NOTES FOR STUDENTS

What is Redundancy?

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Wed, 11 Jan 2012 13:14:00 +0000

REDUNDANCY:

Dismissal is caused by redundancy when the employer has ceased to carry on the business in which the employee has been employed or the business no longer needs employees to carry on that work. In these circumstances, dismissal is presumed by the courts to be by redundancy unless otherwise demonstrated.

An employee may claim a redundancy payment where he is

Dismissed by his employer by reason of redundancy.
Laid off or kept on short time.

A Dismissal is treated as caused by redundancy if the only or main reason is that:

Employer has ceased, or intends to cease, to carry on the business (or the local establishment of the business) in which the employee has been employed.
The requirement of that business for employee to carry on the work done by the employee have ceased or diminished (or are expected to)

If the employee's contract has a mobility clause (a clause that allows the employer to change the place of work) there is no redundancy if the employee is relocated. However, in some cases it might be classed as constructive dismissal.

A key test for determining whether or not an employee is redundant is to see whether there has been a reduction of the employers requirements for employees to work at the place where the person concerned is employed.

Quaid-e-Azam Famous Quotations

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 13:19:00 +0000

We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State.(Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11th August, 1947.)

The constitution of Pakistan has yet to be framed by the Pakistan Constituent Assembly. I do not know what the ultimate shape of this constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principle of Islam. Today, they are as applicable in actual life as they were 1,300 years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of man, justice and fairplay to everybody. We are the inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan. In any case Pakistan is not going to be a theocratic State to be ruled by priests with a divine mission. We have many non-Muslims --Hindus, Christians, and Parsis --but they are all Pakistanis. They will enjoy the same rights and privileges as any other citizens and will play their rightful part in the affairs of Pakistan.(Broadcast talk to the people of the United States of America on Pakistan recorded February, 1948.)

As you know, history shows that in England conditions, some time ago, were much worse than those prevailing in India today. The Roman Catholics and the Protestants persecuted each other. Even now there are some States in existence where there are discriminations made and bars imposed against a particular class. Thank God, we are not starting in those days. We are starting in the days when there is no discrimination, no distinction between one community and another, no discrimination between one caste or creed and another. We are starting with this fundamental principle that we are all citizens and equal citizens of one State. (Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11th August, 1947.)

The great majority of us are Muslims. We follow the teachings of the Prophet Mohammed (may peace be upon him). We are members of the brotherhood of Islam in which all are equal in rights, dignity and self-respect. Consequently, we have a special and a very deep sense of unity. But make no mistake: Pakistan is not a theocracy or anything like it. (Broadcast talk to the people of Australia recorded on 19th February, 1948.)

There is no power on earth that can undo Pakistan. (Speech at a Mammoth Rally at the University Stadium, Lahore on 30th October. 1947.)

Yet this is a truth people so easily seem to forget and begin to prize local, sectional or provincial interests above and regardless of the national interests. It naturally pains me to find the curse of provincialism holding sway over any section of Pakistan. Pakistan must be rid of this evil. (Reply to the Civic Address presented by the Quetta Municipality on 15th June, 1948)

We are now all Pakistanis--not Baluchis, Pathans, Sindhis, Bengalis, Punjabis and so on--and as Pakistanis we must feet behave and act, and we should be proud to be known as Pakistanis and nothing else. (Reply to the Civic Address presented by the Quetta Municipality on 15th June, 1948.)

You are free; you are free to go to your temples. You are free to go to your mosques or to any other places of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion, caste or creed --that has nothing to do with the business of the State. (Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11th August, 1947.)

The Constituent Assembly has got two main functions to perform. The first is the very onerous and responsible task of framing our future Constitution of Pakistan and the second of functioning as a full and complete Sovereign body as the Federal Legislature of Pakistan. (Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11th August, 1947.)

The first and the foremost thing that I would like to emphasize is this --remember that you are now a Sovereign Legislative body and you have got all the powers. It, therefore, places on you the gravest responsibility as to how you should take your decisions. (Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11th August, 1947.)

My guiding principle will be justice and complete impartiality, and I am sure that with your support and co-operation, I can look forward to Pakistan becoming one of the greatest Nations of the world. (Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11th August, 1947.)

The Story of Pakistan, its struggle and its achievement, is the very story of great human ideals, struggling to survive in the face of great odds and difficulties. (Address to the people in Chittagong, 23rd March, 1948.)

We should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find free play. (Address to Civil, Naval, Military and Air Force Officers of Pakistan Government, Karachi October 11, 1947.)

We should begin to work in that spirit and in course of time all these angularities of the majority and minority communities will vanish. (Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11th August, 1947.)

The exploits of your leaders in many a historic field of battle; the progress of your Revolution; the rise and career of the great Ataturk, his revitalization of your nation by his great statesmanship, courage and foresight all these stirring events are well-known to the people of Pakistan. (Reply to the speech made by the first Turkish Ambassador to Pakistan at the time of presenting Credentials to the Quaid-i-Azam on 4th March. 1948.)

I have nothing to do with this pseudo-religious approach that Gandhi is advocating. (Jinnah speaking to Durga Das in London.)

Think 100 times before you take a decision, But once that decision is taken, stand by it as one man. (In 1937, following elections held under the new government of India Act.)

I have always maintained that no nation can ever be worthy of its existence that cannot take its women along with the men. No struggle can ever succeed without women participating side by side with men. There are two powers in the world; one is the sword and the other is the pen. There is a great competition and rivalry between the two. There is a third power stronger than both, that of the women. (Speech at Islamia College for women March 25, 1940.)

Any idea of a United India could never have worked and in my judgment it would have led us to terrific disaster. (Presidential Address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11th August, 1947.)

The prosperity and advancement of a nation depend upon its intelligentsia, and Muslim India is looking forward to her young generation and education classes to give a bold lead for our guidance and a brilliant record of historical achievements and traditions. (December 24, 1940.)

I particularly appeal to our intelligentsia and students to come forward and rise to the occasion. You have performed wonders in the past. You are still capable of repeating the history. You are not lacking in the great qualities and virtues in comparison with the other nations. Only you have to be fully conscious of that fact and to act with courage, faith and unity. (Message to Pakistan Day, issued from Delhi March 23, 1943.)

No nation can rise to the height of glory unless your women are side by side with you. We are victims of evil customs. It is a crime against humanity that our women are shut up within the four walls of the houses as prisoners. There is no sanction anywhere for the deplorable condition in which our women have to live. (Speech at a meeting of the Muslim University Union, Aligarh March 10, 1944.)

Our object should be peace within, and peace without. We want to live peacefully and maintain cordial friendly relations with our immediate neighbours and with the world at large. (Lahore, August 15th, 1947.)

My message to you all is of hope, courage and confidence. Let us mobilize all our resources in a systematic and organized way and tackle the grave issues that confront us with grim determination and discipline worthy of a great nation. (Eid-ul-Azha Message to the Nation October 24, 1947.)

You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of democracy, social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil. With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve. (Address to the officers and men of the 5th Heavy Ack Ack and 6th Light Ack Ack Regiments in Malir, Karachi February 21, 1948.)

That freedom can never be attained by a nation without suffering and sacrifice has been amply borne out by the recent tragic happenings in this subcontinent. We are in the midst of unparalleled difficulties and untold sufferings; we have been through dark days of apprehension and anguish; but I can say with confidence that with courage and self-reliance and by the Grace of God we shall emerge triumphant. (Speech at a Mammoth Rally at the University Stadium, Lahore October 30, 1947.)

We must work our destiny in our own way and present to the world an economic system based on true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice. We will thereby be fulfilling our mission as Muslims and giving to humanity the message of peace which alone can save it and secure the welfare, happiness and prosperity of mankind. (Speech at the opening ceremony of the State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi July 1, 1948.)

I have lived as plain Mr. Jinnah and I hope to die as plain Mr. Jinnah. I am very much averse to any title or honours and I will be more than happy if there was no prefix to my name.

There are two powers in the world; one is the sword and the other is the pen. There is a great competition and rivalry between the two. There is a third power stronger than both, that of the women.

If we want to make this great State of Pakistan happy and prosperous we should wholly and solely concentrate on the well-being of the people, and especially of the masses and the poor... you are free- you are free to go to your temples mosques or any other place of worship in this state of Pakistan.

Come forward as servants of Islam, organise the people economically, socially, educationally and politically and I am sure that you will be a power that will be accepted by everybody.

Pakistan not only means freedom and independence but the Muslim Ideology which has to be preserved, which has come to us as a precious gift and treasure and which, we hope other will share with us.

You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil.

I have always maintained that no nation can ever be worthy of its existence that cannot take its women along with the men.

No struggle can ever succeed without women participating side by side with men.

Islam expect every Muslim to do this duty, and if we realise our responsibility time will come soon when we shall justify ourselves worthy of a glorious past.

You have asked me to give you a message. What message can I give you? We have got the great message in the Quran for our guidance and enlightenment. (Message to NWFP Muslim Students Federation, April 1943)

Do not forget that the armed forces are the servants of the people and you do not make national policy; it is we, the civilians, who decide these issues and it is your duty to carry out these tasks with which you are entrusted”. (Quaid-e-Azam to Armed Forces; Aug 14, 1947)

Pakistan is proud of her youth, particularly the students, who are nation builders of tomorrow. They must fully equip themselves by discipline, education, and training for the arduous task lying ahead of them.

In Pakistan lies our deliverance, defence and honour.

It is also necassary to have an independent press in order to counteract false and malicious propaganda.

We are now all Pakistanis. We must develop a sense of patriotism which should galvanize and weld us all into one united and strong nation.

No doubt, there are many people who do not quite appreciate when we talk of Islam. Islam is not only a set of rituals, traditions and spiritual doctrines. Islam is also a code for every Muslim, which regulates his life and his conduct in even politics and economics and the like. It is based upon highest principles of honour, integrity, fair play and justice for all. (March 5,1948)

Expect the best, Prepare for the worst.

With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve.

You have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil.

We must work our destiny in our own way and present to the world an economic system based on true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice. We will thereby be fulfilling our mission as Muslims and giving to humanity the message of peace which alone can save it and secure the welfare, happiness and prosperity of mankind. (Speech at the opening ceremony of State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi July 1, 1948)

I shall always be guided by the principles of justice and fairplay without any, as is put in the political language, prejudice or ill-will, in other words, partiality or favouritism. My guiding principle will be justice and complete impartiality, and I am sure that with your support and co-operation, I can look forward to Pakistan becoming one of the greatest nations of the world.

The vital contest in which we are engaged is not only for the material gain but also the very existence of the soul of Muslim nation, Hence I have said often that it is a matter of life and death to the Musalmans and is not a counter for bargaining. (Predisential Address devlivered at the Special Pakistan Session of the Punjab Muslim Students Federation - March 2, 1941)

Finally, let me tell you, fellow citizens, Pakistan is a land of great potential resources. But to build it up into a country worthy of the Muslim nation, we shall require every ounce of energy that we possess and I am confident that it will come from all whole-heartedly. (Broadcast Message 15th August, 1947)

The establishment of Pakistan for which we have been striving for the last ten years is, by grace of God, an established fact today, but the creation of a State of our own was a means to an end and not the end in itself. The idea was that we should have a state in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own lights and culture and where principles of Islamic social justice could find fairplay. (Broadcast Message 15th August, 1947)

Work honestly and sincerely and be faithful and loyal to the Pakistan Government. I can assure you that there is nothing greater in this world than your own conscience and, when you appear before God, you can say that you performed your duty with the highest sense of integrity, honesty and with loyalty and faithfulness. (Broadcast Message February, 1948)

In our solidarity, unity and discipline lie the strength, power and sanction behind us to carry on this fight successfully. No sacrifice should be considered too great….” (Broadcast Message February, 1948)

My young friends, I look forward to you as the real makers of Pakistan, do not be exploited and do not be misled. Create amongst yourselves complete unity and solidarity. Set an example of what youth can do. Your main occupation should be in fairness to yourself, to your parents, in fairness to the State, to devote your attention to your studies. If you fritter away your energies now, you will always regret.

Remember we are building up a State which is going to play its full part in the destinies of the whole Islamic World. We, therefore, need a wider look, an outlook which transcends the boundaries of provinces, limited nationalism, and racialism. We must develop a sense of patriotism which should galvanize us all into one united and strong nation. That is the only way in which we can achieve our goal, the goal of our struggle, the goal for which millions of Mussalmans have lost their lives.

We have weathered the worst storms and the safety of the shore, though distant, is in sight. We can look to the future with robust confidence provided we do not relax and fritter away our energies in internal dissensions. There never was greater need for discipline and unity in our ranks. It is only with united effort and faith in our destiny that we shall be able to translate the Pakistan of our dreams into reality.

Without education it is complete darkness and with education it is light. Education is a matter of life and death to our nation. The world is moving so fast that if you do not educate yourselves you will be not only completely left behind, but will be finished up. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) had enjoined his followers to go even to China in the pursuit of knowledge. If that was the commandment in those days when communications were difficult, then, truly, Muslims as the true followers of the glorious heritage of Islam, should surely utilize all available opportunities. No sacrifice of time or personal comfort should be regarded too great for the advancement of the cause of education.

We have reached at a juncture where i shall be neglecting my prime duties if i donot make the muslims point of view known to this august audience.

I wish to informe everyone openly that the hindu muslim dispute must be settle before the enforcement of any system or constitution.or your enforce shall not last for more then 24 hours. (1931-In a round table confrence)

No settlement with the majority is possible as no hindu leader speaking with any authority shows any concern or genuine desire for it. (1937-Congress Finally)

Great Britain wants to rule india, Mr.Gandhi & the Congress wants to rule India & the Muslims. We say that we will not let either the Brition or Mr.Gandhi to rule Muslims, we want to be free. (Congress Forum 1939)

Mr.Ghandi never says what he means & he never means what he says. (Addressing to All India Muslim League)

Develop a sound sence of dicipline,Character,Initiative and a solid Academic Background.You must devote yourself whole-heartedly to your studies, for that is your first obligation to yourselves, your parents and to the State.You must learn to obey for only then you can learn to command. (Islamic College, Peshawar - 12th April, 1948)

The weak and the defenseless in this world invite aggression from others. The best way we can serve peace is by removing the temptation from the path of those who think we are weak and, for that reason, they can bully or attack us. That temptation can only be removed if we make ourselves so strong that nobody dare entertain any aggressive designs against us. Pakistan has come to stay and no power on earth can destroy it. ( February, 1948 )

No doubt there are many people who do not quite appreciate when we talk of Islam. Some of our non-Muslim friends who do not quite appreciate when we talk of Islam. Islam is not only a set of rituals, traditions, and spiritual doctrines. Islam is a code for every Muslim, which regulates his life and his conduct in all aspects, social, political economic, etc. It is based on highest principles of honour, integrity, fairplay and justice for all. ( January 25, 1948 - Addressed the Sindh Bar Association)

Now you have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and equality of manhood in your own native soil. ( On February 21, 1948, while addressing the men and officers of the 5th Heavy Ack Ack and 6th” Light Ack Ack Regiments at Malir )

The Hindu Muslim dispute must be settled before the enforcement of any system or constitution. Until you do not give guarantee for the safeguard of the Muslim interests, until you do not win their (Muslims) co-operations, any constitution you enforece shall not last for even 24 hours. (Address At Second Round Table Conference in 1931)

The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their separate homeland. They can adopt any means to promote and protect their economic social, political and cultural interests.

The Mussalmans are not a minority. They are a nation by any definition. By all canons of International law we are a nation. (On 23rd March, 1940 at the historic session of the Muslim League at Lahore)

India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a Sub Continent of nationalities. Hindus and Muslims being the two major nations. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature. They neither intermarry nor inter dine and they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. (Presidential address at the annual session of Muslim League at Lahore in 1940)

Hindus and Muslims through living in the same town and villages had never been blended into one nation. They were always two separate entities. (On March 8, 1944 while addressing the students of Muslim University)

What relationships knits the Muslims into one whole, which is the formidable rock on which the Muslim edifice has been erected, which is the sheet anchor providing base to the Muslim Millat, the relationship, the sheet anchor and the rock is Holy Quran. (Address At Islamia College Peshawar)

We do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we want a laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles. (In 1946, at Islamia College)

Pakistan not only means freedom and independence but Muslim ideology, which has to be preserved which came to us as a precious gift and treasure and which we hope, other will share with us. (Message to the Frontier Muslim Students Federation)

We have to fight a double-edged battle, one against the Hindu Congress and the other against British Imperialists, both of them being capitalists. The Muslims demand Pakistan where they could rule according to their own code of life and according to their own cultural growth, traditions, and Islamic Laws. (Muslim League Conference on November 21, 1945 )

Remember! We are building up a State which is going to play its full part in the destinies of the whole Islamic World. (12th April, 1948)

I have one underlying principle in mind: the principle of Muslim democracy. It is my belief that our salvation lies in following the golden rules of conduct set for us by our great lawgiver, the Prophet of Islam. (1948)

Everyone, except those who are ignorant, knows that the Quran is the general code of the Muslims. A religious, social, civil, commercial, military, judicial, criminal, penal code, it regulates everything from the ceremonies of religion to those of daily life; from the salvation of the soul to the health of the body; from the rights of all to those of each individual; from morality to crime, from punishment here to that in the life to come, and our Prophet has enjoined on us that every Musalman should possess a copy of the Quran and be his own priest. Therefore Islam is not merely confined to the spiritual tenets and doctrines or rituals and ceremonies. It is a complete code regulating the whole Muslim society, every department of life, collective[ly] and individually. (Eid message in September 1945)

He called upon the mammoth Lahore audience to build up "Pakistan as a bulwark of Islam", to "live up to your traditions and add to it another chapter of glory", adding, "If we take our inspiration and guidance from the Holy Quran, the final victory, I once again say, will be ours" (30 October 1947 in Lahore)

Remember we are building up a State which is going to play its full part in the destinies of the whole Islamic World. We, therefore, need a wider outlook an outlook which transcends the boundaries of provinces, limited nationalism, and racialism. We must develop a sense of patriotism which should galvanize and weld us all into one united and strong nation. That is the only way in which we can achieve our goal, the goal of our struggle, the goal for which millions of Mussalmans have lost their all and laid down their lives. (Speech, Islamia College, Peshawar, 12 April 1948)

The great ideals of human progress, of social justice, of equality and of fraternity…, constitute the basic causes of the birth of Pakistan and also…(provide) limitless possibilities of evolving and ideal social structure in our State. I reiterate most emphatically that Pakistan was made possible because of the danger of complete annihilation of human soul in a society based on caste. Now that the soul is free to exist and to aspire it must assert itself galvanizing not only the State but also the Nation. (Address, Public Meeting, Chittagong, 26 March 1948)

The establishment of Pakistan for which we have been striving is, by (the) grace of God, an established fact today, but the creation of a State of our own was the means to an end and not the end in itself. The idea was that we should have a State in which we could live and breathe as free men and which we could develop according to our own rights and culture and where principle of Islamic social justice could find freeplay. (Address to civil and Military Officers of Pakistan Government, Karachi, 11 October 1947)

If we want to make this great State of Pakistan happy and prosperous, we should concentrate on the well being of the people, and especially of the masses and the poor. Everyone of you, no matter what his colour, caste or creed, is first, second or last a citizen of this State with equal rights, privileges and obligations…. (Address, Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, 11 August 1947)

We must get Pakistan at any cost. For it we live and for it we will die. The Mussalmans have to struggle and struggle hard for their honourable existence….you must work and work hard. By doing so you will contribute substantially not only to the honour of ten crores of Muslims but to the crystallization of a free Muslim state of Pakistan where Muslims will be able to offer the ideology of Islamic rule. (Address, Public Meeting, Mardan, 24 November 1945)

In Pakistan lies our deliverance, defence and honour…In our solidarity, unity and discipline lie the strength, power and sanction behind us to carry on this fight successfully. No sacrifice should be considered too great. We shall never accept any future constitution on the basis of a united India. (Message on Pakistan Day, 23 March 1945)

Urdu (is) a language that has been nurtured by a hundred million Muslims of this subcontinent, a language understood throughout the length and breadth of Pakistan and above all, a language with more than any other provincial language, embodies the best in Islam culture and Muslim tradition….in nearest to the language used in order Islamic countries. (Address, Dacca University Convocation, 24 March 1948)

My….message to our brother Muslim States is one of friendship and goodwill. We are all passing through perilous time. The drama of power politics that is being staged in Palestine, Indonesia and Kashmir should serve as an eye opener to us. It is only by putting up a united front that we can make our voice felt in the counsels of the world. (Eid Message, 7 August 1948)

Muslim feelings have been stirred over the issue of Palestine. I know Muslims will not shirk from any sacrifice if required to help the Arabs who are engaged in the fight for their national freedom. You know the Arabs…who are fighting for the freedom of their country, have been described as gangsters, and subjected to all forms of repression…But no nation, no people who are worth living as a nation, can achieve anything great without making great sacrifices, such as the Arabs of Palestine are making. All our sympathies are with those valiant martyrs who are fighting the battle of freedom against usurpers. They are being subjected to monstrous injustices. (Address, All India Muslim League Session, Patna, 26 December 1938)

They will have their rights and privileges and no doubt, along with it goes the obligation of citizenship. Therefore, the minorities have their responsibilities also and they will play their part in the affairs of this State. As long as the minorities are loyal to the State and owe true allegiance…. They need have no apprehension of any kind. (Press Conference, New Delhi, 14 July 1947)

No man should lose his liberty or be deprived of this liberty, without a judicial trial in accordance with the accepted rules of evidence and procedure…the powers which are going to be assumed by the executive, which means substitution of executive for judicial, such powers are likely to be abused, and in the past we have instances where such powers have been abused…there is no precedent or parallel that I know of in any other civilized country where you have laws of this character enacted…it imperils the liberty of the subject and fundamental liberties of a citizen…. (Speech on Criminal Law Emergency Powers Bill, Imperial Legislative Council, 6 February 1919)

Those days have gone when the country was ruled by the bureaucracy. It is people’s Government, responsible to the people more or less on democratic lines and parliamentary practice….Make the people feel that you are their servants and friends, maintain the highest standard of honour, integrity, justice and fairplay. (Address to Gazetted Officers, Chittagong, 25 March 1948)

Minorities can rest assured that their rights will be protected. No civilized Government can be run successfully without giving minorities a complete sense of security and confidence. They must be made to feel that they have a hand in Government and to do this they must have adequate representation in it. Pakistan will give this. (Interview to APA representative, Bombay, 8 November 1945.)

Grave political issues cannot be settled by the cult of the knife, or by gangsterism. There are parties and parties, but the difference between them cannot be resolved by attacks on Party leaders. Nor can political views by altered by the threats of violence. (Eid message, October 1943)

It is in your hands to put the Government in power or remove the Government from power, but you must not do it by mob methods. You have the power; you must learn the art to use it; you must try and understand the machinery. Constitutionally, it is in your hands to upset one Government and put another Government in power if you are dissatisfied to such an extent. (Address, Public Meeting, Dacca, 21 March 1948)

Our foreign policy is one of friendliness and goodwill towards all the nations of the world. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the principle of honesty and fairplay in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our utmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world and in upholding the principles of the United Nation’s Charter. (Broadcast to USA, February 1948.)

A citizen who does black - marketing commits, I think, a greater crime… These black – marketers are really knowing, intelligent and ordinarily responsible people, and when they indulge in black – marketing, I think they ought to be very severely punished, because they undermine the entire system of control and regulation of ….essential commodities, and cause….starvation and want and even death. (Address, Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, Karachi, 11 August 1947)

With the removal of foreign domination, the people are now the final arbiters of their destiny. They have perfect liberty to have by constitutional means any Government that they may choose. This cannot, however, mean that any group may now attempt by any unlawful methods to impose its will on the popularly elected Government of the day. The Government and its policy may be changed by the votes of the elected representatives…. (Broadcast, Radio Pakistan, Dacca, 28 March 1948.)

Corruption is a curse in India and amongst Muslims, especially the so-called educated and intelligentsia. Unfortunately, it is this class that it selfish and morally and intellectually corrupt. No doubt this disease is common, but amongst this particular class of Muslims it is rampant. (M.A. Jinnah to Ispahani, 6 May 1945)

Democracy is in the blood of Musalmans, who look upon complete equality of manhood [mankind]…[and] believe in fraternity, equality and liberty. (London, 14 December 1946)

Muslims in Pakistan want to be able to establish their own real democratic popular government. This government will have the sanction…of the people of Pakistan and will function with the will and sanction of the entire body of people in Pakistan, irrespective of caste or colour…. (Interview to the Daily Worker, London, 1944.)

I do hope that immediate steps will be taken by the Paramount Power to intervene and hold an inquiry into the recent occurrences in Kashmir wich have resulted in bloodshed and the ruthless measure of oppression and suppression that have been adopted by the Kashmir Government against the people and the press. From all accounts that I have received, there does not exist in Kashmir any freedom of thought or speech. (11 September 1945)

Nature’s inexorable law is ‘the survival of the fittest’ and we have to prove ourselves fit for our newly won freedom. You have fought many a battle on the far-flung battlefields of the globe to rid the world of the Fascist menace and make its safe for democracy. Now you have to stand guard over the development and maintenance of Islamic democracy, Islamic social justice and the equality of manhood in your own native soil. You will have to be alert, very alert, for the time for relaxation is not yet there. With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing worthwhile that you cannot achieve. (Address to the 5th Heavy Ack Ack and 6th Light Ack Ack Regiments, Malir, 21 February 1948)

You will no doubt agree with me that the first duty of a government is to maintain law and order, so that the life, property, and religious beliefs of its subjects are fully protected by the State.....…if we want to make this great State of Pakistan happy and prosperous we should wholly and solely concentrate on the well-being of the people, and especially of the masses and the poor. (Address, Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, Karachi, 11 August 1947)

The Government can only have for its aim one objective – how to serve the people, how to devise ways and means for their welfare, for their betterment. What other object can the Government have…..? (Address, Public Meeting, Dacca, 21 March 1948)

I naturally welcome your statement that you do not believe in provincialism. You must learn to distinguish between your love for your province and your love and duty to the State as a whole. Our duty to the State takes us a stage beyond provincialism. It demands a broader sense of vision, and (a) greater sense of patriotism. Our duty to the State often demands that we must be ready to submerge our individual or provincial interests into the common cause for common good. Our duty to the State comes first: our duty to our Province, to our district, to our town and to our village and ourselves comes next. (Speech, Islamia College, Peshawar, 12 April 1948)

When we first raised our demand for a sovereign and independent State of Pakistan there were not a few false prophets who tried to deflect us from our set purpose by saying that Pakistan was not economically feasible. They painted an extremely dark picture of the future of our State and its financial and economic soundness. The very first bedget presented by you must have caused a shock to those false prophets. It has already demonstrated the soundness of Pakistan’s finance and the determination of its Government to make them more and more sound and strong…..I have no doubt in my mind about the bright future that awaits Pakistan when its vast resources of men and material are fully mobilized. The road that we may have to travel may be somewhat uphill at present but with courage and determination we mean to achieve our objective which is to build up and construct a strong and prosperous Pakistan. (Speech on the occasion of the presentation of new Pakistani coins and currency notes by the Finance Minister, 1 April 1948.)

If we are to make any real, speedy and substantial progress, we must…bring our educational policy and programme on the lines suited to the genius of our people, consonant with our history and culture, and having regard to the modern conditions and vast development that have taken place all over the world….What we have to do is to mobilize our people and build up the character of our future generation……In short, we have to build up the character of our future generations which means highest sense of honour, integrity, selfless service to the nation, and sense of responsibility, and we have to see that they are fully qualified or equipped to play their part in the various branches of economic life in a manner which will do honour to Pakistan. (Message to All Pakistan Education Conference, Karachi, 27 November 1947.)

I have no doubt that with unity, faith and discipline we will not only remain the fifth largest State in the world but will compare with any nation of the world….You must make up your mind now. We must sink individualism and petty jealousies and make up our minds to serve the people with honesty and faithfulness. We are passing through a period of fear, danger and menace. We must have faith, unity and discipline. (Reply to North Western Railway Officers welcome address, Karachi, 28 December 1947)

Brotherhood, equality, and fraternity of man – these are all the basic points of our religion, culture and civilization and we fought for Pakistan because there was a danger of the denial of these human rights in this Subcontinent. (Address, Public Reception, Chittagong, 26 March 1948.)

I should like to give a warning to the landlords and capitalists who have flourished at our expense by a system which is so vicious, which is so wicked and which makes them so selfish that it is difficult to reason with them. The exploitation of the masses has gone into their blood. They have forgotten the lessons of Islam. (Address, All India Muslim League Session, Delhi, 24 April 1943)

I say, protect the innocent, protect those journalists who are doing their duty and who are serving both the public and the Government by criticizing the Government freely, independently, honestly which is an education for any Government. (Speech on the condition of the Press in India in the Imperial Legislative Council, 19 September 1918)

I want you to keep your heads up as citizens of a free and independent sovereign State. Praise your Government when it deserves. Citicize your Government fearlessly when it deserves, but do not go on all the time attacking, indulging in destructive criticism, taking delight in running down the Ministry or the officials. (Reply to welcome address, Edwardes College, Peshawar, 18 April 1948)

Representative governments and representative institutions are no doubt good and desirable, but when people want to reduce them merely to channels of personal aggrandizement, they not only lose their value but earn and bad name. We must subject our actions to perpetual security and test them with the touchstone, not of personal or sectional interest, but of the good of the State. (Address at Quetta Municipality, 15 June 1948.)

This is your Government. It is quite different from its predecessor. Therefore, appreciate when a good thing is done. Certainly criticize fearlessly, when a wrong thing is done. I welcome criticism, but it must be honest and constructive. (Address, Edwardes College, Peshawar, 18 April 1948)

Islam and its idealism have taught democracy. Islam has taught equality, justice and fairplay to everybody. What reason is their for anyone to fear democracy, equality, freedom on the highest standard of integrity and on the basis of fairplay and justice for everybody…..Let us make it (the future constitution of Pakistan), We shall make it and we shall show it to the world. (Address, Bar Association, Karachi, 25 January 1948)

The adoption of Western economic theory and practice will not help us in achieving our goal of creating a happy and contented people. We must work our destiny in our own way and present to the world an economic system based on the true Islamic concept of equality of manhood and social justice. (Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi, 1 July 1948)

Remember that the scrupulous maintenance and enforcement of law and order are the prerequisites of all progress. The tenets of Islam enjoin on every Musalman to give protection to his neighbours and to the minorities regardless of caste and creed. (Speech at University Stadium, Lahore, 30 October 1947)

It is your sacred duty to look after the poor and help them. I would never have gone through the toil and suffering for the last ten years had I not felt our sacred duty towards them. We must secure for them better living conditions. It should not be our policy to make the rich richer, but that does not mean that we want to uproot things. We can quite consistently give all their due share. (27 Ramadhan, 1366)

Traders and merchants will always be welcome and they, in building up their own fortunes, will not forget their social responsibility for a fair and square deal to one and all, big and small. I would like Pakistan to become (a) synonym and hallmark for standar and quality in the market places of the world….May you, as true Pakistanis, help to reconstruct and build Pakistan to reach a mighty and glorious status amongst the comity of nations of the world…. (Address, Karachi Chamber of Commerce, 27 April 1948)

Work honestly and sincerely and be faithful and loyal to the Pakistan Government. I can assure you there is nothing greater in this world than your own conscience and, when you appear before God, you can say that you performed your duty with the highest sense of integrity, honesty and with loyalty and faithfulness. (Address to Civil Officers of Balochistan, Sibi, 14 February 1948)

Musalmans are a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their homelands, their territory and their State. We wish to live in peace and harmony with our neighbours as a free and independent people. We wish our people to develop to the fullest our spiritual, cultural, economic social, and political life in a way that we think best, and in consonance with our own ideals and according to the genius of our people. (Presidential Address, 27th Session, All India Muslim League , Lahore, 22 – 24 March 1940)

We maintain and hold that Muslims and Hindus are two major nations by any definition or test of a nation. We are a nation of a hundred million people, and, what is more, we are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of value and proportion, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions – in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law we are a nation. (Jinnah’s reply (17 September 1944) to Gandhi’s contention (15 September 1944); “I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock.)

During may talks with one or two very high-ranking officers I discovered that they did not know the implications of the Oath taken by the troops of Pakistan. Of course, an oath is only a matter of form; what is more important is the true spirit and the heart. But it is an important form and I would like to take the opportunity of refreshing your memory by reading the prescribed oath to you: “I solemnly affirm, in the presence of Alimighty God, that I owe allegiance to the Constitution and the Dominion of Pakistan and that I will as in duty bound honestly and faithfully serve in the Dominion of Pakistan Forces and go within the terms of my enrolment wherever I may be ordered by air, land or sea and that I will observe and obey all commands of any officer set over me…. (Address, Staff College, Quetta, 14 June 1948.)

The great majority of us are Muslims. We follow the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)….But make no mistake Pakistan is not a theocracy or anything like it. Islam demands from us the tolerance of other creeds and we welcome in closest association with us all those who of whatever creed, are themselves willing and ready to play their part as true and loyal citizens of Pakistan. (Broadcast talk to the people of Australia,19 February 1948)

We have undoubtedly achieved Pakistan, and that too without bloody war and practically peacefully by moral and intellectual force and with the power of the pen, which is no less mighty than the sword and so our righteous cause has triumphed. Are we now going to besmear and tarnish this greatest achievement for which there is no parallel in the history of the world. Pakistan is now a fait accompli and it can never be undone, besides, it was the only just, honourable, and practical solution of the most complex constitutional problem of this great subcontinent. Let us now plan to build and reconstruct and regenerate our great nation….Now is the time, chance and opportunity for every Mussalman to make his or her fullest and best contribution and make the greatest sacrifice and work ceaselessly in the service of our nation and make Pakistan one of the greatest nations of the world. It is in your hands, we have undoubtedly talents, Pakistan is blessed with enormous resources and potentialities. Providence has endowed us with all the wealth of nature and now it lies with man to make the best of it. (31 August 1947)

I sincerely hope that they (relations between India and Pakistan) will be friendly and cordial. We have a great deal to do….and think that we can be of use to each other (and to) the world. (Press Conference, New Delhi, 14 July 1947)

First and the foremost, both Dominions must make all-out efforts to restore peace and maintain law and order in their respective States – that is fundamental. I have repeatedly said that; now that the division of India has been brought about by solemn agreement between the two Dominions, we should bury the past and resolve that, despite all that has happened, we shall remain friends. There are many things which we need from each other as neighbours and we can help each other in diverse ways, morally, materially and politically and thereby raise the prestige and status of both Dominions. But before we can make any progress, it is absolutely essential that peace must be restored and law and order maintained in both the Dominions. (Interview to Reuter’s correspondent, Karachi, 25 October 1947)

I have full faith in my people that they will rise to every occasion worthy of our past Islamic history, glory and traditions. (14 Aug 1948)

The Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 11:41:00 +0000

Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah presented his famous fourteen points on March 28,1929 to the Muslim League Council at their session in Delhi. Since all the Muslims opposed the NEHRU REPORT, these points were to counter the proposals made in the Nehru Report. The points were to recommend the reforms that would defend the rights of the Muslims of the sub-continent.

Following are the famous 14 points by M.A Jinnah,

1. The form of the future constitution should be federal, with the residuary powers to be vested in the provinces.

2. A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.

3. All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or even equality.

4. In the Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than one third.

5. Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by separate electorates: provided that it shall be open to any community, at any time, to abandon its separate electorate in favor of joint electorate.

6. Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in anyway affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and the NWFP.

7. Full religious liberty i.e. liberty of belief, worship, and observance, propaganda, association, and education, shall be guaranteed to all communities.

8. No bill or resolution or any part thereof shall be passed in any legislature or any other elected body if three fourths of the members of any community in that particular body oppose such a bill, resolution or part thereof on the ground that it would be injurious to that community or in the alternative, such other method is devised as may be found feasible practicable to deal with such cases.

9. Sindh should be separated from the Bombay Presidency.

10. Reforms should be introduced in the NWFP and Balochistan on the same footing as in other provinces.

11. Provision should be made in the Constitution giving Muslims an adequate share along with the other Indians in all the services of the State and in local self-governing bodies, having due regard to the requirements of efficiency.

12. The Constitution should embody adequate safeguards for the protection of Muslim culture and for the protection and promotion of Muslim education, language, religion and personal laws and Muslim charitable institutions and for their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the State and by local self-governing bodies.

13. No cabinet, either Central or Provincial, should be formed without there being a proportion of at least one-third Muslim ministers.

14. No change shall be made in the Constitution by the Central Legislature except with the concurrence of the States constituting the Indian Federation.

Money Laundering

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Wed, 04 Jan 2012 10:34:00 +0000

What is Money Laundering?

"Money laundering is the attempt to make money from criminal activity appear legitimate, by disguising its original source."

Money laundering is the term given to attempts to make the proceeds of crime appear respectable. It covers any activity by which the apparent source and ownership of money representing the proceeds of income are changed so that the money appears to have been obtained legitimately.

Money laundering is a crime that is against the interests of the state, and it is associated with drug and people trafficking in particular, and with organised crime in general.

The Money Laundering process usually involves three phases:

1. Placement- This is the initial disposal of the proceeds of the initial illegal activity into apparently legitimate business activity or property.

2. Layering- This involves the transfer of monies from business to business or place to place to conceal the orginal source.

3. Integration- Having been layered, the money has the appearance of legitimate funds.

For accountants, the most worrying aspect of law on money laundering relates to the offense of 'failing to disclose'. It is relatively straightforward to identify actual 'knowledge' of money laundering, and therefore of the need to disclose it, but the term 'suspicion' of money laundering is not defined. The nearest there is to a definition is that suspicion is more than mere speculation but falls short of proof or knowledge. It is a question of judgement.

Methods used for laundering such dirty money can be extremely complex. They may involve trusts, companies (both offshore and onshore) and could involve the use of relatively complex bank instruments.

Therefore, all companies, their managers and their advisers need to be aware of the issue of money laundering and not fall foul of the regulations.

There is a legal requirement for organisations to take following actions:

1. To set up procedures and establish accountabilities for senior individuals to take action to prevent money laundering.

2. To educate staff and employees about the potential problems of money laundering.

3. To obtain satisfactory evidence of identity where a transaction is for more than 10,000 Pounds.

4. To report suspicious circumstances (according to the established procedures)

5. Not to alert persons who are or might be investigated for money laundering.

6. To keep records of all transactions for five years.

The Joint Stock Company

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Fri, 05 Aug 2011 17:22:00 +0000

In modern times, the most prevalent form of business is the Joint Stock Compay. It is formed by a large number of share holders who invest their captial and undertake the risk of business. They elect a Board of Directors (BOD) to supervise it. The manger of the company is entrusted to salaried officers who are to act under the guidance of the Board of Directors. The most important feature of this system, which distinguishes it from partnership, is the lmited liability of the Share-holders. Each share holder is liable for the debts of the company to the extent of the value of his shares. Thus his liabilty is limited to the extent of the value of the shares he bought, his other properties can not be attached by the creditors of the company. Hence, the company is known as Limited (Ltd.) Company.

HOW IT DRAWS CAPITAL :

The enterpreneur and partners supply capital either from their own pockets or from personal loans, But the Joint Stock Company raises its capital in different ways. First, it raises initial capital by selling ordinary shares. The amount raised may not be sufficient, or the company may want to expand its business. The compant may then take resource to two ways for augmenting its capital. It may borrow money by selling debentures (Also called Loan stock or Bonds) at a fixed rate of interest. The debenture holders are not the owner of the company. They are simply creditors and do not take any risk. They can not claim anything more than the fixed interest, and they will get the interest whether the company earns any profit or not.

OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Sat, 28 May 2011 13:09:00 +0000

BACKGROUND: The objective resolution is a brief document but its significance is realised if its background and the acute controversies it successfully resolved are taken into account. It attempted to reconcile conflicting viewpoints by affirming that ''the sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Almighty Allah alone'' but followed up by reffering to ''the Sovereign Independent state of Pakistan'' and stipulated that the authority ''within the limits precribed by him'' was to be excercised by the people of Pakistan. Limitations on the power of legislature were few. They related to the future, alone and excluded only those laws which were definitely ''repugnant to the Quran and Sunnah''. They left a vast field in fact the main field of modern legislative activity to be operated in accordance with the traditions and requirements of the Muslim community and according to sound, healthy principles of Islamic Law, under the sovereign authority of the Legislature.

OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION: The full text of Objective Resolution was as follows:

1. ''Whereas the Sovereignty over the entire universe belongs to Allah Almighty and the authority he has delegated to state of Pakistan through its people for being exercised within the limits precribed by Him is a sacred trust''.

2. ''Wherein the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as enuciated by Islam shall be fully observed''.

3. ''Wherein the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the individual and collective spheres in accordance with the teachings and requirements of Islam as set out in the Quran and the Sunnah''.

4. ''Wherein the adequate provisions shall be made for the minorities freely to profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures''.

5. ''Whereby the territories now included in our accession with Pakistan and such territories as many hereafter be included in or accede to Pakistan shall form a federation wherein the units will be autonomous with such boundaries and limitations and authority as may be precribed''.

6. ''Wherein there should be guaranteed fundamental rights including equality of status of opportunity before law, social, economic and political justice and freedom of though, expression, belief, faith, worship and association subject of law and public morality''.

7. ''Wherein public provisions shall be made to safeguard the legitimate interest of minorities and backward and depressed classes''.

8. ''Wherein the independence of judiciary shall be fully scured''.

9. ''Wherein the integrity of the territories of the federation its independence and all its rights includijng its soverign right on land, sea and air shall be safeguarded''.

CONCLUSION : From the study of Objective resolution it appears that the entire approach of the Objective Resolution was that while Pakistan should be a progressive modern state and not a theocratic medieval government like former Saudi arabia or Yaman, yet every attempt should be made to translate the people's dream of an Islamic social order into action. The constitution of 1956 and following it the constitution of 1962 and 1973 maintain the same approach.

SIMLA CONFERENCE

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Fri, 27 May 2011 21:03:00 +0000

After the Second world war, lord wavell became the viceroy of India, In order to unite the Sub-continent and form a coalition government of Congress and muslims league at the centre, he convened a meeting of All political parties of the Sub-continent in June 1945 at Simle (Shimla). Quaid-e-Azam represented Muslim league and Congress nominated Maulana Abul Kalam Azad as its representative. The objective of sending Maulana Azad was to give the message to the world that congress also represented the Muslims. The conference started on June 25, 1945 and continued for a number of days. Lord wavell wanted to opt five ministers from the muslims and five from the Hindus; and three from the minorities. The congress was not in the favour of five nominations from Muslims and wished to nominate one Muslims minister.

Thereupon, quaid-e-Azam demanded general elections in the country to decide as to who represented the Muslims. Due to the negative attitude of Congress, the conference was unsuccessful. But the parties other than congress, supported the demand of Quaid-i-Azam for general elections. At this occasion most of the Muslims religious leaders supported the muslim league. Their support strengthened the Muslim league and made it very popular representative body of the Muslims in India.

RADCLIFF AWARD

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Fri, 27 May 2011 20:05:00 +0000

A boundary commission was constituted under the chairmanship of Sir Cyril Radcliff for the demarcation of the boundaries of Punjab and Bengal. For the demarcation of Punjab Mr. Justice Munir and Mr. Justice Din Muhammad represented Pakistan while Chand Mahajan and Mr. Justice Teja Sindh represented India. For the damarcation of Bengal Mr. Justice Abu saleh Muhammad, Mr. Akram and Mr. Justice S.A. Rehman represented Pakistan while Mr. Justice C.C Biswas and Mr. Justice B.K. Mukherjee represented India. At the time of divsionm, the Viceroy and his personnel connived with the congress and demarcared the boundary according to the wishes. Radcliff included many muslim majority areas in India and deprived Pakistan from the waters of Sutlej, Bias and Ravi. Further he extended the frontiers of India upto Kashmir.

The illogical and unfair demarcation of the provinces strengthened the feelings of hatred and both the nations, instead of enjoying peace and security started burning in the passions of rage and revenge. The communal riots broke out in the sub-continent 15 lacs of people were killed and 50,000 women were kidnapped. For the newly born state it was hard task to accomodate a large number of refugees. Kashmir was included in India against the wished of the people. India occupied Junagadh and Manavadar through military action.

At the time of independence there were about four hundred and fifty semi autonomous states who were given the option whether they would remain independent or join India or Pakistan. Kashmir and Hyderabad decided to remain Independent. Since the establishment of Pakistan, the wat broke out twice on the issue of Kashmir. The issues were taken to the security council of the United Nation Organisation (UNO) and is still pending on its agenda for its solution.

Human Heart

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Sun, 26 Sep 2010 16:50:00 +0000

The heart is a myogenic muscular organ found in all animals with a circulatory system (including all vertebrates), that is responsible for pumping blood throughout the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The term cardiac (as in cardiology) means "related to the heart" and comes from the Greek καρδιά, kardia, for "heart".
The vertebrate heart is composed of cardiac muscle, which is an involuntary striated muscle tissue found only in this organ, and connective tissue. The average human heart, beating at 72 beats per minute, will beat approximately 2.5 billion times during an average 66 year lifespan, and weighs approximately 250 to 300 grams (9 to 11 oz) in females and 300 to 350 grams (11 to 12 oz) in males.

In invertebrates that possess a circulatory system, the heart is typically a tube or small sac and pumps fluid that contains water and nutrients such as proteins, fats, and sugars. In insects, the "heart" is often called the dorsal tube and insect "blood" is almost always not oxygenated since they usually respirate (breathe) directly from their body surfaces (internal and external) to air. However, the hearts of some other arthropods (including spiders and crustaceans such as crabs and shrimp) and some other animals pump hemolymph, which contains the copper-based protein hemocyanin as an oxygen transporter similar to the iron-based hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates.

Pakistan - China Relations

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 13:36:00 +0000

PAKISTAN - CHINA RELATIONS : China is not only a neighbour of Pakistan but also a great country. Pakistna has very friendly relaltion with China. Since its independence Pakistan has recognised China, thought Pakistan was under the American influence and Americans were totally against the recognition. The Relations between the two countries improved during 1950. Pakistan also disagreed with the United States declaring China as an aggressor due to Korean war.

While admitting the expansionist tendencies of Communist China in South East Asia-hence Pakistan's membership in SEATO - Pakistan had shown little concern over China as a threat to Pakistan itself. Pakistan was not only the first country to recognise China but it always supported China's claim to the Chinese seat in United Nations. Trading between the two countries began in 1950 and each year Pakistan turned to increase its export of cotton and jute to China. Apprehension over Great Britain's possible entry into the European common market had caused Pakistani salesmen to search for new market everywhere, particularly in Asia. In 1963, Pakistan and china signed a new trade agreement.

India attacked China but was beaten back. When Chineese troops entered deep into indian territory in the fall of 1962 and Indian troops retreated elation in Pakistan superseded any fear for Pakistan's territory . The brightening of Pakistan - China relations actually began when China and India started quarelling over defined Himalayas borders. In 1961, Pakistan approached China requesting negotiations over the borders of Azad Kashmir and China. On account of his negotiations Pakistan gained a territory of about 800 Square Miles.

Before long, Pakistan took other steps to strengthen its relations with China. In June, 1963, the head of Pakistan international Airlines visited China to work out details of air service from Karachi and Dhaka to cities of China.

At the same time, Chineese trade officials began arriving in Pakistan for new talks. In february 1964, Chineese Premier Late Chou Enlai visited Pakistan and declared that Communist China supported Pakistan's demand for a plebicite in Kashmir.

In the serious business of international relations, the old Machiavellian principle of "my enemy's enemy is my friend" Frequently guides a nation's policy for communist China, friendship with Pakistan was not only valuable but it fits the principle. In Chineese, Pakistan found a best and most reliable friend. China always helped Pakistan economically and military when there was no hope for external help. China also assisted Pakistan setting up a number of factories in Pakistan including Larkana Sugar Mills, Taxila Heavy Industries Complex. The relations between the two countries improved gradually.

Pakistan and the United States Relations

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 12:41:00 +0000

PAKISTAN AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA : In the early days of independence of pakistan, when it appeared that Britain was favouring India on the Subject of Kashmir, Pakistan looked longingly to the United States for friendship. Pakistan welcomed American Admiral Chester Nimitz as the first Plebiscite Administrator for Kashmir. But the United States was slow to responce the enthusiasm shown by Pakistan in the early days. Even after Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's visit to the United States in 1951, Washington attempted to follow a neutral course to the conflict between India and Pakistan. United States foreign aid flowed into India appropriately heralded by Ambassador Chester Bowles, whose every move and statement demonstrated to Pakistan that Americans liked India best.

United States Policy towards Soviet Union enuciated by the secretary of State John Foster Dulles after 1953, brought a suddent change in the relations between Pakistan and the United States, advocating the creation of bi-lateral military pacts between the United States and non-communist countries and multi-lateral regional grouping to deter Soviet expansionism. This policy found many friends, each of whom was rewared by economic assistance. As Pakistan's search for friends was keeping along ineffectually and the struggle for Kashmir was particularly unsuccessful (in 1952, the Soviet Union openly sided with India), Pakistan eagerly grasped Mr.Dulles's outstretched hands. Soviet leaders had extented an invitation to Mr.Liaquat Ali Khan to visit Soviet Union but he prefered to the United States first. The choice of Liaquat Ali Khan of visiting the United States of America first displeased the Cremelin.

In this situation Pakistan and the United States signed a mutual defence agreement in 1954 and in 1955 Pakistan joined CENTO. Ambassador Chester Bowles in India returned to Unites States. Pakistan has found a friend in United States, it presumed, would support it against "neutral and impartialist" India. The United States has found a friend which, it presumed, was stalwart in its opposition to international communism. Both the countries particularly Pakistan ignored the basis facts of international relations, diplomacy and of life.

Growing affection between Pakistan and America was phenomenal. The United States government policy over-looked Nehru's attempt to be neutral between the Soviet Communists and American anti-communists. To Pakistan any foe of Nehru's was a friend of Pakistan. Pakistan feared Soviet expansionism and India's anti-Pakistan activities and stood unhesitatingly on the side of the Western allies. Pakistan also saw what could be gained through alliance with the United States in terms of economic and military development. Pakistan started receiving aids. By 1963 the cost of military hardware and personnel training exceeded US Dollor 1,000,000,000. Nearly all sector of Pakistan's economic and social development Corporation, loans helped start hundreds of small and medium size factories. Meanwhile, private Americal philanthropic agencies and universities gave help to programmes in birth control, village development and urban planning. Agricultural projects, especially those involving irrigation, soil improvement and rural education remained backing. Few countries in the world had gained more, economically and value of economic aid to pakistan was US $ 1,500,000,000 or approximately $ 15 per person. India in the same period received 3,900,000,000 in economic aid from the United States or about $ 9 Per Person.

In 1961, President Ayub Khan made a triumphal visit to the United States and spoke before a Joint session of Congress. America found him genial, out-spoken and Obviously a friend. But still, Kashmir remained in Indian hands and, in 1963, there was no sign that Pakistan's friendship with the United States was helping solve the Problem which was the most important one for Pakistan.

The invasion of Chinese territory by Indian forces in 1962 led both the countries to re-examine their policies. The United States and Great Britain offered to aid India. During the Sino-India war of 1962, The US asked Pakistan to help India against China because at the time American's themselves were involved in the Cuba missile affair and could not jump into another crisis directly. On April 15, 1963, Pakistan's Foreign Minister emphatically declared that "If India should receive massive military assistance from the Western powers without a solution of the kashmir dispute, it would mark a turning point for Pakistan and the abandonment of our friends and allies". As military aid began to flow into India - and Chester Bowles returned to New Delhi to herald the renewed frienddship. Mr.Bhutto, the then foreign Minister indicated that Pakistan's Foreign policy would be reshaped. Although the United States had assured Pakistan that the military build of India would not be used against Pakistan yet Pakistan was unsatified.

The Foreign Minister of Pakistan and United States officials met in Washington. The United States announced that it has been agreed to recognise Pakistan's fear of India, althought it was apparent that the United States Policy-makers did not share this fear. Many Pakistani's understood that the United States is unreliable. The United States soon made it clear to the Pakistan that it would build its anti-China policy around India, regardless of Pakistan's policies and fear, When India attacked Pakistan in 1965, the United States not only remained neutral but also stopped military aid and delivery of spare parpts to Pakistan. Again in 1971, she repeated her old policy which assured every Pakistani that United States not only favours India but also Pakistan has no space in her policies of international relation, depsite the fact that Pakistan worked as a bridge between United States and China to hold talks and establish the diplomatic relations.

The United States always opposed the atomic policy of Pakistan and pressurized her to sign N.P.T without critisizing the atomic policy of India. The United States does not treat equally India and Pakistan. Now she has stopped all aid to Pakistan unless Pakistan is willing to sign N.P.T which Pakistan has refused to sign.

After the Russian dis-integration there was a total change in American policy towards Pakistan. The then Prime Minister Benazir Bhtto had visited Unites States in June, 1989, and adressed the congress and expressed her views and clarified the policies of her government. Her visit created a conductive atmosphere between the two countries, and it was hoped that the reltionships between two countries would improve but her government was dismissed.

Mrs.Benazir Bhutto again visited the United States during 1993 on behalf on the I.J.I government, where she met the top officials of Clinton administration but the report about her visit varies. She again visited the United States in 1995, as a Prime minister and she was sucessful in convincing the U.S Administration regarding attitude towards Pakistan. There was a hope the under Brown amendment Pakistan may reveive the aid Suspender under Presler's amendment.

Pakistan's never tire of calling US and unreliable ally, a fair weather friend, who has always been partial to, and soft on, India. This has always been a measure of our won naivety and simplicity. While such qualities as morality, faithfulness, etc, may be desire in personal relationships, "in international reltionships there are no permanent friends or enemies, only permanent national interests". It is also widely known that there is no morality in international relationships. It is high time we awoke from our dream-world and looked upon the real world. Inspite of the imposition of sanctions on India, it would be realistic to expect the USA, and being the sole world Super power today is the only country that matters, to tilt heavily in favour of Pakistan, and against India, on the promise of the formoer not carrying out its own nuclear tests in tit-for-tat reaction, or to play to the galleries, consequences to damned. Let us not forget that India is a regional power, our own continued defiance not with standing, and given a choice, the US will tilt in favour of India when the chips are down.

LUCKNOW PACT (1916)

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 11:25:00 +0000

BACKGROUND : Quaid-e-Azam joined muslim league in 1913 after that he started to work for hindu muslim unity, understanding and for co-operation, In 1915, the annual meeting of congress and muslim league were held together at bombay (mumbia), because of his efforts and again second meeting of both parties were helf together at Lucknow, where a written agreement were signed betweeen two parties which in history of sub-continent is called Lucknow Pact.

SALIENT FEATURES :

1. Seperate electorate were accepted by congress.
2. The congress agreed to enforce seperate electorate in those province, where they donot exist (Punjab, CP)
3. No billaffecting a particular commity should be proceeded with any counsil if 3/4 representation of community opposed it.
4. Muslims and Hindus were to have the weightage in the provinces where they formed minorities.

ACHIEVEMENTS :

1. Completely approval of seperate electorate.
2. Security of muslim rights and interest.
3. Muslim league's seperate status.
4. Increase the fame of Quaid-e-Azam.
5. Hindu muslim unity first and Last time.

CONCLUSION : Lucknow pact proved to be the baccon light on the political horizon of india. If this sense of co-operation have been carried out the atmosphere of understanding and co-operation generated but hindu did not honestly stick to these principles instead of it misstrust haterd and non-cooperation carried into political life. It was important milestone in the history of sub-continent, due to this agreement congress gave protection to all due rights of muslims and muslim league.

Organization of Islamic Conference (O.I.C)

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Sun, 13 Jun 2010 15:06:00 +0000

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC CONFERENCE (O.I.C)

The OIC is the symbol of Islamic unity and integrity of the Muslim World. This organization provides the Islamic World a unique forum to solve the problems faced by Muslim World, and to increase co-operation not only amongst the Muslim Countries but also between other countries and the Islamic States.

The need of OIC intensified then the Jews set the Holy Al-Aqsa mosque on fire on August 21, 1969, which was under Military occupation of Israel, as a reaction to the conspiracies of the Jews. Attempts to bring unity among the Muslim World took the shape of a Muslim Summit Conference . Forwards the End of August, 1969, a meeting of the Arav foreign Ministers was held in Cairo in which Saudi Arabia and Morocco were authorized to call a Summit meeting of Islamic Countries, The Foreign Ministers of these two countries appointed a Seven member committee to make the preparation for the summitt.

PRINCIPLES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC SUMMIT CONFERENCE (O.I.C)

1. Totally equality between member states.
2. Respect of the right of self-determination and non-interference in the domestic affairs of the member states.
3. Respect of the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of each member state.
4. The settlement of any conflict that may rise by peaceful means. Such as Negotiations, mediation, reconciliation or Arbitration.
5. Ostentation from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity, National unity or Political Independence of any member States.

PAKISTAN'S ROLE IN THE ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC SUMMIT CONFERENCE (O.I.C)

Pakistan has made consistent efforts to promote solidarity efforts among the Islamic Umma and for the advancement of Islamic causes. With its deep commitment to be the promotion of Islamic solidarity, Pakistan played a significant role in the establishment of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (O.I.C) in 1969, and became an active member of the Conference.

In Furtherance of the Islamic Solidarity, Pakistan hosted the second meeting of the Foreign ministers of Islamic countries at Karachi from 26 to 28 December, 1970, in which representatives of 23 countries took part.

Pakistan has also endeavored to contribute to the strengthening of various organs and agencies of the OIC, such as the Islamic Summit Fund. As a result, the OIC has taken considerable strides towards harnessing the human and physical resources of the Islamic countries for the realization of their common objectives, and promoting international peace and security.

Pakistan has the honor to host the second Islamic Summit conference in Lahore in 1974. The conference acknowledged with thanks the efforts of Pakistan for promoting unity amongst the Muslim World.

THE HEADQUARTERS OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE (O.I.C) : The headquarters of the Islamic conference have been established at Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). The secretary-General is the principal officer of the Conference. The Islamic Conference has some specialized agencies and institutions such as:

1. Islamic Development Bank.
2. International News Agency.
3. The Organization of Broadcasting of the Islamic States.
4. The Organization of the seats (Capitals) of Islamic countries.
5. Islamic Unity Fund.
6. Al-Quds Fund.

A Plan to establish the Islamic court of Justice is on the agenda of the Conference.

United Nations Organization (UNO)

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Sun, 13 Jun 2010 14:34:00 +0000

BACKGROUND : The theme behind the establishment of UNO was the universal human desire for peace. Initially a charter was signed by USA and UK on 14 August 1941, which regularized the use of the name of the United Nations Organization. By January 1, 1942, 26 countries of the world had embraced the charter. The Moscow declaration of Octobor 1943, stressed the necessity of establishing an international organization for peace. China, USSR (Russia), UK and USA were signatories to the Moscow declaration. The condition was fulfilled in Octobot 24, 1945 and the United Nations came into existence. The head office of the UNO is located in New York. By march 2000 the membership of UNO rose to 200 member states.

The UNO is a general international organization establish at the end of the Second World War to promote international peace and security. It is second such organization having replace league of nations which was founded after the First World War.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO) :

1. To maintain international peace and security to help in finding a peaceful solution of disputes.
2. To Support recognition of mutual regard for each other's rights establishment of an environment of mutual friendship and people's right of self determination.
3. To help various nations in resolving international economic, culture, social and humans problems.
4. To safeguard human rights without prejudice to colour, creed, language or religion.
5. To provide a central forum for the collective struggle for achievement of all those objectives.
6. To provide a central forum for the collective struggle for the achievement of all these objectives.

MAIN ORGANS OF UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO) :

1. The Security Council.
2. The General Assembly.
3. The Economic and Social Council.
4. The Trusteeship Council.
5. The Internal Court of Justice.
6. The Secretariat.

SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO) :

1. ILO (International Labour Organization)
2. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization)
3. WHO (World Health Organization)
4. UNESCO ( United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization)
5. UNICEF (United Nation International Children's Emergency Fund)
6. IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development World Bank)
7. IMF (International Monetary Fund)

Test Tube Babies

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Wed, 09 Jun 2010 14:16:00 +0000

TEST TUBE BABIES : Approximately 10 Percent of the couples fail to have children. This is condition, called infertility, maybe due to a number of causes. In some Females, however, this is due to the blockage of oviducts so that the sperms cannot reach the egg.

This sort of infertility is overcome by a technique called in vitro fertilization. In this procedure some of the oocytes are sucked up from the ovary of that women before ovulation. These eggs are fertilized, outside her body in a laboratory dish, with the sperm taken from her husband. Eggs thus fertilized in vitro are allowed to develop for a few days in the laboratory and one is then transfered to her uterus for implantation where it undergoes normal development and is born the natural way.

Multiple Pregnancy ( Twinning )

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Wed, 09 Jun 2010 13:30:00 +0000

Multiple Pregnancy ( Twinning ) : Twinning occurs in about 1% of normal births; about two-thirds are of the dizygotic (fraternal) twin type. The Frequency of dizygotic twins increases with the age of the mother and is influenced by heredity. ( No age correlation exists as far as monozygotic [Identical] twins are concerned.) If a first pregnancy results in twins, subsequent twinning is about three to fice times greater than in the normal population. The genotype of the mother seems to be the key determinating factor in the frequency of two births.

Monozygotic twins (Identical twins). A single oocyte and sperm are involved. Two inner cell masses form within a single trophoblast at the blastocyst stage. Each inner cell mass subsequently develops into an embryo. These embryos have a common placenta and chorionic cavity but possess seperate amniotic cavities. These individuals have the same sex and blood groups, and a strong resemblance in external features. ( Their phenotypes and genotypes are identical )

Dizygotic Twins (Fraternal Twins). Two seperate oocytes and two seperate sperm are involved. Both zygotes are totally different genetically. They may or may not be of the same sex. These zygotes implant independently and develop their own placenta and membranes. (Fraternal twins are not identical in phenotype and genotype. They are no more similar than any other non-twin siblings.)

Triplets : Triplets occur once in about 8,000 pregnancies. They may result from :

1. one zygote and therefore be identical,
2. Two zygote, and therefore give rise to one set of identical twins and one independent infant,
3. three zygotes and result in three independent individuals.

Types of multiple births are higher than triplets are rare but similar combinations do occur.

How to Study | Memory Principles

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Sat, 17 Apr 2010 12:37:00 +0000

Following are the " How to Study Memory Principles " for Students, Follow these Steps to Sharpen your memory and cover your topics fast . 14 Proven Points, for Studying the smarter way :

1. Be interested in the material; show excitement at mastering the subject matter. There is pleasure in Knowledge.

2 . A positive attitude and approach will increase learning and remembering. It will add meaning to your work. Be cognizant of the fact that reasoning, analysis, and persistence will lead to postitive conclusions.

3 . Remember that the more solid your basic knowledge is, the easier new building blocks are mastered and added. Accept your strengths and weaknesses .

4 . Develop association between facts and concepts.

5 . Visualize, conceptualize, and recite; be active on all fonts.

6 . Give your self a chance to consolidate your knowledge base; remember that everything takes time.

7 . Set aside regular time periods for the specific taks; do not squeeze it in here and there!

8 . Skip superfluous material and adjust to repetitious material.

9 . If you detect major gaps in your knowledge, fill these in. Otherwise, they will bother you and distract you from your effort. It's easier to remember a story than to remember isolated facts.

10 . Study, if you can, in chronological order. You will feel more comfortable because of the sequence, and you will enhance your recall.

11 . During your studying, vary your attack as required.

a) Read the material.
b) Speak out the material.
c) Write out the material.
d) Sketch out some of the material.
e) Underline some of the material.
f) Outline some of the material.
g) Resort, if necessary, to mnemonic devices.

12 . Understand the material before you commit it to memory.

13 . Organize the material, and learn it in parts rather than in isloted, single details. Try to build framework of facts.

14 . Note and focus on similar ideas from different subject areas. Put them meaningfully together, and keep them in association. Integrate your material.

These Points are written by Shahzeem Jokhio . If in any way, it was Helpful please comment and tell me how you felt . Thank you

ATOMIC HYDROGEN

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Thu, 21 Jan 2010 21:05:00 +0000

ATOMIC HYDROGEN

DEFINITION : Mono-Atomic Form of hydrogen is called as Atomic Hydrogen .

PREPARATION :

1) Thermal Decomposition : Ordinary molecular hydrogen on thermal decomposition from atomic hydrogen .

                                              H2 + 104 Kcals -------> 2H

2) Electrical Dissociation : Molecular Hydrogen can be Dissociated by electrical method under reduced Pressure .

                                              H2 + ---------> 2H

3) Laboratory Method : Chemical Reaction between mineral acid with Metal form atomic Hydrogen which is also Known as Nascent Hydrogen .

                                              Zn + 2HCl ---------> ZnCl2 + 2[H]

USES OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN :

1 . Atomic Hydrogen is used in Hydrogenation Reaction .
2 . It is used to convert oil into Banaspati Ghee .
3 . It is used to Produce Hydrogen flame which has a temperature of 4000 C to 5000 C , due to this Reaction hydrogen flame is used for welding Aluminium alloys , High chromium and Nickel Steels .This Large amount of heat of Hydrogen flame is not Produced by burning hydrogen but from recombination of Hydrogen Atoms .

                                         H + H ----------------> H2 + 104 Kcals

The Constitution of 1973 | Pakistan

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:51:00 +0000

The Constitution of 1973 Pakistan

On April 17 , 1972 the National Assembly of Pakistan Appointed a Committee of 25 members to Prepare a draft of the Permanent Constitution of Pakistan . Mahmud Ali Kasuri was Elected Chairman of the Committee. On Octobor 20 , 1972, The Draft bill for the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was signed by all the Leaders of the Parliamentary Groups in the National Assembly . The Draft bill of the Constitution incorporated the suggestions of the opposition also . A bill to provide a Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan waas Introduced in the National Assembly on April 10 , 1973 and Endorsed by President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto , on April 12 , 1973. The Constitution was Promulgated on August 14, 1973 . It Consist of a Pre-amble , 280 Articles and Six Schedules .

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION OF 1973 :

ISLAMIC PROVISIONS : Pakistan was named as " Islamic Republic of Pakistan ". Only a Muslim should be Appointed as the President or the Prime Minister of Pakistan . No Law has to be Passed against the Injuctions of the Holy Quran and Sunnah and the Existing laws to be made Islamic in Character . Islam was Declared as the Religion of the State .

PRINCIPLES OF POLICY : The Principles of Policy Intended Islamic way of Life , Promotion of the Institution of Local Government , Full participation of women in National Life , Protection of Minorities , Prommotion of social and Economic well being of the People , and Strengthening the bonds with the Muslim World .

FUNDAMENTAL POLICY : Under the Constitution the Fundamental rights included security of Person , Safeguards as to Arrest and Detention , Prohibition of Slavery and Forced Labor , Protection against Double Punishment , Freedom of Speech , Freedom of Movement , Freedom of Associations , Freedom to Profess religion and Safeguards as the Religious Institutions, non Discrimination of access to Public Places and in service preservation of Language , Script and Culture .
The President Must be a Muslim and Not less than 45 Years of Age elected by the Members of the Parliament . The Turn of Office of the President should be 5 Years . He can be Impeached by the Parliament . He could issue Ordinances when the Parliament is not in Session .

FEDERATION AND PROVINCES : Parliament had Exclusive power to make Laws in respect to Federal make the Laws in Respect of Federal Lagislature . Both Parliament and Provincial Assemblies had Power To make laws in Respect of Subject in the Current List .

NATIONAL FINANCE COMMISSION : Under the Constitution of 1973 a National Finance Commission was set up consisting of Federal and Provincial Finance Ministers and other Members to advice on Distribution of Reserves Between the Centre and the Provinces .

JUDICIARY : Under the Constitution of 1973 the Judiciary enjoyed a Full Supremacy over the other two Organs of the State .

NATIONAL LANGUAGE : Urdu was declared sole Nation Language of Islamic Republic of Pakistan .

ISLAMIC PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION OF 1973 :

1 . That Pakistan Shall be known as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan .
2 . The President and the Prime Minister must be Muslims . Beside the President and the Prime Minister , all federal and Provincial Minister Shall declare to Protect Islamic Ideology at the Time of Taking Oath .
3 . The State shall Endeavor , as Repects of the Muslims of Paksitan :
[a] To make the teaching of Quran and Islamiat Compulsory , to Encourage and Facilitate the learning of Arabic Language and to secure correct and Exact Printing of the Holy Quran .
[b] To Promote unity and the observance of the Islamic Moral Standards .[
[c] To secure Proper organisation of Zakar , Ushr , Auqaf and the Mosques.
4 . All existing Laws shall be Brought in the Conformity with the Injunctions of Islam, and no Laws shall be enacted which is Repugnant to Such Injunctions .

Indian Independence Act 1947

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Tue, 12 Jan 2010 19:10:00 +0000

Indian Independence Act 1947

BACKGROUND : The Indian Independence bill was Drafted and Introduced in the House of commons by Prime Minister ATTLE Himself on 4 July . The House of Lords without any amendment passed the bill on 15 July by the commons and on 16 July , the bill was passed by House of Lords . It received the Royal assent on 18 July .

The Independence act provided for Partition of India and Pakistan from the appointed day (15 August 1947) . The act was also Provided For :

1 . The Legislative supremacy of the two dominions .
2 . The Legislatures of the two dominions were given full powers to make laws having extra-territorial Jurisdictions .
3 . The British Government was to have no control over the affairs of the dominions , Provinces or any part of the dominions after 15 august 1947.
4 . The Act terminated British authority over India, Set up two Independent Dominions, each with full authority to make any constitution it pleased . Both the Dominions were given full powers and the rights to leave the British common wealth of nations if they so pleased . As such separate provisional governments were set up for India and Pakistan .

On 7 August Quaid-e-azam left India for Pakistan . The Constitutuent Assembly of Pakistan met on 11 August 1947 and Elected him as Its President . On 13 August Mountbatten accompanied with Lady mountbatten came to Karachi and on 14 August addressed the constituent Assembly . Pakistan officialy become free on 15 August 1947 when Quaid-e-Azam was sworn in as first Governor General and the new Pakistan Cabinet took office . Each Dominion had its constituent assembly and arrangements were made for the proportional sharing of assests and Liabilities . The British treaties were ended and with them British Paramountcy, each became in theory Independent, but a Strong hint from the departing British that they should associate themselves with one or other of Dominions .
Thus British period in India came to end nearly three and a half centuries of trading, two countries of Political power, and a Hundred and Thirty Years of general Supremacy .

Simon Commission

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Fri, 08 Jan 2010 16:07:00 +0000

SIMON COMMISSION :

INTRODUCTION : On 26th Novemeber , 1927 a commission was announced by British Government under the Chairmenship of Sir John Simon . Commission consisting of 7 members . The commission was charge in the duty of investigating Indian constitutional Problem and Drop Recommendation for future action . All members of commission were white people and no Indian was Present in the commission . There was Negative Responce of Indians Towards the commission and they received the commission with slogan " Simon Go Back , Simon Go Back " . Congress and Muslim League boycott the commission . It was Published in 1930 namely Simon Report . It had 2 Volumes , first deals with Indian problem and Second Deals with Recommendation and Proposal .

SALIENT FEATURES :

1 . Abbolition of Dyarchi and setting up a federal form of Government with maximum autonomy of province .
2 . Continuation of separate electorate and Maintanance of weightage in the Province .
3 . Rejection of Muslim Demand regarding 1/3 Representation at centre and situatory majority in Punjab and Bengal .
4 . Postponment of Separation of Sindh from Bombay .
5 . Fear Representation of minorities in Lagislature and Executive .
6 . Continuation of Present Status of N.W.F.P .

MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION :

1 . Sir John Simon ( Chairman )
2 . Clement Attlee
3 . Donald Howard
4 . Vernon Hartshorn
5 . George Lane-Fox
6 . Edward Cadogan
7 . Harry Levy - Lawson.

Kashmir Issue

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Fri, 08 Jan 2010 15:47:00 +0000

KASHMIR ISSUE :

Full Name : State of Jammu and Kashmir .
Area : 84471 sq / Miles .
State : Biggest State of India .
Situated : It is Situated at the Northern part of Indo-Pak .
Boundary : Boundary with China , Russia and Afghanistan .
Sale of Kashmir : British Government Sold Kashmir to Gulab signh of Dogar dynasty . he buyied Kashmir at a cost of 7.5 million Rupees in 1846 .
Population : According to the sensus of 1941 ; 4 million people are living in kashmir . Among 4 million People 77% were Muslims . 61 % People were Muslims in Jammu and 93 % in Jammu . Gilgit consist of 100 % muslims . Gilgit consist of 100% Muslims .

BACKGROUND : At the time of partition , Sir Hari Singh of Dogar dynasty want to exceed with Indian government , against the wishes of kashmiri people . A clash occured betweeb Maharaja and the kashmiri People , That is why he asked the Indian Government for Help . An Agreement tool place between Maharaja and the Indian Government on 26th Oct , 1947 according to Amritsar treaty . In the Result of the agreement Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah become the Defecto Prime Minister . In the Result of the Clash a war was Started between Pakistan and India in 1948 . A Cease Fire occured between Pakistan and Indian on 1st Jan , 1949 . Pakistan took the Matter to the United Nation Organisation ( U.N.O ) on 1948 , where security council decided that dispure of Kashmir will be solved according to the wishes of Kashmiri people . Pebliscite will occur under the supervision of U.N.O . But India was continually refusing the resolution of U.N.O on Kashmir Issue .

CONCLUSION : Kashmir has been the bone of contention between the two states of Pakistan and India . It is a Dangerous dispute , without the solution of it no any peace will be created between India and Pakistan . India is Ignoring the Rights of Kashmiri People . It is the Duty of the International world to Solve the Kashmir Issue , according to the wishes of Kashmiri People .

The Formation of Muslim League

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Fri, 18 Dec 2009 08:59:00 +0000

BACKGROUND : After the defeat in the war of Independence . The muslims became the target of british victimization . To save the muslims From attrocities of Britishers , Sir Syed Ahmed Khan took the responsibilty of protecting rights of the muslims without formation of any political organization . After the death of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1888 , the anti muslim activities of congress further increased . At last a Deligation consisting of 35 members , under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan met the Viceroy of India . Due to the positive answer of viceroy , a feeling of Confidence and unity was Created . The All India Muslim League was created out of this Convection .

INTRODUCTION : Muslims Leader met at Dhaka at Dec , 1906 on the occasion of annual meeting of Mohammadin education conference . The meeting took place at dhaka under the presidency of Nawab waquril muk , Sir Suleman [ the Nawab of Dhaka ] voted the resolution for establishing muslim organization to be called as All India Muslim League . Mulavi Ali Jahal Hakim , Ajmal Khan and Moulana Zafar Ali also supported the Resolution .

REASONS OF CREATION :

1 . Hindi and Urdu Conflict .
2 . Negative of Hindu Sectorian parties and Movement .
3 . Problem of Slaughtering cow .
4 . Claim of congress to the only reponsible properties .
5 . Success of Simla Deligation on Nob - 1906 .

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES :

1 . To Provide the Muslims of India feeling Loyalty to the British Government .
2 . To Provide the rise among the muslims of india any feeling of hostality towards other community without prejudice to other ojects of League .
3 . To Protect muslims and Rights and Interests .

HEAD OFFICE : Aligarh was at a central position in the Political , Educational and Economic Progress of Indian Muslims . So the Head Office of All India Muslim League was Also formed in Aligarh .

FIRST OFFICE HOLDER : In the Meeting of March 1908 , Sir Agha Khan was elected as President and Syed Hasan Bilgrani waas elected as a General secetory of Muslim League .

ACHIEVEMENTS OF MUSLIM LEAGUE :

1 . Representative of Muslims of Sub-continent .
2 . Answer to COngress Propaganda .
3 . Approval of Seperate Election .
4 . Formation of Aligarh Muslim University .

NEHRU REPORT

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 19:31:00 +0000

NEHRU REPORT :
After the Failure of Simon Commission in 1927 , the minister of India Lord Birkenhead Challenged Indians by saying " IF THEY HAVE ANY POLITICAL CAPABILITY AND COMPETENCE THEN THEY SHOULD FORM A UNANIMOUS CONSTITUTION AND PRESENT IT TO US AND WE WILL IMPLEMENT IT "

To answer the challenge of Lord Birkenhead , First and Second All party Conference was Held at Delhi on 12 Feb and 19 May , 1928 . A 7 membered Constitution commity was formed in the conference . It had only 2 muslim representatives , namely Mr.Ali imam and Mr.Shoaib Qureshi . The Head of the constitutional assembly was Pundit Moti Lal Nehru and his son Jawalal Nehru was the member of the commity . After Staying at allahabad for 3 monhs , the commity prepared a report . This report was called Nehru Report .

SUGGESTIONS OF NEHRU REPORT :

1 . Ending of Separate Electorate .
2 . Ending of more Muslim Seats than Population .
3 . Ending of more Seats than Population .
4 . Refusal to give 1/3 Representation to muslim in the center .
5 . Separation of Sind From bombay (Mumbai)
6 . Suggestions of Reforms in N.W.F.P province and Aviodness from Balouchistan .
7 . Demand of Strong Central government .
8 . Demand of ordering of the Colonial Rule .

Jawaharlal Nehru

REATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE :
The anti muslim suggestions of nehru report shattered the Lucknow pact and the Delhi proposal . Different muslim leaders expressed their views and feelings on the nehru report which are mentioned below :

- COMMENTS OF SIR AGHA KHAN :
Sir agha khan said that " Any sensible person cannot think muslim will accept these insulting conditions "

- COMMENTS OF QUAID-E-AZAM :
Quaid-e-azam on 22 dec , 1928 at a failure of calcutta convention and due to stubbornness commented on nehru report " From now the paths of Hindu and muslims are separate "

In short all muslim leaders expressed great dislike to the nehru report , but it did not have any effect on Hindus .

COMMENTS :
The suggestions of nehru report were based on muslim enimity and were against the constitutional state and rights of muslims . Under the suggestions hindus altogether Forget aabout the Terms of lucknow pact . From nehru report 2 things were clear , firstly that hindus were severe enemies of muslims and donot wanted progess of muslims . Secondly , Hindus were the breaker of Promises and this is why quaid-e-Azam answered nehru report on 25 march 1929 by the 14 Points , where as next year he gave the idea of separate Islamic state which led to the creation of Pakistan .

OSMOREGULATION

noreply@blogger.com (Shahzeem (Admin)) — Wed, 18 Nov 2009 17:48:00 +0000

OSMOREGULATION : [ Osmos = A Push ]
It is a process whereby the water content and concentration of salts within a living organism are maintained at a constant level , thus counteracting osmosis . Thus osmoregulation involves maintainging a balance between water and solute contents of cell .

BALANCE OF WATER AND SOLUTES IN THE BODY :
The potential energy of free water molecule is termed as water potential . Water moves from region where water potential is greater to a region where water potential is lower .
The concentration of a solution is expressed either as water potential (Plants) or Osmotic Pressure (Animals) which shows relative amount of water and solutes in a cell . In case of plant-cells , the water potential of a cell-sap ( Solution in vacuole ) is termed as solute Potential .

TYPES OF SOLUTION :

1 . HYPOTONIC SOLUTION : [ Hypo = Below/under ; Tonos = Tension/Strength ]
The solution which has lower concentration than thay of the cell-sap , water moves across a semi permeable membrane out of a hypotonic solution .

2 . HYPERTONIC SOLUTION : [ Hyper = above ; Tonos = Tension ]
It Refers to a solution that contains a higher concentration of a solute particles ; water movies across a semi-permeable membrane into hypertonic solution .

3 . ISOTONIC SOLUTION : [ Iso = Equal ; Tonos = Strength ]
It Refers to two solutions that have equal concentrations of solute particle ; if two solution of equal concentration are separated by semi-permeable membrane , there will be no net flow of water across the membrane .

4 . PLASMOLYSIS :
It is shrinkage of protoplasm from the cell-wall under the action of strong (hypertonic) Solution Stronger than the cell-sap .