Notes of Nature

Indoor potting tasks with my helper

2024-11-01T09:00:00.004+00:00

School is on half term where I live, so I had a little horticulture helper with potting up two begonia maculata that I'd propagated by water (and left a bit too long) and potting on a Hawthoria that is desperate to expand.

My helper breaking up the clumps of the soil.

Any sort of gardening with ME tends to have to happen when the energy is available. This can often mean that plants have to see to their own survival to some degree.

The begonia could have been planted up around 6 months ago and the Hawthoria quite some time before that.

However, both have survived so far and look healthy enough to make progress now that they have received some TLC.

At some point soon, I have some cacti that require some care. Fingers crossed it is sooner, rather than later!

Plant profile: Dahlias

2024-10-25T22:32:00.005+01:00

Native to Mexico and Central America, dahlias have a rich history dating back to the Aztecs, who valued them for their medicinal and culinary properties. Their vibrant beauty captivated European explorers in the 18th century, leading to their introduction to European gardens in 1789. Since then, dahlias have become synonymous with elegance and have played a significant role in horticultural culture.

Botanically, dahlias are tuberous perennials belonging to the Asteraceae family. They exhibit a remarkable diversity of flower forms, ranging from simple singles to intricate pom-poms, and come in a kaleidoscope of colours, excluding blue. These stunning flowers thrive in sunny locations with well-draining soil, requiring regular watering and fertilisation to reach their full potential.

𝗗𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗶𝗮𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗮 𝗺𝗮𝗴𝗻𝗲𝘁 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀, 𝗽𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗶𝗰𝘂𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗹𝘆 𝘃𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝘄𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝘀𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗿, 𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗹𝗲-𝗽𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗮𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲 𝗲𝗮𝘀𝘆 𝗮𝗰𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗻𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗮𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗲𝗻. 𝗕𝗲𝗲𝘀, 𝗯𝘂𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗳𝗹𝗶𝗲𝘀, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗯𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗰𝘁𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗱𝗿𝗮𝘄𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝘃𝗶𝗯𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗯𝗹𝗼𝗼𝗺𝘀, 𝗺𝗮𝗸𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗱𝗮𝗵𝗹𝗶𝗮𝘀 𝗮𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝘃𝗮𝗹𝘂𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗮𝗱𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝗻𝘆 𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿-𝗳𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗹𝘆 𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗻. For instance, the dahlia cultivar 'Bishop of Llandaff' with its bright red, single-petal blooms is a favourite among pollinators. Another popular choice is the 'Dahlia Inca' with its cheerful yellow petals and prominent central disc, which attracts a variety of bees and butterflies.

Beyond their horticultural appeal, dahlias have cultural significance, particularly in the Victorian era, where they symbolised dignity and instability. The popularity of dahlias led to a proliferation of cultivars and the establishment of dedicated flower shows, showcasing their stunning beauty. Today, dahlias remain a beloved floral choice for arrangements, weddings, and garden displays worldwide, admired for their vibrant colours, intricate forms, and historical significance.

Plant Profile: 𝑺𝒏𝒐𝒘𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒓𝒚 - 𝑺𝒚𝒎𝒑𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒑𝒐𝒔 Symphoricarpos

2024-10-05T22:33:00.001+01:00

Plant Profile: 𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐲 - 𝐂𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐲𝐛𝐮𝐬

2024-09-08T22:37:00.000+01:00

Chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a perennial plant native to Europe and Asia Minor, with a long history in the UK. Its roots have been used as a coffee substitute, particularly during wartime when coffee beans were scarce. The bitter taste of chicory roots was often appreciated as a contrast to the sweetness of milk and sugar.

Botanically, chicory is an erect fairly woody perennial herb known for its bright blue flowers, which are often seen in meadows and along roadsides. The plant's leaves are edible and can be added to salads or cooked. Chicory also has ecological benefits, attracting pollinators such as bees and butterflies. It is a hardy plant that can thrive in a variety of conditions, including poor soils.

The history of chicory in the UK dates back centuries. It was cultivated by the Romans, who used it as a medicinal herb. During the Middle Ages, chicory was grown in monastery gardens and used in herbal remedies. In more recent times, it gained popularity as a coffee substitute during World War II, when coffee imports were disrupted.

In Wiltshire and the West of England, chicory may be known by local names, though these are less common today. It might have been referred to as "succory" or "wild endive."

Chicory has also been used in traditional medicine. Its roots and leaves are believed to have diuretic, digestive, and anti-inflammatory properties. In some cultures, chicory is associated with folklore and mythology. It is said to be a symbol of love, loyalty, and perseverance.

Today, chicory is still grown in the UK for its roots, which are used to make coffee substitutes and herbal teas. It is also cultivated as a forage crop for livestock and as a decorative plant. As a versatile and resilient plant with a rich history, chicory continues to play a role in the British landscape and culture.

𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐞: 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐮𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐦

2024-05-23T22:37:00.001+01:00

Allium ursinum, commonly known as wild garlic, ramsons, or traditionally in Wiltshire: Badger’s flowers, is a bulbous perennial flowering plant belonging to the amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae).

It is native to Europe and Asia, thriving in moist woodlands, fields, and hedgerows.

The name “ursinum” translates to ‘bear,’ possibly because bears were believed to consume wild garlic after hibernation.

Its long, pointed, oval leaves emit a strong garlic scent, and small white flowers cluster on leafless stalks.

In Irish folklore, wild garlic was metaphorically associated with bitterness. A saying in County Donegal described it as “as bitter as wild garlic”.

The belief that bears ate wild garlic to regain strength after hibernation led to its common name “bear garlic” or “bear’s garlic”.

Some cultures considered wild garlic a symbol of strength, courage, and renewal. Soldiers even used it before battle.

To use for culinary purposes, harvest the leaves before flowering. They have a sweet and pungent taste, making them excellent raw in salads or as pesto. Cooked leaves can be used in soups and side dishes. The bulbs and leaf bulbils are also edible. While many now collect ramsons as a wild food, there appears little evidence that it was gathered as a food in the British Isles.

Wild garlic possesses antibacterial, antibiotic, and antiseptic properties. It may help reduce blood pressure and promote heart health.

The bulb was a key ingredient in tonics for rheumatic problems and high cholesterol. It was also used to flavour butter.

Note: The above is for information only. Before using any plants for food or other uses, please perform your own research and ensure that you can 100% identify the plant before picking and use.

𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐬𝐡 𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐨𝐥𝐝 (𝘊𝘢𝘭𝘵𝘩𝘢 𝘱𝘢𝘭𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘴)

2024-04-25T10:23:00.004+01:00

Let’s delve into the captivating world of Marsh Marigold (𝘊𝘢𝘭𝘵𝘩𝘢 𝘱𝘢𝘭𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘴), a vibrant perennial plant native to wetlands in Europe and North America.

The Marsh Marigold, scientifically known as 𝘊𝘢𝘭𝘵𝘩𝘢 𝘱𝘢𝘭𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘴 belongs to the Ranunculaceae family. Caltha refers to the cup-shaped flowers, with palustris meaning 'of marshland'. Its glossy green leaves and bright yellow flowers make it a captivating sight in wetland habitats.

Bright Yellow Flowers: One of its most striking features is its vibrant yellow flowers, which bloom in early spring. These cheerful blossoms attract wildlife and serve as an essential source of nectar for early pollinators like bees and butterflies. Interestingly, while these petals appear uniformly yellow to us, insects perceive the upper part as a mixture of yellow and ultraviolet color, often referred to as "bee’s purple".

Water-Loving Plant: As its name suggests, Marsh Marigold thrives in wet, marshy areas. You’ll find it growing near ponds, streams, and ditches, where it contributes to the rich biodiversity of these ecosystems.

Medicinal Properties: Marsh Marigold has a history of use in traditional medicine. Its diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties have been valued traditionally all by herbalists. However, utmost caution is required, as the plant contains toxins that can cause irritation if not properly prepared.

Symbol of Courage: In folklore and mythology, Marsh Marigold symbolizes bravery and strength in the face of adversity. It was believed to have protective powers and was used to ward off evil spirits.

Ecological Importance: Beyond its beauty, Marsh Marigold plays a crucial role in wetland ecosystems. It provides food and habitat for various organisms, stabilizes soil, and prevents erosion. Pollinators, including hoverflies, visit its flowers, ensuring its reproductive success.

Locally, you can find marsh marigold along the abberd brook, such as tis recently planted specimen: https://www.facebook.com/CalneCommunityNatureReserve/posts/pfbid0B3yguXqD7smdAXaByNURYBmR9oYHkfkmKTnYEdN7FrVCcJhF3cvGp6wJf7dcuLydl

Plant Profile: 𝑯𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔 (𝑯𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒖𝒔 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔)

2024-03-01T09:13:00.005+00:00

At first glance, some hellebores are really nothing to look at, especially with face down to the soil as

many have evolved to grow. This can often be extreme enough that those in a border may be dismissed as a clump of foliage or missed altogether. However, with a bit of attention, their beauty mesmerises, and they shine.

While hellebores are well grown in gardens as a reliable perennial herb, Britain is the native home to only two species, which are woodland plants: stinking hellebore (Helleborus foetidus) and green hellebore (Helleborus viridis) known as green lily in Wiltshire.

Research published in 2010 discovered that yeast in the nectar of H. foetidus actually warms the flowers. As the yeast feed on the sugars within the nectar, their metabolic activity can raise the temperature of the flowers upwards of 2 °C above the ambient temperature. Bees show a preference for these heated flowers early in the season when temperatures are colder.

There is some traditional knowledge that I do not encourage you to attempt. In the past green hellebore has been used against worms in children. However, in 1762, two children died from such treatment at Fisherton Anger. It seems that they were treated with stinking hellebore, rather than green hellebore – perhaps showing that those in the past could be just as ignorant of the nature around them as some today. Further north, it is said that green hellebore was used to treat swollen udders in cows.

These days, I would suggest that hellebores are used purely for their aesthetic value as the plants are considered poisonous.

An interesting feature are the nectaries, which are the true petals on the plant and have evolved into tube-like structures to hold nectar for their pollinators, primarily bees and flies. These can be seen between the stamen and the sepals, which take over the petal's duty of being the 'showy' part of the plant.

There are so many variations of colour and designs of hellebore flowers, from white to chocolate and green to shades of pink.

The sepals of hellebores can remain on the plant well after the sexual parts of the flower have finished their job. They turn themselves to photosynthesis, possibly contributing energy to the development of the seeds. The bulging seed cases, show that it's been a good year for the hellebores.

The robust seeds of the hellebore are apparently difficult to get going and even after 8 weeks in a fridge can take up to 18 months to fully germinate.

Function of Nutrients in Plants

2024-02-19T12:03:00.001+00:00

Notes for RHS Level 2: Unit 1: Element 2 Role of Nutrients: AO1: Function of Nutrients in Plants

The essential nutrients required for plant growth and development are divided into two categories: macronutrients and micronutrients.

Macronutrients are elements that plants require in larger amounts, with the elements used in the highest quantities gained from the air, being carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Erosion slowly releases all the other minerals from the Earth’s rocks.

Whether minerals are obtained from organic sources, such as composted vegetable matter, or inorganic sources, such as liquid blends of chemicals, does not matter to the plant as the mineral elements are the same.

However, the main difference is that organic sources slowly release small quantities of minerals into the soil, whereas inorganic fertilisers use concentrations of specific elements prepared for defined and immediate usage.

N-P-K ratios on fertiliser display the ratios between nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (K refers to the now obsolete neo-latin kalium). For example a formulation using a ratio of 0-10-10 would promote flower and fruit set.

The following table lists the macronutrients and their functions in plants:

Nutrient Function

Nitrogen Essential for the production of chlorophyll, amino acids, and nucleic acids.

Phosphorus Involved in the production of ATP, DNA, and cell membranes.

Potassium Regulates water balance, activates enzymes, and helps in the production of ATP.

Calcium Essential for cell wall formation, cell division, and cell elongation.

Magnesium A component of chlorophyll, and is involved in photosynthesis and enzyme activation.

Sulfur Required for the production of amino acids, proteins, and enzymes.

Carbon Required for photosynthesis, the process by which plants produce their own food.

Oxygen Required for respiration, the process by which plants convert food into energy.

Hydrogen Required for the formation of organic compounds, such as carbohydrates and proteins.

In addition to macronutrients, plants also require micronutrients in smaller amounts for their growth and development. The following table lists some of the essential micronutrients and their functions in plants:

Nutrient Function

Iron Essential for the production of chlorophyll and involved in photosynthesis.

Boron Required for cell wall formation, pollen tube growth, and seed production.

Manganese Involved in photosynthesis, respiration, and enzyme activation.

Molybdenum Required for nitrogen fixation and the production of enzymes.

Plants lacking macronutrients and micronutrients will find their growth and development adversely affected, leading to mineral nutrient deficiencies and disorders. The symptoms of nutrient deficiency can vary depending on the nutrient that is lacking. For example:

Nitrogen deficiency: Plants may exhibit stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and reduced leaf size.

Phosphorus deficiency: Plants may exhibit stunted growth, dark green leaves, and reduced root growth.

Potassium deficiency: Plants may exhibit yellowing of leaf margins, wilting, and reduced growth.

Deficiencies will be explored further in a future post.

Impact on plant specification on biosecurity (UK)

2024-02-02T11:02:00.015+00:00

Notes for Unit 1: Plant Specification: Integration: AO3 Impact on specification on biosecurity

Plant specification has a significant impact on biosecurity. When ordering plant material, it is important to consider the biosecurity of the plants you order. You should only order plant material from reputable suppliers who follow strict biosecurity protocols.

There are also strict rules for the importation of plants into the UK from the EU, including the necessity for a phytosanitary certificate. This certificate is issued from the plant health authority of the country where the plant material originates to guarantee that the material has been officially inspected, is free from pests and diseases and meets the legal requirements for the material to enter GB. There are costs associated with the importation process related to applying for phytosanitary certificates, checks and inspections that an individual importer is expected to meet. This does not apply to all plants, as there is a short list of low-risk plants that can be imported from the EU and third countries without the phytosanitary certificate. At the time of writing, this includes, but is not limited to, pineapple, persimmon, and banana. See the links below for further information.

UK Plant Passport

In addition, the UK has introduced a plant passport scheme and plants cannot use an EU plant passport for movement in the UK. While garden centres do not need to pass on a UK plant passport to customers, online retailers must supply the passport for traceability purposes.

The plant types you choose can also have an impact on biosecurity. Different plant types have different susceptibility to pests and diseases. For example, some plant types such as annuals and biennials are more susceptible to pests and diseases than others such as perennials. Schemes such as the RHS Award of Garden Merit have a series of requirements that ensure plants awarded are reasonably resistant to pests and diseases.

Material type is another important factor to consider when ordering plant material. The three main types of plant material are pot-grown, bare root, and rootballed / burlap. Each material type has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of biosecurity. For example, bare root and pot grown plants are financially cheaper, but are more susceptible to damage during transportation, which can increase the risk of pest and disease transmission. While, the well developed root systems of rootballed/burlap plants, which are available during the dormant season for the species, are less susceptible to damage and therefore less likely to be infected with disease.

Bare root, rootballed, and potted plants.

Production method is also an important consideration. Plants can be grown using different methods such as conventional, organic, or biodynamic. It is important to choose a production method that aligns with your values and requirements.

Conventional production methods use synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to promote plant growth and control pests and diseases. While these methods are effective, they can have negative impacts on the environment and human health.

Organic production methods use natural fertilizers and pest control methods to promote plant growth and control pests and diseases. Organic methods are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than conventional methods, but they can be more expensive and less effective. For instance, the reliance on natural predators to remove pests can be less effective, while using natural compost and manure can introduce soil-borne diseases.

Biodynamic production methods are similar to organic methods, but they also incorporate spiritual and mystical practices. Biodynamic methods are less common than conventional and organic methods, but they are gaining popularity due to their focus on sustainability and holistic plant health. However, as with organic production, the reliance on natural predators to remove pests can be less effective, while using natural compost and manure can introduce soil-borne diseases.

Finally, environmental considerations are also important when ordering plant material. You should choose plants that are well-suited to your local climate and soil conditions. You should also consider the environmental impact of the production and transportation of the plant material.

By considering these factors, you can ensure that you order plant material that is healthy, sustainable, and well-suited to your needs.

Links for further information:
https://www.rhs.org.uk/prevention-protection/importing-and-exporting-plants

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/apply-for-plant-export-certificates-and-inspections

https://aphascience.blog.gov.uk/2023/03/01/plant-passports/

New Plant Biosecurity Strategy - UK Plant Health Information Portal (defra.gov.uk)

Plant Profile: 𝐒𝐧𝐨𝐰𝐝𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐬

2024-01-21T16:26:00.000+00:00

Galanthus nivalis, commonly known as the snowdrop (or ‘Shame-faced maiden; in Wiltshire), is a perennial bulbous plant that belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family. It is native to Europe and the Middle East, and is widely cultivated in gardens and parks across the world. The first records of the snowdrop growing wild in Britain hark back to the 1770s.

The plant has narrow linear leaves and produces a single white flower that hangs from a slender stem. The flower has six petals, three inner and three outer, and is surrounded by a green ovary.

The snowdrop has a rich social history and is associated with hope and purity. It is one of the first plants to emerge from the cold winter soil, and has been used as a symbol of the coming of spring and the end of winter. The plant has also been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including headaches, fever, and joint pain.

There are several varieties of Galanthus nivalis, including the ‘Flore Pleno’, which has double flowers, and the ‘Viridapice’, which has green-tipped petals. The snowdrop has also been the subject of mythology and folklore and is said to have been created by the Greek god of the north wind, Boreas.

Said to be best planted ‘in the green’, rather than dormant bulbs, the snowdrop is known to attract bees and other insects, and is an important source of early-season nectar and pollen. It is also a valuable food source for small mammals such as voles and mice.

Galanthophiles, those that collect snowdrops, have been known to bid into the hundreds for just a single bulb, with the world’s most expensive snowdrop bulb being sold for £1,850 in 2012. The Golden Fleece snowdrop took 18 years to develop and holds the record for a single bulb, which was sold for £1,390.

In conclusion, Galanthus nivalis is a beautiful and fascinating plant with a rich history and mythology. Its delicate white flowers and slender stems make it a popular choice for gardens and parks, and its association with hope and purity has made it an enduring symbol of spring and new beginnings.

Here are some tips for growing snowdrops

Planting: Snowdrops should be planted in well-drained, nutrient-rich soil in a sunny or partly shaded location. They should be planted in the autumn before the ground freezes. Plant the bulbs two to three inches deep and two to four inches apart.

Watering: Water the bulbs regularly and keep the soil moist but not soggy.

Light: Grow snowdrops in moist but well-drained, hummus-rich soil in dappled shade.
Try growing snowdrops beneath deciduous shrubs, such as Cornus alba ‘Sibirica’, or along the front of borders where herbaceous plants can provide ground cover when the snowdrops are dormant.

Propagation: Snowdrops can be propagated by division in the spring or summer, or by seed in the autumn

Photographs: Galanthus nivalis, snowdrop cultivated variety, snowdrop seedheads.

Plant Lifecycle Adaptations

2024-01-13T14:28:00.002+00:00

Personal notes for RHS Level 2 Certificate in the Principles of Plant Growth and Development
Unit 1: Plant Science 1: Lifecycle adaptations: AO2 Application

Plant life cycle adaptations have several advantages that help them survive in different environments. Some of these advantages include:

Exploitation of short growing season: In regions with a short growing season, plants have adapted to grow and reproduce quickly before the onset of winter. This adaptation allows them to complete their life cycle within a short period of time and produce seeds that can survive the winter and germinate in the following spring.

For example: Alpine forget-me-not: This plant is found in the alpine regions of Europe and has adapted to grow and reproduce quickly before the onset of winter.

Avoidance of extreme weather conditions: Plants have evolved various mechanisms to avoid extreme weather conditions such as drought, frost, and heatwaves. For example, some plants have developed deep roots to access water from underground sources, while others have developed thick leaves to reduce water loss through transpiration.

For example: Cushion plants: These plants are compact and low-growing, which helps them survive in cold and windy conditions. They trap airborne dust and use it as a source of nutrients.

Ecological niches: Plants have adapted to occupy specific ecological niches, which are unique habitats that provide specific environmental conditions. For example, some plants have adapted to grow in acidic soils, while others have adapted to grow in saline soils.

For example: xerophytic plants such as Joshua tree which has evolved a deep root system that allows it to access water stored deep in the soil. Its spiky leaves also help to reduce water loss through transpiration.

Growth in less favourable conditions: Plants have adapted to grow in less favourable conditions such as low light, low nutrient availability, and high salinity. For example, some plants have developed mechanisms to capture and digest insects to obtain nutrients, while others have developed symbiotic relationships with fungi to obtain nutrients.

For example, plants known as halophytes have evolved to tolerate high levels of salt in their environment, this includes Hibiscus syriacus, also known as rose of Sharon, this plant is a moderately salt-tolerant shrub that can grow in saline soils but in more extreme environments, Spartina alterniflora, also known as smooth cordgrass, is a plant that is found in salt marshes and can tolerate high levels of salt in the soil.

These adaptations have allowed plants to thrive in different environments and play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of ecosystems.

Agents of natural pollination

2024-01-10T10:24:00.004+00:00

Personal notes for RHS Level 2 Certificate in the Principles of Plant Growth and Development

Unit 1: Plant Science 1: Pollination and fertilisation: AO1

The agents of natural pollination are diverse and can be broadly classified into two categories: biotic and abiotic.

𝐁𝐢𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 include pollinating animals such as bees, moths, flies, and birds.

The biotic agents are attracted to a flower due to such features as its colour, shape, or aroma.

The visitor to a flower then becomes a potential agent for pollination transfer, with the pollen from the male reproductive organ, known as the anther, dusted onto the animal's body. Should the animal then visit another flower of the same species, this pollen may then be inadvertently brushed onto the stigma, the female reproductive organ.

Whether pollination successfully leads to fertilisation on the same flower, or a different flower of the same species will depend on the species visited.

Flower shape can be a determining factor as to which species are able to visit the flower. Some flowers have evolved to perfectly match specific animal species. Perhaps, the most well-known example of this is the Star orchid (Angraecum sesquipedale), which is pollinated by the long-tongued moth commonly known as Morgan's predicted Sphinx moth. In 1862, Charles Darwin examined this orchid, predicting (supported by Alfred Russel Wallace) that a long-tongued moth would be found that pollinated it; no moth with that extreme length of tongue was known at the time.

Then, in 1903, he was proven correct when a long-tongued moth, Xanthopan morganii praedicta was discovered. It was so named because its occurrence had been predicted.

𝐀𝐛𝐢𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 include wind and water.

Wind-pollinated plants produce large amounts of pollen that is light in weight and easily carried by the wind. Some examples of wind-pollinated plants in the UK include willow (Salix), alder (Alnus), and birch (Betula)

Water-pollinated plants, on the other hand, release their pollen into the water, where it is carried to the female reproductive organs. Some examples of water-pollinated plants in the UK include water thyme (Hydrilla), ditch grasses (Ruppia), and waterweeds (Elodea).

Photo: Bumblebee (Bombus species) visiting Cowslip (Primula veris).

Basics of Life cycle adaptations

2024-01-03T09:54:00.001+00:00

Personal notes for RHS Level 2 Certificate in the Principles of Plant Growth and Development
Unit 1: Plant Science 1: Lifecycle adaptations: AO1

Life cycle adaptations are the ways that plants have evolved to survive and reproduce in different environments. Based on their life cycle, plants can be classified into five categories:

Ephemeral plants are those that have several life cycles in one growing season. They can germinate, grow, flower, and produce seeds in a short period of time, usually in response to favourable conditions such as rainfall. They can increase in numbers rapidly and colonize disturbed habitats. An example of an ephemeral plant is groundsel (Senecio vulgaris).
Annual plants are those that complete their life cycle in one year or growing season. They germinate from seeds, grow, flower, produce seeds, and die within a year. They can be hardy, half-hardy, or tender, depending on their ability to withstand frost and low temperatures. Examples of annual plants are zinnia (Zinnia elegans) and marigold (Tagetes patula).
Biennial plants are those that complete their life cycle in two years or growing seasons. They germinate from seeds and grow vegetatively in the first year, then flower, produce seeds, and die in the second year. Some plants that are botanically perennials are grown as biennials because they perform poorly after flowering. Examples of biennial plants are foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) and wallflower (Erysimum cheiri).
Perennial plants are those that live for more than two years or growing seasons. They can be herbaceous or woody, depending on the presence or absence of secondary growth in their stems. Herbaceous perennials are non-woody plants that die back to a rootstock each autumn and regrow in the following spring.
Examples of herbaceous perennials are hop (Humulus lupulus) and peony (Paeonia lactiflora).
Woody perennials are plants that maintain live woody stems throughout the year and exhibit secondary growth. Examples of woody perennials are lilac (Syringa vulgaris) and oak (Quercus spp.).

Plant Profile: Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)

2023-12-23T09:24:00.001+00:00

Native to Central America where it grows as an unattractive lanky shrub, the plants which are familiar today have been carefully cultivated using controlled lighting to produce colourful bract, usually red, but increasingly white, along with light and deep pink versions are available.

The plant was first introduced to the USA in 1825 by Joel Roberts Poinsett, an American dip. They were propagated by Robert Buist, a nurseryman who had migrated from Scotland to Pennsylvania, and made their public debut at a flower show in Philadelphia. The first poinsettias to arrive in Britain did so in bloom during November 1834. By the early 1900s had become a popular Christmas house plant.

The following story details the Mexican legend of how poinsettias became associated with Christmas:

Every Christmas Eve as everyone in the village gathered in the church for the Mass, every family would bring a gift for the Christ Child. Pepita. a young girl from in a small village in Mexico, had nothing to bring - her family was very poor. Her cousin Pedro attempted to console her. He told her, 'I am certain that even the most humble gift, given with love, will be acceptable in God's eyes!

Pepita was determined to bring something, so she found some flowering weeds along the side of the road. She made them into a bouquet, but she was embarrassed at the thought of bringing a bunch of weeds to lay before the manger. But it was the only gift that she had to offer.

The church was almost full by the time she arrived, and Pepita held the bouquet close to her side hoping that the others would not notice it. She hesitated before walking down the aisle, but she remembered the words of her cousin. She prayed, 'Oh God, this may not be the grandest of gifts, but may it be the gift given with the most love!'

Her spirits began to lift and she walked down the aisle holding the bouquet proudly in front of her. By the time she got to the front of the church her eyes were brimming with tears of love as she knelt and laid her bouquet in front of the nativity scene.

Suddenly, the bouquet of weeds burst into blossoms of brilliant red. And everyone there was certain that they had seen a Christmas miracle. From that day on the bright red flowers were known as the Flores de Noche Buena, or Flowers of the Holy Night. However, you know them as poinsettias.

Of course, we know that the brilliant red of the poinsettia do not relate to the actual flowers, which are non-descript and diminutive yellow-green. It is the bracts that surround the flowers that provide the attention-grabbing, lavish red, white or pinks. These colourful bracts do take the place of petals and are said to attract pollinators. Importantly, poinsettias are not annuals, but perennials that can be cared for between Christmas-time display: After Christmas, feed your poinsettia monthly with a high-potash liquid fertilizer, such as tomato feed, to promote healthy growth and flowering.

In spring (around April or May), prune your poinsettia back to about 10 cm (4 inches) above the soil and repot it in a larger container with fresh potting mix. This will encourage new growth and branching.
In summer (when the night temperature is above 10°C or 50°F), you can move your poinsettia outdoors in a shady location. Gradually acclimate it to more sun exposure until it can tolerate full sun. Continue watering and fertilizing as usual.
In late summer (around July or August), pinch back the tips of each stem by about 2.5 cm (1 inch) to make the plant bushier and more compact.
In autumn (from October to December), to make your poinsettia bloom again, you need to mimic short day length by placing it in a dark place (such as a closet or a cardboard box) for 12 hours every night. During the day, bring it back to a sunny spot and water and feed as usual. (Care instructions via Bing Chat Mode (OpenAI, 2023). ChatGPT (Dec 20 version) [Chat conversation]).

Plant Stems (Internal)

2023-12-20T08:37:00.006+00:00

Personal notes for RHS Level 2 Certificate in the Principles of Plant Growth and Development

Unit 1: Plant Science 1: Internal Plant Structures: AO1 - AO2

The diagram illustrates a simplified stem followed by a close-up of the different layers.

Working from outer to inner tissues we begin with the epidermis, a protective, single layer, which produces an outer wax layer of cuticle call cutin, which is waterproof. Punctuating the epidermis layer are stomata pores, allowing gases to pass through the otherwise impermeable layer.

Underneath the epidermis is the cortex, largely constructed of unspecialised parenchyma tissue. These thin-walled cells are held in an approximately spherical shape by osmotic pressure, with many air spaces between them. This mass of cells also combines to assist with maintaining the plant shape, in addition to other functions, such as containing chlorophyll and releasing energy via respiration for use by surrounding tissues. In some plants, they can act as food stores, as in potato tubers.

Phloem and Xylem are the two vascular bundles within plant stems:
Phloem, containing long, tube-like cells, is responsible for transporting organic nutrients (such as sugars) from the leaves to other areas of the plant.

Xylem, containing long, wide, and open-ended cells with thick lignified walls, is the dead, permanent tissue located at the centre of the vascular bundle. It transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to other plant parts.

In dicotyledons resides the vascular cambium, a lateral meristem which contains actively dividing cells that produce more phloem and xylem tissue. This increases the girth of the stem in woody plants and is known as secondary thickening. The bundles are arranged in a ring providing both strength and support.

Pith refers to the central zone of the stem, mainly made up of parenchyma cells. These can break down to leave a hollow stem.

There are two final cells to mention in this section, collenchyma and sclerenchyma:

Collenchyma provides extra mechanical and structural support, especially in regions of new growth. It helps young stems and leaves maintain their shape and withstand bending forces.

Sclerenchyma provides the main structural support to a plant. Unlike collenchyma, mature sclerenchyma cells are generally dead at maturity.

Basic Plant Taxonomy

2023-11-11T08:31:00.002+00:00

Personal notes for RHS Level 2 Certificate in the Principles of Plant Growth and Development

Unit 1: Plant Science 1: Scientific and common plant names: AO1.

In horticulture, plant taxonomy is the science of classifying plants based on their characteristics and evolutionary relationships. It involves categorizing plants into different groups based on their physical and genetic traits.

A family is a group of plants that share similar characteristics and are related to each other through a common ancestor. Members of a family share similar flower structures, fruit types, and other physical features.

A genus is a group of plants that share similar characteristics and are closely related to each other. Members of a genus share similar flower structures, fruit types, and other physical features. Examples of genera include Rosa (roses), Ficus (figs), and Acer (maples).

A species is a group of plants that share similar characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring. Members of a species share similar flower structures, fruit types, and other physical features. Examples of species include Rosa canina (dog rose), Ficus carica (common fig), and Acer saccharum (sugar maple).

A cultivar (cultivated variety) is a variation within a plant species that has been selectively bred by humans for specific desirable traits, such as color, size, or disease resistance. Cultivars are usually propagated asexually (e.g., by cuttings or grafting) to maintain their desirable traits. Examples of cultivars include Rosa ‘Peace’ (a hybrid tea rose), Ficus ‘Brown Turkey’ (a fig cultivar), and Acer ‘October Glory’ (a red maple cultivar).

A variety is a naturally occurring variation within a species that has been selected for specific desirable traits. Varieties can be propagated sexually (e.g., by seed) or asexually (e.g., by cuttings or grafting) to maintain their desirable traits. Examples of varieties include Rosa canina var. glauca (a dog rose variety with blue-green leaves), Ficus carica ‘Black Mission’ (a fig variety with dark purple fruit), and Acer saccharum var. nigrum (a sugar maple variety with dark bark).

A species is a plant that is the result of crossbreeding two different species or cultivars. Hybrids can be created for specific desirable traits, such as disease resistance, hardiness, or color. Examples of hybrids include *Rosa ‘Double Delight’ (a hybrid tea rose), Ficus ‘Janice Seedless’ (a fig hybrid), and Acer x freemanii ‘Autumn Blaze’ (a red maple hybrid)

* seen in photograph (via Wikipedia).

𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒔 (𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂 𝒗𝒖𝒍𝒈𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒔) #InternationalPlantAppreciationDay

2023-04-13T08:54:00.001+01:00

The prima rosa, meaning first rose, or first flower of the year, is a perennial herb that can flower for an extended period, beyond its typical late winter to spring, with continued and consistent deadheading of flowers.

The typical primrose displays pale yellow flowers but can naturally have white or pink flower forms. Common these days, due to the apparent free hybridisation with cultivated varieties are bright yellows, reds, and purples.

There are many local names for this species, such as butter-rose and green jackets in Devon and simmeren in Yorkshire, however it seems that the closest to Wiltshire that had a variation on the name is that of primerole, harking from over the western border in Somerset.

Traditions are slowly dying but can still be seen in places such as Ireland where it is custom to scatter primrose or cowslips outside the front door on May Day. In Beverley, Yorkshire, a custom from 1929 has been to collect primroses from a nearby wood and place bunches of them on the tomb of St. John at Beverley Minster during the Patronal Festival.

This isn’t the only connection to the Christian faith, with primroses being used as the flower of Easter to decorate churches and in the making of ‘Pasche’ or ‘Pace’ eggs.

The primrose is a plant of the woodland edge, clearings, hedges, and coppice, as well as old heavy grassland. A plant that can be gently teased apart to make additional plants every two to three years as a clump has grown large enough. Grown in half-shade and sandy soil, the plant makes a fantastic feast for many. Bee fly species with their long proboscis will feed and pollinate the primrose, along with bees, moths and butterflies. Leaf miners will make a meal of the leaves, leaving behind their tunnels, while ants feed on the waxy coating of the seeds, the elaiosome, which is rich in protein.

In addition to being attractive to pollinators, primrose flowers display a rather interesting set of characteristics.

As the accompanying images detail, we can see that there are two different types of flowers on primrose plants. The flower on the left is called the pin-eyed flower and has the stigma at the mouth of the flower and the pollen-covered anthers deep in the throat of the flower. To the right, the thrum-eyed type, which has its sexual anatomy the other way around.

The insect collecting the nectar, which is in the throat of the flower, from the pin-eyed flower to the left, will collect pollen on its head. This pollen can only be passed on to a flower of the thrum-eyed type. 

Equally, as the insect collects nectar from the thrum-eyed flower, pollen is collected on the insect's body. This pollen can only be passed on to the stigma of a pin-eyed flower, which is brushed on to it as the insect delves deep to retrieve the nectar. 

To ensure the success of this approach, each individual plant will only have either pin-eyed or thrum-eyed flowers, this enforces the intended cross-fertilisation.

Segments taken from: http://notesofnature.blogspot.com/.../primroses-or...

Check out the following Instagram reel from the Woodland Trust: https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cq02WDnL5R6/...

#ForestGarden #NativePlants #NatureReserve #InternationalPlantAppreciationDay

13th Blogiversary!

2023-03-25T08:10:00.003+00:00

I started this blog 13 years ago today.

What started as a blog to document camping trips and bushcraft, took a turn deeper into nature, and particularly, flowers, when I became ill with ME and for a while was mostly housebound.

Since I started this blog, I've published over 800 posts ranging from flower IDs to research, from historic gardens to my activities as a town councillor and local volunteer.

During this time, I've gotten married, had two children, moved house, along with many other changes - but I always come back to this blog.

I want to thank everyone that's come along for the ride thus far - some of you have been here for around a decade!

𝑯𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔 (𝑯𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒃𝒐𝒓𝒖𝒔 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒔)

2023-03-24T08:50:00.000+00:00

Stinking Hellebore

At first glance, some hellebores are really nothing to look at, especially with face down to the soil as many
have evolved to grow. This can often be extreme enough that those in a border may be dismissed as a clump of foliage or missed altogether. However, with a bit of attention, their beauty mesmerises, and they shine.

While hellebores are well grown in gardens as a reliable perennial herb, Britain is the native home to only two species, which are woodland plants: stinking hellebore (Helleborus foetidus) and green hellebore (Helleborus viridis) known as green lily in Wiltshire.

Research published in 2010 discovered that yeast in the nectar of H. foetidus actually warms the flowers. As the yeast feed on the sugars within the nectar, their metabolic activity can raise the temperature of the flowers upwards of 2 °C above the ambient temperature. Bees show a preference for these heated flowers early in the season when temperatures are colder.

There is some traditional knowledge that I do not encourage you to attempt. In the past green hellebore has been used against worms in children. However, in 1762, two children died from such treatment at Fisherton Anger. It seems that they were treated with stinking hellebore, rather than green hellebore – perhaps showing that those in the past could be just as ignorant of the nature around them as some today. Further north, it is said that green hellebore was used to treat swollen udders in cows.
These days, I would suggest that hellebores are used purely for their aesthetic value as the plants are considered poisonous.

An interesting feature are the nectaries, which are the true petals on the plant and have evolved into tube-like structures to hold nectar for their pollinators, primarily bees and flies. These can be seen between the stamen and the sepals, which take over the petal's duty of being the 'showy' part of the plant.
There are so many variations of colour and designs of hellebore flowers, from white to chocolate and green to shades of pink.

The sepals of hellebores can remain on the plant well after the sexual parts of the flower have finished their job. They turn themselves to photosynthesis, possibly contributing energy to the development of the seeds. 

The bulging seed cases, show that it's been a good year for the hellebores.
The robust seeds of the hellebore are apparently difficult to get going and even after 8 weeks in a fridge can take up to 18 months to fully germinate.
Seed pods

#forestgarden #naturereserve #wildlifegardening #calnecommunitynaturereserve

Calne Town Council - Hedgehog Heroes Roll of Honour

2023-03-16T15:55:00.001+00:00

I am pleased to say that after emailing the Director of Council Services at Calne Town Council in September 2022, he agreed to the Council becoming a member of the British Hedgehog Preservation Society.

The Council have now affixed the strimmer warning stickers appropriate equipment.

The hedgehog species that you will see in Calne is the European Hedgehog, a vulnerable to extinction species with an expected lifespan of only 3 years.

It is critical that this species gets the support and exposure that it deserves, even with small acts, such as checking equipment and spaces before work is carried out.

For more information check https://www.britishhedgehogs.org.uk/

and Chippenham Hedgehogs.

𝐅𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐓𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐋𝐨𝐫𝐚𝐱 𝐓𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐌𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐫 #𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐥𝐝𝐁𝐨𝐨𝐤𝐃𝐚𝐲

2023-03-02T08:17:00.006+00:00

-1-

"Thneed's a Fine-Something-That-All-People-Need" 
The Lorax taught me that we can all fall victim to needing the new big thing. The thing that professes to be a magical thing that can help you improve your life. And that's ok - if it is something that's truly useful to you.

But we need to consider where it comes from and how it was made. An excellent example being the Forest Stewardship Council who ensure that wood with their logo is from woodland managed appropriately. More on FSC here.

It's also important to consider what you're going to do with your 'thneed' when it breaks or you want the new model: Recycle - Reuse - Reduce.

-2-
"I biggered my money, which everyone needs."
It's so easy to become so consumed with biggering everything around you; your money, hour house, your car. But this immediately makes me think of another quote often attributed to the Cree Indians:
"𝐖𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐜𝐮𝐭 𝐝𝐨𝐰𝐧, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐠𝐡𝐭, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭 𝐫𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐝, 𝐨𝐧𝐥𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐰𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐚𝐭 𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐲."
I think that the Lorax would agree.

- 3 -
Because of The Once-lers actions, the Lorax eventually has to move all of the forest creatures out. One of the things he says to The Once-ler is that:
"No one can sing who has smog in his throat."

London had the same problem with smog, including The Great Smog of 1952, which is thought to have killed at least 4000 people. Laws were put in place to ensure that this never happened again. But in Beijing, smog is now a very real and current problem. Although sadly, it seems that instead of sorting the cause of the problem out - they're using a workaround. If you haven't seen it yet - check out this big screen sunrise: https://world.time.com/2014/01/17/sunrise-in-smoggy-beijing/

Check out Sustainable Calne for action you can take.

-4-
The Once-ler yelled at the Lorax:
"Well, I have my rights, sir, and I'm telling you.
I intend to go on doing just what I do!". 
Human rights are frequently on the news and seem to allow us to do whatever we like - even to the astonishment to other humans. It's right, of course, that we have our rights, but so do the other inhabitants of the world. In the story the Lorax speaks for the trees.

In our world we have many organisations like the WWF, Greenpeace, etc that speak for nature. In the future we may find ourselves finally transcending up through the evolution of ethics to speaking for the animals, plants and even the rocks of the world - and finally the universe.

Volunteer with local action groups River Warriors Calne and Calne Clean Up Crew show your voice by litter picking, keeping the river clean, and planting trees.

But from where we're at right now, this just doesn't feel like enough - I have that feeling a lot. It brings me on to the final thing that the Lorax taught me...

-5-
"The word of the Lorax seems perfectly clear.
UNLESS someone like you care a whole awful lot,
nothing is going to get better. It's not."

I care. Many of us do. Life can be so difficult at times that thinking of the trees in the Amazon or some plant somewhere becoming exctict before anyone knew it even existed can seem so pointless. But it's not pointless. We can have an impact.

The Internet brings us closer to the things in life that we consider wonderful, whether that be the Kardashians or trees or both. There are many sites that carry environmental petitions, including the UK Government e-petition website. So even if signing a petition is all you have time and energy to do - please do it. Get your voice heard. Let people know that you do care. 

The Lorax taught me that it's important to care. Even if like in the story, you only plant one tree - know that planting one tree is worthwhile. As a message to the people around you, including your kids, and for the wider benefit to us and the environment.

If you'd like to plant a tree - or a hundred trees - get in touch with Avon Needs Trees.

The things I've mentioned here are important and emotive. If there's anything you'd like to say, please add a comment. I enjoy hearing from you all. 

Check out my favourite song from the animated version:

#worldbookday2023

Mindful Minute at Lacock Abbey Rock Bridge

2023-02-28T10:00:00.003+00:00

Mindful Minute at Lacock Abbey Rock Bridge, which stands next to the Bide Brook,
which makes its way to the River Avon, Wiltshire.

𝐇𝐀𝐙𝐄𝐋 (𝐂𝐨𝐫𝐲𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐒𝐩𝐩)

2023-02-24T14:13:00.001+00:00

Hazel quickly followed the birches in establishing themselves and recolonising Britain after the last ice age. However, they cannot tolerate deep shade and cannot grow tall enough to reach the light (growing up to a maximum of 30 feet), therefore they are likely to be one of the first species you see on the edge of deciduous woodland.

The flowers of Hazel are incomplete, to make up for that, the tree is monoecious, so it has both the male and female flower on the same plant. This differs from plants such as holly where the male flowers are on one individual and the female flowers on a different individual.

The flowers are wind pollinated and without petals. The tiny female flower is enclosed in a series of bracts (photo above) and shows only the stigmas, which are reddish. The male flowers are a bit more obvious as they are catkins, sometimes quite bulky, which dangle down and move in the wind.

They are often multi-stemmed and has been well used in cultivation for coppicing. Hazel famously grows quickly with straight branches that are often used as poles - particularly often for growing peas and beans. 

Other uses of hazel include being employed as a 'nurse' species for more commercially valuable species such as walnuts (my breakfast) and cherry. This is due to the strong early growth of hazel, which provides shelter and shade for the main crop - the shade reducing the growth of brambles and other 'weed' species.

Quick to develop roots, layering in the winter is a common way to propagate new plants - however these will be clones and won't increase the gene pool. 

The flowers themselves are wind pollinated. If intending to gain a crop, then two pollen-compatible hazel trees must be planted within an orchard or food forest setting, as they are not self-compatible.

While, hazel doesn't have many pests and diseases, the ones it does have seem to concentrate on foliage (deer and livestock) and nuts (grey squirrels / beetles / nut weevils). Protection along with clearing up fallen nuts is an effective way to control pests.

Lacock Abbey Garden: A short wander

2023-02-13T07:03:00.002+00:00

Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire is well known as a filming location for the Harry Potter films. However, its story goes much deeper in history than this.

Founded in the early 13th century by Ela, Countess of Salisbury, as a nunnery of the Augustinian order, it was garrisoned in the English Civil War by Royalists and was eventually turned into a residence.

One resident that owned this beautiful collection of buildings was none other than William Henry

By William Fox Talbot (1800-1877) -
National Museum of Photography, Film and Television collection,
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4525845

Fox Talbot, a pioneer in the science of photography, inventing the Calotype process. Famously, taking this photo of the Latticed window at Lacock Abbey in August 1835. A positive from what may be the oldest existing camera negative.

These days the Abbey and most of the village are owned by the National Trust. They rent many of the cottages and lease out the village and Abbey for filming of many television series and movies.

Here are a few winter photos of the wonderful gardens that I have enjoyed for many years.

Winter aconites with the Abbey in the background.

Winter honeysuckle with its sultry scent.

The monumental Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani).

Snowdrops

Hellebore

The rock bridge with the Bide Brook flowing over the cascade.

I would recommend anyone with the opportunity to visit this beautiful location that covers so many interests.

Wordless Wednesday: Mindful Minute Rain

2023-01-04T08:20:00.001+00:00