Nitin Saluja Expertise in Electromagnetic Microwave and Antenna Designs

Blessed India something big after JIO dhamaka

2017-05-02T11:35:00.001-07:00

This is trending in agriculture and business news @ZEE Business (Jio for farmers zero spending)

Watching video will excite you so much about india innovation (#innovator from #haryana #chandigarh #punjab # sirsa) The machine will offer number of jobs for farmers families with even lesser education qualification segment.

The machine operates by using microwave for killing the weeds after detection through vision system

Phalaris Minor spray alternate incredible india

E-DeWeeder: RF and Microwave based solutions to agriculture DST Lockheed Martin US Indian innovation Growth Program IIGP 2016 Success

2016-07-05T22:59:00.002-07:00

Smart Sensing, Machine vision, Weed detection, Weed control, Farm mechanization, Precision Farming, Radio Frequency and Microwave in Textile, Sintering, Food Technology and Agriculture India Innovation Growth Program 2016 (IIGP) All IEEE Young Humanitarian Challenge (AIYEHUM) Confederation of Indian Industries - India Innovation Initiative (i3) Make in India

Contact
Dr. Nitin Saluja
Assistant Director | Research
Chitkara University Research and Innovation Network (CURIN)
Chandigarh - Rajpura Road Patiala

Electromagnetic in antenna design (Introduction to Electromagnetic sources, Radiation, Electric field, Magnetic Field, Polarization Computation Electromagnetic) @GVIET

2014-06-17T23:04:00.001-07:00

Introduction to Electromagnetic How Electromagnetic waves radiate Definition of Electromagnetic Application of Electromagnetic Polarization and electric field magnetic field computation electromagnetic

Interdisciplinary Research (The trend of an era) Nitin Saluja Antenna Design

2014-05-06T23:28:00.000-07:00

Presentation on Interdisciplinary Research Electronics and computer engineering in Environment agriculture health and biomedical

Chitkara univ fdp program on interdisciplinary research from Nitin Saluja

Resonant and Non-Resonant Antenna

2013-07-02T11:09:00.000-07:00

Resonant and NonResonant Antenna

Question 1. If we need to find out the length of antenna needed for the frequency 2.4 GHz. How we find out length.

Since antenna is resonating type. We always find wavelength first.

lambda= Speed of light / Frequency

so for 2.4 GHz lambda=3 X 10^8/ 2.4 X 10 ^9 m

so we decide our antenna to have length lambda/2. So this antenna resonates at 2.4 GHz but if frequency other then 2.4GHz falls on this type of antenna, it will behave merely like a piece of metal.

So resonating antennas are antenna having length in terms of wavelength.

Question 2. Since ionosphere reflects back the signal so frequency needs to change, Then how a single antenna can be used to receive multiple frequencies if it is resonant antenna since it will work for single frequency as described above.

Non resonant type of antenna is used. In non-resonant type of antenna the length is not deciding factor for the frequency for which my antenna works. It is also called traveling wave type of antenna. While resonant antenna is dependent on standing waves produced. The difference between Standing wave and traveling wave antenna will be discussed in next article.

So two things to keep in mind, Resonant antenna length is dependent on frequency and always defined in terms of wavelength. while resonant type of antenna are traveling wave antenna for which frequency of operation is independent of length.

National Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics and Telecommunication Design

2013-04-26T01:48:00.000-07:00

Call for papers

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Lingayas University, Faridabad is organizing a National Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics and Telecommunication Design (NCRTETD 2013).

Paper can be sent at ncrtetd@gmail.com

for any query contact to nitin.saluja@yahoo.co.in

Nitin Saluja

Convener

NCRTETD 2013

Contact Info

2012-11-16T00:18:00.004-08:00

Nitin Saluja
Lingayas University
Thapar University
Sirsa

https://sites.google.com/site/nitinsaluja1/contact

Contact

Address-
Personal- Mobile No- +91-9416480398

Mail: nitin.saluja@yahoo.co.in
nitinsalujayanky@gmail.com

Official
Electronics and Communication Engineering Department,
Room No-428
Main Block

Lingaya’s University Campus

Nachauli, Jasana Road, Old Faridabad
Faridabad-121002
Phone: +91-129-2598200,01,02,03,04,05, Extn-304

PIFA advanced

2012-10-04T23:20:00.001-07:00

PIFA antenna

2012-09-17T11:41:00.002-07:00

Mobile Antenna

PIFA antenna is used in Mobile

PIFA stands for planar Inverted F antennas

PIFA falls under category of Microstrip Patch antenna

Microstrip Patch Antenna has different parts

Patch--Metallic

Substrate-- Dielectric material

Ground-- Metallic

Patch is kind of resonator which resonates at definite frequency

structure is like Patch let us say 0.05 mm thickness, Below patch there would be substrate kind of PCB let us say 1.6 mm thick, Below substrate there would be metal called ground plane now you can imagine the structure, it can be imagined as two layer PCB with metal at both ends. one end metal can be etched out such that it has definite length and width and is called patch and other end may or may not be etched called ground plane. Antenna is fed through feed such that among two wire of the cable one touches ground and other patch

here in PIFA shorting pin is added between patch and ground plane and advantages of it will be given in next post

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) (Documented by Raghav Kalia and Rahul Madhotra, Appreciable work)

2012-06-20T21:09:00.000-07:00

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method which refers to any of several protocols used in second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. As the term implies, CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands.

CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with spread spectrum technology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements. The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of possible a frequency-sequencing code, which enhances privacy and makes cloning difficult.

The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide. CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from one cell to another. The combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog modes. CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies; this allows for nationwide roaming.

An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate.

Steps in CDMA MODULATION:

Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate their signal. Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is very important in the performance of CDMA systems. The best performance will occur when there is good separation between the signal of a desired user and the signals of other users. The separation of the signals is made by correlating the received signal with the locally generated code of the desired user. If the signal matches the desired user's code then the correlation function will be high and the system can extract that signal. If the desired user's code has nothing in common with the signal the correlation should be as close to zero as possible (thus eliminating the signal); this is referred to as cross correlation. If the code is correlated with the signal at any time offset other than zero, the correlation should be as close to zero as possible. This is referred to as auto-correlation and is used to reject multi-path interference.

Spread-spectrum characteristics of CDMA

Most modulation schemes try to minimize the bandwidth of this signal since bandwidth is a limited resource. However, spread spectrum techniques use a transmission bandwidth that is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signal bandwidth. One of the initial reasons for doing this was military applications including guidance and communication systems. These systems were designed using spread spectrum because of its security and resistance to jamming. Asynchronous CDMA has some level of privacy built in because the signal is spread using a pseudo-random code; this code makes the spread spectrum signals appear random or have noise-like properties. A receiver cannot demodulate this transmission without knowledge of the pseudo-random sequence used to encode the data. CDMA is also resistant to jamming. A jamming signal only has a finite amount of power available to jam the signal. The jammer can either spread its energy over the entire bandwidth of the signal or jam only part of the entire signal.

Frequency reuse is the ability to reuse the same radio channel frequency at other cell sites within a cellular system. In the FDMA and TDMA systems frequency planning is an important consideration. The frequencies used in different cells must be planned carefully to ensure signals from different cells do not interfere with each other. In a CDMA system, the same frequency can be used in every cell, because channelization is done using the pseudo-random codes. Reusing the same frequency in every cell eliminates the need for frequency planning in a CDMA system; however, planning of the different pseudo-random sequences must be done to ensure that the received signal from one cell does not correlate with the signal from a nearby cell.

Since adjacent cells use the same frequencies, CDMA systems have the ability to perform soft hand offs. Soft hand offs allow the mobile telephone to communicate simultaneously with two or more cells. The best signal quality is selected until the hand off is complete. This is different from hard hand offs utilized in other cellular systems. In a hard hand off situation, as the mobile telephone approaches a hand off, signal strength may vary abruptly. In contrast, CDMA systems use the soft hand off, which is undetectable and provides a more reliable and higher quality signal.

Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications

CDMA is a form of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum communications. In general, Spread Spectrum communications is distinguished by three key elements:
1. The signal occupies a bandwidth much greater than that which is necessary to send the information. This results in many benefits, such as immunity to interference and jamming and multi-user access.
2. The bandwidth is spread by means of a code which is independent of the data. The independence of the code distinguishes this from standard modulation schemes in which the data modulation will always spread the spectrum somewhat.
3. The receiver synchronizes to the code to recover the data. The use of an independent code and synchronous reception allows multiple users to access the same frequency band at the same time.
In order to protect the signal, the code used is pseudo-random. It appears random, but is actually deterministic, so that the receiver can reconstruct the code for synchronous detection. This pseudo-random code is also called pseudo-noise (PN).

Three Types of Spread Spectrum Communications
There are three ways to spread the bandwidth of the signal:

Frequency hopping. The signal is rapidly switched between different frequencies within the hopping bandwidth pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows beforehand where to find the signal at any given time.
Time hopping. The signal is transmitted in short bursts pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows beforehand when to expect the burst.
Direct sequence. The digital data is directly coded at a much higher frequency. The code is generated pseudo-randomly, the receiver knows how to generate the same code, and correlates the received signal with that code to extract the data.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
CDMA is a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. The CDMA system works directly on 64 kbit/sec digital signals. These signals can be digitized voice, ISDN channels, modem data, etc.
The figure below shows a simplified Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system. For clarity, the figure shows one channel operating in one direction only.
Signal transmission consists of the following steps:
1. A pseudo-random code is generated, different for each channel and each successive connection.
2. The Information data modulates the pseudo-random code (the Information data is “spread”).
3. The resulting signal modulates a carrier.
4. The modulated carrier is amplified and broadcast.

Signal reception consists of the following steps:
1. The carrier is received and amplified.
2. The received signal is mixed with a local carrier to recover the spread digital signal.
3. A pseudo-random code is generated, matching the anticipated signal.
4. The receiver acquires the received code and phase locks its own code to it.
5. The received signal is correlated with generated code, extracting the Information data.
Generating Pseudo-Random Codes
For each channel the base station generates a unique code that changes for every connection. The base station adds together all the coded transmissions for every subscriber. The subscriber unit correctly generates its own matching code and uses it to extract the appropriate signals. These codes are generated in the form of matrix by ‘Walsh matrix’. This matrix has the property to generate codes which are ‘orthogonal’.’Walsh matrix’ has different rows and columns for specific user same Walsh matrix is also assigned at the receiver end so that it can match the code transmitted and extract the information. Note that each subscriber uses several independent channels.

In order for all this to occur, the pseudo-random code must have the following properties:
1. It must be deterministic. The subscriber station must be able to independently generate the code that matches the base station code.
2. It must appear random to a listener without prior knowledge of the code (i.e. it has the statistical properties of sampled white noise).
3. The cross-correlation between any two codes must be small.
4. The code must have a long period (i.e. a long time before the code repeats itself).

WALSH ARRAY

different type of wireless antenna in BTS sectored directional omnidirectional antenna

2012-04-13T22:30:00.003-07:00

Three different type of antennas are used in BTS tower of mobile communication
1. Microwave link to connect BTS to another BTS or another BSC.
2. Sectored antenna provide coverage to Mobile user
Omnidirectional antenna may be used for umbrella approach

MEMS unrevealed by Anu (Great work) RF MEMS, examples, uses (nitinksaluja.blogspot.com)

2012-03-17T23:45:00.001-07:00

What are MEMS?

ØMicroelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are very small devices or groups of devices that can integrate both mechanical and electrical

components.

Ø MEMS can be constructed on one chip that contains one or more micro-components and the electrical circuitry for inputs and outputs of the components.

Ø The components include different types of sensors, transducers, actuators, electronics and structures (e.g. gears, sliding mirrors, diaphragms).

Ø Each type of components is designed to interface with an input such as light, gas molecules, and a specific type of radiation, pressure, temperature, or biomolecules.

Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS) are batch-fabricated (micro-fabricated) systems that contains both electrical and mechanical components with characteristic sizes ranging

from Nano-meters to millimeters.

Other Names

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS): Widely used in Americas

MicroSystems Technology (MST) : Popular in Europe

Micromachines : Used in Japan

Microscience: Some people prefer to call it this way as they begin to explore scientific aspects of MEMS.

wireless sensor network (from one of my frnd who is blessed with sharp mind sukomal thnx)

2012-03-09T19:28:00.000-08:00

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

· Sensor networks are the key to gathering the information needed by smart environments, whether in buildings, utilities, industrial, and transportation systems.

· Recent terrorist and guerilla warfare countermeasures require distributed networks of sensors that can be deployed using, e.g. aircraft, and have self-organizing capabilities. .

· The emerging field of wireless sensor networks combines sensing, computation, and communication into a single tiny device.

· WSN consists of spatially distributed sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration or motion to pass their data through the network to a main location.

· Wireless sensor network can be looked as an event-based system with one “sink” subscribing to specific data streams by expressing interest and queries. The remaining sensors act as “sources” to report environmental events to the subscriber sink

· The more modern networks are bi-directional, also enabling control of sensor activity.

· The WSN is built of "nodes" – from a few to several hundreds or even thousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several) sensors.

· Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna, a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy harvesting.

· A sensor node might vary in size and cost depending on the complexity of the individual sensor nodes.

· Size and cost constraints on sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth.

· The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network.

· The propagation technique between the hops of the network can be routing.

· Basic features of sensor networks are:

Ø Self-organizing capabilities

Ø Short-range broadcast communication and multi-hop routing.

Ø Dense deployment and cooperative effort of sensor nodes

Ø Frequently changing topology due to fading and node failures

Ø Limitations in energy, transmit power, memory, and computing power.

· The development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance; today such networks are used in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, and so on.

Classification of Wireless Sensor Network

A simple classification of Wireless sensor networks based on their mode of functioning

Proactive Networks

The nodes in this sort of network periodically switch on their sensors and transmitters, sense the environment and transmit the data of interest. Hence, they collect the data for the relevant parameters at regular intervals. They are well suited for applications requiring periodic data monitoring. Some instances or protocols of this kind are the LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) protocol, some improvements on LEACH such as and PEGASIS (Power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems)

Reactive Networks

The nodes of the networks according to this scheme react immediately to sudden and drastic changes in the value of a sensed attribute. They are well suited for time critical applications.

Hybrid Networks

The nodes in such a network not only react to time-critical situations, but also give an overall picture of the network at periodic intervals in a very energy efficient manner. Such a network enables the user to request past, present and future data from the network in the form of historical, one-time and persistent queries respectively. Such kind of network takes advantages of Proactive and Reactive networks.

Different type of antennas documented by Pooja (B.Tech student)

2012-03-08T10:31:00.000-08:00

Antennas:- Types of antennas.

1. Dipole antenna

2. loop antennas

3. yagi uda antennas

4. reflectors antennas

5. Microstrip antennas

6. Fractal antennas

Dipole antenna:-

A dipole antenna is a radio antenna that can be made of a simple wire, with a center-fed driven element. It consists of two metal conductors of rod or wire, oriented parallel and collinear with each other (in line with each other), with a small space between them. The radio frequency voltage is applied to the antenna at the center, between the two conductors. These antennas are the simplest practical antennas from a theoretical point of view. They are used alone as antennas, notably in traditional "rabbit ears" television antennas, and as the driven element in many other types of antennas, such as the Yagi.

the dipole antenna is the simplest antenna, despite of not being used Practically in applications, it is also known as reference antenna (becoz it is used to test antenna labs) a dipole antenna consists of 2 wires (lambda /4 for its length).

Loop antenna:-

as the diploe is the conventional electric field antenna, loopa are reference maganetic field antenna. Loop antennas can take different shapes like square, circle, triangle, ellipse or any other closed shape. In dipoles current moves till discontinuity occurs and then radiates (electric field).and in loop antenna when current circulates in the loop its obvious that a magnetic field is produced.

The single-turn loop antenna is a metallic conductor bent into the shape of a closed curve, such as a circle or a square, with a gap in the conductor to form the terminals. A multiturn loop or coil is a series connection of overlaying turns. The loop is one of the primary antenna structures; its use as a receiving antenna dates back to the early experiments of

Hertz on the propagation of electromagnetic waves.

Types of loop antenna:-

Electrically small loops

Electrically large loops

Shielded- loop antenna

Pulse-excited circular-loop antenna

Yagi Uda antenna:-

A Yagi-Uda array, commonly known simply as a Yagi antenna, is a directional antenna consisting of a driven element (typically a dipole or folded dipole) and additional parasitic elements(usually a so-called reflector and one or more directors). The name stems from it's inventors, as the Yagi-Uda array was invented in 1926 by Shintaro Uda of Tohoku Imperial University, Japan, with a lesser role played by his colleague Hidetsugu Yagi. However the "Yagi" name has become more familiar with the name of Uda often omitted. The reflector element is slightly longer (typically 5% longer) than the driven dipole, whereas the so-called directors are a little bit shorter. This design achieves a very substantial increase in the antenna's directionality and gain compared to a simple dipole.

Reflector antenna:-

Reflector:-while using aperture antennas we always need to increase the aperture area to increase its directivity, but as this is not practical , instead of using large apertures we place a reflecting surface face to face with the aperture , the reflecting surface collimates radiation to the small aperture and thus we satisfied high directivity with a small aperture, and overcome space limitations.

Microstrip antenna:-

Microstrip or patch antennas are becoming increasingly useful because they can be printed directly onto a circuit board. Microstrip antennas are becoming very widespread within the mobile phone market. Patch antennas are low cost, have a low profile and easily fabricated

happy holi

2012-03-07T21:53:00.001-08:00

holi mubarak dosto next time tumhare sath hi holi khelenge! nakul, bhushui, siaini, and panniwala rockers

bam bam bhole happy maha shiv ratri

2012-02-19T21:24:00.000-08:00

Maha Shivratri ki sab ko lakh lakh badhaiiiiiiiiiiiii........... Om Namah Shivay

Amazing things revealed about wireless in free space

2012-02-17T02:18:00.000-08:00

strength of earth magnetic field.

if small coil is taken, its magnetic field diminishes as we move away from the coil.
But if experiment is carried out to have one wire coiled around a complete building of 50X50. and we produce magnetic field in this coil by audio signal then we can listen audio anywhere inside the buidling with even a transistor.
Now imagine a coil is wound by earths radius. Magnetic field produce will be so high that we cant feel change in its strength even going few feet higher.

What does this mean and why to consider this
so this is not the case we have to encircle a wire around the earth and whatever power is applied but the area covered by magnetic field will depend entirely on coil radius. Radio frequency signals have high frequencies and high frequency signals produce current back and forth in even a small wire because high frequency means small wavelength and that can be produced in small wire known as antenna. So at radio frequency we require small antenna and so this magnetic field strength produced due to earth will be responsible for free space propagation of RF Electromagnetic field :-P bit tricky!!

happy valentines day yaron

2012-02-13T20:51:00.000-08:00

Happy Valentines day dosto ye sham dosto ke naam :-D

lovers week

2012-02-08T20:20:00.000-08:00

Thank you guyz for being special for me!!

You kept ur pomise being my friend till this point

Hope you extend your promise to be my friend forever. love you all guyz. :-D promise we will be delivering as many smiling moments for this world. Happy promise day to all..

special ones

2012-01-29T23:08:00.000-08:00

Elligible Bachelor Mr. Naveen Mehta

Magical Moments at Thapar University

2012-01-29T00:34:00.000-08:00

Thapar University is an unique place in India where you learn whatever you can not even learn in IITs.. it is always an proud to be Thaparian. I have analyzed the way of working for all the thaparians are awesome and every leading person would have been related to Thapar University anyhow. Ye kaam karne ka tarika hai Thaparians ka jisse pta lagta hai ki punjab ki dharti se koi Thapar University ka person organization kaam kar raha h. Proud to be Thaparian.

This is video for ME (ECE) 2008-2010 Batch.

click on the link below.
M.E. ECE 2008 2010 Batch

wireless antenna design microstrip antenna design fabrication and testing of microstrip antenna design

2012-01-24T02:49:00.000-08:00

wireless antenna design microstrip antenna design fabrication and testing of microstrip antenna design

Multiband Antenna
Broadband antenna
Electromagnetic Bandgap structures (EBG)
Stacked antenna

workshop alert

2012-01-24T02:46:00.001-08:00

After successful organization of first workshop it is time to explore software with advanced knowledge.
Yet another workshop on antenna design with HFSS

This time real economical

worth attending

for detail click on link below
http://www.thapar.edu/images/news/5eced_2%20day%20workshop%20on%20antenna%20design-%20hfss,22-23rd%20dec.%202012.pdf

http://www.thapar.edu/news-eventDet.asp?id=242

Mega Event in Antenna Design community.

Come and Join us

A
Short Term Course
ON
“Antenna Design: New Trends, Techniques and Applications”
(June 4 – June 8, 2012)
Chairman:
Dr. Rajesh Khanna

visit undergiven links for the detail

http://www.thapar.edu/userfiles/file/brochure_June%202012.pdf

how to post anything in blogs

2012-01-24T02:08:00.000-08:00

--click on the topic
--you will find a field where it will be written " post your comment"
--type your comment there
-- then select the account from where u want to post like gmail account, den it will ask for gmail id and password or if it is open already on your same browser no need to open it
-- finally click on the submit and you are done post as much u can g

Anu's section

2012-01-23T20:39:00.001-08:00

Yeah this section z reserved for my students to post der talented arts