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U.S. tells Libyans at secret meet: Gaddafi must go

2011-07-19T05:44:00.000-07:00

TRIPOLI (Reuters) - Libyan and U.S. officials have met in secret, with Tripoli seeking talks with no preconditions, but Washington saying it delivered the clear message that Muammar Gaddafi must go.
The face-to-face meeting occurred at the weekend as Libyan government forces fought rebels for control of the oil port of Brega, which insurgents said on Monday they now had surrounded in what would be a major boost to their campaign. Tripoli denied this.
The meeting was held "to deliver a clear and firm message that the only way to move forward is for Gaddafi to step down," a U.S. State Department official said.
"This was not a negotiation. It was the delivery of a message." He said no more meetings were planned.
Libya said it welcomed discussions but only without preconditions.
"Any dialogue with the French, Americans, British is welcome," government spokesman Moussa Ibrahim told journalists in Tripoli. "We will discuss everything, but do not condition your peace talks. Let Libyans decide their future."
He said the meeting was in Tunisia on Saturday. The U.S. official said it followed repeated contacts from the Libyan leader's emissaries.
France has also held similar talks with Libyan officials in the Tunisian resort of Djerba, insisting that Gaddafi must go into exile, the BBC reported.
"Clearly the situation is changing. If you had asked me 10 days ago I would have been more cautious," said French Defense Minister Gerard Longuet. "Clearly the situation is moving because Libyans of all origins are absolutely certain that Gaddafi is no longer an option for the future."
He said Gaddafi had to leave soon.
"The countdown has begun ... but I am cautious because Gaddafi is not rational and he could opt for a bunker strategy, taking the whole civilian population of Tripoli hostage."
U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declined comment on the Libyan-U.S. meeting, but said the world body was playing a central role in moves to present terms for Gaddafi to quit.
"There are many actors and the United Nations is playing a coordinating role. My special envoy is playing a central coordinating role," Ban told Reuters in Geneva on Tuesday.
He was referring to his envoy Abdul Elah al-Khatib who took part in the international contact group meeting in Istanbul which agreed a road map whereby Gaddafi should relinquish power and plans for Libya's transition to democracy. Khatib, a former Jordanian foreign minister, was authorized to present terms for Gaddafi to leave power.
MOSCOW MEETING
Libya's foreign minister is to meet his Russian opposite number in Moscow on Wednesday, Itar-Tass news agency said. The meeting, requested by the Libyans, would be first known visit by a Libyan government official to Moscow since the war began.
Russia has called for Gaddafi to go, but has criticized Western states for recognizing the rebel leadership as Libya's legitimate government, saying they were taking sides. Moscow emphasizes it is in contact with both rebels and government.
After a long period of stalemate in the desert along the eastern front, the rebels said they had routed most of Gaddafi's troops in Brega to the west, which has an oil refinery and terminal, and encircled the town.
More than 40 people on both sides were reported killed in the fighting since late last week for a city which for months marked the eastern limit of Gaddafi's control.
Rebel spokesman Shamsiddin Abdulmolah said its streets were strewn with landmines, making it hard to secure full control.
"The main body (of Gaddafi's forces) retreated to Ras Lanuf," which lies to the west, he said by telephone from the eastern rebel stronghold of Benghazi.
The government denied the claim.
"Our brave soldiers are in Brega in their thousands and control it completely," spokesman Ibrahim said.
He said the government had lost 30 soldiers over five days of fighting, but rebels had lost many times more.
Abdulmolah said 12 rebels were killed and some 300 wounded on Saturday and Sunday. Most rebel forces were now past Brega and heading west.
Brega has changed hands several times in the back-and-forth fighting along Libya's Mediterranean coast since the rebellion began in February.
Libyan TV, in a bid to counter the rebel claims, showed what it said was footage taken on Monday of ordinary life in Brega, with students taking an exam and workers at a natural gas plant.
Gaddafi is refusing to step down despite the rebellion, NATO air strikes and defections of members of his inner circle.
On Saturday -- as his envoys met U.S. officials -- he called rebels traitors and said he had no plans to leave the country.
(Additional reporting by Andrew Quinn in New Delhi, Nick Carey in Misrata, Steve Gutterman in Moscow, Yasmine Saleh and Omar Fahmy in Cairo, Peter Graff in Al-Qawalish, Libya, Joseph Nasr in Berlin, Stephanie Nebehay in Geneva and Hamid Ould Ahmed in Algiers; Writing by Giles Elgood; Editing by Louise Ireland and Jon Hemming)

Create strong passwords

2011-07-02T22:57:00.000-07:00

Strong passwords are important protections to help you have safer online transactions.

Keys to password strength: length and complexity

An ideal password is long and has letters, punctuation, symbols, and numbers.

Whenever possible, use at least 14 characters or more.
The greater the variety of characters in your password, the better.
Use the entire keyboard, not just the letters and characters you use or see most often.

Create a strong password you can remember

There are many ways to create a long, complex password. Here is one way that may make remembering it easier:

What to do	Suggestion	Example
Start with a sentence or two (about 10 words total).	Think of something meaningful to you.	Long and complex passwords are safest.
Turn your sentences into a row of letters.	Use the first letter of each word.	lacpasikms (10 characters)
Add complexity.	Make only the letters in the first half of the alphabet uppercase.	lACpAsIKMs (10 characters)
Add length with numbers.	Put two numbers that are meaningful to you between the two sentences.	lACpAs56IKMs (12 characters)
Add length with punctuation.	Put a punctuation mark at the beginning.	?lACpAs56IKMs (13 characters)
Add length with symbols.	Put a symbol at the end.	?lACpAs56IKMs" (14 characters)

Test your password with a password checker

A password checker evaluates you
r password's strength automatically. Try our secure password checker.

Protect your passwords from prying eyes

The easiest way to "remember" passwords is to write them down. It is okay to write passwords down, but keep them secure.

Common password pitfalls to avoid

Cyber criminals use sophisticated tools that can rapidly decipher passwords.
Avoid creating passwords using:

Dictionary words in any language.
Words spelled backwards, common misspellings, and abbreviations.
Sequences or repeated characters. Examples: 12345678, 222222, abcdefg, or adjacent letters on your keyboard (qwerty).
Personal information. Your name, birthday, driver's license, passport number, or similar information.

6 rules for safer password transactions online

2011-07-02T22:49:00.000-07:00

Whether you go online to check your bank balance, pay a bill, give money, shop, or sell something, these six rules can help you keep the risks to a minimum.

Defend your computer against Internet threats
Help protect your online transactions by using firewall, antivirus, and antispyware software. Encrypt your wireless connection at home. Keep all software (including your web browser) current with automatic updates. For more information, see How to boost your malware defense and protect your PC.
Create strong passwords
Strong passwords are easy for you to remember but difficult for others to guess. They are at least 14 characters long (the longer the password, the better) and include numbers, symbols, and upper and lower case letters. For more information, see Learn how to create strong passwords. If you already have a password in mind, check your password strength.)
- Keep passwords and PINs (personal identification numbers) secret. Do not share them in email, instant messages, or over the phone.
- Use unique passwords for bank accounts and other important financial information. Avoid using the same password everywhere. If someone steals that password, all the information that the password protects is at risk.
Find the web address yourself
Links in email messages, text messages, instant messages, or pop-up ads can take you to websites that look legitimate but are not. To visit websites, type the address yourself or use your own bookmark or favorite.
Look for signs that your information is safe
Before you enter sensitive data on a web page, ensure that:
- The site uses encryption, a security measure that helps protect your data as it traverses the Internet. Signs of encryption include a web address with https ("s" stands for secure) and a closed padlock beside it. (The lock might also be in the lower right corner of the window.)
- You are at the correct website—for example, at your bank's site, not a fake one. If you are using Internet Explorer, one sign of trustworthiness is a green address bar like the one above.
Save financial transactions for your home computer
Never pay bills, bank, shop, or do other financial business on a public or shared computer or on devices such as laptops or mobile phones that are on public wireless networks. The security is unreliable.
Use common sense
To protect yourself against fraud, watch out for scams. For example, be wary of deals that sound too good to be true, alerts from your "bank" that your account will be closed unless you take some immediate action, notices that you have won a lottery, or a refusal to meet in person for a local transaction.
Typically this kind of message, whether sent by computer or phone, is designed to entice you to visit a phony website where criminals collect your financial data. (If you doubt the message's authenticity, call the company.) Learn to spot phishing scams and defend against them

california history

2011-07-01T01:29:00.000-07:00

The history of California can be divided into several periods: the Native American period; European exploration period from 1542 to 1769; the Spanish colonial period, 1769 to 1821; the Mexican period, 1821 to 1848; and United States statehood, which continues to the present day.

The early history of California is characterized by being surrounded by barriers nearly isolating the state: the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Sierra Nevada mountains backed by the nearly barren Great Basin in the east, the Mojave Desert and Sonora Desert areas in the southeast and Redwood–Douglas fir forests to the northwest. The near isolation of the California Indian tribes led them to develop cultures different than the other Indian cultures in the Americas. California Indians tribes had essentially no agriculture (with the exception of the Colorado River Indians) and were hunter-gatherers. The Indians had no crops, advanced cities, accumulated wealth or organized civilizations to exploit. The Spaniards, after initial explorations, left Alta California alone for over 200 years. Relative isolation continued even after Spanish Mission, Presidio and pueblo settlements began in 1769. The only easy communication with the rest of New Spain (Mexico) was by ship as the Quechan (Yuma) Indians shut down the Anza Trail in 1781. This trail (discovered 1776) across Arizona along the Gila and the Colorado River crossing (Yuma Crossing) was the only "easy" way by land from Mexico to California. Essentially the only communication from Mexico to California was via a 30-50 day sailing ship voyage against the south bound California Current and the often opposing winds. The sailing ship trip from California to
Mexico was much easier but you had to get to California before you could take it. Since California initially had essentially no exports and could afford only a very few imports for its few inhabitants ships to and from California were few.

After Mexico acquired the Province of California in 1821 the Californios started developing approximately 500 large (over 18,000 acres (73 km2) each) Ranchos of California, most granted for little or no money to friends and family of the appointed California governor(s) on former Mission lands. The Californios lived mostly on their ranchos or at the five pueblos (towns) in California. These ranchos raised cattle, sheep, horses and other livestock that more or less raised themselves. The Californios did little work relying on the former Mission Indians to do the vast majority of all work in town or rancho. [1] California in this period has been described as a large unfenced pasture. Starting about 1825 these rancho's hide-and-tallow trade finally gave California residents something to trade. A few ships a year brought manufactured goods like glass windows, nails, hinges, etc. from Boston, Massachusetts and Britain to California and exchanged them for hide-and-tallow. By 1846 the whaling industry was being developed in the Pacific Ocean again leading to a few whaling ships stopping in California for fresh water, wood and vegetables they could get in exchange for a few trade goods. Most Pacific whaling ships stopped at the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) to avoid the high custom duties (tariffs) imposed by the Californio authorities on trading goods.

The various acquired diseases and abuse of the Mission Indian population caused them to decline from over 80,000 in 1820 to only a few thousand by 1846. This process was speeded up when in 1834-1836 the Mexican government, responding to complaints that the Catholic church owned too much land, secularized (dismantled) the Spanish Missions in California and essentially turned the Indians loose to survive on their own. Most of the Indians went from doing unpaid labor at the Missions to doing unpaid labor as servants in the Pueblos or workers on the ranchos. As the Mission Indians rapidly declined in population and their Missions were dismantled most of the agriculture, orchards, vineyards, etc. raised by the Mission Indians rapidly declined. By 1850 the Hispanic (Spanish speaking) population had grown to about 9,000. [2][3] By 1846 there were about 2,000 emigrant non-Hispanics (nearly all adult men) with from 60,000 to 90,000 California Indians throughout the state. Beginning in about 1844 the California Trail was established and started bringing new settlers to California as its relative isolation started to break.

The Mexican-American War began in May 1846 and the few marines and bluejacket sailors of the Pacific Squadron and the California Battalion of volunteer militia had California under U. S. control by January 1847 as all the Pueblos in California surrendered without firing a shot. In February 1848 the war was over, the 25 years of Mexican misrule with over 40 different Mexican Presidents was over and the boundary disputes with Texas and the territorial acquisition of what would become several new states was paid for with a $15,000,000 settlement. The California Gold Rush, beginning in January 1848, increased California’s non Indian, non-Hispanic population to over 100,000 by 1850. [4] [5] This increased population and prosperity eventually led to the Congressional Compromise of 1850 which admitted California in 1850 as a free state--the 31st. One hundred sixty one years of rapid progress began.

spanish history

2011-07-01T01:26:00.000-07:00

The history of Spain involves all the other peoples and nations within the Iberian peninsula formerly known as Hispania, and includes still today the nations of Andorra, Gibraltar, Portugal and Spain. It spans from prehistoric Iberia, through the rise and decline of a global empire, to the recent history of Spain as a member of the European Union. Modern humans entered the Iberian Peninsula about 32,000 years ago. Different populations and cultures followed over the millennia, including the Iberians, the Tartessians, Celts and Celtiberians, Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Romans, Suebi and Visigoths. In 711, the Moors, a Berber and Arab army, invaded and conquered nearly the entire peninsula. During the next 750 years, independent Muslim states were established, and the entire area of Muslim control became known as Al-Andalus. Meanwhile the Christian kingdoms in the north began the long and slow recovery of the peninsula, a process called the Reconquista, which was concluded in 1492 with the fall of Granada.

The Kingdom of Spain was created in 1492 with the unification of the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon.[1] The first voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World took place that same year, beginning the development of the Spanish Empire. The Inquisition was established and Jews and Muslims who refused to convert were expelled from the country.

For the next three centuries Spain was the most important colonial power in the world. It was the most powerful state in Europe and the foremost global power during the 16th century and the greater part of the 17th century. Spanish literature and fine arts, scholarship and philosophy flourished during this time. Spain established a vast empire in the Americas, stretching from California to Patagonia, and colonies in the western Pacific. Financed in part by the riches pouring in from its colonies, Spain became embroiled in the religiously charged wars and intrigues of Europe, including, for example, obtaining and losing possessions in today's Netherlands, Italy, France, and Germany, and engaging in wars with France, England, Sweden, and the Ottomans in the Mediterranean Sea and northern Africa. Spain's European wars, however, led to economic damage, and the latter part of the 17th century saw a gradual decline of power under an increasingly neglectful and inept Habsburg regime. The decline culminated in the War of Spanish Succession, which ended with the relegation of Spain from the position of a leading western power, to that of a secondary one, although it remained (with Russia) the leading colonial power.

The 18th century saw a new dynasty, the Bourbons, which directed considerable efforts towards the renewal of state institutions, with some success, finishing in a successful involvement in the American War of Independence. However, as the century ended, a reaction set in with the accession of a new monarch. The end of the eighteenth and the start of the 19th centuries saw turmoil unleashed throughout Europe by the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, which finally led to a French occupation of much of the continent, including Spain. This triggered a successful but devastating war of independence that shattered the country and created an opening for what would ultimately be the successful independence of Spain's mainland American colonies. Shattered by the war, Spain was destabilised as different political parties representing "liberal", "reactionary" and "moderate" groups throughout the remainder of the century fought for and won short-lived control without any being sufficiently strong to bring about lasting stability. Nationalist movements emerged in the last significant remnants of the old empire (Cuba and the Philippines) which led to a brief war with the United States and the loss of the remaining old colonies at the end of the century.

Following a period of growing political instability in the early 20th century, in 1936 Spain was plunged into a bloody civil war. The war ended in a nationalist dictatorship, led by Francisco Franco which controlled the Spanish government until 1975. Spain was officially neutral during World War II, although many Spanish volunteers fought on both sides. The post-war decades were relatively stable (with the notable exception of an armed independence movement in the Basque Country), and the country experienced rapid economic growth in the 1960s and early 1970s. The death of Franco in 1975 resulted in the return of the Bourbon monarchy headed by Prince Juan Carlos. While tensions remain (for example, with Muslim immigrants and in the Basque region), modern Spain has seen the development of a robust, modern democracy as a constitutional monarchy with popular King Juan Carlos, one of the fastest-growing standards of living in Europe, entry into the European Community, and the 1992 Summer Olympics.
Contents
[hide]

    1 Early history
    2 Roman Hispania
    3 Germanic Occupation of Hispania (5th–8th centuries)
    4 Muslim Era—al-Andalus (8th–15th centuries)
    5 Dynastic Union
        5.1 The Spanish language and universities
    6 Imperial Spain
    7 Spanish Kingdoms under the Habsburgs (16th–17th centuries)
        7.1 The Golden Age (Siglo de Oro)
    8 Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons (18th century)
    9 Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence (1808–1814)
    10 Spain in the nineteenth century (1814–1873)
    11 First Spanish Republic (1873–1874)
    12 The Restoration (1874–1931)
        12.1 Disaster of 1898
        12.2 World War I
    13 Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939)
    14 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
    15 The dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1936–1975)
    16 Spain since 1975
        16.1 Transition to democracy
        16.2 Modern Spain
    17 Notes
    18 Bibliography
    19 External links
    20 See also
Early history
Main article: Prehistoric Iberia

The earliest record of hominids living in Europe has been found in the Spanish cave of Atapuerca; fossils found there date to roughly 1.2 million years ago.[2] Modern humans in the form of Cro-Magnons began arriving in the Iberian Peninsula from north of the Pyrenees some 35,000 years ago. The most conspicuous sign of prehistoric human settlements are the famous paintings in the northern Spanish cave of Altamira, which were done c. 15,000 BC and are regarded as paramount instances of cave art.[3] Furthermore, archeological evidence in places like Los Millares in Almería and in El Argar in Murcia suggests developed cultures existed in the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula during the late Neolithic and the Bronze Age.[4]

The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled along the Mediterranean Sea near Tartessos, modern day Cádiz. Regarding Tartessos, it should also be mentioned that according to John Koch[5] Cunliffe, Karl, Wodtko and other highly respected scholars, Celtic culture may well have developed first in far Southern Portugal and Southwestern Spain, approximately 500 years prior to anything recorded in Central Europe.[6][7] The Tartessian language from the southwest of Spain, written in a version of the Phoenician script in use around 825 BC, has been readily translated by John T. Koch as Celtic and is being accepted by a growing number of philologists and other linguists as the first Celtic language.[5][8][9] In the 9th century BC, the first Greek colonies, such as Emporion (modern Empúries), were founded along the Mediterranean coast on the east, leaving the south coast to the Phoenicians. The Greeks are responsible for the name Iberia, apparently after the river Iber (Ebro in Spanish). In the 6th century BC, the Carthaginians arrived in Iberia, struggling first with the Greeks, and shortly after, with the newly arriving Romans for control of the Western Mediterranean. Their most important colony was Carthago Nova (Latin name of modern day Cartagena).[10]

The native peoples whom the Romans met at the time of their invasion in what is now known as Spain were the Iberians, inhabiting from the southwest part of the Peninsula through the northeast part of it, and then the Celts, mostly inhabiting the north and northwest part of the Peninsula. In the inner part of the Peninsula, where both groups were in contact, a mixed, distinctive, culture was present, the one known as Celtiberian.[2] The Celtiberian Wars or Spanish Wars were fought between the advancing legions of the Roman Republic and the Celtiberian tribes of Hispania Citerior from 181 to 133 BC.[11][12]
Roman Hispania
Main article: Hispania
Further information: Roman conquest of Hispania
Further information: Romanization of Hispania
Roman bridge in Cordoba

Hispania was divided: Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior during the late Roman Republic; and, during the Roman Empire, Hispania Taraconensis in the northeast, Hispania Baetica in the south (roughly corresponding to Andalucia), and Lusitania in the southwe
st (corresponding to modern Portugal).[13]

The base Celtiberian population remained in various stages of Romanisation,[14] and local leaders were admitted into the Roman aristocratic class.[15]

The Romans improved existing cities, such as Tarragona (Tarraco), and established others like Zaragoza (Caesaraugusta), Mérida (Augusta Emerita), Valencia (Valentia), León ("Legio Septima"), Badajoz ("Pax Augusta"), and Palencia.[16] The peninsula's economy expanded under Roman tutelage. Hispania supplied Rome with food, olive oil, wine and metal. The emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Theodosius I, the philosopher Seneca and the poets Martial, Quintilian and Lucan were born in Spain. The Spanish Bishops held the Council at Elvira in 306.

The first Germanic tribes to invade Hispania arrived in the 5th century, as the Roman Empire decayed.[17] The Visigoths, Suebi, Vandals and Alans arrived in Spain by crossing the Pyrenees mountain range.[18] The Romanized Visigoths entered Hispania in 415. After the conversion of their monarchy to Roman Catholicism, the Visigothic Kingdom eventually encompassed a great part of the Iberian Peninsula after conquering the disordered Suebic territories in the northwest and Byzantine territories in the southeast.[15][19]

The collapse of the Western Roman Empire did not lead to the same wholesale destruction of Western classical society as happened in areas like Roman Britain, Gaul and Germania Inferior during the Dark Ages, even if the institutions, infrastructure and economy did suffer considerable degradation. Spain's present languages, its religion, and the basis of its laws originate from this period. The centuries of uninterrupted Roman rule and settlement left a deep and enduring imprint upon the culture of Spain.
Germanic Occupation of Hispania (5th–8th centuries)
Further information: Kingdom of Toledo, Suebic Kingdom of Galicia, and Spania

After the decline of the Roman Empire, Germanic tribes invaded the former empire. Several turned sedentary and created successor-kingdoms to the Romans in various parts of Europe. Iberia was taken over by the Visigoths after 410.[20]
Visigothic Hispania and its regional divisions in 700, prior to the Muslim conquest.

In the Iberian peninsula, as elsewhere, the Empire fell not with a bang but with a whimper. Rather than there being any convenient date for the "fall of the Roman Empire" there was a progressive "de-Romanization" of the Western Roman Empire in Hispania and a weakening of central authority, throughout the 3rd, 4th and 5th centuries.[21] At the same time, there was a process of "Romanization" of the Germanic and Hunnic tribes settled on both sides of the limes (the fortified frontier of the Empire along the Rhine and Danube rivers). The Visigoths, for example, were converted to Arian Christianity around 360, even before they were pushed into imperial territory by the expansion of the Huns.[22] In the winter of 406, taking advantage of the frozen Rhine, the (Germanic) Vandals and Sueves, and the (Sarmatian) Alans invaded the empire in force. Three years later they crossed the Pyrenees into Iberia and divided the Western parts, roughly corresponding to modern Portugal and western Spain as far as Madrid, between them.[23] The Visigoths meanwhile, having sacked Rome two years earlier, arrived in the region in 412 founding the Visigothic kingdom of Toulouse (in the south of modern France) and gradually expanded their influence into the Iberian peninsula at the expense of the Vandals and Alans, who moved on into North Africa without leaving much permanent mark on Hispanic culture. The Visigothic Kingdom shifted its capital to Toledo and reached a high point during the reign of Leovigild.

Importantly, Spain never saw a decline in interest in classical culture to the degree observable in Britain, Gaul, Lombardy and Germany. The Visigoths tended to maintain more of the old Roman institutions, and they had a unique respect for legal codes that resulted in continuous frameworks and historical records for most of the period between 415, when Visigothic rule in Spain began, and 711, when it is traditionally said to end. The proximity of the Visigothic kingdoms to the Mediterranean and the continuity of western Mediterranean trade, though in reduced quantity, supported Visigothic culture. Arian Visigothic nobility kept apart from the local Catholic population. The Visigothic ruling class looked to Constantinople for style and technology while the rivals of Visigothic power and culture were the Catholic bishops— and a brief incursion of Byzantine power in Cordoba.
Greatest extent of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse, c. 500, showing Territory lost after Vouillé in light orange.

The period of rule by the Visigothic Kingdom saw the spread of Arianism briefly in Spain.[24] In 587, Reccared, the Visigothic king at Toledo, having been converted to Catholicism put an end to dissension on the question of Arianism and launched a movement in Spain to unify the various religious doctrines that existed in the land. The Council of Lerida in 546 constrained the clergy and extended the power of law over them under the blessings of Rome.

The Visigoths inherited from Late Antiquity a sort of feudal system in Spain, based in the south on the Roman villa system and in the north drawing on their vassals to supply troops in exchange for protection. The bulk of the Visigothic army was composed of slaves, raised from the countryside. The loose council of nobles that advised Spain's Visigothic kings and legitimized their rule was responsible for raising the army, and only upon its consent was the king able to summon soldiers.

The impact of Visigothic rule was not widely felt on society at large, and certainly not compared to the vast bureaucracy of the Roman Empire; they tended to rule as barbarians of a mild sort, uninterested in the events of the nation and economy, working for personal benefit, and little literature remains to us from the period. They did not, until the period of Muslim rule, merge with the Spanish population, preferring to remain separate, and indeed the Visigothic language left only the faintest mark on the modern languages of Iberia. The most visible effect was the depopulation of the cities as they moved to the countryside. Even while the country enjoyed a degree of prosperity when compared to the famines of France and Germany in this period, the Visigoths felt little reason to contribute to the welfare, permanency, and infrastructure of their people and state. This contributed to their downfall, as they could not count on the loyalty of their subjects when the Moors arrived in the 8th century.[25]
Muslim Era—al-Andalus (8th–15th centuries)
Main articles: Muslim conquests, Umayyad conquest of Hispania, Al-Andalus, and Reconquista

The Arab Islamic conquest dominated most of North Africa by 640 AD. In 711 an Islamic Arab and Berber raiding party, led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad, was sent to Iberia to intervene in a civil war in the Visigothic Kingdom. Crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, they won a decisive victory in the summer of 711 when the Visigothic King Roderic was defeated and killed on July 19 at the Battle of Guadalete. Tariq's commander, Musa bin Nusair quickly crossed with substantial reinforcements, and by 718 the Muslims dominated most of the Iberian Peninsula. The advance into Western Europe was stopped in north-central France by the West Germanic Franks under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732.

A decisive victory for the Christian kingdoms took place at Covadonga, Asturias, in the summer of 722. Known as the Battle of Covadonga, the Muslims were stopped by a king, Pelagius of Asturias, who started the monarchy of the Kingdom of Asturias (which later developed into the Kingdom of Castilla). The battle was one of the first stages of the Reconquista.

Caliph Al-Walid I paid great attention to the expansion of an organized military, building the strongest navy in the Umayyad Caliphate (second major Arab dynasty after Mohammad and the first Arab dynasty of Al-Andalus) era. It was this tactic that supported the ultimate expansion to Spain. Caliph Al-Walid I's reign is considered as the apex of Islamic power[citation needed], though Islamic power in Spain specifically climaxed in the tenth century under Abd-ar-Rahman III.[26]

The rulers of Al-Andalus were granted the rank of Emir by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in Damascus. Emir Abd-ar-rahman I challenged the Abbasids. The Umayyad Caliphate, with origin in Hejaz, Arabian peninsula or Emirate was overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate or Emirate (second Arab dynasty), some of the remaining Umayyad leaders escaped to Castile and declared Cordoba an independent emirate. Al-Andalus was rife with internal conflict between the Islamic Umayyad rulers and people and the Christian Visigoth-Roman leaders and people.
Limits of the Kingdom of Castile and Kingdom of Aragon in 1210.

In the 10th century Abd-ar-rahman III, from Hejaz, Arabian peninsula, grandson of the last caliph of Damascus, Syria declared the Caliphate of Cordoba, effectively breaking all ties with the Egyptian and Syrian caliphs. The Caliphate was mostly concerned with maintaining its power base in North Africa, but these possessions eventually dwindled to the Ceuta province. The first navy of the Caliph of Cordoba or Emir was built after the humiliating Viking ascent of the Guadalquivir in 844 when they sacked Seville. In 942, pagan Magyars (present day Hungary) raided across Europe as far west as Al-Andalus.[27] Meanwhile, a slow but steady migration of Christian subjects to the northern kingdoms in Christian Hispania was slowly increasing the latter's power. Even so, Al-Andalus remained vastly superior to all the northern kingdoms combined in population, economy and military might; and internal conflict between the Christian kingdoms contributed to keep them relatively harmless.[citation needed]

Al-Andalus coincided with La Convivencia, an era of relative religious tolerance, and with the Golden age of Jewish culture in the Iberian Peninsula. (See: Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III 912 ; the Granada massacre 1066 ).[28]

Muslim interest in the peninsula returned in force around the year 1000 when Al-Mansur (known as Almanzor), sacked Barcelona (985). Under his son, other Christian cities were subjected to numerous raids.[29] After his son's death, the caliphate plunged into a civil war and splintered into the so-called "Taifa Kingdoms". The Taifa kings competed against each other not only in war, but also in the protection of the arts, and culture enjoyed a brief upswing. The Taifa kingdoms lost ground to the Christian realms in the north and, after the loss of Toledo in 1085, the Muslim rulers reluctantly invited the Almoravides, who invaded Al-Andalus from North Africa and established an empire. In the 12th century the Almoravid empire broke up again, only to be taken over by the Almohad invasion, who were defeated in the decisive battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212.

Medieval Spain was the scene of almost constant warfare between Muslims and Christians. The Almohads, who had taken control of the Almoravids' Maghribi and Andalusian territories by 1147, far surpassed the Almoravides in fundamentalist outlook, and they treated the dhimmis harshly. Faced with the choice of death, conversion, or emigration, many Jews and Christians left.[30] The Christian kingdoms to the North had also, at times, treated Muslims harshly. The treatment towards Jews at this time in Iberia varied greatly between and within the different Muslim and Christian kingdoms. By the mid-13th century Emirate of Granada was the only independent Muslim realm in Spain, which would last until 1492. Despite the decline in Muslim-controlled kingdoms, it is important to note the lasting effects exerted on the peninsula by Muslims in technology, culture, and society.

The Kings of Aragón ruled territories that consisted of not only the present administrative region of Aragon but also Catalonia, and later the Balearic Islands, Valencia, Sicily, Naples and Sardinia (see Crown of Aragon). Considered by most to have been the first mercenary company in Western Europe, the Catalan Company proceeded to occupy the Duchy of Athens, which they placed under the protection of a prince of the House of Aragon and ruled until 1379.[31]
Dynastic Union
Iberian polities circa 1360

As the Reconquista continued, Christian kingdoms and principalities developed. By the 15th century, the most important among these were the Kingdom of Castile (occupying a northern and central portion of the Iberian Peninsula) and the Kingdom of Aragon (occupying northeastern portions of the peninsula). The rulers of these two kingdoms were allied with dynastic families in Portugal, France, and other neighboring kingdoms. The death of Henry IV in 1474 set off a struggle for power between contenders for the throne of Castile, including Joanna La Beltraneja, supported by Portugal and France, and Queen Isabella I, supported by the Kingdom of Aragon, and by the Castilian nobility. Following the War of the Castilian Succession, Isabella retained the throne, and ruled jointly with her husband, King Ferdinand II. Isabella held more authority over the newly unified Spain than her husband, although their rule was shared.

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon were known as the "Catholic Monarchs" (Spanish: los Reyes Católicos), a title bestowed on them by Pope Alexander VI. They married in 1469 in Valladolid, uniting both crowns and setting the stage for the creation of the Kingdom of Spain, at the dawn of the modern era. That union, however, was a union in title only, as each region retained its own political and judicial structure, and even today Spain remains internally divided. The monarchs also oversaw the final stages of the Reconquista of Iberian territory from the Moors with the conquest of Granada, conquered the Canary Islands and expelled the Jews and Muslims from Spain under the Alhambra decree, though Muslim (Morisco) culture remained influential. They authorized the expedition of Christopher Columbus, who became the first known European to reach the New World since Leif Ericson, which led to an influx of wealth into Spain, supplementing income from within Castile for the state that would prove to be a dominant power of Europe for the next two centuries.

Isabella ensured long-term political stability in Spain by arranging strategic marriages for each of her five children. Her firstborn, a daughter named Isabella, married Alfonso of Portugal, forging important ties between these two neighboring countries and hopefully to ensure future alliance, but Isabella soon died before giving birth to an heir. Juana, Isabella’s second daughter, married into the Habsburg dynasty when she wed Philip the Handsome, the son of Maximilian I, King of Bohemia (Austria) and entitled to the crown of the Holy Roman Emperor. This ensured alliance with the Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire, a powerful, far-reaching territory that assured Spain’s future political security. Isabella’s first and only son, Juan, married Margaret of Austria, further maintaining ties with the Habsburg dynasty. Her fourth child, Maria, married Manuel I of Portugal, strengthening the link forged by her older sister’s marriage. Her fifth child, Catherine, married Henry VIII, King of England and was mother to Queen Mary I.
This 16th-century Spanish carpet shows stylistic influences from Europe and the Islamic world. Collections of the Textile Museum.

If until the 13th century religious minorities (Jews and Muslims) had enjoyed quite some tolerance in Castilla and Aragon - the only Christian kingdoms where Jews were not restricted from any professional occupation - the situation of the Jews collapsed over the 14th century, reaching a climax in 1391 with large scale massacres in every major city, with the exception of Ávila. Over the next century, half of the estimated 200,000 Spanish Jews converted to Christianity (becoming "conversos"). The final step was taken by the Catholic Monarchs, who, in 1492, ordered the remaining Jews to convert or face expulsion from Spain. Depending on different sources, the number of Jews actually expelled is estimated to be anywhere from 40,000 to 120,000 people. Over the following decades, Muslims faced the same fate and about 60 years after the Jews, they were also compelled to convert ("moriscos") or be expelled. Jews and Muslims were not the only people to be persecuted during this time period. Gypsies also endured a tragic fate: all Gypsy males were forced to serve in galleys between the age of 18 and 26 - which was equivalent to a death sentence - but the majority managed to hide and avoid arrest.
The Spanish language and universities

In the 13th century, there were many languages spoken in the Christian sections of what is now Spain, among them Castilian, Aragonese, Catalan, Basque, Galician, Aranese, Asturian and Leonese. But throughout the century, Castilian (what is also known today as Spanish) gained more and more prominence in the Kingdom of Castile as the language of culture and communication. One example of this is the El Cid. In the last years of the reign of Ferdinand III of Castile, Castilian began to be used for certain types of documents, but it was during the reign of Alfonso X that it became the official language. Henceforth all public documents were written in Castilian, likewise all translations were made into Castilian instead of Latin.

Furthermore, in the 13th century many universities were founded in León and in Castile, some, like those of the leonese Salamanca and Palencia were among the earliest universities in Europe. In 1492, under the Catholic Monarchs, the first edition of the Grammar of the Castilian Language by Antonio de Nebrija was published.
Imperial Spain
A map of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires in the period of Iberian Union under the personal union of the Spanish monarchs (1580-1640).
Main article: Spanish Empire
See also: Habsburg Spain

The Spanish Empire was one of the first modern global empires. It was also one of the largest empires in world history. In the 16th century Spain and Portugal were in the vanguard of European global exploration and colonial expansion and the opening of trade routes across the oceans, with trade flourishing across the Atlantic between Spain and the Americas and across the Pacific between East Asia and Mexico via the Philippines. Conquistadors deposed the Aztec, Inca and Maya governments with extensive help from local factions and laid claim to vast stretches of land in North and South America. For a time, the Spanish Empire dominated the oceans with its experienced navy and ruled the European battlefield with its fearsome and well trained infantry, the famous tercios: in the words of the prominent French historian Pierre Vilar, "enacting the most extraordinary epic in human history". Spain enjoyed a cultural golden age in the 16th and 17th centuries.

This American empire was at first a disappointment, as the natives had little to trade, though settlement did encourage trade. The diseases such as smallpox and measles that arrived with the colonizers devastated the native populations, especially in the densely populated regions of the Aztec, Maya and Inca civilizations, and this reduced economic potential of conquered areas.[32]
Columbus setting foot in the New World

In the 1520s large scale extraction of silver from the rich deposits of Mexico's Guanajuato began, to be greatly augmented by the silver mines in Mexico's Zacatecas and Bolivia's Potosí from 1546. These silver shipments re-oriented the Spanish economy, leading to the importation of luxuries and grain. They also became indispensable in financing the military capability of Habsburg Spain in its long series of European and North African wars, though, with the exception of a few years in the 17th century, Spain itself (Castile in particular) was by far the most important source of revenue. The financial burden within the peninsula was on the backs of the peasant class while the nobility enjoyed an increasingly lavish lifestyle. From the time beginning with the incorporation of the Portuguese empire in 1580 (lost in 1640) until the loss of its American colonies in the 19th century, Spain maintained the largest empire in the world even though it suffered fluctuating military and economic fortunes from the 1640s. Confronted by the new experiences, difficulties and suffering created by empire-building, Spanish thinkers formulated some of the first modern thoughts on natural law, sovereignty, international law, war, and economics; there were even questions about the legitimacy of imperialism — in related schools of thought referred to collectively as the School of Salamanca. Despite these innovations many motives for the empire were rooted in the Middle Ages. Religion played a very strong role in the spread of the Spanish empire. The thought that Spain could bring Christianity to the new world certainly played a strong role in the expansion of Spain's empire.
Spanish Kingdoms under the Habsburgs (16th–17th centuries)
Main article: Habsburg Spain

Spain's powerful world empire of the 16th and 17th centuries reached its height and declined under the Habsburgs. The Spanish Empire reached its maximum extent in Europe under Charles I of Spain, as he was also Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire.
Charles I of Spain (better known in the English-speaking world at the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) was the most powerful European monarch of his day.[33]

Charles V became king in 1516, and the history of Spain became even more firmly enmeshed with the dynastic struggles in Europe. The king was not often in Spain, and as he approached the end of his life he made provision for the division of the Habsburg inheritance into two parts: on the one hand Spain, and its possessions in the Mediterranean and overseas, and the Holy Roman Empire itself on the other. The Habsburg possessions in the Netherlands also remained with the Spanish crown.

This was to prove a difficulty for his successor Philip II of Spain, who became king on Charles V's abdication in 1556. Spain largely escaped the religious conflicts that were raging throughout the rest of Europe, and remained firmly Roman Catholic. Philip saw himself as a champion of Catholicism, both against the Ottoman Turks and the heretics. In the 1560s, plans to consolidate control of the Netherlands led to unrest, which gradually led to the Calvinist leadership of the revolt and the Eighty Years' War. This conflict consumed much Spanish expenditure, and led to an attempt to conquer England – a cautious supporter of the Dutch – in the unsuccessful Spanish Armada, an early battle in the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and war with France (1590–1598).

Despite these problems, the growing inflow of American silver from mid 16th century, the justified military reputation of the Spanish infantry and even the navy quickly recovering from its Armada disaster, made Spain the leading European power, a novel situation of which its citizens were only just becoming aware. The Iberian Union with Portugal in 1580 not only unified the peninsula, but added that country's worldwide resources to the Spanish crown. However, economic and administrative problems multiplied in Castile, and the weakness of the native economy became evident in the following century: rising inflation, financially draining wars in Europe, the ongoing aftermath of the expulsion of the Jews and Moors from Spain, and the growing dependency of Spain on the gold and silver imports, combined to cause several bankruptcies that caused economic crisis in the country, especially in heavily burdened Castile.

The coastal villages of Spain and of the Balearic Islands were frequently attacked by Barbary pirates from North Africa. Formentera was even temporarily left by its population. This occurred also along long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts, a relatively short distance across a calm sea from the pirates in their North African lairs. The most famous corsair was the Turkish Barbarossa ("Redbeard"). According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by North African pirates and sold as slaves in North Africa and Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 19th centuries This was gradually alleviated as Spain and other Christian powers began to check Muslim naval dominance in the Mediterranean after the 1571 victory at Lepanto, but it would be a scourge that continued to afflict the country even in the next century.[34]

The great plague of 1596-1602 killed 600,000 to 700,000 people, or about 10% of the population. Altogether more than 1,250,000 deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th century Spain.[35] Economically, the plague destroyed the labor force as well as creating a psychological blow to an already problematic Spain.[36]
Map of Europe in 1648, after the Peace of Westphalia.

Philip II died in 1598, and was succeeded by his son Philip III, in whose reign a ten year truce with the Dutch was overshadowed in 1618 by Spain's involvement in the European-wide Thirty Years' War. Government policy was dominated by favorites, but it was also the reign in which the geniuses of Cervantes and El Greco flourished.

Philip III was succeeded in 1621 by his son Philip IV of Spain. Much of the policy was conducted by the minister Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares. In 1640, with the war in central Europe having no clear winner except the French, both Portugal and Catalonia rebelled. Portugal was lost to the crown for good, in Italy and most of Catalonia, French forces were expelled and Catalonia's independence suppressed. In the reign of Philip's developmentally disabled son and successor Charles II, Spain was essentially left leaderless and was gradually being reduced to a second-rank power.

The Habsburg dynasty became extinct in Spain and the War of the Spanish Succession ensued in which the other European powers tried to assume control of the Spanish monarchy. King Louis XIV of France eventually "won" the War of Spanish Succession, and control of Spain passed to the Bourbon dynasty but the peace deals that followed included the relinquishing of the right to unite the French and Spanish thrones and the partitioning of Spain's European empire.
The Golden Age (Siglo de Oro)
Main article: Spanish Golden Age
Toledo by El Greco

The Spanish Golden Age (in Spanish, Siglo de Oro) was a period of flourishing arts and letters in the Spanish Empire (now Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America), coinciding with the political decline and fall of the Habsburgs (Philip III, Philip IV and Charles II). It is interesting to note how arts during the Golden Age flourished despite the decline of the empire in the 17th century. The last great writer of the age, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, died in New Spain in 1695.[37]

The Habsburgs, both in Spain and Austria, were great patrons of art in their countries. El Escorial, the great royal monastery built by King Philip II, invited the attention of some of Europe's greatest architects and painters. Diego Velázquez, regarded as one of the most influential painters of European history and a greatly respected artist in his own time, cultivated a relationship with King Philip IV and his chief minister, the Count-Duke of Olivares, leaving us several portraits that demonstrate his style and skill. El Greco, a respected Greek artist from the period, settled in Spain, and infused Spanish art with the styles of the Italian renaissance and helped create a uniquely Spanish style of painting. Some of Spain's greatest music is regarded as having been written in the period. Such composers as Tomás Luis de Victoria, Luis de Milán and Alonso Lobo helped to shape Renaissance music and the styles of counterpoint and polychoral music, and their influence lasted far into the Baroque period.

Spanish literature blossomed as well, most famously demonstrated in the work of Miguel de Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Spain's most prolific playwright, Lope de Vega, wrote possibly as many as one thousand plays over his lifetime, over four hundred of which survive to the present day.
Enlightenment: Spain under the Bourbons (18th century)
Main article: Enlightenment Spain

Philip V, the first Bourbon king, of French origin, signed the Decreto de Nueva Planta in 1715, a new law that revoked most of the historical rights and privileges of the different kingdoms that formed the Spanish Crown, specially Crown of Aragon, unifying them under the laws of Castile, where the Cortes had been more receptive to the royal wish.[38] Spain became culturally and politically a follower of absolutist France. The rule of the Spanish Bourbons continued under Ferdinand VI and Charles III. Great influence was exerted over Elisabeth of Parma on Spain's foreign policy. Her principal aim was to have Spain's lost territories in Italy restored. She eventually received Franco-British support for this after the Congress of Soissons.[39]
An 18th century map of the Iberian Peninsula
Attacking Spanish infantry (about 1740)

Under the rule of Charles III and his ministers, Leopoldo de Gregorio, Marquis of Esquilache and José Moñino, Count of Floridablanca, Spain embarked on a program of enlightened despotism that brought Spain a new prosperity in the middle of the 18th century. Fearing that Britain's victory over France in the Seven Years War threatened the European balance of power, Spain allied themselves to France but suffered a series of military defeats and ended up having to cede Florida to the British at the Treaty of Paris. Despite being on the losing alongside France against the British in the Seven Years' War, Spain recouped most of her territorial losses in the American Revolutionary War, and gained an improved international standing.

However, the reforming spirit of Charles III was extinguished in the reign of his son, Charles IV, seen by some as mentally handicapped. Dominated by his wife's lover, Manuel de Godoy, Charles IV embarked on policies that overturned much of Charles III's reforms. After briefly opposing Revolutionary France early in the French Revolutionary Wars, Spain was cajoled into an uneasy alliance with its northern neighbor, only to be blockaded by the British. Charles IV's vacillation, culminating in his failure to honour the alliance by neglecting to enforce the Continental System led to Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, invading Spain in 1808, thereby triggering Spain's War of Independence.

During most of the 18th century Spain had made substantial progress since its steady decline in the latter part of the 17th century, under an increasingly inept Habsburg dynasty. But despite the progress, it continued to lag in the political and mercantile developments then transforming other parts of Europe, most notably in the United Kingdom, France and the Low Countries. The chaos unleashed by the Napoleonic intervention would cause this gap to widen greatly.
Napoleonic Wars: War of Spanish Independence (1808–1814)
Main article: Peninsular War
See also: Spanish American wars of independence
The Third of May 1808 by Francisco Goya, showing Spanish resisters being executed by Napoleon's troops.

Spain initially sided against France in the Napoleonic Wars, but the defeat of her army early in the war led to Charles IV's pragmatic decision to align with the revolutionary French. Spain was put under a British blockade, and her colonies—for the first time separated from their colonial rulers—began to trade independently with Britain. The defeat of the British invasions of the River Plate in South America emboldened an independent attitude in Spain's American colonies. A major Franco-Spanish fleet was annihilated, at the decisive Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, prompting the vacillating king of Spain to reconsider his alliance with France. Spain broke off from the Continental System temporarily, and Napoleon—aggravated with the Bourbon kings of Spain—invaded Spain in 1808 and deposed Ferdinand VII, who had just been on the throne forty-eight days after his father's abdication in March.

The Spanish people vigorously resisted Napoleon's move, and juntas were formed across Spain that pronounced themselves in favor of Ferdinand VII. Initially, the juntas declared their support for Ferdinand VII, and convened a "General and Extraordinary Cortes" for all the kingdoms of the Spanish Monarchy. The Cortes assembled in 1810 and took refuge at Cádiz. In 1812 the Cádiz Cortes created the first modern Spanish constitution, the Constitution of 1812 (informally named La Pepa).

The British, led by the Duke of Wellington, fought Napoleon's forces in the Peninsular War, with Joseph Bonaparte ruling as king at Madrid. The brutal war was one of the first guerrilla wars in modern Western history; French supply lines stretching across Spain were mauled repeatedly by Spanish guerrillas. The war in the Iberian Peninsula fluctuated repeatedly, with Wellington spending several years behind his fortresses in Portugal while launching occasional campaigns into Spain. The French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Vitoria in 1813, and the following year, Ferdinand VII was restored as King of Spain.
Spain in the nineteenth century (1814–1873)
Main article: Mid-nineteenth century Spain

Although the juntas that had forced the French to leave Spain had sworn by the liberal Constitution of 1812, Ferdinand VII openly believed that it was too liberal for the country. On his return to Spain, he refused to swear by it himself, and he continued to rule in the authoritarian fashion of his forebears.[40]

Although Spain accepted the rejection of the Constitution, the policy was not warmly accepted in Spain's empire in the New World. Revolution broke out. Spain, nearly bankrupt from the war with France and the reconstruction of the country, was unable to pay her soldiers, and in 1819 was forced to sell Florida to the United States for 5 million dollars. In 1820, an expedition intended for the colonies (which, at the time, were on the verge of being lost themselves, to rebels and the Monroe Doctrine) revolted in Cadiz. When armies throughout Spain pronounced themselves in sympathy with the revolters, led by Rafael del Riego, Ferdinand relented and was forced to accept the liberal Constitution of 1812. Ferdinand himself was placed under effective house arrest for the duration of the liberal experiment.

The three years of liberal rule that followed coincided with a civil war in Spain that would typify Spanish politics for the next century. The liberal government, which reminded European statesmen entirely too much of the governments of the French Revolution, was looked on with hostility by the Congress of Verona in 1822, and France was authorized to intervene. France crushed the liberal government with massive force in the so-called Spanish expedition, and Ferdinand was restored as absolute monarch. The American colonies, however, were completely lost; in 1824, the last Spanish army on the American mainland was defeated at the Battle of Ayacucho in southern Peru.

A period of uneasy peace followed in Spain for the next decade. Having borne only a female heir presumptive, it appeared that Ferdinand would be succeeded by his brother, Infante Carlos of Spain. While Ferdinand aligned with the conservatives, fearing another national insurrection, he did not view the reactionary policies of his brother as a viable option. Ferdinand — resisting the wishes of his brother — decreed the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830, enabling his daughter Isabella to become Queen. Carlos, who made known his intent to resist the sanction, fled to Portugal.

Ferdinand's death in 1833 and the accession of Isabella (only three years old at the time) as Queen of Spain sparked the First Carlist War. Carlos invaded Spain and attracted support from reactionaries and conservatives in Spain; Isabella's mother, Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, was named regent until her daughter came of age.

The insurrection seemed to have been crushed by the end of the year; Maria Cristina's armies, called "Cristino" forces, had driven the Carlist armies from most of the Basque country. Carlos then named the Basque general Tomás de Zumalacárregui his commander-in-chief. Zumalacárregui resuscitated the Carlist cause, and by 1835 had driven the Cristino armies to the Ebro River and transformed the Carlist army from a demoralized band into a professional army of 30,000 of quality superior to the government forces.

Zumalacárregui's death in 1835 changed the Carlists' fortunes. The Cristinos found a capable general in Baldomero Espartero. His victory at the Battle of Luchana (1836) turned the tide of the war, and in 1839, the Convention of Vergara put an end to the first Carlist insurrection.

Espartero, operating on his popularity as a war hero and his sobriquet "Pacifier of Spain", demanded liberal reforms from Maria Cristina. The Queen Regent, who resisted any such idea, preferred to resign and let Espartero become regent instead. Espartero's liberal reforms were opposed, then, by moderates; the former general's heavy-handedness caused a series of sporadic uprisings throughout the country from various quarters, all of which were bloodily suppressed. He was overthrown as regent in 1843 by Ramón María Narváez, a moderate, who was in turn perceived as too reactionary. Another Carlist uprising, the Matiners' War, was launched in 1846 in Catalonia, but it was poorly organized and suppressed by 1849.

Isabella II of Spain took a more active role in government after she came of age, but she was immensely unpopular throughout her reign. She was viewed as beholden to whoever was closest to her at court, and that she cared little for the people of Spain. In 1856, she attempted to form a pan-national coalition, the Union Liberal, under the leadership of Leopoldo O'Donnell who had already marched on Madrid that year and deposed another Espartero ministry. Isabella's plan failed and cost Isabella more prestige and favor with the people.
Isabella launched a successful war against Morocco, waged by generals O'Donnell and Juan Prim, in 1860 that stabilized her popularity in Spain. However, a campaign to reconquer Peru and Chile during the Chincha Islands War proved disastrous and Spain suffered defeat before the determined South American powers.

In 1866, a revolt led by Juan Prim was suppressed, but it was becoming increasingly clear that the people of Spain were upset with Isabella's approach to governance. In 1868, the Glorious Revolution broke out when the progresista generals Francisco Serrano and Juan Prim revolted against her, and defeated her moderado generals at the Battle of Alcolea. Isabella was driven into exile in Paris.

Revolution and anarchy broke out in Spain in the two years that followed; it was only in 1870 that the Cortes declared that Spain would have a king again. As it turned out, this decision played an important role in European and world history, for a German prince's candidacy to the Spanish throne and French opposition to him served as the immediate motive for the Franco-Prussian War. Amadeus of Savoy was selected, and he was duly crowned King of Spain early the following year.

Amadeus — a liberal who swore by the liberal constitution the Cortes promulgated — was faced immediately with the incredible task of bringing the disparate political ideologies of Spain to one table. He was plagued by internecine strife, not merely between Spaniards but within Spanish parties.
First Spanish Republic (1873–1874)
Main article: First Spanish Republic

Following the Hidalgo affair, Amadeus famously declared the people of Spain to be ungovernable, and fled the country. In his absence, a government of radicals and Republicans was formed that declared Spain a republic. The republic was immediately under siege from all quarters — the Carlists were the most immediate threat, launching a violent insurrection after their poor showing in the 1872 elections. There were calls for socialist revolution from the International Workingmen's Association, revolts and unrest in the autonomous regions of Navarre and Catalonia, and pressure from the Catholic Church against the fledgling republic.[41] The Restoration (1874–1931)
Main article: Spain under the Restoration

Although the former queen, Isabella II was still alive, she recognized that she was too divisive as a leader, and abdicated in 1870 in favor of her son, Alfonso, who was duly crowned Alfonso XII of Spain. After the tumult of the First Spanish Republic, Spaniards were willing to accept a return to stability under Bourbon rule. The Republican armies in Spain — which were resisting a Carlist insurrection — pronounced their allegiance to Alfonso in the winter of 1874–1875, led by Brigadier General Martinez Campos. The Republic was dissolved and Antonio Canovas del Castillo, a trusted advisor to the king, was named Prime Minister on New Year's Eve, 1874. The Carlist insurrection was put down vigorously by the new king, who took an active role in the war and rapidly gained the support of most of his countrymen.[42]

A system of turnos was established in Spain in which the liberals, led by Práxedes Mateo Sagasta and the conservatives, led by Antonio Canovas del Castillo, alternated in control of the government. A modicum of stability and economic progress was restored to Spain during Alfonso XII's rule. His death in 1885, followed by the assassination of Canovas del Castillo in 1897, destabilized the government.[43]
Disaster of 1898

Cuba rebelled against Spain in the Ten Years' War beginning in 1868, resulting in the abolition of slavery in Spain's colonies in the New World. American interests in the island, coupled with concerns for the people of Cuba, aggravated relations between the two countries. The explosion of the USS Maine launched the Spanish-American War in 1898, in which Spain fared disastrously. Cuba gained its independence and Spain lost its remaining New World colony, Puerto Rico, which together with Guam and the Philippines were ceded to the United States for 20 million dollars. In 1899, Spain sold its remaining Pacific islands—the Northern Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands and Palau—to Germany and Spanish colonial possessions were reduced to Spanish Morocco, Spanish Sahara and Spanish Guinea, all in Africa.[44]

The "disaster" of 1898 created the Generation of '98, a group of statesmen and intellectuals who demanded liberal change from the new government. However both Anarchism on the left and fascism on the right grew rapidly in Spain in the early 20th century. A revolt in 1909 in Catalonia was bloodily suppressed.[45] Jensen (1999) argues that the defeat of 1898 led many military officers to abandon the liberalism that had been strong in the officer corps and turn to the right. They interpreted the American victory in 1898 as well as the Japanese victory against Russia in 1905 as proof of the superior value of willpower and moral values over technology. Over the next three decades, Jensen argues, these values shaped the outlook of Francisco Franco and other Falangists.[46]
World War I

Spain's neutrality in World War I allowed it to become a supplier of material for both sides to its great advantage, prompting an economic boom in Spain. The outbreak of Spanish influenza in Spain and elsewhere, along with a major economic slowdown in the postwar period, hit Spain particularly hard, and the country went into debt. A major worker's strike was suppressed in 1919.

Mistreatment of the indigenous population in Spanish Morocco led to an uprising and the loss of this North African possession except for the enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla in 1921. (See Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, Annual). In order to avoid accountability, King Alfonso XIII decided to support the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera, ending the period of constitutional monarchy in Spain.

In joint action with France, the Moroccan territory was recovered (1925–1927), but in 1930 bankruptcy and massive unpopularity left the king no option but to force Primo de Rivera to resign. Disgusted with the king's involvement in his dictatorship, the urban population voted for republican parties in the municipal elections of April 1931. The king fled the country without abdicating and a republic was established.
Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939)
Main article: Second Spanish Republic
See also: Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic

Under the Second Spanish Republic, women were allowed to vote in general elections for the first time. The Republic devolved substantial autonomy to the Basque Country and to Catalonia.

The first governments of the Republic, were center-left, headed by Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, and Manuel Azaña. Economic turmoil, substantial debt inherited from the Primo de Rivera regime, and fractious, rapidly changing governing coalitions led to serious political unrest. In 1933, the right-wing CEDA won power; an armed rising of workers of October 1934, which reached its greatest intensity in Asturias and Catalonia, was forcefully put down by the CEDA government. This in turn energized political movements across the spectrum in Spain, including a revived anarchist movement and new reactionary and fascist groups, including the Falange and a revived Carlist movement.
Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
Main article: Spanish Civil War

In the 1930s, Spanish politics were polarized at the left and right of the political spectrum. The left-wing favored class struggle, land reform, autonomy to the regions and reduction in church and monarchist power. The right-wing groups, the largest of which was CEDA, a right wing Roman Catholic coalition, held opposing views on most issues. In 1936, the left united in the Popular Front and was elected to power. However, this coalition, dominated by the centre-left, was undermined both by the revolutionary groups such as the anarchist CNT and FAI and by anti-democratic far-right groups such as the Falange and the Carlists. The political violence of previous years began to start again. There were gunfights over strikes, landless labourers began to seize land, church officials were killed and churches burnt. On the other side, right wing militias (such as the Falange) and gunmen hired by employers assassinated left wing activists. The Republican democracy never generated the consensus or mutual trust between the various political groups that it needed to function peacefully. As a result, the country slid into civil war. The right wing of the country and high ranking figures in the army began to plan a coup, and when Falangist politician José Calvo-Sotelo was shot by Republican police, they used it as a signal to act.[47]

On 17 July 1936, General Francisco Franco led the colonial army from Morocco to attack the mainland, while another force from the north under General Sanjurjo moved south from Navarre. Military units were also mobilised elsewhere to take over government institutions. Franco's move was intended to seize power immediately, but successful resistance by Republicans in places such as Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, the Basque country and elsewhere meant that Spain faced a prolonged civil war. Before long, much of the south and west was under the control of the Nationalists, whose regular Army of Africa was the most professional force available to either side. Both sides received foreign military aid, the Nationalists, from Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and Portugal, the Republic from organised far-left volunteers in the International Brigades.

The Siege of the Alcázar at Toledo early in the war was a turning point, with the Nationalists winning after a long siege. The Republicans managed to hold out in Madrid, despite a Nationalist assault in November 1936, and frustrated subsequent offensives against the capital at Jarama and Guadalajara in 1937. Soon, though, the Nationalists began to erode their territory, starving Madrid and making inroads into the east. The north, including the Basque country fell in late 1937 and the Aragon front collapsed shortly afterwards. The bombing of Guernica was probably the most infamous event of the war and inspired Picasso's painting. It was used as a testing ground for the German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion. The Battle of the Ebro in July–November 1938 was the final desperate attempt by the Republicans to turn the tide. When this failed and Barcelona fell to the Nationalists in early 1939, it was clear the war was over. The remaining Republican fronts collapsed and Madrid fell in March 1939.[48]

The war, which cost between 300,000 to 1,000,000 lives, ended with the destruction of the Republic and the accession of Francisco Franco as dictator of Spain. Franco amalgamated all the right wing parties into a reconstituted Falange and banned the left-wing and Republican parties and trade unions.[49]

The conduct of the war was brutal on both sides, with massacres of civilians and prisoners being widespread. After the war, many thousands of Republicans were imprisoned and up to 151,000 were executed between 1939 and 1943. Many other Republicans remained in exile for the entire Franco period.
The dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1936–1975)
Main article: Francoist Spain

Spain remained officially neutral in World Wars I and II while Nazis and Italian Fascist helped Franco's efforts during the Civil War, thus getting later asylum for war criminals, but suffered through a devastating Civil War (1936–1939). During Franco's rule, Spain remained largely economically and culturally isolated from the outside world, but began to catch up economically with its European neighbors.[50]

A right winged military dictatorship, Spain saw its political parties banned, except for the official party (Falange), also saw banned labor unions, and forbade any political display, using always the violence and intimidation to achieve its goals.

Under Franco, Spain actively sought the return of Gibraltar by the UK, and gained some support for its cause at the United Nations. During the 1960s, Spain began imposing restrictions on Gibraltar, culminating in the closure of the border in 1969. It was not fully reopened until 1985.

Spanish rule in Morocco ended in 1967. Though militarily victorious in the 1957–1958 Moroccan invasion of Spanish West Africa, Spain gradually relinquished its remaining African colonies. Spanish Guinea was granted independence as Equatorial Guinea in 1968, while the Moroccan enclave of Ifni had been ceded to Morocco in 1969.

The latter years of Franco's rule saw some economic and political liberalization, the Spanish Miracle, including the birth of a tourism industry. Francisco Franco ruled until his death on 20 November 1975, when control was given to King Juan Carlos.[51]

In the last few months before Franco's death, the Spanish state went into a paralysis. This was capitalized upon by King Hassan II of Morocco, who ordered the 'Green March' into Western Sahara, Spain's last colonial possession.
Spain since 1975
Main article: History of Spain (1975–present)
Transition to democracy
Main article: Spanish transition to democracy

The Spanish transition to democracy or new Bourbon restoration was the era when Spain moved from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. The transition is usually said to have begun with Franco’s death on 20 November 1975, while its completion is marked by the electoral victory of the socialist PSOE on 28 October 1982.

Between 1978 and 1982, Spain was led by the Unión del Centro Democrático governments.

in 1981 the 23-F coup d'état attempt took place. On 23 February Antonio Tejero, with members of the Guardia Civil entered the Congress of Deputies, and stopped the session, where Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo was about to be named prime minister of the government. Officially, the coup d'état failed thanks to the intervention of King Juan Carlos. Spain joined NATO before Calvo-Sotelo left office.

Along with political change came radical change in Spanish society. Spanish society had been extremely conservative under Franco, but the transition to democracy also began a liberalization of values and societal mores.
Modern Spain
Main article: Modern Spain

From 1982 until 1996, the social democratic PSOE governed the country, with Felipe González as prime minister. In 1986, Spain joined the European Economic Community (EEC, now European Union), and the country hosted the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and Seville Expo '92.

In 1996, the centre-right Partido Popular government came to power, led by José María Aznar. On 1 January 1999, Spain exchanged the peseta for the new Euro currency. The peseta continued to be used for cash transactions until January 1, 2002. On 11 March 2004 a number of terrorist bombs exploded on busy commuter trains in Madrid during the morning rush-hour days before the general election, killing 191 persons and injuring thousands. Although José María Aznar and his ministers were quick to accuse ETA of the atrocity, soon afterwards it became apparent that the bombing was the work of an extremist Islamic group linked to Al-Qaeda. Many people believe that the fact that qualified commentators abroad were beginning to doubt the official Spanish version the very same day of the attacks while the government insisted on ETA's implication directly influenced the results of the election. Opinion polls at the time show that the difference between the two main contenders had been too close to make any accurate prediction as to the outcome of the elections. The election, held three days after the attacks, was won by the PSOE, and José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero replaced Aznar as prime minister.

On 3 July 2005, the country became the first country in the world to give full marriage and adoption rights to homosexual couples (Belgium has allowed same-sex marriage since 2003 and co-parenting since April 2006, and the Netherlands has allowed same-sex marriage since 2001 and now has a law in preparation to provide full adoption rights in equal conditions to opposite-sex marriages).

At present, Spain is a constitutional monarchy, and comprises 17 autonomous communities (Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Islas Baleares, Islas Canarias, Cantabria, Castile and León, Castile-La Mancha, Cataluña, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Community of Madrid, Region of Murcia, País Vasco, Comunidad Valenciana, Navarra) and two autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla).

Roman history Battle of Veii (1998 )

2011-07-01T01:20:00.000-07:00

The Battle of Veii, also known as the Siege of VeiiMichael Grant, The History of Rome, p. 42 is a battle of ancient Rome, approximately dated at 396 BC. The main source about it is Livy's Ab Urbe Condita.The Romans were led by a dictator (in Roman Republic, this was an emergency general rather than a tyrant) named Marcus Furius Camillus. Their opponent, the Etruscan city of Veii, a large city close to Rome had engaged the Romans in a long and inconclusive war during which it had often been under siege. In order to break the siege once and for all, a tunnel was reputedly built beneath the city.Livy describes the scene with the Veientines holed up in their city, the main Roman force encamped outside and a second force set to attack from within via the tunnel. After this prayer from Camillus,Pythian Apollo, guided and inspired by thy will I go forth to destroy the city of Veii, and a tenth part of its spoils I devote to thee. Thee too, Queen Juno, who now dwellest in Veii, I beseech, that thou wouldst follow us, after our victory, to the City which is ours and which will soon be thine, where a temple worthy of thy majesty will receive thee. He attacked from all sides.The Veientines wondered "what had happened to make the Romans, after never stirring from their lines for so many days, now run recklessly up to the walls as though struck with sudden frenzy".At this time, the Romans emerged from the entrance of the tunnel inside the temple of Juno and the forces inside and out quickly overwhelmed Veii. After the fighting slackened, Camillus offered to spare the unarmed who began to surrender as the soldiers gathered booty.The wealth so impressed Camillus that he gave a speech, d...

World History Battles of Lexington and Concord

2011-07-01T01:18:00.000-07:00

The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. They were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America.

About 700 British Army regulars, under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith, were ordered to capture and destroy military supplies that were reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord. Dr. Joseph Warren alerted the colonists of this. The Patriot colonists had received intelligence weeks before the expedition which warned of an impending British search, and had moved much, but not all, of the supplies to safety. They had also received details about British plans on the night before the battle, and information was rapidly supplied to the militia.

The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington. The militia were outnumbered and fell back. Other British colonists, hours later at the North Bridge in Concord, fought and defeated three companies of the king's troops. The outnumbered soldiers of the British Army fell back from the Minutemen after a pitched battle in open territory.

More Minutemen arrived soon thereafter and inflicted heavy damage on the British regulars as they marched back towards Boston. Upon returning to Lexington, Smith's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Hugh, Earl Percy. A combined force of fewer than 1,700 men marched back ...

How to Add and Verify Blogger Blog in Yahoo Siteexplorer

2011-06-24T12:36:00.001-07:00

Tags blogger, google, web, yahoo

Blogger

As the Yahoo Search is most popular search engine after Google Search. Hence Yahoo can also bring some traffic to your website and may be you get higher rankings in Yahoo than Google and that translates into more Adsense Revenue. But for this you need to submit your Blogger blog sitemap to it and most importantly site feeds. For this you also need to verify your blog in Yahoo, learn here how to verify your blogger blog in Yahoo.

Requirements
1. Computer
2. Internet
3. Yahoo Accounts
4. Blogger Blog

Difficulty
Easy

Steps Required
1. Login to Yahoo Siteexplorer with your Yahoo ID.
2. Now hit the Add Site Button.
3. Specify the URL of Blogger's Blog.
4. Select the Meta Tag verification.
5. Get the Yahoo Search Verification Meta Tag, and paste the code under the</head> section.
6. Now tab the verify button.
7. Now enjoy the power of the Yahoo.

i hope u enjoy it

Hot wallpaper Nina Dobrev

2011-06-14T10:28:00.000-07:00

Size:	1024 × 768
Type:	230KB JPG

I hope u like it

Reset Windows Password 1.1.0.148 Lite Edition

2011-06-13T01:36:00.001-07:00

Reset Windows Password 1.1.0.148 Lite Edition | 126MB
Bu program ile windows işletim sisteminde kullandığınız yerel yönetici yani administratör şifresi veya kullanıcı şifrelerini sıfırlayabilirsiniz.Program isteğe göre ev kullanıcıları ve işletmeler için bir şifre kurtarma CD si veya USB Flash belleğinize şifreyi sıfırlamak için gerekli dosyaları oluşturur. Bu şimdiye kadar windows şifresini kaldırmak için en popüler ve güvenli bir çözümdür.Programı kullanmak için herhangi bir teknisyene veya bilgisayarı biçimlendirmeye gerek yoktur.
Reset Windows Password - the best professional program to reset, change or recover passwords for all types of user accounts Windows. Utility supports all versions of Windows, working with local and domain accounts, almost instantly recovers passwords for the accounts, moreover.

Reset Windows Password is required when they lose an administrator password, if forgotten password to log on Windows, it is not possible to activate your account. Theprogram is loaded from a bootable CD or USB drive. The application interface is made in the form of the wizard. Therefore, the process of operation does not seem difficult, even inexperienced users.

Unlike other similar utilities, Reset Windows Password - the only program that works correctly with all types of user accounts Windows.

Features Reset Windows Password:
- Simple, intuitive graphical interface.
- Reset and change passwords of local users and administrators, administrators of the domain user accounts, account DSRM.
- Activation and unlock user accounts.
- Disables password expiration.
- Advanced algorithms for finding the password.
- Support for all versions of Windows, including Windows 7.
- Supports Windows (X64).
- Boot from a bootable CD or USB drive.
- A large collection of IDE, SATA, SCSI, RAID drivers.
- Detects multiple operating systems installed on your computer.
- Allows you to undo changes made to the system.
- Removes passwords and other sensitive data from your computer.

Top Password 2010 Bundle

Top Password 2010 Bundle
Password Recovery Bundle 2010 is a must-have toolkit in case your password is lost or forgotten, capable of cracking and recovering over 45 types of passwords from instant messengers, email clients, web browsers, FTP clients, and many other applications. It is very simple to use, with just a few mouse clicks, all your logins and passwords will be recovered instantly.

Key Features & Benefits
* 100% recovery rate.
* Wide compatibility - Recover passwords to a variety of email clients, instant messengers, ftp clients, web browsers and many other applications.
* Unique abilities - More than 45 programs passwords can be recovered.
* Save you time and money - Find your lost passwords easily! No need to call in an expensive PC technician. Never worried about losing your important accounts again.
* Instant recovery - Recover passwords to all your accounts within seconds.
* User-friendly interface. It is quite easy to use.

Internet Password Lock v7.0.0

2011-06-13T01:35:00.000-07:00

Internet Password Lock v7.0.0 | 6.8MB

Internet Password Lock is a software program for Windows 2000/XP/NT/Vista computers (does not work on Windows 95/98/Me) that allows you to block, control and restrict Internet access. This includes Web browsing and surfing, Instant Messaging, and email. Parents can use Internet Password Lock to protect your children by making sure children do not use the Internet without a parent present. Businesses can use Internet Password Lock to lock out unauthorized Internet use. Once Internet Password Lock is installed, all Internet access will be blocked when Windows starts. To access the Internet, you must view the main Internet Password Lock screen by clicking on the Internet Password Lock icon on the system tray and then input a password (selected by you when you install Internet Password Lock). You can then access the Internet freely until you lock the Internet again using Internet Password Lock.

Word Password Unlocker v4.0 *Patcher-YPOGEiOS*

[MF] Word Password Unlocker v4.0 *Patcher-YPOGEiOS* | 2.7 MB.

Word Password Unlocker is simple utility to recover the Password to Open and remove both Password to Open and Password to Modify of Microsoft Word document. It enables you to get access to the locked Word document, making it possible for you to view and modify the file. The password recovery program supports Word of all versions through 97 to 2007!

Key Features:
Recovers passwords for Microsoft Word of all versions from 97 to 2007
Recovers Password to Open to open the Word file
Removes Password to Open and Password to Modify
Fast in recovering passwords of high strength
Allowed users to customize a password mask if any part of the password is known
Features:
Recovers passwords for Microsoft Word of all versions from 97 to 2007
Recovers Password to Open
Removes both Password to Open and Password to Modify
Fast in recovering passwords of high strength
Brute-force attack for passwords with nothing known on the password
Dictionary attack allowes you to create your own dictionary for the program to base on
Brute-force with mask attack helps to reduce the password search time
Allowed users to customize a password mask if any part of the password is known
Saves the recovery process and resumes if accidentally stopped
Multiple processors, mulitple cores supported
Allowed to set the CPU priority
Automatically shutdown computer after recovery is available
Easy to use
Highlights:
Little program with excellent performance
User-friendly interface
Recovers Password to Open to open the file
Removes "Password to Open" and "Password to Modify"
Good job in recovering b passwords
All settings are covered in an interface
Brut- force attack is available
Available to maximize the recovery time, if with any password information
Works on multiple-processor and multiple-cored CPU computers
Allowed to set CPU priority
Supported Versions:
Microsoft Word 97-2007
System Requirements:
Pentium II 300 or higher CPU
Windows 2000/NT/XP/2003/Vista/Windows 7
64 MB of RAM
File Size: 2.68 MB.Language: EnglishOS: Windows 2000/NT/XP/2003/Vista/Windows 7

Password Recovery Magic 6.1.1.115 (+Portable)

ZIP Password Recovery Magic - the latest build a successful and easy to use utility that will help restore the necessary passwords for ZIP archives. Application can perform brute force of numbers, letters and symbols. When the password is unknown word you can use a dictionary attack. The program has a convenient and intuitive user interface.

Key features:
• Recover passwords of ZIP archives
• Selection of a password dictionary
• Select a range selection of the password (letters, numbers, symbols)
• Large set of words in the dictionary
• Working in the background
• Easy to use and user-friendly interface

Name: ZIP Password Recovery Magic
Version: 6.1.1.115 (+ Portable)
Author: Password Recovery Magic Studio Ltd
Of.sayt: password-recovery-magic.com
Updated: 2010.02
Price: $ 19.99 (the medicine in the archive)
Interface: EN
OC: Windows 98/2K/XP/2K3/Vista/7
Size: 5.1 MB
Format:. Rar
Archive is divided into: one file
Information for restoration: 3%

Plato Safe Password Manager 11.03.01

2011-06-13T01:33:00.000-07:00

Plato Safe Password Manager 11.03.01 | 1.55 MB

Plato Safe Password Manager is an easy-to-use password manager for Windows to store your passwords in a highly encrypted database, and the database consists of only one file, it can be easily transferred from one computer to another. Today you need to remember many passwords. You need a password for the Windows network logon, e-mail account, homepage's FTP password, website member account, etc. How can you remember all those passwords?
Key Features:
• Supports password groups, you can sort your passwords (for example into Windows, Internet, FTP, HomeBack etc.).
• Export the password database to TXT,CSV,XML,HTML formats.
• Import password from CS
V file.
• Support with a strong random password generator.
• Consists of only one file, easily transferred from one computer to another.
• Print the password list or preview.

Home page - www.infoofcomp.blogspot.com

Multi Password Recovery 1.2.0 Multilingual ( + Portable)

Multi Password Recovery 1.2.0 Multilingual (+ Portable) | 3.23 MB

Multi Password Recovery (MPR) - multifunctional password decryption, removal and auditing solution for Windows. MPR instantly finds and recovers passwords from more than 80 popular applications (FTP, E-mail clients, IM, Browsers and so on). It can also delete stored passwords, shows passwords hidden under asterisks, copies SAM file and can generate new passwords. Under W2K/XP/2K3 MPR is able to process blocked for reading files.
FTP clients:
- Windows/Total Commander 4.x, 6.x
- FAR Manager 1.6x, 1.7x
- WS_FTP 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Home/Pro, 2007
- CuteFTP Home/Pro (mostly all versions)
- FlashFXP 1.x-3.x
- FileZilla 2.x
- FTP Commander Pro/Deluxe (mostly all versions)
- FTP Navigator (mostly all versions)
- BulletProof FTP Client 1.x, 2.x
- SmartFTP 1.x, 2.x
- TurboFTP 5
- FFFTP 1.x
- CoffeeCup FTP 3.x
- Core FTP 2.x
- FTPExplorer 7.x
- Frigate3 FTP 3.x
- UltraFXP 1.x
- FTPRush 1.x
- SecureFX (mostly all versions)

E-mail Clients:
- Outlook Express 6.0
- Outlook 2000 (MSO 2000), 2002 (MSO XP), 2003 (MSO .NET)
- Mozilla Thunderbird 1.0, 1.5.x
- The Bat! v. 1.x, 2.x, 3.x
- Becky 2.x
- Eudora/Eudora Light (mostly all versions)
- Gmail Notifier (mostly all versions)
- Mail.Ru Agent 4.x
- Opera Email Client
- IncrediMail (mostly all versions)
- Group Mail Free (mostly all versions)
- Vypress Auvis 2.x
- PocoMail 3.x, 4.x
- Forte Agent 3.x
- iScribe/nScribe 1.x
- POP Peeper 3.x
- Mail Commander 8.x

Browsers:
- Opera 6.x, 7.x, 8.x, 9.x
- Mozilla Browser 1.7.x
- Internet Explorer 4, 5, 6, 7
- Mozilla Firefox (mostly all versions)

Dialers:
- Windows Remote Access Service (RAS), VPN and Dial-up passwords
- EType Dialer 1.x
- MuxaSoft Dialer 3.0, 4.0, 4.1
- FlexibleSoft Dialer 2.x-4.x
- Advanced Dialer 2.x
- Dialer Queen 1.x
- VDialer 3

Download managers:
- Download Master 4, 5
- GetRight 5
- FlashGet (JetCar) 1.6, 1.71, 1.8
- Internet Download Accelerator 5

Internet
- QIP 2005
- Miranda IM 0.2.x, 0.3.x, 0.4.x, 0.5.x, 0.6
- ICQ 99b-2003b, Lite 4, Lite 5
- MSN Messenger 1.x-7.x
- Windows Messenger
- Yahoo! Messenger 3.x-6.x
- &RQ 0.9
- Trillian 0.x, 2, 3
- AOL Instant Messenger (older versions), 6.x
- AIM Pro
- GAIM 1.x
- Odigo 4
- IM2 (Messenger 2) 1.5.x
- SIM 0.9
- Google Talk (mostly all versions)
- PSI (mostly all versions)
- Faim 0.1
- Windows Live Messenger
- Excite Private Messenger 1.x
- Gizmo Project (mostly all versions)
- Pidgin (mostly all versions)

Other
- Registration key from Win2k & XP
- ClubTimer 2.2-2.7
- Punto Switcher 2.5-2.9
- WinVNC 3.x
- Screen Saver Win9x
- ASP.NET Account
- Remote Desktop Connection
- The Bee 1.x
- FreeCall 3.x

Password Unlocker Bundle 5.5

Password Unlocker Bundle 5.5 | 32 Mb

Password Unlocker Bundle 5.5 is giant lost password recovery software, built in with up to 13 modules! To recover lost passwords for all popular files, archives, and applications, like Windows, Word, Excel, PDF, RAR, SQL, and more..
This password recovery solution contains all our flagship products of password unlocker series, We roll out this product bundle in a purpose to provide an all-in-one password solution for you either in office or at home.
Features:
Password recovery modules in one for Windows, Word, Excel, PDF, RAR, SQL, Instant Messengers, and more...
Recover passwords for Windows, Word, Excel, PPT, PDF, email accounts, network connections, ZIP and RAR archives, and more
Use popular password recovery attacksictionary attack, Brute-force attack, and Brute-force with Mask attack
Supports Windows 7
Recovers various password types fast
Wizard User Interface design, easier to use
Support multiple-core processor to accelerate the password recovery speed
The password recovery process is automatically saved every after a period of time, if stopped, the program will ask you to restart the unfinished task or not

AllyNova HTML Password Wizard v3.1

2011-06-13T01:32:00.000-07:00

[MULTI] AllyNova HTML Password Wizard v3.1 | 0.4 MB.

HTML Password Wizard - Password protect web page, html page and whole website. If you have a website, you may want to password protect some web pages of your site. Visitors need to login before enter these protected web pages.

With HTML Password Wizard, you can encrypt and password protect web page, html page and whole website in minutes. HTML Password Protect uses strong industrial standard encryption algorithms to encrypt the web pages with password, and the password will not be stored in the encrypted web pages. It can protect multiple web pages and visitors need to login only once.

You can encrypt and password protect web pages with single password or multiple user names and passwords, and the number of user names and passwords is unlimited.

HTML Password Wizard Features:
• Encrypt and password protect web pages or website in minutes.
• Uses strong industrial standard encryption algorithms.
• Number of user names and passwords is unlimited.
• Can protect multiple web pages and visitors need to login only once.
• Page templates enable you to build various attractive and functional login pages.
• Can create your own templates easily to fully configure the login pages.
• User name password can be remembered or not so that visitors no need to input next time.
• Many HTML protect options for using such as "Disable right mouse click", "Disable text select", "Disable page printing", "Disable off-line page viewing", "Kill frame", "Disable print screen", "Location lock" and so on.
• Protected web pages are independent of OS, web servers and web browsers.
• Can password protect almost all languages Charest of web pages in the world.
• Easy to use and powerful enough, what you need to do is just clicking a few buttons.
OS: Windows AllLanguage: EnglishHomepage: www.forexsal.blogspot.com

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD

AnyBizSoft PDF Password Remover v1.1.0

AnyBizSoft PDF Password Remover v1.1.0 | 6.1 MB

AnyBizSoft PDF Password Remover - removes passwords and removes restrictions from PDF files. There are times that you have full right to edit PDF document, but you forgot the password to him. Or so that your colleagues have created a report in PDF, but it no longer works for your firm. For such a problem has a solution! Right click on the PDF file, select Decrypt with AnyBizSoft PDF Password Remover from the menu and voila! You can print, and edit PDF document.
Features:
• Remove PDF passwords and restrictions.
• It removes the copy protection, editing or printing.
• Support for PDF 1.0 - 1.7 formats (. PDF).
• Batch Mode - 200 to decrypt PDF files at once.
• Deciphering the file right click the mouse.
• Autonomy - does not require Adobe Acrobat Reader, etc. ..
• Very easy to use user-friendly interface.

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD

Password Organizer Deluxe.v3.3

[MULTI] Password Organizer Deluxe.v3.3 | 6.7 MB.

Password Organizer Deluxe is a flexible password management software for Windows users. Our software solution gives you an easy way to gather and organize information about all your passwords, access codes, important numbers, login names, ids, account numbers. For the database novice, Organizer's intuitive interface and ready-to-use password management solutions make it easy to set up and use. For the power user, Organizer affords the simplicity of wizards that make it easy to set up and use password management solutions or other database software solutions that you create.

OS: Windows AllLanguage: EnglishHomepage: forexsal.blogspot.com
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD

ManageEngine Password Manager Pro v6.2.0.6200 Incl. *Keyfilemaker-AGAiN*

[MULTI] ManageEngine Password Manager Pro v6.2.0.6200 Incl. *Keyfilemaker-AGAiN* | 33.79 MB.

Password Manager Pro is a complex software solution created for managing shared administrative passwords.

PMP is centralized, web-based and enables IT managers to enforce standard password management practises such as maintaining a central repository of all passwords, usage of strong passwords, frequent changing of sensitive passwords and controlling user access to shared passwords across the enterprise.

Password Manager Pro (PMP) is a trusted solution to securely store, access and administer shared administrative passwords. It enables IT managers to maintain a central repository of passwords, enforce standard password policies and control unauthorized user access to shared passwords. It also provides a complete record of 'who', 'what' and 'when' of password access.

In organizations, access to IT infrastructure such as servers, databases, network devices and applications storing sensitive data are restricted through privileged passwords.

The number of administrative passwords keep on growing as more and more servers, devices and applications are added to the enterprise. Typically, the applications are used in a shared environment by a group of administrators, who end up virtually struggling with a pile of passwords and face problems on securely storing, managing and sharing the passwords. Spreadsheets, flat files and even print-outs containing the passwords are circulated among the administrators.

Key Features:
· Securely store thousands of privileged passwords of servers, databases, network devices, websites and IT applications
· Selectively share passwords with others
· Reset passwords of remote resources
· Enforce better password management practices
· Complete record of 'who', 'what' and 'when' of password access
· Shared administrative password management
· Service accounts password management (Application-to-Application / Application-to-Database)
· Active Directory/LDAP integration
· Role-based access control & user groups
· Password Access Control Workflow
· Password ownership & sharing
· Automated password resets
· Automatic login to target systems, websites
· Real-time notifications for password events
· Two-Factor Authentication
· Comprehensive audit trails and reporting
· PCI DSS compliance reporting
· High availability architecture for uninterrupted access to passwords
What's new in ManageEngine PasswordManager Pro 6.2 Build 6200:
· New Features / Enhancements
SIEM Integration:
· Provision for generating SNMP traps and Syslog messages upon the occurrence of any activity/event - be it password access or modification or any other activity performed in the PMP application. The traps/syslog messages can be sent to the SIEM tools, which can thoroughly analyze these events, correlate them with other network events and provide informative, holistic insights on the overall network activity.
Two Flavours of APIs for A-to-A Password Management:
· Completely revamped provisions for Application-to-Application Password Management, which help eliminate hard-coded passwords in enterprise environments. PMP provides two flavors of the API - a comprehensive application API based on XML-RPC over HTTPS and a command line interface for scripts over secure shell (SSH), using which any enterprise application or command line script can programatically query PMP and retrieve passwords to connect with other applications or databases.
Local Service Account Password Reset:
· Provision to find and reset all the local account passwords used for services and scheduled tasks in Windows resources
Enhancements in Bulk Password Reset:
· Provision for bulk password reset by selecting multiple resources / resource groups
· Provision for bulk update of passwords in PMP database alone without updating on the actual resources
Reports:
· Enhanced dashboard reports providing details on currently logged in users
· Provision to export all reports in '.xls' format
High Availability:
· Enhancements in High Availability setup with provision for alerts on failure events
Bug Fixes / Changes:
· Earlier, after carrying out a search operation, if one accessed the 'Enterprise Passwords' tab, while an empty page was shown in Firefox, a warning page came up in Internet Explorer. This issue has been fixed now
· Earlier, in Password Request-Release workflow, when the time limit for administrator approval was set as '0' indicating indefinite time period, the approval time period ended after some time. This has been fixed now
· Earlier, in certain cases, Windows remote password reset and password integrity verification failed. It has now been fixed
· Earlier, while implementing concurrency control in Password Request-Release workflow, the maximum time period up to which the password was to be available exclusively for a particular user was specified in hours. This has been changed to minutes to enable granting of exclusive privilege less than one hour
· Earlier, the view length of entries (passwords/resources) in PMP web-interface was not user-specific. It has been made user-specific now.
· Entries in password explorer tree in the 'Home Tab' are now sorted alphabetically
· Provision to control 'Manage Share' permissions for criteria-based resource groups
· Earlier, Single SignOn worked only with NTLM-v1. Now, it works with NTLM-v2 through integration with a third party library named 'Java Enterprise Security Provider Authority' (Jespa), which provides advanced integration between Microsoft Active Directory and Java applications
· Earlier, MD5 algorithm was used for hasing the PMP user passwords for local authentication. Now, SHA 512 is being used.
Language: EnglishOS: Windows 2000 Server/Professional / Server 2003/ Server 2008/ XP Professional /VistaHomepage: http://anonym.to/?http://www.manageengine.com/

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How To reset Windows Server 2008 password

2011-06-13T01:29:00.000-07:00

You have just completed installing Windows Server 2008, and you hit the Ctrl+Alt+Delete key and then you were lost, What administator password and username should I used? Especially that you did not create any during the installation process! In this article, I will show you how to successfully reset to Windows server 2008.

Windows Server 2008 is one of Microsoft Windows' server line of operating systems. Released to manufacturing on February 4, 2008, and officially released on February 27, 2008, it is the successor to Windows Server 2003, released nearly five years earlier. A second release, named Windows Server 2008 R2, was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009.

The solution is a two stage process. The first stage is preparation and requires the use of PING (Partimage is not ghost) which is a linux environment that can run off of a disc. You need to download the PING image and burn it to a disc before continuing.

Now that you have the disc ready, here are the steps to follow:

1. Put the disc in your server and boot off of it. The process to do this differs by server but I am sure you can figure it out (or have done it before).

2. The PING linux environment will load.

3.When the environment is fully loaded, you will receive a “>>” prompt.

4.At the “>>” prompt, type “x” and press the ENTER key. “x“ will take you to a command shell rather than launching the PING user interface.

6.At the “PING login:” prompt, type in “root” and press the ENTER key.

7.At this ping you should be logged into the PING operating system. Now we need to run a few shell commands.

Run the following command: fdisk -l : grep NTFS

8.This command will list all the NTFS partitions. As best as you can, note the name of the one that contains the Windows directory.

9.Run the following command: mkdir -p /mnt/windows

10.This command creates a directory called “/mnt/windows” that will be used for mounting the windows partition

11.Run the following command: mount -t ntfs-3g /dev/sda3 /mnt/windows

12.This command actually performs the mount. “/dev/sda3″ is the name of the device (from step 7) that holds the windows partition. This was “sda3″ for me but may vary for you.

13.Run the following command: cd /mnt/windows/Windows/System32

14.This command changes the current directory to the System32 directory in the Windows partition. Now that the partition has been mounted, you can consider “/mnt/Windows” as the root drive of your server so “/mnt/windows/Windows/System32″ is the equivalent to “C:\Windows\System32″.

15.Run the following command: mv Magnify.exe Magnify.bak

16.This command renames the “Magnify.exe” file, which is in the System32 folder.

17.Run the following command: cp cmd.exe Magnify.exe

18.This command, the final one, makes a copy of “cmd.exe” and names it “Magnify.exe”.

19.Remove the disc and reboot.

The steps above all make up the first stage, which is really the primary stage. You see, we can’t really (easily) recover the password. All the steps above bring you to a point where you will actually be able to bypass authentication all together with something akin to a backdoor. Now you see why I started by saying that it should only be used for good.

For the second stage, we need to wait until Windows has booted and you are at the login screen. On this screen you will notice a small icon in the lower left corner o

f the screen. This is known as the “Ease of Access” feature, which provides accessibility options. Click on this icon to bring up the dialog box. You will notice several different accessibility options, one of them being “Make items on the screen larger (Magnifier)”. This launches a tool called Magnify.exe which is used to make items on the screen larger.

Yes, I said “Magnify.exe”. If you remember from the first stage of this solution, we replaced this tool with cmd.exe (which runs a command prompt). On the “Ease of Access” dialog, select “Make items on the screen larger (Magnifier)” and press the OK button. As you might expect now, instead of the Magnify tool being launched you are presented with a command prompt. We have just fully bypasses the Windows Sever 2008 authentication. You can run almost anything you can think from this command prompt as it is running under the NT AUTHORITY/SYSTEM account. I ran “explorer.exe” which brought up the task bar. I then went through the normal options to reset the password on the Administrator account and was able to immediately log in with the new password.

One more time I must stress that this information is only being presented to assist those who find themselves in a situation similar to mine. Please do not use this information in an attempt to access a system that you should not have access too.

Windows server 2008 Password Recovery Tool: Windows Password Key 8.0

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Office Password Recovery Magic 6.1.1.175

Office Password Recovery Magic 6.1.1.175 | 2.3 MB

Office Password Recovery Magic is password recovery software designed to help users recover the lost or forgotten password. Any office files' read-only passwords can be recovered here. We still can recover *.xls, *.ppt, *.mdb, *.doc and Office 2007 formats files. The easy-to-use interface help users do exact search. Users can set parameters to exact the range of searching password, such as the length of the password and the shape of the password. Users still can using dictionary file, which is a string document to find password more quickly.
You can enjoy full function of recovering password. If you have questions or suggestions about our software, please contact us, we hope to grow up with you together.
Key Features
•Recover the lost or forgotten password quickly.
•Recover read-only passwords for Microsoft Office Word.
•Recover read-only passwords for Microsoft Office Excel.
•Recover read-only passwords for Microsoft Office PowerPoint.
•Recover read-only passwords for Microsoft Office Access.
•User-friendly interface.

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Sticky Password 4.0.2.164

You stole ICQ or broke open mail? Missing money from your electronic purse? So you and must! You simply do not know how to keep your passwords! Passwords are now the most popular, and often the only way to protect personal information. Sticky Password-a unique program that integrates the system remembers and automatically enters the user IDs and passwords in the fields of a site, any program on your computer! Sticky Password oppose keylogers and other spy program to try to capture your passwords. A password-protected powerful encryption algorithms, including AES / Rijndael with 256 to date, most reliable.
With Sticky Password 4.0, youll have:

- the password manager and form filler for your favorite websites and applications
- one-click autofill of on-line forms
- the maximum level of security to keep your passwords and personal data safe
- effective protection against phishing attempts and key loggers
- a convenient productivity tool to organize all your passwords
- your passwords whenever and wherever you need them

Size : 8,5 MB

RAR Password Cracker 4.12

2011-06-13T01:26:00.001-07:00

RAR Password Cracker v4.12

This program is intended to recover lost passwords for RAR/WinRAR archives of versions 2.xx and 3.xx. The program finds by the method of exhaustive search all possible combinations of characters ("bruteforce" method), or using passwords from lists ("wordlist" or "dictionary" method). Self-extracting archives and multivolume archives are supported. The program is able to save a current state (you can interrupt the program at any time, and restart from the same state later). Estimated time calculator allows you to configure the program more carefully.
System requirements
RAR Password Cracker requires Windows 9x/ME/XP/NT4/2000/2003. There are no special requirements for memory capacity, but the processor perfor
mance should be as high as possible. Special hardware is not required.
What's new Version 4.12
Fixed: Permanent crashes on some types of files.
Added: New type of licenses: low-cost time-limited fully functional version

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Rar password cracker 4.2

This program recovers lost passwords for RAR/WinRAR archives of versions 2.x and 3.x. The program finds passwords by way of an exhaustive search of all possible combinations of characters or by using passwords from lists. Self-extracting and multivolume archives are supported. The program can save a current state--you can interrupt the program at any time and restart from the same state later. An estimated-time calculator allows you to configure the program more carefully.

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RAR Password Recovery Magic 6.1.1.257

RAR Password Recovery Magic is a powerful tool designed to recover lost or forgotten passwords for a RAR/WinRAR archives. RAR Password Recovery Magic supports the customizable brute-force and dictionary-based attacks.
RAR Password Recovery Magic has an easy to use interface. All you need to do to recover your password is just to add your file to the operation window.
Key Features

* Recover passwords for RAR/WinRAR archives.
* Custom character set for "brute-force" attack supported.
* You can select character from a range of character options including: Letters, Numbers, symbol...
* Large wordlist dictionary.
* Work in the background.
* Features a user-friendly interface.
Size : 1.8 MB

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Password Depot Professional 4.1.4 - Repack

2011-06-13T01:25:00.001-07:00

Password Depot Professional 4.1.4

Password Depot Professional 4.1.4
Password Depot 4 protects your important and confidential passwords from external access while offering maximum user-friendliness!
For Computer Build 01/08, Password Depot is the password safe which "as the only software was able to make a good impression when faced with the comprehensive security test".

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12 Password Cracker Tools

Password Breaker & Cracker Mega Thread | 40 MB

1) PDF Password Remover
2) Windows XP Admin Password Remover
3) Zip File Password Cracker
4) SQL Password Remover
5) Microsoft Office Password Remover
6) Windows Vista Admin Password Recovery
7) Windows Password Recovery
RAR File Password Cracker
9) EXE File Password Recovery
10) Password Changer
11) Password Memory
12) Distributed Password Recovery

Installation
Extract And Install ,Register Use Tools
Enjoy

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Portable PDF Password Cracker Pro v3.0

Portable PDF Password Cracker Pro v3.0 Size 3,0 MB
PDF Password Cracker Pro allows to search for "owner" and "user" passwords with brute-force and dictionary attacks, effectively optimized for speed.
In addition, it has Key search attack, which guarantees the decryption (regardless the password length and complexity) of PDF files that use 40-bit encryption.
The standard security provided by PDF consists of two different passwords. Owner Password will allow to prevent PDF file from editing (changing), printing, selecting text and graphics, or adding/changing annotations and
form fields; User Password locks the file so the password is required to open or view the file.

If only owner password is set, decryption is being done instantly; decrypted file can be opened in any PDF viewer (e.g. Adobe Acrobat Reader) without any restrictions, i.e. with edit/copy/print/annotate functions enabled. Alternatively, owner password can be recovered using brute-force or dictionary attacks.
Additionally, PDF Password Cracker Pro supports "key search" attack that allows to decrypt PDF files with 40-bit security regardless the password length.

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Windows Admin Password Hack

2011-06-13T01:24:00.001-07:00

Windows Admin Password Hack

Windows Admin Password Hack :
This is a utility to (re)set the password of any user that has a valid (local) account on your NT system.
You do not need to know the old password to set a new one.
It works offline, that is, you have to shutdown your computer and boot off a floppydisk or CD. The bootdisk includes stuff to access NTFS and FAT/FAT32 partitions and scripts to glue the whole thing together.
Windows 2000/XP.
The ISO must be burned to a CD or Flash drive.

Windows Admin Password Hack :
Forgot your NT admin password?
Reinstall? Oh no... But not any more...

This is a utility to (re)set the password of any user that has a valid (local) account on your NT system.
You do not need to know the old password to set a new one.
It works offline, that is, you have to shutdown your computer and boot off a floppydisk or CD. The bootdisk includes stuff to access NTFS and FAT/FAT32 partitions and scripts to glue the whole thing together.

Will detect and offer to unlock locked or disabled out user accounts!
It is also an almost fully functional registry editor!

Windows Admin Hack allows you to reset the administrator password on
Windows 2000/XP.

The ISO must be burned to a CD or Flash drive.

When it is booted, a mini version of linux starts which allows the
administrator password to be reset. useful if you need to work on a
machine the password is unknown.

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Hack Facebook Password

2011-06-13T01:23:00.001-07:00

Hack Facebook Password

Hack Facebook Password

Hack Facebook Password

Hack Facebook Password

Hack Facebook Password Only 11.89 MB

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4 Password Recovery Apps

2011-06-13T01:21:00.000-07:00

4 Password Recovery Apps

AIM Password Recovery

Password Recovery for MSN

Password Recovery for MySpace IM

Password Recovery for Windows Live

Password Recovery for MySpaceIM finds and shows MySpace passwords saved by MySpaceIM (instant messenger

created by MySpace) on your local system. Your MySpace password will be decrypted if you can successfully

login with MySpaceIM without entering your password. The program also allows recovery of MySpace passwords

from MySpaceIM data files extracted from other hard drives or user accounts (external recovery is explained

below on this page). Download and install MySpace password recovery tool and see if it can decode your

MySpace passwords

Windows Live Password Recovery is the tool that will instantly recover Windows Live® passwords that were

saved by Windows Live Messenger on your PC under the current login. This cracker works when you are able to

login with your messenger automatically without entering your password. It will recover multiple accounts

and supports all known versions of Windows Live Messenger. Works on Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows

7. Even if you have un-installed Windows Live Messenger there is still a chance that your password is saved

on your PC. This is a great way to restore your long forgotten Windows Live Hotmail® password.

Password Recovery for MSN is the MSN messenger password recovery program that finds all encrypted MSN

Messenger, Windows Live Messenger and Windows Messenger passwords stored on the local system. It then

displays them in an easy to read format. This program works if after clicking the "Sign-In" button in your

messenger you're able to login automatically without entering your MSN password.

AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) Password Recovery will find all encoded AIM passwords stored on the local PC

under the current account. The passwords will then be cracked and decoded (decrypted) to display on the

screen in a user-friendly format. Correct passwords will of course be displayed only if you are able to

login automatically in AIM without entering your password for the account you want to recover. Works with

the latest version of AIM (6). Passwords for multiple profiles (screen names) can be cracked. It costs

nothing to download AIM Password Recovery and see if the passwords are recoverable