. In reality, Newton and his friends may have exaggerated this story. Nevertheless, it is quite likely that seeing apples fall from trees may have influenced his theories of gravity.

Newton’s Religious Belief’s

As well as being a scientist, Newton actually spent more time investigating religious issues. He read the Bible daily, believing it to be the word of God. Nevertheless, he was not satisfied with the Christian interpretations of the Bible. For example, he rejected the philosophy of the Holy Trinity, his beliefs were closer to the Christian beliefs in Arainism (basically there was a difference between Jesus Christ and God)

Newton – Bible Code

Newton was fascinated with the early Church and also the last chapter of the Bible Revelations. He spent many hours poring over the Bible, trying to find the secret Bible Code. He was rumoured to be a Rosicrucian. However, the religious belief’s that Newton held could have caused serious embarrassment at the time. Because of this he kept his views hidden, almost to the point of obsession. This desire for secrecy seemed to be part of his nature. It was only on his death that his papers were opened up. The bishop who first opened Newton’s box, actually found them too shocking for public release, therefore, they were kept closed for many more years.

Newton and Alchemy

Newton was also interested in alchemy. He experimented on many objects, using a lot of Mercury. Very high levels of mercury in his blood stream may have contributed to his early death and irregularities in later life.
Newton was made member of the Royal Society in 1703. He was also given the job of Master of Mint in 1717. He took this job seriously and unofficially was responsible for moving England from the silver standard to the gold standard.
Newton was an extraordinary polymath; the universe simply fascinated him. He sought to discover the hidden and outer mysteries of life. With his sharp intellect and powers of concentration, he was able to contribute to tremendous developments in many areas of science. He was a unique individual. John Maynard Keynes, a twentieth century genius, said of Newton:

“I do not think that any one who has pored over the contents of that box which he packed up when he finally left Cambridge in 1696 and which, though partly dispersed, have come down to us, can see him like that. Newton was not the first of the age of reason. He was the last of the magicians, the last of the Babylonians and Sumerians, the last great mind which looked out on the visible and intellectual world with the same eyes as those who began to build our intellectual inheritance rather less than 10,000 years ago. Isaac Newton, a posthumous child born with no father on Christmas Day, 1642, was the last wonderchild to whom the Magi could do sincere and appropriate homage.” [1]

Pope Francis (Jorge Mario Bergoglio)

2020-05-13T00:48:00.001+05:00

Pope Francis (Jorge Mario Bergoglio) was elected Pope of the Catholic Church in 2013, he took the name Francis after Saint Francis of Assisi, who was known for his embrace of poverty and chastity.
Since his election, Pope Francis has stamped his own authority on the Church. In particular, he has sought to emphasis the traditional principles in the gospels of humility, charity and modesty. He has sought to encourage the church to place more emphasis on personal religious practise and concern for the poor, rather than issues related to abortion, contraception and homosexuality. He has personally rejected the more luxurious apartments in the Vatican, preferring to choose simple garments and live in more simple accommodation.

“Let us allow Jesus into our lives, and leave behind our selfishness, indifference and closed attitudes to others.”

_ Pope Francis 27 Aug, 2013

Jorge Mario Bergolio was born in Flores, a suburb of Buenos Aires, on 17 December, 1936.
He attended a technical secondary school, graduating with a diploma in chemistry. He worked as chemist in a food laboratory for a few years.
In 1955 (aged 19), he began studying at a local seminary in Buenos Aires. On March 11, 1957, he entered the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) as a novice. He went to Santiago, Chile where he studied humanities. On March 12 1960, he took his initial vows and officially became a jesuit. During the 1960s, he worked as a teacher, teaching literature and psychology in Sante Fe, and Buenos Aires, Argentina.
On 13 December, 1969, after finishing his theological studies, he was ordained to the priesthood and became a professor of theology at the seminary of San Miguel. Bergolio took his perpetual vows in 1973 and was appointed Provincial Superior of the Society of Jesus in Argentina from 1973 to 1979.
In 1992, he became Auxilliary Bishop of Beunos Aires, and in 1998 he became the Archbishop. As Archbishop he doubled the number of priests working in the slums of Buenos Aires. He was created cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001. He held the position of Archbishop of Buenos Aires until 2011, when he resigned, because at the age of 75 it was necessary under church law.

Becoming Pope

After the death of Pope John Paul II, Bergoglio was said to be a realistic candidate to become the new pope. But, instead Cardinal Ratzinger was chosen. However, in 2013, Pope Benedict XVI announced his retirement. Bergoglio was elected on the Second day of the Papal conclave on 13 March. Explaining his choice of name, Pope Francis said of his patron saint: “The man who gives us this spirit of peace, the poor man,… How I would like a poor Church, and for the poor”.

Pope Francis beliefs

Pope Francis developed a reputation for humility and simplicity. He has often chosen to live in simpler accommodation and rejected the more palatial bishop’s residences. When elected Pope, he preferred to stay in his current accommodation and didn’t move into the Vatican suites. As Archbishop, he took public transport and engaged in the Holy Thursday ritual of washing the feet of the poor, whether in jail or hospital.
He has expressed a strong commitment to social justice, arguing that the gospels express an important commitment to reaching out to the disadvantaged of society and working to improve conditions of the poor.

“Let us ask the Lord to give us the gentleness to look upon the poor with understanding and love, devoid of human calculation and fear.” 24 Sep, 2013

Doctrinally, he is considered a conservative. As archbishop, he instigate pro-life work to prevent abortion. In 2007, he criticised the Argentinian government when it intervened to allow an abortion for a mentally handicapped woman who had been raped.
But, on coming to be Pope, he has spoke about the need for the Chuch to move on from its obsession with issues of sexuality. Pope Francis has said that social work and religious devotion is much more important, and if the church gets entangled with issues of sexuality, it could fall away.
“The church’s pastoral ministry cannot be obsessed with the transmission of a disjointed multitude of doctrines to be imposed insistently, (…) We have to find a new balance; otherwise even the moral edifice of the Church is likely to fall like a house of cards, losing the freshness and fragrance of the Gospel.”

Ecumenical work

Pope Francis sees improving dialogue between different faiths and religions as an important work of the Catholic church. He has stated that his title ‘Pontiff’ means ‘builder of bridges’ and he has sought to reach out to both non-believers and other religious leaders. People have commented he is sincere and has a strong capacity to create meaningful dialogue, especially with the Eastern Orthodox churches.
After his election, leaders of the Islamic community in Buenos Aires welcomed the news saying he “always showed himself as a friend of the Islamic community”, and a person whose position is “pro-dialogue”.
As Pope, he has raised the issue of corruption within the church and has warned that as Pope he will not tolerate ongoing corruption, and that the punishment for corrupt people should be as, it mentions in the bible, being tied to a rock and thrown into the sea. He has announced changes to the Vatican bank to make it more transparent. Some argue that the Mafia use the bank for money laundering and are concerned by the Pope’s investigation.
On social issues, he has indicated a more liberal attitude to homosexuals. In an informal press conference, he said that he personal does not judge people because of their sexuality. Though church teachings on homosexuality remain.
Pope Francis has frequently re-iterated the importance for Catholics to wholeheartedly embrace and profess in Jesus Christ as their salvation. He has said that prayer should not be reduced to a weekly 20 minutes, but should become part of life. He has stressed the importance of rejecting worldliness and putting spiritual principles first.

“Our life must be centred on what is essential, on Jesus Christ. Everything else is secondary.” – (9 Nov, 2013)

He has criticised unbridled capitalism and argues that the ‘cult of money’ is making people miserable. He has criticised the growing inequality within many societies.

“If money and material things become the center of our lives, they seize us and make us slaves” (29 Oct, 2013)

Pope Francis is the first pope from the Americas, and the first Jesuit Pope. Like Pope John Paul II, he is said to have a strong devotion to the Virgin Mary. He is also fond of St Therese of Lisieux and often includes a picture of her in his letter.
In July 2014, he released ten tips for happiness which included:

“Live and let live.”
“Be giving of yourself to others.”
“Proceed calmly” in life.
Have “a healthy sense of leisure.”
“Sunday is for family.”
Be “creative” with young people and find innovative ways to create dignified jobs.
Respect and take care of nature.
Stop being negative. “Letting go of negative things quickly is healthy,” he said.
“The worst thing of all is religious proselytism, which paralyzes.”
Work for peace. “We are living in a time of many wars,” he said. “The call for peace must be shouted.”

Bank Loans For Poor Peoples

2020-05-13T00:42:00.001+05:00

Bank Loans For Poor Peoples

Developing countries grew increasingly frustrated with not being able to afford IBRD lending and perceived the Marshall Plan as a comparatively generous gift toEuropean nations. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, developing countries began calling for the United Nations (UN) to create a development agency that would offer technical support and concessional financing, with a particular desire that the agency adhere to other UN bodies' convention of each country having one vote as opposed to a weighted vote. However, the United States ultimately opposed proposals of that nature. As the United States grew more concerned over the culmination of the Cold War, it made a concession in 1954 at the behest of its Department of State by backing the conception of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). Despite the launch of the IFC in 1956, developing countries persisted in demanding the creation of a new concessional financing mechanism and the idea gained traction within the IBRD.^[10] Then-President of the IBRD Eugene R. Black, Sr. began circulating the notion of an International Development Association. Democratic Senator Mike Monroney of Oklahoma supported the idea of concessional lending and entertained the idea of the IBRD conducting such lending. As Chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on International Finance, Monroney proposed a resolution recommending a study of the potential establishment of an International Development Association to be affiliated with the IBRD.^[9] Monroney's proposal was favorably received within the United States.^[10] The resolution passed the senate in 1958, and then-U.S. Treasury Secretary Robert B. Anderson encouraged other countries to conduct similar studies. In 1959, the World Bank's Board of Governors approved a U.S.-born resolution calling for the drafting of the articles of agreement.^[9]

By the end of January 1960, fifteen countries signed the articles of agreement which established the International Development Association. The association launched in September of that same year with an initial budget of $913 million ($7.1 billion in 2012 dollars^[11]).^[12]^[13] Over the next eight months following its launch, the IDA grew to 51 member states and loaned $101 million ($784.2 million in 2012 dollars^[11]) to four developing countries.^[9]

The IDA is evaluated by the Bank's Independent Evaluation Group. In 2009, the group identified weaknesses in the set of controls used to protect against fraud and corruption in projects supported by IDA lending.^[14] In 2011, the group recommended the Bank provide recognition and incentives to staff and management for implementing activities which implement the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness principles of harmonization and alignment, promote greater use of sector-wide approaches to coordination, and explain the reasons why when a country's financial management system is not used so that the client country may address those shortcomings. It also recommended that the Bank collaborate with development partners to strengthen country-level leadership of development assistance coordination by offering greater financial and technical support.^[15] Development economists, such as William Easterly, have conducted research which ranked the IDA as featuring the most transparency and best practices among donors of development aid.^[16]^[17]

Researchers from the Center for Global Development expect that the IDA's collection of eligible borrowing countries will decrease by half by the year 2025 (marking the 65th anniversary of the association's establishment) due to graduations and that remaining borrowers will consist primarily of African countries and will face substantial population declines. These changes will imply a need for the association to carefully examine its financial models and business operations to determine an appropriate strategy going forward. The center recommended that the World Bank leadership begin discussing the long-term future of the IDA.^[18]

A financial institution owned by and operated for the benefit of those using its services. The savings and loan association's primary purpose is making loans to its members, usually for the purchase of real estate or homes.

The savings and loan industry was first established in the 1830s as a building and loan association. The first savings and loan association was the Oxford Provident Building Society in Frankfort, Pennsylvania. As a building and loan association, Oxford Provident received regular weekly payments from each member and then lent the money to individuals until each member could build or purchase his own home. Building and loan associations were financial intermediaries, which acted as a conduit for the flow of investment funds between savers and borrowers.

Savings and loan associations may be state or federally chartered. When formed under state law, savings and loan associations are generally incorporated and must follow the state's requirements for incorporation, such as providing articles of incorporation and bylaws. Although it depends on the applicable state's law, the articles of incorporation usually must set forth the organizational structure of the association and define the rights of its members and the relationship between the association and its stockholders. A savings and loan association may not convert from a state corporation to a federal corporation without the consent of the state and compliance with state laws. A savings and loan association may also be federally chartered. Federal savings and loan associations are regulated by the office of thrift supervision.

Members of a savings and loan association are stockholders of the corporation. The members must have the capacity to enter into a valid contract, and as stockholders they are entitled to participate in management and share in the profits. Members have the same liability as stockholders of other corporations, which means that they are liable only for the amount of their stock interest and are not personally liable for the association's negligence or debts.

Officers and directors control the operation of the savings and loan association. The officers and directors have the duty to organize and operate the institution in accordance with state and federal laws and regulations and with the same degree of diligence, care, and skill that an ordinary prudent person would exercise under similar circumstances. The officers and directors are under the common-law duty to exercise due care as well as the duty of loyalty. Officers and directors may be held liable for breaches of these common-law duties, for losses that result from violations of state and federal laws and regulations, or even for losses that result from a violation of the corporation's bylaws.

The responsibilities of the officers and directors of a savings and loan association are generally the same as the responsibilities of officers and directors of other corporations. They must select competent individuals to administer the institution's affairs, establish operating policies and internal controls, monitor the institution's operations, and review examination and audit reports. Furthermore, they also have the power to assess losses incurred and to decide how the institution will recover those losses.

Best Spy & Secret Agent Movies Of All Time 2020

2020-05-11T14:56:00.001+05:00

Best Spy & Secret Agent Movies Of All Time (According to IMDb)

Spy Game: Score 7.1

When CIA agent Tom Bishop (Brad Pitt) is arrested in China, aptly for espionage, his mentor Nathan Muir (Robert Redford) gets pulled from the edge of a long-awaited and lusted-after retirement as he sets out to free his old friend.

The stakes are high, as Bishop's life hangs in the balance - a life that the U.S. government is prepared to sacrifice if necessary. But for Muir, Bishop's rescue is of highest priority - he feeds a variety of information (and misinformation) to the CIA to allow him time enough to save his friend. And in the midst of all this, he must also uncover the true nature of the operation that went so far awry for Bishop.

True Lies: Score 7.2

From awarding-winning director James Cameron, True Lies adds a layer of comedy to a genre that can easily become overwhelmingly dark.

This film follows world-class secret agent Harry Tasker's (Arnold Schwarzenegger) latest mission: track down the nuclear warheads possessed by Islamic jihadist Aziz. But things quickly get complex when Tasker, whose family believes him to be an ordinary (and boring) salesman, discovers that his wife might be having an affair with a used-car salesman who claims to be a world-class spy.

The irony here is pretty blatant but still allows for high-paced action, as well as those comedic moments that meld so well with Schwarzenegger's iconic accent.

Ronin: Score 7.3

Ronin is a masterpiece in every conceivable way. It's one of the most unappreciated spy movies in the genre, but its cult following is undeniable. Robert De Niro plays ex-U.S. intelligence agent Sam, a man who joins a ragtag band of mercenaries to recover a mysterious case from international bad guys.

The entire plot goes to Hell when his team is betrayed, leaving him a Ronin, or "masterless samurai." Rather than walk away, he teams up with surviving merc Vincent to track down their betrayer, and recover the case. The film's story is both tense and riveting, and features spectacular action sequences including an amazing car chase that makes Steve McQueen's Bullitt blush.

Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol: Score 7.4

The first three Mission: Impossible films varied in visual style and action sequences, thanks to the distinct visions of its directors. After a slightly disappointing third installment, the series was iced before returning with 2011's Ghost Protocol. From the start, it was clear that the franchise had a strong vision.

Subsequent M:I movies have followed the same template, with incredible success. Ghost Protocol started off big, with the bombing of the Kremlin, and never let up. So far, the series has been soaring with each new outing, while lead actor Tom Cruise shows no signs of giving up the role any time soon!

Three Days Of The Condor: Score 7.5

Released at a time when James Bond was all the craze, Three Days of the Condor provides a welcome change in pace, focusing on the CIA rather than MI6. It follows an average CIA codebreaker, Joe Turner (Robert Redford), as he stumbles upon a massacre in his workplace. The tension builds as he discovers that his superiors at the CIA, in addition to being responsible for the workplace-murders, are now after him.

This 1975 film is a fast-paced story of survival that is integrated with a hunt for the truth, which is retrospectively fitting, as one of Redford's most famous movies, All The Presidents Men, was released just one year later.

Argo: Score 7.7

Argo is unique among spy films in the fact that it's based on an actual, true story about the rescue of U.S. hostages in Tehran in 1979. Ben Affleck plays CIA exfiltration specialist Tony Mendez, who leads a team of agents disguised as Canadian filmmakers into the heart of the viper's nest.

The movie is comical, edgy and nail-biting to the very last minute, despite audiences already knowing how the entire thing played out. Well acted, shot and directed, Argo is a fantastic spy thriller that deserves its accolades.

Kingsman: The Secret Service: Score 7.7

In 2014, the world was getting a bit tired of the traditional spy movie formula, which is why director Matthew Vaughn put so much insanity into Kingsman: The Secret Service. The plot centers around a young kid tossed into an elite secret spy agency's training program who soon becomes their star pupil.

Meanwhile, a criminal tech genius plans to wipe out the majority of the population using a nefarious technology, putting the Kingsmen on his trail. The film is remembered for an outrageously violent tongue-in-cheek mass murder sequence at a church, featuring Colin Firth as the principle grim reaper!

Skyfall: Score 7.7

The second Bond film on the list unsurprisingly stars Daniel Craig, arguably one of the better Bonds. After his latest mission goes horrifically wrong, MI6 is openly attacked - with the entire organization compromised, M (Judi Dench) goes into hiding, seeking the help of the only person she can trust - James Bond.

Following a murky trail that provides never-before-seen insight into his troubled past, Bond must stop Silva, the man behind the attacks, and save M. With the high-stakes that have become signature to the Daniel Craig Bond films, Skyfall is a nail-biting thriller that will have you on the edge of your seat for all two-and-a-half hours of this 2012 blockbuster.

extraction-2020-movie-netflix Great Stunts Can't Save Regressive Action-Thriller

2020-05-11T14:14:00.004+05:00

extraction-2020-movie-netflix

Despite the spectacular stunt work, Extraction is a garden-variety action-thriller dragged down by its regressive white savior elements.

Stories about violent men who get a shot at redemption when they inadvertenly become "dads" are definitely having a moment (just look at the popularity of The Mandalorian and The Witcher), but of the recent additions to this myth-making tradition, Extraction is easily the most problematic. It's not that the film is badly made; far from it, stunt coordinator Sam Hargrave constructs some terrific action sequences in his directing debut. Yet, it's also tone-deaf in the way it centers its thinly-sketched narrative around a white protagonist who kills a whole lot of brown-skinned people, all in the name of saving one he's taken a liking to. Despite the spectacular stunt work, Extraction is a garden-variety action-thriller dragged down by its regressive white savior elements.

Chris Hemsworth stars in Extraction as Tyler Rake, a black market mercenary who spends his days trying to numb his pain (physical and spiritual) with booze and pills when he's hired to rescue Ovi Mahajan (Rudhraksh Jaiswal), the son of an imprisoned crime lord (Pankaj Tripathi), after he's kidnapped by his father's main rival (Priyanshu Painyuli). However, what could've been a simple operation turns out to be a far deadlier mission, and before long Tyler and Ovi are on their own in the densely populated city of Dhaka. With a small army of hired hands and corrupt police officers hot on their tail, it's up to Tyler to protect the boy and deliver him to the new extraction point alive.

Backing up a little, it should be pointed out Extraction is certainly better at humanizing its non-white supporting characters than, say, fellow recent Netflix Original Six Underground (though, that's not exactly setting the bar high). The script by Joe Russo, who's adapting the Ciudad comic book he co-created here, even starts off by showing Ovi in his regular life with his schoolmates before he's taken hostage. These are the same scenes in which viewers are introduced to Saju (Randeep Hooda), a subordinate who works for Ovi's father and is tasked with making sure he's rescued, lest his boss have his own family killed. Saju, in many ways, is the most compelling (and morally complicated) antihero in the film and it arguably would've made more sense to make him the lead, rather than reducing his involvement in the storyline to a subplot.

But, of course, Hooda isn't the superstar Hemsworth is and so, following these early scenes, Extraction shifts its attention to Tyler, who spends his days drinking, casually diving off high cliffs, and risking drowning himself in the water below (a not so subtle metaphor which the movie revisits later on). Tyler is a stoic collection of cliches, right down to him having a tragic backstory involving - you guessed it - a child who died, and while the film does pause to touch on his trauma from this incident, it skimps on examining the guilt he feels from having led a life of violence since then. Because of this, his arc from unfeeling hired gun to becoming Ovi's guardian is both predictable and rings hollow, as does their relationship (in spite of Jaiswal and Hemsworth's best efforts). At a certain point, Ovi only really serves to function as a plot device, much like Tyler's handler Nik (Golshifteh Farahani) and his fellow mercenary Gaspar (David Harbour, who's good as ever in a curiously minor role).

Behind the camera, Hargrave (who also plays a small supporting role as a sniper on Tyler's team) proves his mettle as an action filmmaker by delivering a series of dynamically staged, yet visually cohesive, bone-crunching fights and scenes of Tyler handing out headshots like he's John Wick. The much-promoted centerpiece is a 12-minute sequence shot which, for the most part, successfully weaves together multiple set pieces to create the impression of a fluid single take. Problem is, Extraction's gritty tone and approach clashes with the way its white protagonist racks up a body count like he's playing an ultra-violent video game. It's one thing when John Wick mows down enemies in a heightened reality where every other person is a killer-for-hire; it's another thing when this movie wants audiences to think of its Bangladeshi antagonists as real people and examine the cycle of violence they're trapped in (as it does with one particular story thread), yet also cheer Tyler on as he slaughters them one by one.

Following their impressive run with Marvel Studios, the Russo Brothers seem interested in making more grounded action-thrillers highlighting everyday people (heroes and antiheroes alike) for the moment, and Extraction (which they also produced) allows them to continue doing so. Much like last year's Russos-produced 21 Bridges, though, the results are a run of the miller genre movie propped up as being something more by well-directed action and an MCU veteran who outshines the material. And while Extraction is the more polished of the pair, it's also the more dodgy because, at the end of the day, it's a story about a white guy who chooses to rescue a person of color in order to truly save himself. So that's something to keep in mind while you're deciding what to stream this weekend.

10 Great Action Movies You Love John Wick

2020-05-11T14:01:00.000+05:00

Best Quotes From The John Wick Franchise

The John Wick movies are mainly known for their superb action choreography, but these ten lines of dialogue make for some fantastic movie quotes.

At first glance, the John Wick films are all straightforward action movies where the native spoken language of all the characters is violence instead of English. That was its selling point anyway. However, what sets John Wick apart from most action movies besides the top-notch action choreography is its memorable dialogue.

The characters are more charismatic, more philosophical, and have a better vocabulary than most action films. To that end, there is no shortage of memorable lines from all three John Wick movies whether its supposed mentors lecturing John himself or enemies recalling tales of John's savagery.

Updated on May 3, 2020 by Matthew Wilkinson: The John Wick franchise has continued to go from strength to strength with each release, proving to be one of the most popular action franchises of all times. While the films are all about the incredible fighting at its core, that doesn't mean that the dialogue has to suffer.

Thankfully, John Wick doesn't get sloppy with its wordplay. In fact, this amazing trio of movies have some fantastic quotes that helps make them unforgettable. Here are 15 quotes from the John Wick films the likes of which you won't ever see in other action movies.

“WELL, JOHN WASN’T EXACTLY ‘THE BOOGEYMAN.’ HE WAS THE ONE YOU SENT TO KILL THE F***KIN’ BOOGEYMAN.”

"HE SHOT MY DOG"/"I GET IT."

"I ONCE SAW HIM KILL THREE MEN IN A BAR WITH A PENCIL... WITH A F***ING PENCIL."
"EVENING JIMMY, NOISE COMPLAINT?"

“EVERYTHING’S GOT A PRICE."

“YOU STABBED THE DEVIL IN THE BACK. TO HIM, THIS ISN’T VENGEANCE; THIS IS JUSTICE.”
"THE MAN. THE MYTH. THE LEGEND. JOHN WICK. YOU'RE NOT VERY GOOD AT RETIRING."/"I'M WORKING ON IT."
"RUSTY, I GUESS."
“WHOEVER COMES, WHOEVER IT IS... I’LL KILL THEM. I’LL KILL THEM ALL.”
"A FOURTEEN MILLION DOLLAR BOUNTY ON HIS HEAD, AND EVERY INTERESTED PARTY IN THE CITY WANTS A PIECE OF IT, I'D SAY THE ODDS ARE ABOUT EVEN."
"HOW GOOD TO SEE YOU AGAIN SO SOON, MR . WICK."
"IT WASN'T JUST A PUPPY."
"YOU WANTED ME BACK. I'M BACK."
1. "GUNS. LOTS OF GUNS."