Nigerian Igbo and The Hebrew Language and African Redux

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)q by Sampson Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-07-08T15:18:00.000-07:00

But Aramaic was perhaps the very language upon which several portions of the Bible were written. But Aramaic was a Jordan linguistic canvass. The root of the problem with Nabatean is that they were grouped as Arabic, not unlike African tribes such as Berber, the Dadene, the Qadene, the Midianites of Moses’ wife and the Sabeans of queen Sheba, who were just African tribes between Egypt and much of the Jordan.

These tribes among others are called Desert dwellers, Bedouin, and among the initial 13 families of these Bedouins of Aram was the house of Abraham. But this area is 1800 years before Christ and these where wandering people on what is Arabian Desert, the former Eastern Desert. We shall encounter this Aramaic in future and its role in determining the forces that shaped East and the West and why Latin is of several versions and one. Their story begins somewhere around Canaan and around two thousand years before Christ in time of the great flood.

But after the Great Flood as according to Manetho, much of Ebla and Mari which are very close to the open waters of Mesopotamia went under the flood, a condition of history still misinterpreted as conquest by Giovanni. The rest of the laborers from these areas were displaced. Some perhaps freed themselves from the wretches of the Pharaohs or any labors to rich patron and others just heading home destined mainly to become wanderers in what is now Arabian history.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)p by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-07-07T15:15:00.000-07:00

But what we are honking on is the degree through which much of world history has been misunderstood and misinterpreted, especially when we now know that the genealogy of nations found in Genesis 10, relates a story of the world of a certain Shem as the father of Aram and the issue of Eber as the ancestor of Hebrew. But Abraham of the date 1800c before Christ called his father a wandering Aramean, no doubt his father was perhaps a scion of this house of Aram who pitched their tent in Haran.

Taken together, these facts would suggest that the movement of these Aramean began somewhere around Ebla and around Mari in Syria, places I have demonstrated where not outside the influence of Egypt coming through Babylon. We take it that the ‘wandering’ Arameans who are not different in lineage from Phoenicians, or too different from the Arabs and Elam which means East of Babylon, are probably part of the Egyptian laborers or tribes gathered around the area of Mari working for rich patrons, which the Mari text of the ANET speak in drive by.

Egyptian chroniclers retain much of the work of literature in this Aramaic down to the fifth century of Cyrus the Great, Cambyses, and of Darius who gradually replaced old Egyptian language with what they call the Demotic script. Aramaic as a language has not been demonstrated as a language descended from Aram of the Abraham. But the point is that their home was between Egypt and Jordan and perhaps Syria. In fact, Syria was the hotbed of this Aramaic which was also spoken largely in the days of Christ.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)o By Sampson Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-07-06T15:13:00.000-07:00

There are no serious records of marriage among the Egyptians either, nor do we have a common repository of marital status in Babylon. In fact the word fornication is a mere pun from Phoenicians, and to call an affair Corinthian is to spook a society where fornication without boundary was lifestyle. Sodom and Gomorra has not being linked to Phoenicians and Babylonian but they were Canaanites, perhaps an extreme case of such labor happy and drink till you drop lifestyle…’for the gods will care of themselves’.

Sodom and Gomorra bring in the face of a man who help our understanding of Hebrew history and by name Abraham. Abraham once said that a ‘wandering Aramean was my father’ in Genesis. The reason for the statement could not have that clear in terms of world history saving from the facts of the placed called Haran, which was eventually noted as Ur Chaldean by perhaps a later Redactor, as many Biblical archeologists do claim. But the Chaldean language has been demonstrated by many linguistic to be much the same with Afro Asiatic languages as they say.

And we make due reference to Haran since it carries the strong motif of Abraham being original from Jordan area, perhaps at the outskates of Syria leading to Syria, through to perhaps Mari and Ebla which were mining and rock cutting district of rich patrons like the Pharaohs building their pyramids. Or perhaps the other way round as intend to argue. As such, Abraham’s wondering Aramean father, may have originated from around Jordan, and moved towards Syria from where they were displaced by the floods of 2000 – 1900 Bce.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)n by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-07-06T15:11:00.000-07:00

Phoenicians and Babylonians imitate the Egyptian rituals for after life. They both believe in soul’s departure and so on, and the phoenix is the very departing soul in escapade. The Egyptian and funerary Architecture is all clearly Egyptian, so is their style in dressing. Phoenicians, done as masters of red valets, only had head priest called the ensi loyal mainly to the pharaoh of Egypt, a title that is only head and not king. Then ensi is not a god, and among the peoples of Middle East such as Mari and Ebla, is the presence of the head, the ensi, the esse, these Egyptian outpost in Sinai had linguistic function that enabled business to business to function.

In all certainty, Ebla which means ‘White Rock’ and Mari referring to Rock were probably tribes of Egyptian workers, like the Fenkus of Babylon called ‘Wood Cutters’ like the Phoenician who are Sea and Globe trotters of Egypt. One of the patrons of these sea travelers and discoverers was Thoth, the god of writing, and his female partner was Seshat; a goddess of poetry.

The initial list of words that was found among them was only a form of communication device between them and whoever was wherewithal. But most of the cities once attributed to Greek or Greek gods like Ephesus, Corinth, and so on were probably founded Phoenicians. These places carried the connotation of fornication and merry making, very much like the Phoenicians who very really married.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)m by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-07-05T15:08:00.000-07:00

Whatever maybe the interpretation of these appellations of Osiris and other lords of Egypt, it is not wrong to suggest that these were intended as a memorial to the times of Osiris and his death. The soul of dearly beloved in Egypt is often set into the sea and the buried are crouched in such a way that face the West in their dying scythe of eternity unknown. Even at that the Raffia in much older times is mainly expected to burn the remains. But the issue concerning burning to Ashes, a supposedly Greek practice has roots in Egypt. But the act of burning the body was not the only the way of burial even among the Greeks. Such act is however necessary since the rising of the Phoenix Bird is to prove itself as a soul in the trap of human body. So “when from Ashes…’’ must raise the soul, we absolve the Christians of this language on the crass of a legendary re - awakening of the Sun Bird after a seeming brief re-lapse into death, covered by the sands of time.

This imitations of living dead, of this Bird that is thrown into the Fire to be burn and so to speak tried, only in the end shall the real bird arise from the Ashes. All part of the Osirian myth, all part of the Coronation Drama, all drama. Adonis was one of the Phoenician Patrons and so was his Istar, the supposed wife of Osiris, guild for the workers of Babylon, of Narmer and rebel party of Menes in the last monarchic years of Egypt in around 3100 Bce. Istar was supposed to have used her magical ability to discover (or recover) the body of Osiris clutched in its carcass and coffin, perhaps in perpetual coma on seeming death. All in all, the trick and nailing alive of Osiris was the art of the wicked designs of his brother Seth in years of their father Geb >Geblin, the last monarch of Egypt before the Dynastic era.

Perhaps an earlier case of the movie Amadeus and its corollary influence. How the river Adonis helped to raft the wood from Babylon into Syria and through Syria into Egypt display the ingenuity of these Egyptians, an ingenuity that lives further than Africa. But this stop of zone and traffic areas were part of Syria and Jordan, and much of Canaan including Jericho was very fertile largely because of dregs from buffeting sea. Egypt also benefitted from these dregs of annual rise and over flowing of the rivers and in particular, the Nile.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)L by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-07-04T15:06:00.000-07:00

Babylonians rafted their wood from the sea called Adonis through to Syria into Egypt where the earliest civilizations are known. The first plays known to man were written in Africa, for instance the plays, ‘Coronation Drama’ and ‘Memphite Drama’ were all and mainly about the resurrection of Osiris. All the parts of the play were all about Africa at twilight of Pre-monarchic Egypt when the Pharaoh was still buried at Saqqara at around 3100 Bce. As such the plays about the Osiris and company were perhaps written a century or so after the death of Osiris by the hands of his brother, Seth.

Manetho and Plutarch are usual sources of this legend, but there are other fragments of such liturgy about the rise of the great one Osiris from a seeming death. Osiris was cast into the casket and ran abroad through the River called Adonis, a river which got its name from Osiris. Adonis it must be said is mythologized in various forms throughout the world, but Plutarch’s Dionysus as Osiris Myth was supposedly the god of the Netherworld - that is the god of the grave and unknown world across the seas.

And when a person passes on in life, they put him or her on a boat and arrange a bouquet of flowers on the casket and the dry Raffia is placed to bear the burning fire. The boat sails into the Unknown world to be judged so to speak by Osiris, who was also called Adonii or Adonija by Egyptian. The world Nija or Niger, may have caught your attention, and may ease your speculative tickle given the definition Black lord, for we know that Adonija means Black Lord of the Nile but which also means lord of the unknown word, the Nether ‘dark and unknown’. In my view, Nether is possibly a mimesis of Niger/nija. Egyptian word nii is for Nile and the Egyptian word ado, means lord. That name Adonija is different from ‘Lord of the Nile’ which to Adoni/Adonay, a word discovered among the Hebrews to mean ‘lord’, which the Greek called Adonis, which are the two names of the Osiris.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)k by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-07-02T15:05:00.000-07:00

No doubt their loyalty to Darius I and II and the rest of them were not readily counted on and as such they had to make their living elsewhere. And it was only natural that the Academe that they initiated was a formal result of these unemployed immigrants, who conducted self-initiate project of reading, writing and professional life for their rich patron in Greece. But many of them opposed just about anything that mitigate against their line of profession.

It is even said that Cambyses death by a poisoned arrow shot to his laps was arranged by the Priesthood of Egypt. From that 5th century Greek, the language of the Greeks began to change from one form to the more standard Greek. It was not the Greeks who inherited the direct thrust of civilization. It was the Babylonians who impacted on Assyrian such schools of learning beginning from the days of Tukulti -Ninurta II who thoroughly defeated Babylon and converted their learning to Assyria.

But Babylon completely owes its origin and its rich enhances of literature to Egypt. And they did for many centuries learn from them. Even the Greeks, who are the madness of our generation, cite Africa as home and in many case they cite Egypt. As such, cases involving Estrucans as rudimentary Egyptians, and places of history like Jordan which feature so much of the Bible is not that farfetched from Pre- dynastic Egypt and relatives of Africans. Phoenicians before them did not deny their leniency to Egypt and even more so the Babylonians who connect the ancient to the modern.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)i by Sampson Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-06-30T15:01:00.000-07:00

Part B

What is Christianity without the Jews and their Samarian Arabs? And who are these Jews and Arabs if not tribes of Africa? What is really Greek that is Greek without Africa? What is Babylon without Syria and Egypt? And what is Syria if not part of Africa? The question that will likely be asked is what may be called languages of the world given the newer facilities of the comparison between European languages and to African Atlantic languages and African Igbos? Is it really possible to call Germanic languages of English, French, Spanish, and so on, languages at all in the world. Are these languages not merely dialect continuum of African languages, a combination of Ancient and Medieval Latin by way of Berber and the Roman church, a pun on the Greek myriad overlay on the native German…if at all there is such a thing. There is possible non such. This is also a case with Hebrew and the Greek at the highest point in the fifth century.

Even at that, Greek society only reached its highest point in the 5th century where the likes of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle all graced the intellectual stage. It is only natural that the Greeks would have all of a sudden appeared, for it is clear to many historians that the East side of the Greece which Iona, were no surprisingly the major bearers of the intellectual culture given their opulence to migration. The immigrant population of Iona was mainly outsiders of very Greek, and could only have added their influence to the nearly democratic Greek states. Many of these immigrants were Egyptians and their African tribes, and many of whom were persecuted during the years of Cyrus, to the years of his son Cambyses as king of Babylon and Assyria, through the years of Darius I who eventually unified Babylon and Assyrian into Persia, all three leaders of Persian Empire of the fifth century. It has been said that Egyptian priests and scholars moved from Egypt (Africa) into many parts of their neighboring states like Syria and from such places they began to migrate into deeper reaches of Europe, to places such as Greece. Iona was essential part of that entrance and Iona retained in Greece these artists from Egypt and Near East, Iona allowed these priest, wise men, and women of Egypt who sort to free themselves from the control of Persians to nurture their ability. These priests sort to free themselves from the total domination of their land, and Persian authorities cited that their services were no longer required. They refused the authority Greece offered the brief protection.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)g by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-06-29T14:59:00.000-07:00

In the course of previous articles, I eventually re-discovered that at some point in the course of many writings Verner (Verner’s law) made a comparative commentary of the presence of the fricative, t, in Germanic languages - anecdote for English - which he and his company demonstrated to have arisen out of voiceless environment of the wandering Germanic tribes. Much like muon, muo, old English for mouth current English. If you have so far followed my lecture on this, you will come to discover that something is wrong with the above English words for mouth, words like muon, muo, are no different from nuon, num(?), phonum which are closer to Latin in terms of spoken words and parts of speaking. Closer still is the above connection to these words, onu (mouth), onum(my mouth), na-onu (none, empty talk, mouthing?). The influence as I have argued is not only Germanic in terms of environment but also Greek, Syria Greek by way of Byzantine. Lire, it must be known is for the count of 10 in Latin, showing a structural affinity with Igbo.

The Latinate of language might stake its faith in Igbo on the condition which I have argued is Hebrew, perhaps related to Aramaic, perhaps Arabic is essence and most perhaps Berber in structure. But the bearers of that Berber language or whom we now tend to under of connection to old English and as Barbarian where not Greek outsiders pe se, but where the larger family of languages that might have given birth to Indo – European languages, Germanic for certain. The Berbers, ancient and modern are easily found in what is now Syria and are mainly located in Northern parts of Africa. Many of them today as partly Arabic, partly European, but largely the remaining few are largely ethnic African minority that are still suffering the sacrilege of invasion by the outsiders.

These people are also found around the Saharan belt, north and south. Syria, ancient and modern entertained civilizations from Europe and no singular country in the world has that much to offer the world beyond Syria, saving Egypt and their Africans. Babylon was probably on the same scale with Syria, perhaps Persia after. The relevance of Rome before the Greeks is not arguable, although some will entirely insist that Greece rank higher, but on the weight of Christianity, the Greeks are merely popular.

In it all, you are tempted to question a lot of things, as well translate them.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)f by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-06-28T14:56:00.000-07:00

Even beyond English, the connection between the Sanskrit of the Vedic and Igbo of the Nigeria is even much closer. As revealing as the above facts would seem, I must say that there is at least a 100 of such conviviality of Igbo and of the Sanskrit. I hope also hope you did not miss six and seven in English as ishi and asaa in Igbo. Even the word ato and quarto, may be explicated in terms of the number of alphabets available in world history until lately.

Until the Moors from Africa introduced numbers and mathematics to Europe (and not the Hindu) numbers or arithmetic was also unknown to Europeans. The numbers 1-9, were the initial usage until sometime in the 14th century when the number 10 was introduced, also by an African Berber of what is Algeria. From 1 (one) so to speak in English to 9 (nine), English language could have only retained what it needed to and the changes in the Sanskrit was probably a very recent thing. Old English contain tehani as supposedly the last number in old English society and I think that tehani was possibly the nine, and most probably, nine simply emanated from nani, which without the t is probably a dialectal of English with leniency to Latin. As such the emendation to nine from nani, would mean that tehani was the sole purpose for that same word. That is to say that nani and tegheni were just the reference to the last number in old English.

This tehani is still now the last of the numbers in current English, but it is now ten – which is the latest of number invention. In Igbo, however, it does appear that the last of the numbers is or may have been 9, or at least may have been the number nine in prospective. This is just speculation and we can speculate on this since we know that Iteghete, no more different from the Igbo word teghete is for nine, a word that is no different from teghani or tehani of old Norman English, which is now altered as ten in current English.

Unless we can demonstrate that teghete in Igbo which is nine per se does not exist anywhere in Old English or Old Latin or Old French, then we can only hope that we may have been right by probably existence of the original English numbers containing litre as 10. Iri is the word for ten in Igbo, no different from the English word litre, only on the account of the t letter and the teh, a case which we have made concerning the degree of relativity and separateness between English and Latin and between some European language and Nigerian Igbo.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)e by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-06-27T14:55:00.000-07:00

African languages are in fact only languages in terms of Europe only by way of ethics and their more female side. For many linguistic, Greek has all they need to know, a fact buttressed by Sanskrit of Arian semi - demotic script, all of whom descent the so called Caucasus, which historians have said and demonstrated is nothing else as Cholchi of old, a people who willing celebrate their descent from Egypt and Africa. As such the Sanskrit which is spiritual hymn of the Vedic was supposed have origin elsewhere than Africa.

I want to say that enough however exit today to re-assure that most Indian languages descended from Syria or parts of Syria, some of which are at home in the TransJordan. The Brahmi for instance and the Gupta were very early departures of the Indian language. But these two languages including Basra are related to Berber and to Neo Sinaitic inscription and to Aramaic in general. Sanskrit and the Java were however part of an earlier departure from quasi Greek. In fact Java is the same Jawan, close to Aswan, which are modern adoption of the word Iona. Aswan is perhaps a Hebrew mimesis of the same word Iona, a Greek tribe that was a particular of the dialects available.

If that is too much to swallow, imagine that Indian Sanskrit contain so many Igbo words in very vivid essence that you cannot fail to recognize a possible common origin of perhaps domestic Igbo words and high Sanskrit. Enough has been done to connect Sanskrit to Hebrew, and of some of which were done with some degree of success. But the relationship between Igbo and Sanskrit maybe accidental given the success of the fact that many languages of the word today came from perhaps the ranks of Syria, from around the area of Sinai which reach all the way to Africa.

For the sake of argument we compare three, six, seven, eight, of English numerals with Igbo and Sanskrit. At least for Indians, you should be able to find in Igbo, ato (three) ishi (six), asaa (seven), asato(eight), while Sanskrit has the following for tryas (three), sat (six), sapta (seven), and asta (eight). Jacob Grimms’ sound Shift will even compel a closer comparison of Hindu dwo, with words like duo, English dual, or Latin Febua (Febuari/Febuary), to Igbo abuo, ebua, for two. Isolate the F letter like our previous example has demonstrated and we can easily, very easily arrive at ebua, nothing less than two in Igbo; ebua, abua, abuo, a word that could not be any stranger to Latin and to indo European.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)d by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-06-26T14:54:00.000-07:00

The claim that the Vedic Sanskrit such as the Greek language and much like Gothic, Visigothic, Pre-Caroligian, Merovingian, and other Indo –European languages, may have sought out their linguistic pathways from a certain origin, and continued in that pathway until they became a language of their own, is like spreading so slime a tar on so broad an avenue of the world that we can only see the link from one end to the other and not the tar, the main, the source.

Links however to Greek society and language away from Egypt is a gap - thousands of years apart - for we know that even the mathematics of Assyrians of late Bronze age and the study of the stars called Astrology were only perfected in Babylon, and the learning was only ‘retention’ in Iona - Greece, and with it a language of translation. Therefore the Babylonian languages like Emersal, where not to be missed as a particular of the Greek languages, probably the Akkadian. At some point in the history of linguistic study, there is a place called Sumer which many people argued had a collection of six different dialects, one which was the Emersal/Emersol, spoken in parts of Babylon. The rest of the dialects others have argued, was a vivification of the independent origins of the language of the people of Babylon, that Sumer shows departures in the language from its older stunt and to periods of departure. But not until lately were they indication of the false assumptions of these Sumerian language. In fact many of the historians missed entirely.

Comparing European languages to Africa or even to Semitic languages (?) is like comparing the Thames to the English Channel, the English Channel to the Atlantic, and perhaps the Atlantic to the Water ways of the World. Need does not arise to prove that a language in Europe may easily find its Roots in Africa. Need however arises, when African language in its current form is measured in terms of Europe and in terms of Latin, for these European language is so junior to African languages that studies in current form may not be possible, linguistic studies may demote the languages of Africa as too 'brutal' for European throat, for the upper and lower column of their vocal cords.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)c by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-06-25T14:52:00.000-07:00

Akkadian is one of the three dialects of Greek, but Akkadian like other dialects of Greek is rooted in Berber of Africa. The Berber language has being demonstrated as the structure of Arabic, Arabic the mother bed of Spanish and Spanish no less Latin is a company to English, the language altogether disconnected from Greek. But in common linguistic study, it is said that Greek in of itself, is not at all related to English in terms of structure, that English language merely and only copied from Greek what it needed. Enough cannot be said about English language which in many ways did not do anymore than copy some words from Greeks, in observation of the so called 'law of Parsippany' and the 'dialect continuum' of Syriac - Greek - Byzantine. This argument is made true on the context of the fact that Sanskrit has roots in what became Greek language and as such some words in Sanskrit, may be found in English.

There is no doubt that Greek is to be understood as three dialects which eventually proved itself in one dialect called the Akkadian. There is no doubt that Greeks are the hot bed of modern European offshoots, that is by influence, a language that it is claimed to have empowered the evolution of Runes of West and North German of Europe. Runes or Runic language has no depth in terms of history but Runic is the madness of the linguistic common world. No doubt that Greek is the comparative language of the time of Christ, in the Hellenistic era after the years of Alexander and in the era of translation from language to another, a process referred as the Targum. While the gap between German as we later understood and German as it never existed during the rise of Macedonians. But this is all common history.

Common sense for common people would lead us to accept that certain claims of common historians of the so called Germanic languages and tribes may have yielded much of what we know as English. Some of these historians and their linguistics also say that English and Germanic languages may have emerged from uncertain origins of Greek and Italian. That it emerged from such roots to become a new language of its own. From such form to such disputable degree of what is essentially Germanic language, much of current language now serves as the repository for English of the Middle ages where dictionaries of old English return time and through time to such bad bank of Old English. It is from the inks of the languages, Jutes, Frisian, Saxon that English was supposed to have emerged.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII)b by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-06-24T14:48:00.000-07:00

Like many historians have said, America, France, Britain, China, Rome, Greece – Macedon, Assyria and so on, may for instance speak of their decades, perhaps their golden era comprising a century of their greatness in the world, but Egypt and their Africans speak in millennia, millennia of sustained intellectual brilliance. The water bearer for Egypt include Syria, Jordan, Babylon, all of which amount in many ways to Mesopotamia may equally stake their case as commanders of history, but it is only on the understanding of they where and where they pitch their ancestral home. This home is none other than Egypt and Africa.

The long lasting nature of Egyptian intellectual technology was due to many factors, one of which is the isolated environment and the other their code for language which they invented and which they used in conducting the affairs of the world through ports like Ugarit, Syria, Babylon, Iona, Ashur, Crete, and so on. This code of language of what is known in edited version as Rosetta stone helped the efficient functionary of Egyptian mining districts such as Mari, Ebla, Mycene, Uruk, Sidon & Tyre, Cyprus, the Sinai peninsula and the other 'alphabet cities' around Sinai and Asia, where the obsidian disk of great Pharaohs were found, Pharaohs such as Chefren of 2500 bce. To places that guarded its gates, both against their fellow Africans of the eastern gate such Nubia and then Punt of the North for the beginnings of their great civilization. So the code of language from its earliest point was the idea behind the degree of management involved in the exercise, an exercise that was developed through ranks for priest and mainly used by priest.

Through the traffic of people along the Transjordan and the Syria coast, which were drop off Zone for a host of countries of the world, Babylon was able to converse with the known world with a language pattern that was a mere imitation of Rosetta stone of Egypt. In Babylon, much of the Egyptian formulae for communication were fully enhanced and from Babylon we begin to see the link between Africa and European society. Yet it seems strange that the connection in itself may yet fail to determine the Roots of English, since Babylon is mother tongue of Akkadian by way of Akkad and Sargon I of Ashur of 2300 Bce, whose conquest reached Northern Greek in the twilight of his career.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VII) by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-06-23T14:46:00.000-07:00

In Babylon, a record of patterns of world languages were recorded and arranged in straits in what was tablets of stones and in Papyrus. In Babylon much of the known world came to be known in literature and much of the alphabet cities of the world became known. Some of the places were noted only by the ship that travelled to the ports and others named after the ships were made more popular by the seaports Babylon and of Syria. The laws of the society of the area including the Hamurabi code was noted around the area and it had been argued more than once that his laws of Hamurabi of the 18th century were largely developed for the sake of traffic management and for issues concerning property in ownership Babylonian society. Hamurabi may be known as one of the oldest lawmakers in the world, and his rule compared to one of those in the course of human history that made civil responsibilities useful.

But Hamurabi in terms of African history, by which he is to be measured, Hamurabi was one of many powerful civil servant who successfully - albeit briefly - won his independence from Egypt. Africa is a continent that has come a long way and the world now copy Egypt as co-heirs making it seem that outside that world was Europe in particular sense of the world. The laws that Hamurabi supposedly enacted were effective and great, but in terms of Egyptian history of even the late 18th Dynasty, he was far away. By time of Pharoah Mernakhare and his collections of prosody called the 'Instructions of Mernakhare' to his sons and for providence, Africa was already in decay from millennia of brilliance and old aged. From the particulars of Egyptian history which at its beginning is located somewhere in the deeper part of Africa, nearly Sudan, from where they move forward to the first cataract and the Badarian division, then the war of 3100 Bce or thereabout led to the rise of Upper Egypt closer to the reach of Africa.

Instructions of Mernakhare was not the only book written by Egyptians, there were other books such as the story of Sinuhe, about a man who was expelled from Egypt to deeper ends of the world and his return. The Book of the Dead contains mystery of the dying and resurrection of the Re. The instructions of Mernekhare is a collection of teachings on how to deal with diplomats of the world and how to be a great pharaoh, a literature of highest order composed around 2100 bce - a century or so before the Great flood. Menakhare himself was troubled by the headache of invaders, an issue that came up from time to time in his long stay as Pharaoh. This was only a brief moment in the history of Egypt, a moment of uncertainty in the boundary penetration of Egypt.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VI)b by Iroabuchi Onwuka

2010-06-21T16:03:00.001-07:00

By

Iroabuchi Onwuka

Leonard Bloomfield is often cited for coming up with what seems to be a direction for linguistics study after a long intense period of corollary between two sets of language. Bloomfield managed to develop several formulae necessary for judging the age of any language in comparison to the other and for gauging its degree of transmutation. We can only highlight one of such formulae in terms of the process, X, X+1, X+2 and so on, where X is the original word upon which verities 1, 2, 3, of the same word in built. X is therefore elder to X+1, and X+1 elder to X+2. That is to say that if X is emu, X+1 is emu+lation, only if the word emulation is much the same in meaning as emu. That fact we have demonstrated in our previous articles. We have also demonstrated Bloomfield theory by citing the presence of words like isolations, where normative of the word isolation – without the suffix and inflection – was only built from a morpheme iso. So if X is equal to iso, X+1 therefore iso-lation.

The formula is made and demonstrated by Bloomfield ando may not really apply to compound words, but the formula is of interesting notion since it might help to throw light on what lies behind English words, before they were even subject to long fights.

For instance, these two Igbo words olu uda, easily conform to one word which is oluuda, and by isolating the excess vowels at the opposite ends of the word o-luud-a in question will yield up the word luud. The example that David Crystal set above in respect to lood for loud cannot pretend to exclude ‘luud’ from its family, a compound word easily derived from two Igbo words olu - uda meaning loud as in loud voice for repetition, where the following is observed, olu;neck, uda; big sound, all equal to the word loud in English. So lood in Old English emanated from two improbably sources, which can be understood from the two-word example olu-uda. We can elucidate on this example by citing the case of the word luck in English language. On the surface there is no real connection of the word to any Igbo word in direct order of structure, but closer the word luck is actually two by way of Igbo…in spite of its enhanced form. In Igbo, you are likely to find the word ulo-aku, meaning house of fortune, or in more elevated Igbo, we can translate the word as made by fortune. If we pronounce Ulo-aku in domestic form, we will arrive at Uloaku, which bear the vowels at the end of the word and when released, will yield up loak, a form of lok for home of fortune. Aku is wealth in Igbo, in itself closer to English word luck, but by padding the word to ulo-aku as part of Igbo saying burnishes on the actual meaning of the word luck, fortune.

What is happening here and is language change. Language change continued overtime has been the course upon which linguist thread carefully. Language change is very symbolic of the influences that take place in many people’s life and in many cultures of the world. The Igbo language may also have changed over the years, but it seems to me that the changes within Igbo language, is only fractional compared to the changes within English language. Much of this change in Igbo language may have taken place in the last fifty years. It may also seem to apply that the Igbo language - perhaps in common to other languages of the world – may have experienced bits of changes from the first day when the International Alphabet System was introduced to Igbo, to the present. In that sense, we can point out the fact that Igbo language and English language seem to have followed different rate of change, due mainly to the exposure of one in terms of its environment and the other caught up in another world.

For instance, the Sankrist may say, loke for male, and English will say bloke for man, and there other verities of the same word like loki in other dialects. But brothers and sisters, I will like to be convinced that sankrist loke, English bloke, is that different from the Igbo Oke, nwoke, for male and man. I mean is the comparison that good and is Sankrist with words like Asaata for Seven and asapto for eight that different from Igbo words like asaa for seven and asato for eight for us to over look them. Or is it the name that is a problem or the fact the Sankrist is Vedic all the way out there in India, English is for Englanders in Europe, and Igbo for good ol' Africana. The root is galvanished through Syria and Jordan with Origins in Egypt, out of which Hebrew broke off and out of which Sankrist also broke away some time in the 5th century Bce. Hebrew is yours truly Igbo language. A fact that need to be clarified.

Roots of English Language for NVS (VI)a

2010-06-19T12:42:00.000-07:00

David Crystal writing in his book ‘Fight for English’ demonstrated how the English people in the 16th century fought and shot for the right form of English language during transition years of its great vowel change. He gave two critical examples of such English words in transition, for instance in p.27, he cited ‘nahm’ as the word for name before the Great Vowel Shift of English language. He stated that “before the shift, a word like loud would have been pronounced ‘lood’; name as ‘nahm’, leaf as ‘layt’….That if some people are pronouncing name as ‘nahm’ and some are beginning to say something closer to ‘naym’, then how is it to be spelled?” He pointed out that during this period, it was only for people to disagree but after the Great Vowel Shift, it was also natural to find the word name as a form of consensus on the sound very much at home as name in current form…not before.

We shall eventually treat the evolution of certain words from two different words. There are words in English language that emerged from two different words which is very hallmark in many languages of the world. Given however the advanced nature of English words such as loud, luck, meek, mock, and so on, we can’t truly establish the two words in such English word. That is to say that the coming together of some words from two words is indicative of its origin and commonality, a form of what we might call compound words in linguistic study. The evolution of certain words from its more ancient source is very evident in the life of many languages of the world. In many ways it can be argued that the presence of definitive roots of nay word in the word, translate the very originality of the word. What therefore amounted to some English words discovered in Igbo, in minute form, maybe a way of demonstrating that a closer essence of such words in terms of its component apart actually exist.

Roots of English Language for NVS (V)c

2010-06-17T10:12:00.000-07:00

By
iroabuchi Onwuka

But that is just an over view for we know that among the Egyptians of North Africa, there are strong indications of written language used in the mortuary steel of their departing pharaohs and in the practice of divination and other religious practices of what we might refer to as Hieroglyphics. These Hieroglyphics are in the form of pictures and directional for ceremony and religion. And such these pictures served a certain purpose and formed gradually the basis of today’s letters. In a sense, letters are pictures from Egyptian past, picture used as a symbol of representation from an almost 2000 prototypes. In years past, when tribes of Egyptians were arranged as work experts, the travelers among them were a group of sea merchants, who founded cities through the world after the annualized flood every two thousand years. These groups also mast in their ship a bird-like symbol, a bird with the head of the Baboon in front of their ships, ships initially made from Raffia but was replaced by wooden ships of cedar from the mountains of Byblos which became Babylon. Babylon was Egypt’s ship making yard and the ship making effort would eventually enrich Babylon and Egypt. Egyptian ships always carry the insignia of the sun bird. Some of the birds may have the head of the Baboon which was the symbol of the so-called god of writing, the man who is believed to have invented writing. The sun bird was called phoenix, and these groups of mariners ‘with the crescent moon as mast’ and ‘the sunbird (phoenix) as symbol’ were loyal to the Egyptian Pharaoh only, and like Babylon, Phoenicians never had kings. They only had scholars and head priest called ‘ensi’ or ‘esse’ loyal to human but Pharaoh of Egypt. Egypt was their home. Phoenicians like the Babylonians were mainly seafarers, who travelled around the world discovering the much of it and bringing the good from that world. Phoenicians like Babylonians spoke the same language – much the same as Ugarit, Ebla, Mari, and after a while, these languages began to assume the dialectal, especially in conquest years of Sargon I of Kish and his grandson, Naram sin.

Roots of English Language for NVS (V)b

2010-06-16T12:26:00.001-07:00

Oratory is man’s oldest art. It has to be since it contains all the creative forces of speaking and language. Writing on the other hand is a child of this spoken words which are nothing more than pictures, a form of expression which began as a response to man’s need for communication. Writing is therefore a set of verifiable word which probably began as asset of pictures and these pictures eventually coalesce into a sensible set of words which people understood and spoke a thousand words. So writing from the beginning of human creative thinking is meant to be different from each other and the varieties of that relative difference continues even today. When we speak of Babylon in the Bible and in linguistic studies, we refer to a place where languages of the world first broke down possibly 3,000 years before Christ. According to Manetho, Diodoros Siculus, Herodotus, Soetinus, Tacitus, Pythagoras, and Babylonian history, Egyptians founded Babylon.

This fact remained a hot issue for Ancient Historians, and then Biblical Archeologist fought over it until it was grudgingly accepted. The contention was mainly of the fact that many historians saw the above conclusion as an aberration of Western history and a correction to the claims of an independent Indo-European origin language, which many cited emanated from Greece and then to Rome. Rome we can hint on but ancient Greeks were not the direct inheritors of Egyptian Civilization. The Greeks were among the last benefactors. I mean we have to count Babylon, Assyria, Persia and so on, much of whom are mere footnotes to African history.

In a sense, Babylon was not the center of language, rather it was Africa and it remained so for many years. But among the Aegean Greek was eventually found series of artifacts that bear strong impressions of Egyptian hieroglyphics and then the Mycenian Phoastic linear A and B completely undid the claims that Indo-European languages like Latin and Greek are of independent and are not a mere foot note of African languages. To say today for instance that Greek or Latin is the root of English language or French, is to say that among the African languages existing today, especially in the North Africa, lay the roots of English language.

Roots of English Language for NVS (V)b

2010-06-16T12:26:00.000-07:00

Roots of English Language for NVS (V)b

2010-06-16T12:21:00.000-07:00

Roots of English Language for NVS (V)b

2010-06-15T07:29:00.000-07:00

By
Sampson Iroabuchi Onwuka

How true the above statement is only knowable through the guide of Ancient history. It is not wrong to argue that language as the way we understand today is the outcome of sounds organized in pictorial forms which gave us some sense of what others are saying. It bids well with other factors contributing to the evolution of any language much of which – if not all – has to do with contact with other people. As such pictures are the scripted tone of language upon which people understand each other. In studying the world history and languages, it is only easy to abbreviate that much of the finds from different parts of the world in terms of people and places may have altered the real view of world history which may be recovered from language connection among other things. If my ultimate intent is to demonstrate the origins of Normans of Europe, we would have done much more than aide our view of world. We would have enhanced our collective view of the world from the Aspects of its humanity and God. In the world today, no language compels the understanding of two very different people that easily than English language and its very odd counterpart, Igbo.

The breakdown of languages from older version till current is entirely due to this fact of isotropy of meaning and this constant personification of sounds. For instance what we call English is a personification of sounds sonorous to a people and a place called England. What we call Igbo language is a represented picture of sounds of the Igbo people found in Nigeria is grouped with their neighbors also called the Kwa. The same goes for Yoruba and Hausa. In all probability there will nothing to say about English in terms of Igbo given the geographical width of separation, nothing to say about Yoruba in terms of English without direct reference to the forms and functions of the words and of the grammar.

When there is then the presence of many English words in an African language - for instance Igbo language – we naturally resolve to find the other ingredient at work. In Igbo we might say Sampson na Lilian, which is much the same in English by way of the saying; Sampson and Lilian. The verb ‘na’ and ‘and’ are very evident in Hebrew, in Latin, in French as a’ and in the note must be made that Lilian is not completely Dililah, that is Dililah as with Sampson of the old. If we say in Igbo ‘itu aro’, the picture in our heads about African history and society will not permit us to see that ‘throwing arrow’ but perhaps the example in Igbo like tuo aro, without the hidden indicator ‘i’, will give the translation as ‘throw arrow’ in English, which may or may not still catch our attention. It is not a matter of the pictures only but on what we know about the language and about the history of the world.

Roots of English Language for NVS (V)a

2010-06-14T06:52:00.001-07:00

Sampson Iroabuchi Onwuka

Ferdinand de Saussure in his very classic work of in 1915 ‘Course in General Linguistic’ emphasized structuralism in linguistic study. But that school is to be understood in terms of the prevailing schools of historical study ultimately available at the time of the composition of the book. These schools began to see that roots of languages are words, roots of words are letters, and then the letters tell their own history by the way they are organized. The manner of their structure was suggested to be more than likely the manner of their use. These structure essence of words and letters and eventually sentences were the composing preoccupation of early parts of the 20th century. From Randy Harris’s on ‘Linguistic War’ I communicate Saussure that, “The first thing that strikes us when we study the facts of language is that their succession in time does not exist insofar as the speaker is concerned. He is confronted with a state.” This state of the language which are words, are nothing more than pictures which are repository of sounds compressed from ages, sounds which can tell degrees of isolation and relatedness between two languages.

The universality of human language is one endless conundrum. But the circumstance of world history from the vistas of modern teachers may well indicate that conjectures in languages are not without reasons, as such English cannot be that different from French, such that the French is not that different from Spanish, and the Spanish not that different from their neighboring European countries. It continues in that order until significant departures are achieved. Therefore that the roots of certain languages of the world such as English, should not be surprising to have emanated from Latin, either should Greek. Other possibilities for such roots are vague and improbable. In history of world languages, Syria and Palestine territory bring the old and the new world closer than any other place. It is therefore from this source that the old formation of human language which is African in origin may have been adapted itself to other influences due to swaths of geography, culture, conurbation, such as Indo –European territory, where communities may have determined their own identity of sound, are now waged into the main language to become a new language. But much of such transmutation from the Syrian territory, or in whole, can be said to be the outcome of human History emanating from Kudific/kudafan Sahara, or the Green Sahara, into parts of Jordan and Jericho, where rebound of travelers and peoples from around stranger other places of the world, mainly converged in Syria - Palestine and in parts of Egypt of the first cataract. This began the hot bed of linguistic experimentation.

Roots of English Language for NVS (IV)

2010-06-13T10:44:00.000-07:00

Iroabuchi Onwuka

This picture of language which is known to us as words, have a tendency to however deceive us. For instance, certain English words today can be located in many languages of the world outside Europe. Some of these words are found in African Igbo language and some may be found elsewhere. Linguistic connection between Africa and European languages may be grouped as accidental connection and may not be any use besides its connection.

To demonstrate for instance that Igbo language is indeed Hebrew language, there is need to have a specific sense of pattern in such demonstration. A third and perhaps alternate language is therefore necessary in order to moderate the range of such intellectual speculation.

In Hebrew we may have the word ‘mem’ for water and the connection of the word mem to Igbo word for water is mini, m’miri, a connection which may not be taken seriously given the view that such connection is only entirely accidental. The Hebrew word akara was translated by David Grossman in his book Lion’s Honey as a ‘seal’ or ‘mark’ a word, in fact and in meaning which much the same in Igbo as seal and mark. In Igbo, akara is a seal and a mark.

The fact that such connection may yet seem impossible would have escaped normal notice largely in respect to the cursive form of Hebrew writing today, but clearly in respect to Igbo history, a history that is done in terms of Africa, done in such a way that Igbo has no meaning in terms of Jewish history and European. If that is not enough, there is the immediate need for the connection of the above word to be denied if not questioned, given the vise of anthropological history of human society and evolution.

And in immediate circumstance, there is no evident history of Jewish people that directly render Igbos as Hebrews or as Jews. As such the words could have only been a matter of connection. Above all, there is the issue of race that in common sense to world history separates the old world of Africa from the new word.

But this issue of African linguistic comparison to Europe is not detained in Igbo alone.

With Yoruba I have tried to make some connection between the language and English. For instance, the Yoruba will say ladi in reference to a native male child, a young man or son of the soil. In English, the word ladi also apply as lad. The only thing we have to do is isolate the vowel ‘i’ (as we do with many Igbo words) at the end of the word ladi in other to achieve the English word lad in question. The same can be said of the Yoruba word omolade, which is molad for sad songs known to be a particular of the Moors and Mulad for children raised elsewhere in Spanish. From these words, it is not that hard to understand how and why the word mulato arose from mulado, all referring to a form of informal lineage and of children from mixed parentage, antonym for children raised elsewhere. But of course, the connecting history of the Nigerian Yoruba is trapped to Africa without the powerful reference of the word to Spanish era and eras long disappeared. Further still is the word umu in Igbo which is much the same as omo in Yoruba, all of which is relative to Arabic and to Hebrew for family tree and for children, um, mu, etc.

In Igbo we have the word ebe-ama, for platform. By compound theory of words, ebeama will appear to have excess vowels at the opposite ends, which when removed will land you the word beam in English. The connection of the said word ‘beam’ in the context of an African word ebe-ama ~ ebema, is the word bema in Hebrew and bema for Arabic, all referring to the platform.

But on the surface there are no way the two languages Igbo and English will ever be recognized as family of language salvage a form of glossary of the words and keeping to the boundaries of isoglosses. French word found in English is no big a deal, neither are German words found in English language any much of a deal. It is only expected that Spanish language and Latin, feed off English and French, since current history of the world would set European neighbors closely to each other in such fashion that they are at once related in all things especially spoken words.

If however connection is established between an African language and a European one, there is tendency for eyebrows to be spooked and aspersion cast on the subject. The endeavor to draw aside similarity between Igbo and English is therefore a hard drive since many Nigerians and their European counterparts can only see an almost impossibility. When we now say that the actual comparison between Igbo and English will show that many English words can be understood through Igbo language, then it is hard to understand why, why such thing is even permissible on the NVS.

But what is inspiration? What is the essence of genius if the improbable is not explicated and the complicated not made simple.

Perhaps it would be better for us to abandon what we have done so far and act softly by citing some connection of Igbo words to English with an open set of words, a fact which may wet our appetite on such comparison and why it is possible. Need is there to emphasis that the changes that take place in Igbo and English in terms of its comparison is mainly derived from other matters on the subject which can be seen very well in terms of its essence in either language. For that the following may well be noted as plausible grounds for such thing Igbo - English comparison, noting there is nothing wrong in bringing such doubt to be.

1, there is nothing wrong in arguing that this attempt at correlation between Igbo and English may be reduced to a low base by the work of linguistic as a mere trial and error, of perhaps partial successes whose end result is a fat of linguistic studies and therefore a linguistic obesity. For instance, the Igbo word Ebema meaning public platform may only have to be divided in two to arrive at ebe and ama, not necessarily a corollary for beam in English and only possible through the Hebrew comparison beam to bema, as in platform.

2, there is also the possibility of ‘cock and bull’ of sound to have gradually adapted itself without the natives noticing the shift and then the word become anew. For instance the Igbo word for orange is oroma. It can argued that is just an aberration of the English word, to which the Africans only understood a sense of what it sounded like and what it’s meant to be than what it actually is.

3, there is nothing wrong in arguing that all these could be right and wrong, and precisely for this reason, we are sure we are dealing on verities of history for such left and right of linguistic comparison is termed Paleo-grammarian by Kiparsky and therefore suffer from the wrenches of sound copy, not necessary useful in terms of History. A useful example of this fact is the presence of the word okuko. This may be due to the fact that poor and illiterate imitation of the right word is now entirely evident. If that is true, then Igbo words such as o-kuk-u which is the right word for cock is also a loan word

4, there is nothing wrong in arguing that the African Igbos probably loaned these similar words from their English contemporary, who colonized the Nigerians and updated the letters of Nigerian Igbos from the Germans who worked on it very briefly. The Igbo ishi is for English six is probably a loan word from English. If that is also true, then Igbo word ala for the English word land is also a loan word from English.

5, there is the theory of community evolution of these sounds from mainly spoken words, which may be have a t some point part of the English vocabulary, at some point part of the spoken system of living to which the sound of the animal or words like the goat mgbee-ing and the snake hissing are words that are at once universal. As such no real time example does exist for such words in any language in the worlds.

But these possibilities are mere possibilities and take less notice of other matters concerning the influence of the subject comparison at hand and the decision.

If that is true, then these Igbo words; Ofeke (Eng. fake), uwe (Eng. wear), oche (Eng. Chair), odinani (Eng. ordinance), anya (Eng. eye), njo (Eng. injure), anumanu (Eng. animal), nomo (Eng. norms), nkoro(Eng. corrode, corrosion),Uru (rust), isusu (Eng. issue), osimiri (Eng. stream), ichie (Eng. ancient), Obaa(Eng. barn), ogani (Eng. organic), olu;olulu (Eng. hole), apiti (Eng. pit), ozoo (Eng. zone, zoo), oka (Eng. corn), Okwurru (Eng/botanic. Okra), Abacha, Abachi (Eng. batch, abacus) and so on, would all have been loaned directly from English.

Perhaps it is the issue of structural emendation English to Igbo words, where the systemic pattern of English abbreviation and perhaps bad pronunciation from the villages became perpetuated, endemic, and encryption of Igbo words. In other words, the formulation of Igbo words in recent may have been influenced by pattern of evocation and pronunciation evident in English which inadvertently help the formulation of Igbo words in linguistic currency. And such the many corollary words may entirely be by design, in default to English and therefore not organic to its African roots.

It is therefore up to the Igbo, to chip away these speculative isosceles or abide by them on the decisive gradient of what they and their Nigerians know too well about this Igbo language. For it may yet seem that the root of English language in the way we understand it today conceal and reveal much of the reason behind the corollary words in Igbo. Not the least, we can insist that the gulf in terms of its comparison between that the linguistic comparison between the two languages is not in-depth and one off corollary of English

Roots of English Language for NVS (III)b

2010-06-12T07:55:00.000-07:00

By Iroabuchi Onwuka

The English may talk about sound of the word coming of your mouth. But it is the neck that determines the manipulation of the sound, that is its intensity and which when the V is removed from volume land you in Igbo. Phone and phonum may well just be speech patterns, both of which are rooted in the word onu , or for a bait in English on. Even the very word onus is a drive- by on the meaning of the very set of words concerned.

At least at this level we can begin to re-demonstrate the relationship between Igbo and English by adopting the examples given above in terms of Latin. We can say that phone is a common saying for sounds or speech, but the meanng may run deeper for we know that sound or speech is vocum in Latin, vocal in Igbo, and in Igbo oku, perhaps but not necessarily okwu in Igbo, which are spoken words. Rather, phone may just be in reference to patterns of speaking or spoken words, or words of the mouth. It is only when the definition of the word phone is revisited can we find a lasting connection to its African roots.

The above set of words would be treaded gradually, beginning with the root of phonema or phono-logy. The Interpretation of the Greek into English of the original phone is supposed to be phoneme, but this diacritical word phonum is all the more important. Perhaps we can illustrate this better using a word that we know too well. This word is none. The word none is the same as non but it is a Greek and Latin vernacular for nonum. It is in this structural comparison of phoneme; phonum and none; nonum, that the picture begins to emerge. It is not that easily to carry on with these first set words since much of their current pronunciation is Anglocised, already factored into the word and as such, much of the meaning is shifted.

However we can still bring the best part of the two words in question by in Igbo, the issue concerning spoken words or word of mouth is not that dissimilar. In igbo we have the word onu, for mouth, and words like mbonu is an active for spoken word. In Igbo, we say usoro-onu for pattern of spoken words. In brief we can easily arrive at an Igbo dialectal, uso-onu, as patterns of spoken words. These two examples easily solve the whole problem of phone, as merely two major morphemes, two of which can be indentified in Nigerian Igbo with as much as a separate meaning. The only lingering difference are the letters, s, p, ph, and V, which in their own force a different meaning in Latin and in English. It will also seem to apply that the older the Latin the more we can make a clearer sense of the word

We shall later discuss a man by name by name Isidore of Seville who cited in some of his commentary on Jewish and Christian writings, the difference between ‘voice’ that is voce, vox, and the sound which is ‘sonum’ in Latin. According to Rochelle Altman, Isodore even referred sound to sonu. Albert Magnus writing in 13 century in his ‘commentary on Aristotle’ indicated however that sonum is sound. That is by voice we may say what we heard, and by sound how it was voiced, that is how it came out. Of course, there may be the scatter brain on the word sonum, since by Catholics we know of the saying ‘sonum bonum’ in reference to the Supreme God in latter day Latin. It will however pay off if we indicate that the Igbo word uso-onu, which is ‘pattern in speaking or speech pattern’ has much to do with the mouth than sound, and such is no party or affiliation to sonum bonum for the Supreme God. In Igbo however, we have the word usu’u for English word sum, not to be confused with nsuu for English word source, and not to be confused with uu’su for English word sore, sour, - and in retail maths, loss.

The statement, ‘Usu’u niile’, in Nigerian Igbo may mean the lord of all, or the lord of…, but there is a new facility from the line which exposes the trouble with sonum bonum since it may well seem that sonum probably also refer to sum, perhaps the sum of it all. Sum, is most noted in Medieval Latin as Summa, perhaps sunum. The word has changed over time and we arrive at the word, sonum for the overall, the supreme, the whole.

It is sometimes the morphemes at the prefix or suffix that make the huge difference between Latin and other European languages. The sense of certain words in current European language like English is very evident in Igbo. The word for instance volume is English, but the root of these words is Igbo. Sometimes we are left to bargain on the sense of the words concerned only in terms of sense of word. We are left to bargain of the nature of the semantics which is a good field of relationship between languages, which are full of conjectures. The above definitions are a good start point but there other ingredients there and better definitions. But if the definition can run deeper in a comparison between Latin and English is very doubtful. Clearly, the similarity between Igbo and Latin can be that obvious, clearly, the similarity with other similar words in English and other languages seems difficult to achieve beyond the glossary of words.