Educated World

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ISLAM | NAMAZ AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION | HAJ AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION | JEHAD AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION

noreply@blogger.com (Educated World) — Thu, 07 Oct 2021 11:43:00 +0000

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ISLAM

The human race has perpetuated itself with intense physical struggle for existence and self protection. Islam also embodied these principles albelt through the cultural pattern of Arabia Horsemanship, wrestling and Habra Throwing javelin) were the early forms of physical exercises in Islam. There is no hermitage in Islam which lay stress on practicality. According to a Hadith of the Holy Prophet (Peace be upon Him).

"Your physique also needs your attention" Quotes a verse of sura in the Holy Quraan, "get ready against them what scenes you can of force and well fed horses and your enemy and other besides them whom you know not, Alan know them".

So, all of forces i.e. physical, mental physiological, spiritual or material be develop and fully deployed by a Muslim against the enemies of Allah who are also his enemies. The physical exercises are actually meant to develop the habit of unity, fraternity, loyalty, humility an obedience in a Muslim through the abiding practice of saying prayers five times punctually and regularly everyday.

All these exercises, sports and working habits produce Islamic virtues such as tolerance patience, fair play and sportsmanship. t The Muslim phenomenal success in wars was due their skill in arts. So, it is anti religious and unjust approach to discourage.

Importance of physical education in the light of "Quran and the Sunnah".

Man has brought physically education with him from the very beginning of his life on this earth.He has sought its help to be fit and to face difficulties. Islam is a true religion and importance of physical fitness complete code of life. Islam has not ignored physical education instead supports. That is why physical education has developed a great deal during the Islamic society.

There were restrictions on sports and physical activities by the order of church in Christian world. There were strange beliefs in Christianity. Although the concept of goodness and evil existed in Christianity but people were ordered to work bare-footed and wear old and ugly clothes. Cleanliness was not considered good in Christianity. That was called "Dark Ages" of Christian Era. Physical Education suffered badly. Arab used to live hard life. They used to play many games and take part in various physical activities like Horsemanship, Jousting and Fancying Hence Islam emerged in the desert of Arahid.

Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) taught his followers to lead a pure and clean life. He said cleanliness is part of faith. Physical education also stresses upon clean and pure life. AS against Christianity, Islam stressed to lead a clean and healthy life. Islam instructs to clean the body before saying prayer, God is Graceful and loves beauty. God is the creator of this beautiful universe. This is why physical education stresses upon the efforts to maintain beauty. Beauty is liked by Almighty Allah. He says in another verse "Hp has created man in the best appearance. Beauty can be maintained by continuous efforts.

These efforts are the main subject of physical education. God ordains in another place and make supreme efforts in the way of God Therefore, Jihad is very important in Islam. Sound and good health is necessary for participation in Jihad and achievement of this goal is the basic aim of physical education.

Here is an example of two children who presented themselves to participate in a religious war. They were rejected due to small height. But one of them stood on his toes to convince the Prophet (Peace be upon him) that he was taller than the other. Therefore, he was permitted. The other told that he could defeat him in wrestling. Wrestling took place consequently both were permitted by the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). A powerful believer is better than a weak believer.

Safety of physical life is a duty of ever individual. In one tradition the Holy Prophet Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) says, "indeed your Body ha right upon you". Emphasis is given to protect the body from each kind of weakness and illness. In another tradition Prophet (Peace be upon him) says "Physical Education is a source of learning". Getting of knowledge is the duty of every Muslim man and woman while on another occasion the Prophet (peace be upon him) said "seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave". Hence, it is proved that physical education is necessary for preparation of healthy mind to get knowledge.

Strong body is essential in peace and war. Lawful earning is greatly praised by Almighty Allah and his Prophet (Peace be upon him).

"A person who earns his livelihood by his hand is the friend of God". Movement is necessary for lawful earning. In wars body's activity is must. Arab used to throw spears upon their enemies. Wrestling is the base of physical education. "Hazrat Ummar" was great wrestler of his time. Great importance has been given to sports in Islamic society. Physical activities are mentioned repeatedly by in the fundamentals or faith.

NAMAZ

In physical term the offering prayers promotes purity of thought through action, the detail may be studied as follows:

1. During the standing in parallel close the close position of the feet trains balance in the body and Tissues which maintain erect stance are thereby strengthened the front muscles or tendons of the pelvis joint are lossened which promote its free swing or revolution.

2. During the upper body bends from the pelvis joint upward, activating its flexures moving the center of gravity toward its front putting pressure on the muscles of the ankle to maintain equilibrium.

Meanwhile the extenders of back, the neck and the head are allowed to remain relaxed.

3. During the Sajdah the muscles of the ankles and the knees are brought the bear or various easy movement of the ankle and the feet when these stiffen after a concussion. This posture also helps to remove defects in stature as well as nervous disorders. During the Sajdah the extenders of the back and the pelvis are a work thereby strengthening the muscles o the back which in turn corrects the imbalance in stature. The muscles of the belly and the pelvis are also exercised. The pressure brought to bear on the feet as a result of the standing and sitting motion, help in correct flat fetidness.

4. This mild and slow exercise when repeated at regular intervals (five times a day) produces a tremendous healthy influence on all the systems of the body i.e. digestive nervious and circulatory system.

HAJ

Haj is very difficult from the physical point of view. It involves many physical aspects such as running, between Suffa, Marwa. It is the largest gathering of Muslims, brotherhood, and equality of the Muslims. It provides Social, Moral and physical advantages and physical Education is the claimant of these advantages. Haj delivers the lesson cf Unity, hardwork and equality. There is no discrimination in Islam because all Muslims of the world perform all Haj components together. The objectives of physical education, equality, brotherhood, unity and physical fitness are also the objectives of Islam, proves the relation between Islam and physical education.

JEHAD

Jehad requires mental and physical potentialities. Physically unfit and mentally disturbed person cannot fight against enemies. Our Holy Prophet (PBUH) allowed only those to Jehad who were physically fit. It proves that Islam stresses on physical fitness and physical fitness is one of. the basic objective of physical education. Protection of health is our religious obligation. It is the common objective of Islam and physical education. Physical education provides the chances of physical fitness, emotional stability and mental alertness, which are prerequisite for Jehad.

FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT | How different factors affect Movement | Factors That Affect Movement

noreply@blogger.com (Educated World) — Tue, 05 Oct 2021 20:00:00 +0000

FACTORS AFFECTING MOVEMENT

Movement means change in position. For determining the movement it is necessary to

explain the basic factors that can effect the movement.

MASS

The motion of an object depends upon the mass of the body. Lighter body is easy to move whereas heavier body is difficult to move. Mass of the body is considered to be one of the important factors in the sports that can affect the performance of the player. The difference of the performance of lighter and heavier bodies can be determined from its nearness to the sea level arid at high altitude competition. It is quite.clear that heavy bodied athletes are not suitable in the events of short distance races.

GRAVITY

Motion of a body depends upon the value of gravitational field. Gravity affects different events cf athletics, such as the span of throws, jumps etc During motion with the center of gravity body changes conştantly. Weight of the body and centre of gravity of a player have importance in the field of sports. Gravity is another factor affecting motion.

EQUILIBRIUM:

The state of rest and uniform motion are called Equilibrium State. If a body is moving in such a way that it achieves the state of equilibrium, then its motion becomes uniform. If a body comes at rest then it is in a state of equilibrium. In the events of sports especially in Jumping, gymnastics, diving and vaulting accuracy and balance of body has got due significance. It means that the factor "Equilibrium" can affect motion.

Power

Ability to project a body or an object through space depends on power. The force and velocity increase power.

Flexibility

Flexibility depends on extensibility of muscles tendons and ligaments. it helps in full range motion. It is important for dancing, diving and gymnastics.

Force

Force can be defined as any influence that can change the state of a body. It is a product of the mass and acceleration of an object. A force can also be defined as a push or pull exerted against an object in an effort to start stop accelerate, decelerate, maintain or change its motion, the forces that cause the human body to move are produced internally by the muscles and externally by another person, a machine, an animal, the wind and by gravity etc. The effectiveness of a force is produced by the body.

There are two additional forces or factorss which affect the motion of a person or any object the centripetal and centrifugal force. Centripetal is a force directed inward the center of a circular path of motion. Centrifugal force is the inertia tendency of a body in motion to move out or away from the center of the circular path.

Energy / Muscular strength and power

Energy is required to produce force and move an object from one place to another place. The human body applies force in the form of muscular energy. This muscular energy may be applied directly to an object through a continual force such as pulling, pushing, carrying or lifting This energy of motion is called kinetic energy. The body may also apply forces to objects indirectly through the use of potential energy.

Friction

Friction is a type of resistance between the surface of two objects (resistance is an opposing force that makes it different to move an object). The amount of friction between the wo objects depends on the type of surface and the weights of objects. Rough surface causes more frictions than smooth one. Similarly heavy objects cause more friction than light ones. Friction is necessary to start and stop the motion e.g. some friction are must between the surface of an athletes shoes and play ground to gain motion and to stop it later. In some cases the amount of friction is considerably reduced for the purpose of efficient movement i.e. in case of ice skating etc.

Friction may be divided into three categories:

1. Static Friction:

When a person begins movement on an object is greater in amount and harder to overcome, he needs

more power, energy or force.

2. Kinetic Friction:

It exists when a person attempts to slide one object over another.

3. Rolling Friction:

When an object rolls one over another object it is called rolling friction.

Air Resistance

Air resistance is a force that is always present and slows the speed of a moving object because of the pressure of air around it. The effect of air resistance depends upon the size, shape and form of any object. Air resistance also affects the velocity or role of speed of an object e.g. fall of shuttle, balloon or hard ball etc.

Levers

In mechanics a lever is defined as a rigid bar. It is a simple machine, which helps to accomplish a task. This rigid bar or lever revolves or turns around a fixed point known as axis (A) with a force (F) to move it and a resistance (C) to be overcome by it. In the human body the bones represent the rigid bar and joints as axis (A) or fulcrum. The muscles of the body provide the force (F) and the resultant action is known as resistance or movement which occurs.

Classes of Levers

There are three kinds or classes of a levers determined by the relative arrangement of the Axes (A) the point of force F) and the point of resistance (R).

1. The first class lever has the arrangement as FRA for example seasaw.

2. Second class lever has the arrangement as FRA e.g. the door, when open with knob.

3. Third class lever has the' arrangement as AFR. The human body most oftenly uses a third class leverage system, e.g. throwing or kicking a ball.

noreply@blogger.com (Educated World) — Tue, 21 Sep 2021 10:05:00 +0000

An introduction to Programming or Computer programming:

Computer programs which also known as Software are made up of a Series of instructions that the computer executes. When we create a New program, we must specify the instructions that the computer executes to Perform the desired operations. I his process to defining instructions and the Computer to execute it is called Programming or Computer Programming. We store the instructions in an ASCII file whose name normally contains The extension “CPP” for a C++ program. For example if we create a C++ Program that perform payroll operations, we must name the file containing The program instructions PAYROLL.CPP. When we create programs, we Specify the desire instructions using a programming language. C++is one of Many programming languages. Different programming languages provide Unique features and have their own positive and negative points. In any case Programming languages allow us to write programs, which we want the Computer to execute, Programming is the process of converting broad system specifications into Usable machine instructions that produce desired results.

Computer programming Language and their types.

A language is system of communication. A programming language allows a Programmer to develop the sets of instructions that constitute a computer Program. It is a set of written symbols that instructs the computer hardware To perform specific task. Many different programming languages have been Developed, each with its own unique vocabulary, grammar, and use. There Are different types of programming language

1-Machine Languages (first-generation language)/Low level Language:

The lowest and most elementary language of computer is the Machine language. Machine language is also called Binary Language or Language of U Cind , Computer directly understands the machine language. It is very much Difficult for users and are machine depended, i.e. it varies from machine to Machine. All the program codes are in binary form, which are very much Difficult for the humans to memorize or understand.

2- Assembly Language (second generation language):

Assembler Language 1s the next Ievel or programming Languages. It was developed to overcome some of the problems of machine language The another low-level language in Which symbols are used instead of binary was s code these symbols are called mnemonics codes. For example MUL instruction is used to subtract two numbers. The assembler converts assembly language instruction into machine code instruction. It is called middle level language or it is called second-generation language.

3-High-Level Language (Third Generation language)

A type of language that is close to human language is Called high-level lan- guage. High Level Language gives formats to English Language and use common mathematical notation. Program in High Level Language are much easier than Low-level language because the program instruction are similar to those in every day English and they contain commonly used mathematical notation. High level Language tells the computer not only what to do but how to do it. The programmer spends less time developing software with a high level language. High-level Language is also called compiler language or problem oriented language or procedural language.

High-level languages use instructions, which are called statements that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions. Translator programs called com- pilers or interpreters convert high-level language instruction into machine Code. The following are High Level Language.

I) Basic 2) C-Language 3) Java Language 4) Cobol Language etc.

4-Fourth Generation Language None procedural language

The fourth-generation language 15 also known as very high-level language. In non-procedural language, user only needs to tell the computer "what to do" "how to do". They are non procedural languages and conversational than prior languages. An important advantage of non-procedural language is that they can be used by non-technical user to perform a specific task. These languages accelerate program process and reduce the coding error. 4GL are normally used database application and report generation. Natural language\ is 4GLs that are very close to English or other human language. 4GLs languages are less efficient in form of processing speed and amount of storage\ capacity the number of statement that a high level language needs to achieve the capacity needed. Fourth generation languages need approximately Ount of one storad tenth same result because they are so much easier to use than third generation language.

For example I-quey languages 2- Report generator 3- Application generator 4-decision support system. Some example are Word, Excel, Access, Oracle etc Come under these categories.

5-Object-Oriented Language

OOP is a technique in which programs are written on the basis of objects. An object is a collection of data and functions. Object may represent a per- son, thing or place in real world. In OOP, data and all possible functions on data are grouped together. Object oriented program are easier to learn and modify. C++ and Java are two most popular Object-oriented languages. Computer Languages and Packages:-In computer languages we define the problems and give our, own instructions to the computer, e.g. BASIC, FORTRAN, PASCALC/C++ etc. But in computer packages we can solve our problems without giving our instructions to the computer. They need only a few keystrokes and ready-made commands to help in solving our specific problems. Computer languages are versatile to solve the problems where as the computer packages are not versatile and are specific to problem solutions.

SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

noreply@blogger.com (Educated World) — Tue, 21 Sep 2021 04:54:00 +0000

SCOPE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

1. ATTRACTS LEARNED PERSONS

Formally the teachers in this profession were either illiterate or semi literate and in most cases retired army persons were appointed in schools & colleges whose concept about the subject was limited. They considered it a drill as they were unaware of the utility and importance of the subject. Presently highly educated persons are entering in this profession with full zeal and zest.

2. BUILDS HUMAN PERSONALITY

Now a days physical education has improved. It has become more scholarly and scientific because of its emphasis on research. it is considered the best way to achieve and maintain a high standard of physical fitness. It helps in full development of personality.

3. SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE

Like Physicians, engineers and scientists, physical education also produces specialists. There are specialists like exercise physiologist, motor learning experts, sports medicine experts, athletic trainers and biomechanics experts etc. Physical educationists are utilizing computer technology to stores information, techniques and tactics to apply them in relevant fields.

4. GREAT SOURCE OF CURE

Physical Education is of great service mentally retarded, emotionally disturbed and physically handicapped persons. It s becoming more popular among male, female and aged persons. Physical education provides varieties of program for all ages. it provides opportunities to participate in these program for refreshment as well as and removal of mental and physical stress.

5. GLOBAL RECOGNITION

The field of physical education is very vast and improving day by day. It has now become a separate discipline in educational institutions. There are several universities departments, colleges and academies which are awarding Certificate / Diploma, Masters and PhD. Degrees in physical education in America, Russia, Japan, India, Pakistan, Germany, China, Argentine, Mexico, Greece and Australia Keeping in view the rapid development of the subject, Pakistan is also expected to start PhD. program in Physical education in near future. Scientific Foundation of Physical Education Physical education is based on scientific foundation because it deals with anatomy and Physics of human body. It aims to develop a person physically, emotionally and mentally.

Muscular activities play major role in the development of organic system of the body. Physical education is based on scientific facts and figures. Its program is developed as a result of systematic study based on testified general rules.

Activities of physical education depend upon biological psychological and sociological aspects of growth and development. It is closely linked with the study of all living things. Like the subject of Biology, Biochemistry and Physics etc. it also provides chances for the study of physical reaction and movement taking place in the body. Physical, mental, Social, Biological and psychological aspects provide scientific foundation for physical education. A Physical Educationist and Physiologist working together to find ways and means to avoid athletic injuries and other body physiotherapy and massage has been introduced in many countries. Smiling clinics, health and fitness centers are also sources of physical education through physical activities based on scientific approach. These centers are rendering great services to humanity.

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

The importance of physical education based on a well-known saying A sound mind in a sound body" A physically and mentally fit person can do more then a lazy and unfit person In this technological age people are not work in a by using their body parts. They do not want to travel on foot. They only use a finger tip and to switch on or push the button for any type of work. This leads to many diseases like blood pressure, tension and diabetes. This is due to unawareness about the utility of physical education, Importance of and exercise physical work. Physical education is the only source, which provides the remedies for these diseases. In the present day life physical education plays a vital role to educate youths of the nation.

It aims to promote individual health through physical work, exercise and recreational activities Body deformities adversely affect personality. There is no medical or surgical treatment for body deformities. Only physical activities are the main remedy. A person can remain fit by proper participating in Physical exercises and training program.

A physically fit person can provide goo results with minimum efforts. Vitality of physical fitness has always been acknowledged. The leading nations of tho world have proved the benefits, utility and importance of physical fitness. Physical education is the basic need of present day life. To improve the ability of of work and overall development of personality, Physical education is the only source to overcome all the aspects of life.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES of Physical Education

noreply@blogger.com (Educated World) — Sun, 05 Sep 2021 07:05:00 +0000

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Aims and objectives of Physical Educations by Educated World

Physical Education has not only theoretical Approach it depends upon the practical also Because life is the name of continuous struggle. Those people have always been successful in life Who sincerely keep themselves busy in practical Life. Physical fitness, emotional stability and Mental soundness are the secrets of successful Life.

The aims ad objectives of Physical Education are as under

1. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DEVELOPMENT

Participation in planned and organized Physical activities develops physical and mental Powers. A physically and mentally fit person is More efficient than a layman. Physical Education Provides the physical and mental development. Physical Education should be concerned with Activities that benefit the whole personality and Not a part of it.

2. CHARACTER BUILDING

Physical Education aims at character Building. Taking pert in physical activities Develops habits of co operation, confidence, sportsmanship, tolerance and patience. All these are the qualities of good character.

3. DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC SYSTEM

Muscular activities play great role in the development of organic system of the body. The organic system is improved through activities such as hanging, climbing, running and throwing. Development of organic system depends upon different physical activities, which make it healthy and strong.

4. HEALTH AND HAPPY LIFE

From early morning to the time of retiring at night an individual is continuously in need of strength, endurance and stamina to deal with routine and emergencies tasks. Education helps in the development of an individual so that one can live a healthy and Physical happy life.

5. SOCIALIZATION

Physical Education is an excellent vehicle for socialization. It teaches how to control our nerves and passions. It keeps our emotions normal. It helps us in living group life.

6. RECREATION

Every Person, after doing daily task, needs some sort of relief. Recreation does this important duty effectively. It enables a person to work again in a better way. Physical Education Program of recreation provides relief from mental worries and physical fatigue. Recreational activities are tonic for depression, tension and many other diseases.

7. SELF EXPRESSION

Every person wants to express himself, but due to non-availability of opportunities, he is unable to express his inner feelings. Physical Education provides the chances of self-expression through sports, games, field events and matches etc.

8. LEADERSHIP

Physical Education provides training of leadership. It develops the skills for successful planning and execution. A good leader is an asset for a nation: particularly in games and sports.

9. BIOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Physical Education is based on scientific facts and systematized knowledge based on variable general laws. This knowledge covers many areas of learning. The study and practice of Physical Education leads to the Biological, Psychological and sociological aspects of growth of human beings. As Socrates says, "A Sound mind is in a sound body".

10. DEVELOPMENT OF HIDDEN QUALITIES

Physical Education is the most effective source for the expression of hidden qualities of an individual. If no chances are given to bring them out, these will go in waste, some have Speech power, some have spirit and some have sportsmanship. Physical Education is the only source for the development of hidden potentialities. It helps to save these qualities from wastage by providing proper ways of their growth. It provides sufficient means for this end in play fields, swimming pools and many other events.

11. SELF CONFIDENCE

Self-confidence enables an individual to face difficulties. This quality can be acquired by constant training and adequate knowledge. Physical education plays vital role in boosting up self-confidence. Physical educationists and sportsmen are confident than others.

12. SPORTSMAN SPIRIT SPORTSMANSHIP

This quality creates patience and tolerance It is very useful for successful practical life. teaches to give respect and take respect. Physical Education trains the minds of individuals to make them good sportsmen having a lot of sportsman spirit.

Lecture on Definition of Health and physical education with explanation

noreply@blogger.com (Educated World) — Thu, 02 Sep 2021 11:40:00 +0000

Lecture on Definition of Health and physical education with explanation regarding Mental development, Social development, Anatomical development, Physiological development and Emotional Development.

H.P.E (health and physical education)

noreply@blogger.com (Educated World) — Sat, 21 Aug 2021 19:12:00 +0000

H.P.E (health and physical education)

DEFINITION

Physical Education is an entire discipline that deals with all the aspects of physiology and anatomy. It informs us about the anatomy, Physiology, Sociology, Exercise, Personal hygiene and sexual issues.

Physical Education is that phrase of the entire technique of Education, that's in the main involved with the event of human temperament mentally, socially and emotionally.

Physical Education is a phrase consisting of two separate words i:e Physical and "Education". Physical means body or physique and "Education means technique of effort information or learning that brings change and modification inside the behaviour of a personal. once these a pair of words ar combined on the that means becomes. the tactic of activity amendment thiough physical activities. Some emine at outlined as under:

Nixon and Jewett:

Physical education is that a part of the entire technique of education that communicates to the students by active physical programs.

J.B. NASH:

Physical education is one phrase of the complete technique that develops someone organically, muscularly and emotionally through inherent activities.

CHARLES A BUCHER:

Physical Education is associate integral a section of the complete academic technique that aims at the event of a non-public mentally, physically, emotionally and socially. In different words "wholesome development of associate degree individual".

SOCRATES:

Physical education develops the mind and body at identical time. These 2 square measure insparable. In support of his clarification he says "Sound mind is in an exceedingly sound body".

ROUSSEAU:

He says, "If you would like your youngsters become genius, intelligent and healthy keep them physically work. He more says, "Poor and weak health makes thee soul ill".

BROWN HILLS:

Physical education is Comipound of those experiments, whith noninheritable by taking part in large muscular activities that develop a non-public.

Physical education is an academic method that uses physical activity as a way to assist people acquire skills, fitness, knowledge, and attitudes that contribute to their optimum development and well being.

Physical education is an academic course associated with the human physique .it will be outlined as, ” education within the care, development & growth of anatomy, stressing athletics & includes hygiene”. in line with Charles A Bucher, “Physical education is that the required half and parcel of general education, that makes a person physically match, mentally alert and socially well related”. John Davy defines education as, “Physical education is such manner of life during which such selected physical activities ar practiced upon that facilitate within the construction of human angle, mental makeup & fulfill the stress of physical growth”.

In the lightweight of on top of mentioned definitions we will say that education could be a method of learning through physical activities designed to enhance good shape , develop motor skills , data and behavior of healthy and active living , qualities of fairness and emotional intelligence. this suggests that education could be a mean of development and growth of a personal as an entire. as a result of with education, people acquire bundle of style of expressions that ar closely connected with the private impression of fun furthermore as data and understanding of human motion. It deals with the entire physically, mentally and spiritually growth of a personal with the assistance of various activities.

HISTORICAL CONTRIBUTION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

The study of education begins from primitive societies. terribly organized physical activities area unit found in this age. The performance of prayers and performing arts as worship in search of food were common. Besides, folks went on searching with spears running once their prey. thus it seems that running, jumping, throwing and performing arts were a part of instructional activities. once thousands of years the primary coaching in sport was introduced. enjoying activities like wrestling and ball games additionally belong to an equivalent age.

Thus we have a tendency to see that sure options of contemporary education come back all the way down to U.S.A. from time out of mind. Our main aim is to trace influence that affected our faculty.

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT CHINA

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN GERMANY

HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SWEDEN

How it started as a specific subject

The curt history of actual instruction would begin in mere concerning 1820 once colleges zeroed in on athletic, cleanliness preparing and care and advancement of the natural object. unendingly 1950, quite four hundred organizations had given studies actual work. The Young john Christian Association sent its absolute initial in 1851 and zeroed in on proactive tasks. Universities were urged to zero in on internal games significantly track, field and football. However, actual work became an accurate demand once the common conflict once several nations picked to pass laws that necessary colleges to fuse generous actual instruction into their tutorial plans. In any case, it fully wasn't till 1970 that associate alteration was created to the Federal Education Act that allowable girls from lyceum and college to contend in athletic contests. Sex-based separation was entirely prohibited from government supported programs presently.

Actual Education in school

School games got a significant upgrade once a National collegial Athletic Association was created inside the center twentieth a few years. There was associate ascent in prevalence of sports inside colleges and faculties and funding unbelievably swollen. colleges invested wholeheartedly in their athletic comes and sports grants became a typical. There was likewise a get folks that tried out sports work involves satisfy the developing would love for specialists inside the sphere.

Decrease in education

Yet, this is often not imagined to infer that the historical scene of actual instruction has been all blush full. Late inside the 20th century there was unquestionably a decrease inside the requirement to actual schooling. The developing contribution of additional subjects and electives in colleges implies that the shift was centering off from actual work and towards scholastics. the state additionally confronted a downswing around 1970 and 1980 and conjointly the shortage of state funding implies that actual work programs were ofttimes quick to be cut from colleges and faculties.

The vanguard age

Yet, late consciousness of the requirement for adjusted tutorial plans significantly given the final public worry over the condition of weight and youngsters' thought towards non-proactive tasks like laptop computer games has brought actual work back at the center of attention. the final public authority has re-flagged its obligation to actual work by making it needed in government funded colleges in early classes. Be that as a result of it might, it stays associate elective at the lyceum level. Quite most likely the foremost intriguing enhancements with regards to the historical scene of actual schooling has been the suggests that by that the which implies of actual work has developed. whereas it merely capsulate typical games initial and foremost, it presently incorporates several less proactive tasks, for example, yoga and reflection that ar thought of basic to serving to understudies with fostering a way of management throughout a notably displeasing age.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

noreply@blogger.com (Educated World) — Sat, 21 Aug 2021 18:33:00 +0000

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE

ANCIENT Greece was not a unified nation but consisted of many small city states. Corinth was a noted business center. Sparta formed strong military power. Athens was recognized as an intellectual and cultural center. Thus the role of physical education is different in each city state.

SPARTA

Due to military strategies all emphasis was on health. The Spartan boys were made healthy and strong warriors. The girls were trained to become physically fit mothers. In Sparta sick children were put to death. The healthy boys were raised in home till the age of seven when the state assigned them to packs in which they remained upto 14^th year. During all this time they engaged in physical training and conditioning for military training.

Music and songs were also an important part or the education of the Spartan Youth. They performed exercises on music tones. A major part of their training consisted of wrestling. Jumping throwing of javelin and discus, marching, riding and hunting. This conditioning program prepared a strong army for Sparta that w second to none. The girls were raise prominent role. In the education of all the girls Sparta obscenity. The girls also participate in running, jumping, throwing and dancing was discouraged.

Sparta succeeded in developing, strong and healthy youth. Spartan athletes were dominant in Olympic games.

ATHENS

In the 5 century B.C this small community of few thousand people produced men of highest rank in human history like Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Phidias, Percales, Sophoclis and Myron who gave a new theories in Education. The Greeks recognized the physical, mental and spiritual aspects of life. Their Philosophy of life and education consisted of harmonious development of all powers and capacities of the individuals.

The Education of Athenian boys was based on literature, music and gymnastic. Literature was studied under the direction of a programmatic. The term music included artistic, literacy and musical training. Gymnastic involved the whole range of physical activities, which included discus, running, jumping, wrestling and free play. An equal amount of time was devoted to music and gymnastic. The Greeks did not regard Physical Education as an art to discipline. They thought that only through muscular activity it is possible to developed the beauty and perfection of human body.

Besides, the development of personality and character traits which create confidence, self control and courage could also be achieved. This concept was indicated by Plato when he wrote that music and gymnastic were both designed for the improvement of soul. Western civilization owes much to Greek ideals in relation to education in general and Physical Education in particular.

No country in history has held Physical Education in such a high esteem as did the ancient Greece.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN ANCIENT CHINA

The Chinese for an extended time were stop the remainder of the globe. Chinese civilization dates back to 50 centuries or additional however the recorded amount began from 1122 B.C. China derived this name from the Chin family line. The rulers of China engineered the renowned Chinese Wall to defend their land from foreign invasions.

Until recently, education in China was monopolized by the aristocracy and students. the idea of Chinese education was learning of the philosophy of Confucius. It target-hunting all thinking in social science and morality. education wasn't properly organized in ancient China. however in 600 B .C. the Chinese developed the art of Jujitsu, that they took from the Japanese. the foremost standard sports among the higher categories were boxing and sort of soccer that resembled the fashionable football. The military personnel wont to perform activities like thumbing and imitative many sorts of games and movements exercises adopted by Chinese were geared toward developing the ability and strength warriors. A stigma was hooked up to physical activity as a purely recreational pursuit for the adults. Confuciousism schooled that self restraint and moderation were the perfect virtues. It stressed on meditation and passivity.

Active games and sports for recreational functions were thought of against the dignity of adults and contrary to the faith the Chinese when centuries of seclusion, allowable foreign missionaries in 1860. This transformation in policy of dynasty favoured the development of Physical education. The Swedish and German system were introduced within the police and soldiers. the scholars were sent to USA and different European countries. They came back with the most recent data of sports. The M.C. vie a crucial role within the development of education in their college programmes.

In 1905 education was created obligatory college programmes. establishments were established to supply coaching and leadership in games, sports and different physical activities. The republican region programmes, within the primary school comprises sport, Marooning and Games. Programmes within the secondary colleges and faculties featured Swedish gymnastic, athletics sports as well as track and field, soccer, basketball and swimming. A nineteen points report from particle indicated that each one town colleges had enjoying areas and were staffed by physical educationists. A survey of facilities and instrumentality in 1930 showed a general improvement on the previous years.

Today, China is one the foremost developed nation of the globe in sports, games, field and track events. She is that the leading sports nation of Asia. She conjointly won most medals in 2004 in Olympic games. She surpassed U.S.A and different European nations. it's all thanks to her terribly serious perspective towards Physical education and games.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

Great UK is that the home of outside sports. She has influenced the globe in education. once different European countries were utilizing the Lings, John and Guts system of gymnastic, England was utilizing a programme of organized games and sports. People of English area unit are the innovators of Athletics and Sports. The games of Hockey and quoits, were vie in England as early as fifteen century; court game as early the thirteenth century; golf as early as sixteen century. Soccer is one in all the oldest English national sports.

Being the pioneer in games and sports, England made several famous physical educationists. one in all them is Archibald Maclaren. In his youth he participated in sports. He conjointly studied drugs and science of medicine. In 1858 he opened a non-public Gymnasium wherever he was able to experiment. In 1880 he devised a system for British Army. He wrote a book "A Manual Military Personnel's". He conjointly wrote several books on the topic of education. In his works he points out that the stress of education ought to air health. He thought that health is additional necessary than strength. work up is crucial for optimum growth and development. He more says that physical and mental coaching area unit indivisible. Mind and body ought to progress facet by facet.

Physical education thought to been essential a part of each college programme. At the time of Maclaren the Swedish system of gymnastic was introduced in England. several different systems were conjointly foreign from Kingdom of Denmark and different countries. one in all the foremost contribution of nice UK to education is that the movement for education. Germany, Sweden, Kingdom of Denmark and England semiconductor diode Europe within the promotion of education. Baron capital of South Dakota First State Curbertin was instrumental in revitalising the Olympic games in 1896 at Athens.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN

In 1947 Pakistan came in to being in 1948 the Olympic association of Pakistan conducted a sports meeting. The Quaid-e-Azam stressed upon the need of physical fitness and promotion of sports. Programme of physical education is the legacy of British India.

Main obstacles in the way of the promotion of physical education and sports were the lack9 of qualified staff in the school retired army personals were performing duties. Concept of physical education was confined only to the drill activities. There was no institution for proper training of physical education. For the attainment of this objective, a meeting was held under the Chairmanship of Education Minister in which the following recommendations were made.

1. 1. Training centers for the teachers of physical education should be established.

2. 2. Ten percent of education budget should be reserved for the improvement of physical education.

3. 3. Recreational supervisors should be appointed at district level.

In the light of these recommendations, the first step for the promotion of physical education was taken in 1950 with the establishment of college of physical education at Valton, Lahore. In this institution, classes for senior and junior diploma in physical beducation were started in 1951. Two sports stadiums were established at Karachi in 1957.

In 1966 a college of physical education established at Karachi to overcome the shortage of qualified personnels. In 1969 the recruiting pattern of Ds.P.E. was changed a qualification for P.I.IS was raised to Junior Diploma while the Ds. P.E. were required have the Senior Diploma for recruitment and they ere allowed to teach the physical education discipline in schools and colleges.

In 1976 the Department of Health and Physical Education was established in Gomal University D.l Khan, where MSc classes in physical education were started. Still there was no department in the country to offer studies of higher qualification in the field of physical education. In 1980-81 Senior Diploma classes were offered by the department and 1982-83 Junior Diploma classes were also started.

In 1992, Govt. of N.W.F.P. started the classes of physical education at Doaba Kohat. It offers the Junior Diploma courses to meet the demand of trained school teachers, Jamshoro University Sindh, has also started Diploma in Phys Education and Punjab University Lahore started Master classes in physical education the college of physical education Lahore.

Presently, in private sector College education at D.I. Khan, Mardan and Peshawar have been established which offer Junior Diploma and Senior Diploma in Physical Education. They are affiliated with the Gomal University D.1. Khan and it is hoped that new colleges of P.E. will open in different cities in future. One such institution has started functioning at Abbottabad which is called Abbot College of P.E.

Sports facilities have also been extended at divisional levels under the control of Provincial Sport Board. In Islamabad Sports Complex, Liaqat Gymnasium and Jinnah Stadium provide international level facilities.

The subject of physical education has also been introduced at Inter level and Graduate level to meet the need of qualified staff at all levels. The demand of the subject as well as of the trained and qualified teachers is increasing day by day. It shows the bright future of physical education in Pakistan.

Subject of Physical Education is recently started at S.S.C. level also to provide the base for student of Physical Education. Several other steps are still under consideration for the promotion of sport & Physical Education in Pakistan. Inspite of all this, the condition of general health is deplorable in Pakistan. Hospitals are crowded and grounds deserted. Physical education is also not gaining its due place in education policy. That is why Pakistan can get no remarkable place in all the international tournaments and competitions.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN GERMANY

Physical Education in Germany during modern European period is associated with names such as Basedow, Gut, Muths, Jahn Spicss. Besedow was the first man who had built school in 1774 at Dessau, The activities were dancing, riding, jumping, wrestling. Swimming, fencing and marching.

Gust-Muths emphasised on recreational activities in physical education programme. Friedrich Jhan was a teacher in Plamam Boys School. In 1811, he established a gymnasium at Burlin that was called Tumplarz.

In 1862 physical education became a compulsory subject in Germany introduced at National level. In 1918 in flourished all over Germany. The purpose of physical education in Germany was "The total development of the individual".

In elementary school period the classes Of physical education was hold thrice a week for one hour. The activities were, jumping, throwing, running, climbing and swimming.

At intermediate level physical education was held twice or thrice a week for the duration of one hour. The activities of elementary level were included with addition of track and field events, sOccer and basketball.

At higher education level, the Universities of Germany have the department of physical education offering degree in physical education. There was a separate university of sports. There were sufficient facilities in physical education and sports at all levels. There were also teachers training programme in Germany. Germany has made progress in sports system as well as in the establishment of physical education.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SWEDEN

Pherling was the founder of physical education in Sweden He was educated and trained in gymnastic and fencing. He devoted himself to the establishment of fencing and gymnastic. The Sweden Govt. allowed him to established an institution of military training at Stockholm, this institution is still playing a vital role in the promotion of physical education and gymnastic in 1864 the institution was divided into three departments i.e military section, medical section and education.

The consideration has been given to physical education in Sweden. Compulsory programme of physical education have been carried out at school and college level. Gymnastic is the most favorite sports o Sweden.

The craze of physical fitness has been increasing day by day. Football, shooting, volleyball, wrestling, boxing and athletic are played in the country. Skating is also very popular in Sweden Well organized and well equipped gymnasiums are available in each city of the country.

Physical education has been receiving response from people and Government the Media is playing excellent role in this respect The people are fully aware of the importance and utility of Physical Education.

Difference between Respirations, Breathing and Gaseous Exchange

noreply@blogger.com (Educated World) — Mon, 16 Aug 2021 08:07:00 +0000

Difference between Respiration, Breathing and Gaseous Exchange

Breathing is inhalation and exhalation of air for the intake of oxygen and giving out of carbon dioxide. In higher animals lungs are the organs of breathing. In breathing fresh air is made available to the respiratory surface of lung for gaseous exchange. As fresh air has a higher concentration of oxygen than it is present in the blood, therefore it diffuses into the blood. At the same the concentration of carbon dioxide is in higher in concentration in the blood, so it is diffused into the lungs and is expelled out by the process of breathing.

Respiration is energy releasing process at cellular level whereby food is broken for release of energy. In this process complex organic substances like glucose, are broken down into simpler compounds like carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy.

The term gaseous exchange is used to describe the diffusion of gases from an area higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This term is used for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment. In plants exchange takes place during photosynthesis and respiration. In animals, gases are exchanged during respiration.