Nuphy's world

Sweet Acid Gurame [Gurame Asam Manis]

2011-05-30T16:03:00.000-07:00

Untuk Artikel dalam bahasa indonesia, silahkan klik pada halaman "Artikel dalam Bahasa Indonesia".

Material:

    * A Fish
    * Garlic, 1 clove, crushed
    * Salt
    * A Lime fruit, 1 fruit, take the water
    * Cornstarch (Maizena), 3 tablespoons
Sauce:

    * Tomato sauce, 6 tablespoons
    * Chili sauce, 3 tablespoons
    * Garlic, 2 cloves, minced
    * Onion, 2 cloves, minced
    * Red chili, 1 fruit, sliced into matchsticks
    * Carrots, 1 fruit, sliced into matchsticks
    * Peas
    * Onion leaves, 1 tablespoon, oblique slices
    * Soy sauce, 2 tablespoons
    * Salt, to taste
    * Sugar, 3/2 teaspoon or to taste
    * Water, 160 cc
How to cook :

   1. Fish: Combine garlic, salt, and lime juice, mix well, then smear on carp fish to mix, let stand about 10 minutes, drain.
   2. Slice the body of fish, coat fish with cornstarch until blended, then fried in hot oil until cooked and dry lot, lift, set aside.
   3. Sauce: Heat 2 tablespoon oil, saute garlic and onion until fragrant. Enter the red chili, and cook until wilted. Enter carrots and peas. Enter the tomato sauce, chili sauce, soy sauce, salt, and sugar and stir well. Add water and cook until bubbling.
   4. Pour sauce over fish that had been fried just before serving.
Serves 1 Sweet Acid gurame fish.

Fried Ice Cream Recipe [Resep Es Krim Goreng]

2011-05-28T21:37:00.000-07:00

Untuk artikel dalam bahasa Indonesia silahkan baca di halaman "Artikel Dalam Bahasa Indonesia".

Material:
A 12 cm square baking chocolate sponge cake, 1 cm in thick
1 scoop strawberry ice cream
50 gram cake flour
50 gram bread flour
1 chicken eggs, beaten off
strawberry sauce, as a complement

How to make:
1. Fill the chocolate sponge cake with ice cream, a round shape like a ball.
2. Prepare materials for PANIR: Sieve the flour then put in bowl. Shake the eggs in another bowl.
3. Roll the sponge containing the ice cream in the flour. Lift, then dip into the egg. The last, roll over bread flour until blended. Store in freezer until frozen.
4. Cooking with hot oil until golden brown.
5. Cut the fried ice cream in half, serve with strawberry sauce or other sauces to taste.

Serve it for 1 person

Recipe: Sukardi, Executive Chef Geulis Boutique Hotel, Steak House & Cafe, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 129, Bandung 40132. Reporter: Erwin Kuditawati
Source: Kompas.com

GUNDAM TOYS

2011-05-25T06:17:00.000-07:00

Hi, guys ... :)

Have you ever had an interesting hobby? Looks like a fun and unique hobby. So far I only have some hobbies like drawing, reading, writing and so forth. My hobby are cheap and do not need to spend much money to be able to do so.

Once when I invited a friend of mine (a friend of one boarding house), boys, go to a place of shopping centers in Surabaya, the ITC Surabaya. Initially, he did not confess if asked I would like to buy a toy there. I was surprised that he knows where to go in the shopping center it is a toy store. Jeng ... jeng .... : D
OMG, already adults but still buy children's toys? Apparently this is not just any toy ..... :) He did have a hobby of playing Gundam.This name was strange in my ear when i heard its name in the firs time. What is gundam??

Gundam is like a puzzle, but not like a puzzle. How's that?? I see the first form this toy, it's just like the parts in a series that will be cut into pieces and then assembled into a kind of three-dimensional model of animation robot. The form is vary. Toys are not just for young children, but adults love it too much. Indeed, children are still somewhat difficult to assemble it. It also makes us to spend money more than for usual toy. Hehehehehe ^ ^. The price of this toy depends on the type and when it's issued. Usually, the latest release will have a higher price. Prices range from IDR 50 to IDR one million. To be sure, the larger its size, the more expensive price. Before the game was arranged, This shape like the picture below.

These sections should be cut into pieces first, then be assembled. The instrument used was a pair of scissors and pliers. Too bad, I also have not ever tried this toy. So just be guessing. I've peeked my friend's Gundam assembly results in his room. The form can be like this.

MG Wing Gundam Zero Costum & 1 / 100 Destiny

Wow, It's good!. This is one model gundam wing. Maybe next time I'll follow-up to have a hobby like this. Perhaps, some of you want to try as well. Beware, You can be addicted! ^ ^

Metal Composite Gundam Unicorn

Have fun with Gundam Series....... Keep trying to colect them ^^ See you...

PEARL

2011-05-21T01:32:00.000-07:00

How pearls produced?

Although there is still the pearl of the natural search efforts, but most of the pearls that are in the market today is the result of human engineering. Engineering was discovered by a Japanese, Mikimoto at the beginning of last century. Given such a potential so that the Japanese pearls keep this secret until the late 80's. So do not be surprised if the Japanese develop their business in other countries in the Pacific and Indian Ocean region such as Indonesia to continue to use the technician. However, Indonesia as a potential area of cultivation for almost all types of pearl oysters has become one of the major pearl producing countries of the world along with Japan, China and Australia.

Form of the engineering is known as grafting or seeding and implantation,by inserting the core (nucleus) together with a piece of mantle organs (sliced meat of other pearl oysters, known by the name 'saibo') into pearl oysters. Mantle organ was taken by another individual pearl oysters and act as a donor. Based on research, good donor selection will determine the quality of pearls produced mainly in terms of color, shape and luster of pearls.

The core and mantle wedge is placed inside the oyster gonads after earlier is made a small incision in the gonad wall. Sliced meat coat will form pockets of pearl (pearl sac) and will be producing nacre. This process is known as bio-mineralization, similar to the process of bone formation in humans and other vertebrates. Nacre is part of the shiny surface of the pearl or the wall is also a shining part in shellfish. On the inside of the shell, nacre termed as the Mother of Pearl (mother of pearl), while the nacre is inherent in the core called the pearl. The quality of produced nacre determines overall quality pearls.

The process of inserting a small part of a series of long cultivation process since the determination of the location of cultivation until the post-harvest handling. The principle of embedding process is based on how the naturally formed pearl shells which will wrap the irritant that can not be avoided with nacre. The working principle is the same when the scallop shell is damaged, they will immediately close the hole with nacre, which prevents its soft body is exposed. But so far no evidence that natural pearls are formed by the influx of sand grains into the body shell. Strong assumptions that support the formation of nacre layer is the existence of viruses such as those found in several types of cultured pearl oysters.

The process of making pearls

[Image]

Natural pearls

In nature, pearls are formed due to the irritant into the oyster pearl coat. The phenomenon of the irritant is often also interpreted by the entry of sand or solid material into the mantle then this object will be wrapped so that the pearl nacre can be produced. Theoretically, Elisabeth Strack (depth contained in the book Pearls in 2006) describes the formation of natural pearls is divided into two major parts, formed by the irritant and the entry of solid particles in the mantle of mollusks. In principle, the pearl is formed because of the mantle epithelium into the mantle cavity. Part of this mantle epithelium served out / form nacre on the inside of the shell as well as forming a whole shell. Theory irritant revealed that at some point the tip of the oyster mantle eaten by fish, this is possible because the shells will open a shell and stuck out his coat to absorb the food. When her coat off, the crumb epithelium enter the mantle cavity. Theory irritant could have also revealed that pearls are formed due to the inclusion of a worm that usually occupy the mollusk at the time of its development and then move on to other organisms. This worm is destructive and entered the mantle cavity. This worm accidentally took part in the surface epithelium with her coat. When the worms die in the mantle cavity, then the worm will be covered by the epithelium, forming the pearl sac and eventually forming a pearl. Even if the worms can escape, then epithelium that remain in the mantel cavity will form the pearl after pearl pockets is formed. While the latter theory is the inclusion of solid particles into the mantle cavity. Solid particles can be trapped in the body shells due to encouragement of water. When these shells can not remove it, even this particle could have entered the mantle cavity. When he entered, epithelium also went with it. Epithelium is finally wrapped up the solid particles forming the pearl sac. These pearl sacs eventually will form nacre to these solid particles. However, so far no scientific evidence that supports the theory of the entry of sand into a pearl oyster mantle, although this theory has long understood. Of the few natural pearls are dissected, showing that the pearl is not a core part of solid particles.

Cultured pearls
Before making process, pearl oysters in advance already undergone a process called weakening (making pearl become weak). This process is usually from 2 weeks to a month depending on the type of pearl oysters. This process meant that pearl oysters will be experiencing stress and entered the reproductive phase quickly so that if surgery process was performed its gonad have been empty. When the gonad is fully charged then the operations are difficult and even more have failed. This weakening process can by closing pearl shell with a porous gloves so small that filtered food particles or even a pearl shells were stacked together and then wrapped with a small porous gloves. In this condition, pearl oysters can still survive even though the food in larger particles is no more. After this process, pearl oysters raised to the ground (when the operation carried out on land) and undergo a process of continued weakening in the tank. They are stacked together so that they became weak due to food consumption and low oxygen. If surgery is performed without this process, pearl oysters are still very strong to kick out the nucleus is inserted into it's gonad. Even for the largest bivalve species P. Maxima, they are very strong muscles if you do not pass through the process of weakening so that the shell is very hard to open. At certain times of the water removed from the tanks and forced the oyster to open its shell. When clams open the peg shell,booster is inserted between the two shells of oysters so that it is ready for surgery. By the time without water,while the clam will open the shell, its mantel will be drawn into its coat. This process will facilitate the activities of pegging because when covered with water, clam will open a shell, but the edges will be closed by the coat, as a result, if the booster process is done,the peg will hurt the clam mantle.

Cultured pearls is using the principle of formation of natural pearls with a nucleus as the basis for the formation of pearls. A trained technician will prepare the pearl nucleus is usually round and come from other shells and pieces of mantle or saibo that taken from another pearl oyster. The selection of donors is considering color and quality of Mother of Pearl nacre (present in the side of the shell). Initially the technicians will kill mussels donors carefully so as not to touch its coat. When the coat was touched, it will wrinkled due to reaction from the clams. Killing donor shells done by inserting a knife between the shell and cut the muscle of the scallop aduktor donor. When split, clams were taken up quite dead, so when the coat is touched she did not react anymore. Next, the mantle is attached to the second shell is cut and its mantle is cut again into small pieces (approximately 3 x 3 mm). That coat section is prepared for insertion is called saibo, so that donors also called clam shells saibo. When the insertion operation, the wedge already have been placed between the two shells. Clam receiver is placed in such a way as to be easily operated. Shell opener has a duty to open the shell wide open, then the technician will cut a thin section between the gonads and legs of the shells as a place of entry of the core and saibo.The core size is selected in accordance with the size of the gonads. After that core is entered into the gonad and then followed with a single sheet saibo. Saibo sheets are placed in such a way as to stick to the core with the ectoderm (which contains the nacre-producing epithelium) facing the core. Because if the reverse then chances are very small round pearl is formed. After that clams placed into a basket or a panel, and finally returned to the sea. Surgical technique and postoperative is vary each firm pearls. In principle, by applying certain techniques, pearl oysters will not"kick"out of the inserted core and eventually can produce good quality round pearls. The selection process for the recipient oyster / pearl-producing mussels also consider the age and period reproduction. When the shells in the reproductive period then its gonad will be full, so it is considered not suitable for embedded cores. The ability of the technician will determine the quality of pearls which is produced later.

Source: http://mutiara-mutiara.blogspot.com/2007/01/bagaimana-mutiara-dihasilkan.html

COSMETICS??? [Nuphy's World]

2011-05-07T21:40:00.000-07:00

COSMETICS???

The facial cream product was originally functioned as a moisturizer to prevent dry skin because of exposure to sunlight. However, over the development period of this product was developed into a multifunctional product, ie, in one product packaging but has benefits that diverse. Because the additional functions of the product, then the price is also becoming more expensive than other facial cream products that have only one function. If ordinary valuable product IDR 20,000, - then this product is worth IDR. 249 000, -.

This product is a special formula designed for the skin using Spring Bio technology which utilizes natural active ingredients and uses the latest scientific processing. This product contains wheat extracts which help restore skin's natural firmness, sodium hyaluronate which helps maintain moisture balance, pro-retinol A to help promote skin cell renewal. The formula is water resistant with a high SPF protection.

Sodium hyaluronate is a material that is added to a dry, scaly skin treatments. This material acts as a lubricant in the leather-like function when injected into the bone joints. Sodium hyaluronate or hyaluronic acid (HA) is a kind of polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid. Sodium hyaluronate plays an important role in maintaining the water content in the skin. Poor environmental conditions (hot and dry) and aging can cause a decrease in HA content in the skin so the skin's ability to store water is reduced and skin becomes dry and rough. Lack of polysaccharide such as HA in the skin can also cause skin aging.

Hyaluronan Structure is energetically stable because the stereochemistry of the disaccharide component. Bulky groups of each sugar molecule by steric be in the desired position, given the smaller hydrogen bear the axial position.

The HA characteristic structure causes HA have a high humidity, the regulatory function of water content and the solution was to have high viscosity and lubricity. When HA is used on the skin surface then it will form a layer of air permeable and keep skin moist and soft. HA has a small molecular weight that can be penetrated into the dermis layer of skin. HA serves as an extracellular matrix in skin. Once inside the dermis layer of skin, HA combines with water perfectly, spur blood microcirculation in the skin and absorption of nutrients so it can keep the skin metabolism running smoothly. That's way, any wrinkles to gradually disappear and skin health is protected. Sodium hyaluronate is one of the best natural moisturizing component used in cosmetics (Tradekey.com, 2009).

HA is also a major component of the skin associated with tissue repair. In addition, the abundance of Hyaluronan in the extracellular matrix contribute to tissue hydrodynamics, movement and proliferation of cells and play a role in the interaction of receptors on the surface of some cells (Wikipedia, 2009).

In this cosmetic product also contains UV protector. This product can protect our skin from dangerous UV rays. The sun radiates its spectrum to the surface of the earth.

Because certain senyawa2 absorption in the atmosphere such as ozone, O3, O2 oxygen, carbon dioxide CO2, water vapor H2O, and so on, the spectrum can reach the Earth's surface by removing the spectral lines in different sections. UV radiation is part of the solar spectrum that has a wavelength range 100-400 nm. UV light itself is divided into several sub-ranges: UVA (315-400 nm), UVB (280-315 nm) and UVC (100-200 nm). UVC is absorbed completely by the ozone at an altitude of 18-40 km above the earth's surface. However, UVB and UVA only be weakened so that the earth's surface there are still about 5% of sunlight intensity. These rays can be bad for humans if the rays on the skin excessively. UVB can burn the skin, while UVA damage to skin tissue in the deeper layers of skin while the outside was cold, lowered immunity, cancer and so forth. Therefore we need protection for the skin especially the facial skin that is usually exposed to direct sunlight. Protection is packed in cosmetic products face cream. Harmful effects of UVA and UVB on the skin as indicated by the following:

There are some UV filter substances are usually added to the formula facial cream to absorb or reflect UV light so that it can protect the skin. Such materials are usually classified into 3 major types namely: 1) organic compounds that can absorb UV light, such as oxybenzone and avobenzone, (2) inorganic particulates that can absorb, reflect and scatter UV light, for example TiO2, ZnO or a combination of both, ( 3) Particulate organic absorb sunlight as most organic compounds, but contain more chromophore groups that can reflect and scatter light fractions such as particulate inorganic and has a different behavior with organic compounds, eg Tinosorb Tinosorb M and S (Wikipedia, 2009).

The working principle of organic compounds such as oxybenzone and avobenzone in protecting the skin from UV rays can be learned from the structure of compounds. The structure of aromatic compounds in the form of molecules conjugated with carbonyl group makes it to absorb high-energy UV light and release energy as light with lower energy so that it can protect the skin from high-energy UV light. When exposed to UV rays, most of these organic compounds will not be amended so as to maintain the chemical potential of UV absorption without significant photodegradation. There are certain organic compounds that are less stable, such as avobenzone, so we need plus chemical stabilizer to slow the destruction of these compounds, eg, with the addition bemotrizinol, octocrylene and other types of fotostabiliser (Smart skin care.com, 2009).

Particulate organic like bisotrizole, commonly called tinisorb M can absorb UV light with a wavelength range of 280-400 nm, ie UVA and UVB rays. Bisotrizole stable when exposed to UV rays and other sunscreen ingredients to protect from degradation. Bisoctrizole is a hybrid type of sun block agents that act as chemical and physical sunscreens. Tinosorb M is usually combined with Tinosorb S (Bimotrizinol) in order to get more kamsimal. The ability of both is shown in the figure as follows:

The working principle of this bisotrizole resemble organic compounds such as oxybenzone above, but it also works like bisotrizole inorganic particulates such as TiO2 and ZnO can absorb that in addition to also reflect and scatter UV rays.

Bisotrizole and bimotrizole have the ability to absorb UV light because the aromatic conjugated structures.Its ability as a UV absorber is also strengthened by the chromophore clusters on them. Bisotrizole and bimotrizole has a size of nanoparticles such as TiO2 and ZnO ie <200 nm. This is a make it more effective to reflect and scatter UV rays. Differences bisotrizole with bisotrizole bimotrizole is usually added to the water phase of the sunscreen as a suspension of 50% because it is more soluble in water phase sedangan bimotrizole more soluble in oil phase. Another advantage possessed bisotrizole and bimotrizole is the lack of effect on estrogenic hormones on cells is usually performed by a sunscreen with organic compounds (Wikipedia, 2009). Bisotrizole have a photo stable structure ie it can help prevent the degradation of molecules that exist due to the protons on UV light so effective as a sunscreen ingredient. Bisotrizole also provide stabilization. It tends to be stable and not easily subject to significant photodegradation (Pharmacymix.com, 2008). TiO2 and ZnO are usual inorganic particulate added. TiO2 and ZnO were made by size nanoparticles. Both have the ability to absorb, reflect and scatter UV rays. In fact, nanoparticles of silicon (Si) can also be used in sunscreens (AP Popov, 2008).

TiO2 has been widely used in cosmetics, paint, air and water purification. TiO2 has three types of crystal modification is commonly used as sunscreen namely rutile, anatase and brookite. Brookite crystal type is rarely used. The three types of crystals have different fotoaktivitas. There are some researchers claim that the anatase mempnyai fotoaktivitas higher, stating that rutile has higher photoactivity and some are stating that a mixture of both will be more effective. However, photoactivity of a crystal TiO2 depends on relative humidity, temperature of preparation, production process and particle size (AP Popov, 2008). TiO2 can absorb UV light due to its nature as a semiconductor with the character of the electronic structure which has a filled valence band electrons and the empty conduction band. When TiO2 absorbs UV light, the photon energy will result in excitation of electron in the valence band to the conduction band, leaving holes (HVB +) in the valence band. The reaction can be written as follows: TiO2 + h  HVB + + e cb-Once generated HVB + and ECB-and TiO2 can do fotokatalitiknya activity. HVB + acts as an oxidant and the ECB, may act as a reductant (Ramlawati, 2005). TiO2 photocatalytic activity turned out to produce free radicals that can oxidize DNA and RNA in vitro. These free radicals can be generated at the time of HVB + is trapped in the surface titanol group. Radical is a radical. OH. The reaction can be written as follows: HVB + +> TiIV OH {> TiIV OH. +}

This is one weakness as a sunscreen, so the need is coated with silica (SiO2), dimethicone or alumina (Al2O3) (Popov AP, 2008).

In addition, besides can absorb, it also can reflect or scatter UV rays. This is because TiO2 has a structure with high crystallinity and is supported by the its nano particle size. The smaller the particle size, the ability to reflect the higher the UV rays because the more surface area. According to Innes et al. 2002, TiO2 nanoparticles tend to form aggregates and agglomerates so as to reduce its effectiveness to protect the skin from UVA and UVB rays, so it needs a new method to overcome that is by mechanochemical processing (MCPTM) that can produce nano-TiO2 powder with no weakness over the distribution of limited size at 25 ± 4 nm, which is best used as a sunscreen.

Latest Technology has now developed a combination of UV filters from particulate organic and inorganic compounds. This combination can boost the ability of product as a UV protector. For example, a combination of avobenzone with TiO2 or ZnO. However, avobenzone is becoming unstable when combined with inorganic particulates as avobenzone will be more easily degraded by the effects of particulate inorganic fotokalatik activity. To overcome this developed the use of TiO2 or ZnO which has been treated, that is coating the surface with various compounds.

From the above data and graphic images can be seen that the combination of avobenzone view of TiO2 and ZnO can decrease the stability of avobenzone because of degradation due to photocatalytic activity. Different results when avobenzone is combined with TiO2 and ZnO surface coating which has been treated with various compounds.The combination of avobenzone with ZnO treatment also showed increased stability of avobenzone than combination with ZnO without treatment. From both these data indicate that the best treatment is to use silica (www.koboproducts.com).

SPF (Sun Protection Factor) is a measure of the ability of a sunscreen product to protect skin from UV rays. Many types of SPF, there's SPF 15, SPF 30, even now there is an SPF 70. SPF known since 1962 that is used to measure the effect of sunscreen against UV rays. Most products have always labeled themselves function as a sunscreen SPF on the packaging. If the product is labeled themselves SPF 15 means that if the skin has been exposed to sunlight for 10 minutes, SPF 15 will protect the skin from sun damage during the 150 minutes. A higher SPF means having more time could be exposed to sunlight. It also illustrates the percentage of UVB rays are absorbed, but the number of SPF does not increase exponentially. For example SPF 15 absorbs 93.3% of UVB rays but the SPF 30 absorbs 96.7%. This means that if the number of SPF multiplied the number of absorbed increased by 3.4% (howstuffworks.com, 2009).

SPF% UV SPF% UV absorbed absorbed

2 50 15 93.3

4 70 30 96,7

8 87.5 50 98

However, SPF is a measurement of less than perfect because no visible skin damage and skin aging are also caused by UVA rays that do not cause milking and sores on the skin. Based on the 2003 study, the conventional sunscreens do not block such as its ability to block UVA and UVB SPF 30 + is usually only have the ability to block UVA is very low. Although some products labeled "broad-spectrum UVA / UVB protection" was not necessarily provide good protection against UVA rays. Based on the study in 2004, the best UVA protection is a combination of ZnO, avobenzone and ecamsule. TiO2 may provide good protection, but can not completely overcome UVA (Wikipedia, 2009).

Pro-retinol derived from a class of drugs called retinoids. Active retinoids is called retinol or vitamin A. This material provides a touch of the skin cell and ordered him to produce skin cells more quickly new. Working primarily repair damaged skin and stimulate the cells in the outer layer of skin to produce new collagen and elastin. Retinol is more effective to prevent aging and sun-damaged skin and acne (www.smartskincare.com).

Now already developed viterol A. Viterol A solution is a dispersion of pure retinol, tocopherol acetate and D-palmitic askorbil pantenol phospholipidic packaged in a micro-spheres obtained in special conditions making organic nanoparticles with a diameter of 10μ. This organic microspheres enhances the transport and absorption into the skin up to the ultimate in skin tissue where wrinkles are usually derived. Organic microspheres is called nanosomes. Viterol A function is similar to the retinol A, but their effectiveness is higher because it can penetrate the skin deeply and more diverse functions.

After releasing nanosom viterol A in the skin, then began working viterol A spur the skin cells to produce new cells so that the wrinkles can be reduced and even prevented. A Viterol This stimulates collagen production and renewing epithelial tissue, improving skin elasticity, eliminate free radicals in the skin, improving skin smoothness and others (www.1stvitality.com).

Reference:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunscreen # Sun_protection_factor

http://www.ciba.com/index/ind-index/ind-per_car/ind-pc-uv/ind-pc-uv-tinosorbm.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisoctrizole

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A

http://www.biochemicals.cn/Sodium_Hyaluronate.html

http://www.smartskincare.com/treatments/topical/retinol.html

http://jilbab.or.id/archives/14-mengenal-spf/

http://www.1stvitality.co.uk/viterol/how-does-viterol-a-work.html

http://www.1stvitality.co.uk/viterol/what-is-viterola.html

http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/sodium+hyaluronate

http://www.sciphar.com/Nutritional% 20supplement/Hyaluronic% 20Acid.asp? gclid = COOYpfDk3pkCFRMupAodUm6UWA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oxybenzone

http://www.koboproducts.com/download/NYSCCAvobenzone.pdf

http://www.koboproducts.com/download/colorsummit06-kobo.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimotizinole

http://www.mydr.com.au

Popov AP, 2008, TiO2 nanoparticles as UV protectors in skin, Faculty of Technology, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Oulu, Finland.

Ramli, Ramlawati, 2005, the study photodegradation of Orange II Dye Terkatalisis by TiO2 (Thesis), Faculty Matemetika And Natural Sciences, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta.

Honey as a sweetener with its High Efficacious [Nuphy's World]

2011-05-06T23:56:00.000-07:00

Honey as a sweetener with its High Efficacious :

Honey is a natural fluid, which generally have a sweet taste of honey produced by bees from the nectar of flower plants (floral nectar) or other parts of plants (extra floral nectar) or excretion insect. In Indonesia, in general, consumption of honey is still very low when compared to countries such as Spain, Germany, Switzerland and Japan. The average honey consumption in Indonesia is 10 grams / person / year. The low level of consumption of honey is probably caused by the public perception that the honey is just as traditional medicine is expensive and the lack of thorough knowledge of honey.

Honey is generally taste sweet because it comes from the nectar of flowers or nectar is collected, modified, and tied with certain compounds by bees. Nectar is sucked by the bees from a wide variety of plants. This causes the difference in nutritional composition contained in honey. Besides influenced by the diversity of sources of nectar, honey nutritional composition is also influenced by the nature of the soil where plants grow nectar sources, weather, degree of cooking and way of extraction.

Honey can be classified as a sweetener because the sweetness of a substance resembling sugar in general. Total calories per 100 grams of honey produced is 294 calories. This is indeed smaller than the sugar that produces 364 calories per gram. But this can be ignored if you see the content substance and the benefits of a natural honey. Honey has a privilege than any other sweetener. One of the benefits of honey compared to other sweeteners can be consumed immediately after being taken from their nest without going through the process first because sugars contained in honey are simple sugars, namely glucose and fructose with high enough levels. In contrast to the usual sugar cane we drink every day that must be processed before consumption. In addition, sugar honey can be more easily absorbed in the body and more quickly digested because it is a simple sugar, while sugar in general is a more complex sugar which still must be broken first by some in the digestive process before it can be absorbed by the body. The main sugar contents in honey are glucose and fructose that reached 85-95% of both total carbohydrate honey.

Honey is the only sweetener that can be stored longer and used naturally. As other food ingredients, honey also has a time limit eligibility for consumption as its function. However, honey is generally more durable than the other substance.Factor which affects to the sweeteners is the water content contained in honey. If the water content in honey a lot, then the honey will ferment faster experience, and should no longer be consumed because the honey has been damaged. So when we buy honey it's will be better if we visible water content in it, if we want to store the honey in a long time. This fermentation will easily occur if the yeast present in honey content get enough water to make fermentation. The less water content in honey, the smaller the chances of fermentation. In bottles, which have had a fermented honey is usually when the bottle cap is opened there will be eruptions of gas. The water content in honey is also affecting honey effectiveness for treatment. Water content which means a little bit too free water molecules in it that makes microorganisms can not grow in honey because of the nature of osmosis. High sugar content of honey with very low water content will have a high concentration so that microorganisms will experience osmotic lysis due to the fluid in the micro-organisms will be absorbed into a dense sugar solution with honey, so it will die.

Since the first, honey is also known as a medicine than as a sweetener. Honey has a different chemical composition which makes it a very efficacious to cure various diseases. Besides containing glucose and fructose, the sugar also contains sucrose (1.9%), dextrin (1.5%), various minerals (0.2%), water (17%), vitamins, protein (2.6%), various organic acids, enzymes, and others.

Mineral content in honey is very diverse, but potassium is the main mineral content. Other minerals are sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, phosphorus and sulfur. Because the amount of minerals in honey is relatively little, honey is not the main mineral source for human dietary needs. However, the proportion and number of minerals in honey close to the number that is contained in human blood. Therefore, mineral honey is the ideal source for the human body.

In addition to having a sweet taste, honey is also found in sour taste. The level of acidity (pH) of honey about 3.4 to 6.1. PH value is low enough honey is caused by the content of several organic acids, namely gluconic acid, acetate, butyrate, citrate, format, curse, malate, piroglutamat, and succinic acid. So honey has the potential composition is alkaline and acidic, so it is suitable to maintain the acid-base balance in the body. Which is alkaline composition derived from the minerals, whereas acid composition derived from organic acids. Acid-base balance in the body need to be kept for a strong immune system.

Vitamins are contained in honey include thiamin, riboflavin, biotin, ascorbic acid, pyridoxine, niacin and pantothenic acid whose numbers depend on the type and quality of honey. For protein content in honey is relatively small, averaging about 2.6%. Amino acids found in proteins of honey are alanine, asparagine, argirin, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, theorin, valine, cysteine and proline.

Honey contains various digestive enzymes. Various types of enzymes found in honey, such as diastase, invertase, catalase, peroxidase, inulase and lipase. Honey is a natural foods highest enzyme levels. Catalase enzymes act to solve peroxide, a ration of metabolic waste (free radicals) that accelerate the aging process. So honey is also known as youthful drug, because in general people who regularly drink it will have a longer life, has a high stamina in old age and are rarely attacked by various diseases.

Various antibiotics and antibacterial agents also support the role of honey in treatment. Honey is very good to keep baby teeth because it inhibits the growth of bacterial decay. It is also good for maintaining healthy teeth and mouths of adults. Antibacterial honey can keep the health of the tooth enamel and dentin and can prevent infection and heal sore mouth if it is often used for rinsing. Contained antibacterial compounds such a type lysozyme has antibacterial power. This compound is more popular with the name "inhibine". Gram-negative bacteria are more sensitive to "inhibine" than gram-positive. Inhibine very sensitive to heat. At a temperature of 600 ˚ C activity in honey inhibine lost in just 15 minutes.

At least there are 4 factors that support or antibacterial honey as a prebiotic: 1) high levels of sugar honey could inhibit bacterial growth and development. In such conditions, the bacteria that live cells (protoplasm) will detach from the wall so that the cell can no longer indulge, 2) Honey is acidic with a pH around 3-4, in this condition bacteria can not survive, 3) honey containing organic compounds which is antibacterial, among others inhibine from group of flavonoids, glycosides and polyphenols. While antibacterial found in royal jelly is a 10-hidroxdecen-2-OIC-acid, 4) Honey radical compounds containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) which is to kill bacteria and other pathogenic microorganisms. That toxic compounds is damaging reactive functional groups of biomolecules in bacterial cells. However, because honey contains enzymes catalase, after poisoning bacteria quickly break down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

Honey also contains folic acid very well be consumed by pregnant women. Folic acid is an essential nutrient for fetal growth. Lack of folic acid in early pregnancy can cause babies born at greater risk for congenital neural tube defects. Honey fed to infants who have been eating and drinking other than mother's milk stimulated the growth of red blood cell and brain growth. Folic acid can improve blood composition, improving the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content. So it can cure the anemia. In comparison, children who were not given honey hemoglobin content rose only 4% for 40 days. While that taking honey in addition to eating a normal, hemoglobin content increased by 23% at the same time. In addition to folic acid, honey also contain acetylcholine. This acetylcholine can accelerate blood circulation and reduce blood pressure that is too high.

People who have poor sleep habits are also advised to regularly consume honey because honey may produce more serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is a chemical compound that can can make the brain become more relaxed, calm and can reduce pain. If the lack of serotonin in the body it will be susceptible to stress. When stress occurs, the body will deplete reserves of glucose in blood sugar. Reserves glucose was obtained from protein and carbohydrates in the body that should be used to meet the energy needs of the body. Stress also stimulate the kidneys to remove many of the body's essential minerals such as magnesium, zinc and potassium. If the stress is sustained it will reduce appetite and nutritional needs are not met. So, need food supplement such as honey to overcome this. Honey will boost the serotonin levels in the body, enhances appetite, and support the body's nutritional needs.

In addition to the various functions of honey that have been mentioned above, honey still have a variety of functions that support health. Honey can be used to cure the lung disease tuberculosis, influenza, in the heat, fever, colds, heart attack, measles for children, liver disorders, and other stomach disorders such as peptic ulcers. Natural honey is also known efficacious for treating burns, infections, keeping the skin moist body, making the skin look clean, fresh, bright and luminous.

As additional knowledge, the end of this paper was written some kind of honey that needs to be recognized. The types of honey are: 1) floral honey, produced from flower nectar.If it's produced from a variety of flower it is called polyfloral honey. 2) Dew honey, it's produced from the liquid secretions of insects hemipterous who put sugar on plant parts. 3) Artificial Honey, all the honey produced from plants that processed without bees. Artificial honey is consumed by people who are allergic to honey bees, although the name of artificial honey, it has good nutritional content and healthy. Artificial honey is made by grinding the fruit, then filtering and concentrating the fruit juice with warm and then packing it.4) Royal jelly is the result of worker bees gland secretion that contains proteins, fats, sugar, mineral salts, vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, vitamin H and vitamin E. Royal jelly contains gonadotropin hormone which can stimulate the reproductive organs of the queen bee and accelerate ripening eggs. It also contains an antibiotic substance that is germisidin which can prevent the growth of fungi and microorganisms. 5) Bee pollen, pollen which is derived from various types of flowers that is collected by bees in the hive and stored raw materials for making honey. With various techniques, the pollen can be harvested before the process into the honey bee.

Hydrotalcite [Nuphy's World]

2011-05-06T23:36:00.000-07:00

Hydrotalcite

Download the Full Hydrotalcite pdf here!

II.1.1 Structure and properties of hydrotalcite
Hydrotalcite is one type of inorganic material that has been studied extensively because it has potential applications in various industrial and chemical processes. Hydrotalcite is included in the type of clay anionic known as layer double hydroxides with general formula [Mg2 +1- xAl3 + x (OH) 2] b + [An-b / n]. MH2O where M2+ and M3+ is a cation divalent and trivalent that make up the octahedral layer on its hydroxides. Value of x in general ranges from 0.17 to 0.33. Symbols An-is an anion that fill the interlayer caused by the presence of positive charge on the surface of hydrotalcite. The positive charge on this surface caused by the presence of divalent anion substitution by trivalent anion which is often referred to as the substitution isomorphic. The charge on the surface is expressed as b and m as the number of water molecules in its interlayer (Hickey et al., 2000).

II.1.1 Structure and properties of hydrotalcite

Hydrotalcite is one type of inorganic material that has been studied extensively because it has potential applications in various industrial and chemical processes. Hydrotalcite is included in the type of clay anionic known as layer double hydroxides with general formula [Mg2 +1- xAl3 + x (OH) 2] b + [An-b / n]. MH2O where M2 + and M3 + is a cation divalent and trivalent that make up the octahedral on its hydroxide layer. Value of x in general ranges from 0.17 to 0.33. Symbols An-is an anion that fill the interlayer caused by the presence of positive charge on the surface of hydrotalcite. The positive charge on this surface caused by the presence of divalent anion substitution by trivalent anion which is often referred to as the substitution isomorphic. The charge on the surface is expressed as b and m as the number of water molecules in its interlayer (Hickey et al., 2000).

Figure II.1 Structure of hydrotalcite (Sharma et al., 2008)

Hydrotalcite's structure is derived from the structure of brucite Mg (OH) 2, where Mg2 + is surrounded by six OH- ions arranged in octahedral site. Hydrotalcite's structure is obtained when a number of Mg2 + has been replaced by trivalent ions with similar radius.

Figure II.2 two-dimensional structure of the hydroxide layers (a) brucite-Mg (OH) 2

(B) hidrotalcite - Mg6Al2 (OH) 16CO32-) .4 H2O (Hickey et al., 2000)

Divalent and trivalent cations are used in the manufacture of hydrotalcite are not limited to just one kind of cation as shown in Table II.1. Cation divalent (M2 +) which used to be Mg2 +, Mn2 +, Fe2 +, Co2 +, Ni2 +, Cu2 +, Zn2 +, and cations are trivalent (M 3 +) can be a Al3 +, Cr3 +, Mn3 +, Fe3 +, CO3 +, La3 + and Ce3 +. Therefore, it is possible to synthesize hydrotalcite consisting of three or more cations in the field of its layer.

Table II.1 several ionic radius of cation (Å) (Cavani et al., 1991)

Importation of other anions (halides, complex anions, organic anions, etc.) is also very possible. In addition, the anion contained in the field of hydrotalcite layer can also be replaced by other anions (Xianmei et al., 2003). Ease of balancing anions in the interlayer of hydrotalcite to be exchanged with other anions then allows hydrotalcite as ion exchanger.
Cavani et al. (1991) states that the anions and water were randomly located in the interlayer region and free to move by cutting back forms hydrogen bonding and other hydrogen bonding as in water so easily exchanged without damaging hydrotalcite structure. In hydrotalcite with CO32-as the balancing anion, hydroxyl group can bind to the CO32-directly or through intermediaries water by forming hydrogen bridges (OH - CO32 --- HO or OH - H2O - CO32 --- HO).

Hydrotalcite privileges not only on his ability as an ion exchanger and a high surface area, but also because the nature of memory effect it has. The nature of this memory effect allows the rearrangement of the structure of hydrotalcite layer after calcination when it was dispersed in water (Orthman et al., 2004). Wright (2002) states it can happen as long as the calcination temperature is not more than 550-600 oC. This property is utilized for the regeneration of hydrotalcite which has been used for the adsorption is by heating it at a temperature of ४५० oC.

II.1.2 Method of hydrotalcite synthesis
Hydrotalcite can be formed naturally in nature, but rarely found. Fortunately, hydrotalcite can be synthesized easily in a laboratory scale (Wright, 2002). There are several methods in the synthesis of hydrotalcite which has been developed in accordance with its objectives. The most common method used is the method of coprecipitation. In this method, a mixture solution containing divalent cations and trivalent cations are added anions into it are used as precursors. Its anion interlayer can be added directly. Coprecipitation method was done by precipitating two metals or more and separating the sediment under supersaturated conditions (Trifiro and Vaccari, 1996).

Supersaturated conditions can be achieved by controlling the pH of the solution. Setting the pH to determine the coprecipitation of different metal cations can be done by titration, coprecipitation in supersaturated conditions with low concentrations, and coprecipitation in supersaturated conditions with high concentrations.
Titration method can be done by increasing the pH (addition of a base solution into a mixture of salt solution) or by lowering pH (addition of a mixture of saline solution to the base solution). The weakness of this method is often the formation of other solid phases besides the formation of hydrotalcite solid phase itself, is associated with the precipitation of metal hydroxides in advance that its solubility is lower than the precipitation of hydrotalcite (Schulze, 2001).

Coprecipitation at supersaturated conditions with low concentrations made by mixing divalent and trivalent metal mixture slowly into the base solution consisting of a solution containing anions. In this method the metal salt solution and base solution used has a low concentration and the process occurs at constant pH with temperature between 60-80 oC. At constant pH, the crystal growth rate is generally lower than the rate of formation of the core in order to obtain more crystalline material.

Coprecipitation method in supersaturated conditions with high concentrations is done by adding a quick mix of divalent and trivalent metal into the base solution consisting of a solution containing anions which will be inserted in its interlayer. This method gives the resulting hydrotalcite crystallinity is smaller than the coprecipitation method at supersaturated conditions with low concentrations. This is because the crystal growth rate is higher (Trifiro and Vaccari, 1996).

The addition of reagents in the synthesis and pH of synthesis is also very influential in the formation of hydrotalcite. Kloprogge et al. (2004) have studied the influence of synthesis pH and hydrothermal treatment on the formation of Zn / Al hydrotalcite. The difference of crystallinity of products formed due to the variation of synthesis conditions. The addition of base solution into the mixture solution of metal cations will produce hydrotalcite material without impurities of ZnO. These way are preferred because the process through which acidic conditions tends not to form ZnO. In strong basic condition ZnO will be precipitated and compete with the formation of Zn / Al hydrotalcite, whereas in acidic conditions (pH 6.0 to 6.5) is not formed hydrotalcite. XRD diffractograms show a broad peak of the samples have low crystallinity as in brucite. Synthesis at pH 9.0 to 12.0 provide a higher crystallinity shown by the XRD peak of 003 in difragtogram that looks more sharp.

II.1.3 Application hydrotalcite
Hydrotalcite has been developed and applied in various fields such as adsorbents, ion exchange, electrochemical sensors, catalysts and catalyst carrier, and so forth.
Applications hydrotalcite as adsorbents has been studied extensively. Hydrotalcite has some characteristics that make it is suitable to be adsorbent (Wright, 2002) such as high surface area, can be inserted with a homogeneous metal, has abilities as ion exchanger and easily to be regenerated (memory effect).
Orthman et al. (2004) reported that hydrotalcite is a promising adsorbent to remove pollutants of organic dyes and biological compounds in aquatic systems. Hydrotalcite can be used as an adsorbent compound anionic, cationic and nonionic. Mandal et al. (2009) successfully used Zn / Al and Mg / Al hydrotalcite to adsorb SeO32. Lazaridis et al. (2004) have been successfully using the Mg / Al hydrotalcite as an adsorbent Cr (VI) ion. Silverio et al. (2008) was able to take advantage of Mg / Al hydrotalcite to remove phenylalanine in mediun water.

II.2 adsorbate Dyes

II.2.1 Eosin yellow

Eosin is an acidic dye yellow red to brown in powder form. Solution until the reddish orange and has a maximum adsorption at a wavelength of 510-512 nm. The dye is often used as a dye in textiles, cosmetics, ink and so forth. Eosin yellow is also used in pharmacy and biology. Its ability to give reddish color in the cytoplasm, collagen, muscle tissue and tissue such as cell membranes and extracellular structures, eosin yellow used in histology techniques (H & E staining). The structure of eosin yellow, are as follows:

Figure II.3 Structure of eosin yellow

Eosin yellow can pollute the water environment and can cause health problems in the form of irritation to the skin, eyes, and cause disruption in the respiratory tract.

II.2.2 Methyl violet
Methyl violet is an organic compound commonly used as pH indicators and dyes. Color caused by the substance of this color may vary depending on the number of methyl groups that exist on the molecular structure. Methyl violet is widely used in textiles and industrial ink to give the color purple and violet. The maximum adsorption of methyl violet at a wavelength of 575 nm. The structure of methyl violet is as follows:

Figure II.4 Structure of methyl violet

Inadequate waste handling methyl violet can makes pollutants in waters that cause health problems. Methyl violet is toxins that are mutagens and mitosis. Therefore, the presence in the aquatic environment can be harmful to health.

II.3 Adsorption

II.3.1 The mechanism of adsorption of organic dyes
In the process of adsorption by hydrotalcite is estimated there are two adsorption mechanisms that may occur ie surface adsorption and ion exchange. Hydrotalcite has the capability of adsorption as well as other adsorbents such as activated carbon, porous silica, active alumina, resins and other porous materials. This shows that the adsorbent surface area is a very important parameter. The second adsorption mechanism is ion exchange. The mechanism of adsorption by ion exchange is owned by the adsorbent characteristics of anionic clay. The ability of ion exchange is due to anion-anion on its interlayer region can be exchanged with other compounds that be adsorbed. Therefore, with the combination of the two mechanisms mentioned above, it is very possible occurrence of a high adsorption efficiency by hydrotalcite.

II.3.2 adsorption isotherm, adsorption capacity and energy
Adsorption isotherm is often expressed in terms of showing the relationship between the amount of adsorbate absorbed and the concentration of adsorbate in equilibrium solution at constant temperature.
Langmuir isotherm equation illustrates that there is a certain amount of active sites is proportional to surface area. In the active site, only a single molecule that can be absorbed. Bond between that absorbed and the adsorbent can occur in physics (physisorption) or chemical (chemisorption).

The symbol m is the amount of adsorbate adsorbed per gram of adsorbent at concentration C, K is the equilibrium constant associated with bond strength, C is the adsorbate concentration at equilibrium and b is the maximum amount of adsorbate absorbed at saturation (adsorption capacity).
Graph the relationship between C / m to C will produce a straight line with slope 1 / b and intercept 1/bK, so the constants K and b can be determined. Based on the value of K obtained from Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation, free energy changes accompanying the adsorption process can be calculated using the following equation:
Adsorption energy =-ΔG0
ΔG = RT ln K ΔG0 + (2.4)
in equilibrium ΔG = 0, so that:
ΔG0 =-RT ln K, so that: (2.5)
E =-ΔG0 = RT ln K (2.6)

with R is ideal gas constant (8.314 J / K mol), T is temperature in Kelvin and K is adsorption equilibrium constant.

II.3.3 Kinetics of adsorption
Kinetics of adsorption states of the process of absorption of a substance by the adsorbent in the function of time. Adsorption occurs on the solid surface because of the gravity of atoms or molecules on the surface of solids. The molecules on the surface of solid or liquid substances, has a tensile force to the inside, because there are no other forces that counterbalance. The existence of these forces cause the solid and liquid have the force of adsorption. The number of substances that are absorbed per weight of adsorbent depends on the concentration of solute. However, if the adsorbent is saturated, the concentration is no longer influential. Adsorption and desorption (release) is an equilibrium (Atkins, 1986).

In general, the kinetics of adsorption followed first order kinetics general and first order kinetics reaching equilibrium by Santoso and Muzakky (2002). Events adsorption kinetics can be studied through the relationship of concentration of species to changes in time. Adsorption kinetics can be determined by measuring changes in concentration as a function of time and analyzed with analysis of k (reaction rate constant).

General first order kinetics
The reaction is first order reactions that speed is directly proportional to the concentration of reactants, namely:

ln [C] = - kt + ln [C0] (2.9) [C0]: initial concentration of adsorbate in the solution t = 0, mol / L [C]: concentration of adsorbate remaining in solution after t = t, mol / L k: reaction rate constant of order one, minute-1
From these equations, graphs obtained by the relationship between ln [C] with t, which is a straight line with slope k and intercept ln [C] 0.

First order kinetics and Muzakky Santoso (2001)
Santoso and Muzakky kinetic model is a correction of the kinetic model of Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH).
where,
K: adsorption equilibrium constant, (mol / L) -1 k1: Orser one reaction rate constant, min-1 C0: initial concentration of adsorbate in the solution t = 0, mol / L C: concentration of adsorbate remaining in solution after t = t, mol / L

Plot opponent will produce a linear relationship with slope = and intercept = K k1

All about TEA

2011-05-05T07:55:00.000-07:00

Tea is a beverage that has been known widely in Indonesia and in the world. It is common to drink guest host. A fragrant aroma and distinctive taste make this beverage is consumed. Besides its advantages , there are many substances that have many benefits that are very useful for health.

The Benefits of Tea ^^

The benefits of tea include as an antioxidant, repairing damaged cells, smooth skin, slim body, prevent cancer, prevent heart disease, reduce cholesterol in the blood, the blood circulation. So, do not be surprised if the drink is touted as a beverage rich in benefits.

The Useful Substance in the Cup of Tea :

In addition, tea can be a soft drinks, tea can also be used as a therapy for health. If we drink a cup of tea, then we at least know what the best substance that is in a cup of tea we drink. Any substance contained in tea make it is known as a beverage rich in benefits? Here are some useful primary substance contained in a cup of tea:

Polyphenols
Tea polyphenols in the form of catechin and flavanols. These compounds act as antioxidants to capture free radicals in the body is also effective in preventing the development of cancer cells in the body. Free radicals in our bodies because of the polluted air environment pollution and also from the food we eat.

Vitamin E

In one cup of tea contains vitamin E as much as about 100-200 IU a day which is a requirement for the human body. This amount serves to maintain heart health and make your skin smooth.

Vitamin C

This vitamin serves as an immunity or resistance to the human body. In addition, vitamin C also functions as an antioxidant that is necessary for the human body's defenses against disease.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A which is in tea form of beta-carotene is a vitamin that the body needs can be met.

Types of Tea:
Substances contained in tea is very easily oxidized. When the tea leaves in the sun, then the oxidation process occurs. The type of tea that is commonly known in the community are green tea, Oolong tea (such as Java tea Oolung / Ulung), black tea and white tea. Green tea contains the most good because in the manufacturing process, this type of tea is not dried using sun drying but use the technique in particular. While other types of tea are processed by fermentation.

The Less Good Substances in the Tea:
In addition to the benefits of tea, there are also other substances contained in tea that results are not good for the body. Substance that is caffeine. Caffeine in tea (tehine) can cause food absorption process becomes inhibited. Limit safe to consume caffeine in one day is 750 mg / day, equivalent to 5 cups of tea a 200 ml.

The Avoided Time for Drinking Tea:
There is also that you should look when you drink tea for a useful substance in the body does not disappear, among others:

    * Do not drink tea during or after meals because the substance contained in foods can be stolen by the substance stimulant tea.
    * Do not drink tea on an empty stomach because it can increase stomach acid production.
    * Avoid drinking tea laced with sugar because it causes the substances they contain to be reduced.
    * Do not drink tea that has been all night because it has a lot of substance that is oxidized and stale so the impact is not good for the body.
    * Avoid drinking tea during pregnancy and lactation. Because caffeine and stimulant substances in tea can stimulate uterine contractions. In addition to nursing mothers would disrupt the production of milk-producing glands or breastfeeding mothers.

How to Brewing Tea
To avoid errors when brewing tea, you should consider how to make tea if it is correct or not. Because of this error can cause the tea does not provide benefits for people who drink it. To make tea, use boiling water temperature of 80 degrees Celsius, do not use water with a temperature higher than 80 degrees because it can make us lose the benefits of tea.

In addition, the tea can be mixed with milk. Tea mixed with milk or commonly known as milk tea could reduce the stimulant effects of tea because it will bind calcium milk stimulant substances in tea.
Another way is to add lemon that often we know called Lemon Tea. Lemon will provide protection for digestion, because the citric acid in lemon prevent the crust on the intestinal wall.
Around the world there are many ways people drink tea. In Britain, members of the United Kingdom has a habit of drinking a cup of tea every afternoon. In other parts of the world of tea drinking habits are also performed. All depends on you and habits in your culture. But do not forget to pay attention to some of the instructions mentioned above while drinking tea. Enjoy a cup of tea!

Source:http://kumpulan.info/sehat/artikel-kesehatan/48-artikel-kesehatan/115-manfaat-teh-untuk-tubuh-sehat.html

The Unique Drink Recipes of Tea:

Powdered green tea or macha, was not only fragrant aroma but when mixed with warm milk taste very tasty. Soft foam gives a soft feeling. Suitable for stamina enhancer in the week.

Material:
400 ml of fresh cow milk.
1 teaspoon green tea powder / macha.
2 tablespoons sugar, if desired.

Method:
Boil fresh cow's milk until boiling. Lift.
Add green tea and sugar.
Stir and shake with a small wire beater until frothy and well blended.
Pour in 2 cups of fruit serving.

Serve it for 2 cups... :)

All About Guava

2011-05-05T07:34:00.000-07:00

The Efficacy of Guava:

Guava is popular as a drug that helps cure dengue fever. Although efficacy has not been medically tested, did not give guava juice loss to the patient's fever for exotic fruit contains vitamin C which is very high.
Even vitamin C content in guava can be three to six times higher than citrus fruit. 10 times higher compared with the papaya and 10 to 30 times compared with a banana.Vitamin C is mainly found in meat, fresh fruit. Its seeds are often not consumed also containing vitaimin C such as its meat fruit.

Quoted from depkes.go.id, mentioned in the book Foods That Heal, Foods That Harm, 90 grams of guava fruit is more than enough to meet the daily requirement of vitamin C in adults. The book was also mentioned, although already lost nearly 25 percent of vitamins due to processing, packaging guava juice box is still a good source of vitamin C.

Because its high-dose vitamin C content, the body's immunity against the bacteria will increase. The process of wound healing was so much faster. In addition, blood pressure is also getting better as the fruit was mainly a good source of potassium.

Fruit, leaves and bark of guava tree contains tannin but its flower does not contain a lot of tannins. Guava leaves also contain other substances except tannins, such as essential oils, ursolic acid, acid psidiolat, kratogolat acid, acid oleanolat, guajaverin acids and vitamins.

The content of guava fruit per 100 grams consist of 49 cal calories, vitamin A 25 SI, 0.02 mg vitamin B1, vitamin C 87 mg, calcium 14 mg, 12.2 grams carbohydrate, phosphorus 28 mg, 1.1 mg iron , 0.9 mg protein, 0.3 grams fat and 86 grams of water.

Besides helping cure dengue fever, guava is believed to be a cure for diabetes mellitus, gastritis, diarrhea (upset stomach), colds, beser, prolapsisani, thrush, sore skin and new wounds.
To take an advantage of guava to help treat diseases based on some literature, such as:

* Diabetes Mellitus. Take 1 piece of half-ripe guava. Guava fruit is cut into four pieces and boiled with 1 liter of water until boiling, then filtered to take water. How to use: drink 2 times a day, morning and afternoon
* Ulcer. Take the 8 pieces of guava leaves are still fresh. Boil with 1.5 liters of water to boiling, then filtered to take water. Drink 3 times a day, morning, afternoon and evening.
* Abdominal pain (diarrhea and diarrhea). 5 pieces of guava leaves, 1 piece of root, bark and trunk. Boiled with 1.5 liters of water to boiling then filtered to take water. Taken 2 times a day morning and afternoon.
* Abdominal pain or diarrhea in infants who are breast-feeding. The young guava and salt secukupnya.How to use: chewed by mothers who breastfeed infants, the water is swallowed and the pulp discarded.
* Log in the wind. Take 10 pieces of young guava leaves, 1 whole red chilli, 3 eye fruit acid, 1 piece of palm sugar, salt to taste. All the ingredients are boiled with 1 liter of water to boiling and then filtered to take water. Taken 2 times a day.
* Excessive frequent urination. As many as a handful of guava leaves are still young, 3 tablespoons powdered fried rice without oil (couple = Java). Both ingredients are boiled together with 2.5 glasses of water to boil down to 1 cup and then filtered. Then drink every 3 hours 3 tablespoons.
* Prolapsisani. Take a handful of guava leaf, 1 guava bar skin cut. Boil 2 cups water along with to boiling, then filtered to take water. How to use: The warm water mixture in a state used to compress the shaft intestinal mucous membrane (navel) in infants.
* Sprue. Ingredients: 1 handful of guava leaf, 1 guava bar skin cut. Way of making: braised together with 2 cups water to boiling, then filtered to take water. Taken 2 times a day.
* Sore skin. A handful of guava leaves are still young, 7 guava flowers pounded together until smooth. Rub the sick skin.
* Drug fresh wounds. Ingredients: 3 guava leaves. Chewed until soft. Glue on the injured body part to avoid continuous losing of blood.

How to make a syrup of guava fruit:

Ingredients: 1 kg of red guava / Guava is ripe, 1500 ml water, 1 kg of white sugar, ½ teaspoon citric acid red dye. Directions: 1. Peel the guava, split in half, remove seeds. Then mix seeds with water, cook until soft. Lift, strain and press it so that get the guava juice 2. Mix the guava juice with its pulp, blender until smooth. 3. Meanwhile, cook the remaining water with sugar until boiling, after foaming, throw it's foam. Enter the guava juice, and cook again for 15 minutes with constant temperature 80-90 degrees Celsius. 4. After the juice is really late, lift, after a little cold, just enter the citric acid and dyes. Stir until the ingredients are thoroughly blended, the syrup is ready to put in a hot water bottle.

Source:http://www.zia-info.co.cc/2009/01/khasiat-jambu-biji.html

Resep Gurame Saus Tiram

2011-05-04T05:36:00.000-07:00

Waaaah, tadi siang habis nonton TV acara kuliner jadi ingin posting resep nich. Gurame tepung saus tiram. Hemmm…. Lezat rasanya. Nyammy…!Kira-kira gambarnya kayak gini nich… hehehe…! :) Cuma beda sausnya saja... :p

Mau tau caranya? Ini dia...

Mau mencoba masak sendiri? Kayaknya caranya mudah banget. Silahkan mencoba ^^

Bahan:
1 ekor gurame segar ukuran sedang

1 bungkus tepung bumbu siap saji

1 buah telur ayam dikocok

2 siung bawang putih dicincang
1 buah bawang Bombay diiris tipis
5 sendok saus tiram
2 sendok kecap manis

Cara membuat gurame tepung:

Ambil ikan yang sudah di bersihkan dan dipotong-potong diambil dagingnya dengan diiris pipih. Lalu masukkan ikan kedalam kocokan telur dan lumuri dengan tepung bumbu goreng ikan hingga garing.
Cara membuat saus:
Panaskan minyak goreng, tumis bawang putih dan bawang bombay sampai harum,tambahkan sedikit air, masukkan saus tiram, kecap manis, aduk sampai mendidih.
Cara menyajikan:
Siapkan gurame goreng tepung di dalam wadah, lalu siram dengan dengan saus tiram yang sudah dimasak tadi. Bisa ditambah beberapa hiasan sayur seperti selada dan tomat agar masakan lebih indah dan menambah selera.

Taraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa! Gurame Goreng Tepung Saus Tiram siap disantap!

49 days

2011-05-04T04:54:00.000-07:00

new ongoing korean drama

Title: 49일 / 49 Il / 49 Days
Chinese Title : 49天
Genre: Fantasy, romance
Episodes: 20
Broadcast network: SBS
Broadcast period: 2011-Mar-16 to 2011-May-19
Air time: Wednesday & Thursday 21:55

Synopsis
A young woman named Ji Hyun was enjoying absolute bliss as she was about to be married with her fiancé, but her perfect life is shattered in a car accident that left her in a coma. She is given a second chance at life by a reaper, but it comes with a condition: she has to find three people outside of her family who would cry genuine tears for her. In order to do this, she borrows the body of Yi Kyung, a part-time employee at a convenience store.

Cast
Lee Yo Won as Song Yi Kyung
Nam Gyu Ri as Shin Ji Hyun
Jo Hyun Jae as Han Kang
Bae Soo Bin as Kang Min Ho
Jung Il Woo as scheduler
Seo Ji Hye as Shin In Jung
Choi Jung Woo as Shin Il Shik (Ji Hyun’s father)
Yoo Ji In as Ji Hyun’s mother
Bae Geu Rin as Park Seo Woo
Son Byung Ho as Oh Hae Won
Moon Hee Kyung as Bang Hwa Joon
Kang Sung Min as No Kyung Bin
Yoon Bong Gil (윤봉길) as Cha Jin Young
Kim Ho Chang as Ki Joon Hee
Jin Ye Sol as Ma Soon Jung
Lee Jong Min (이종민) as Go Mi Jin
Production Credits
Producer: Choi Moon Suk
Director: Jo Young Kwang (조영광)
Screenwriter: So Hyun Kyung
cast :

DOWNLOAD LINK SOON...

source : www.koreandrama.org

hancinema.net

Babyfaced Beauty

2011-05-04T04:23:00.000-07:00

Title: 동안미녀 / Dongahn Mi Nyeo / Baby-faced Beauty

Chinese Title : 童顔美女 / 娃娃脸美女

Also Known as: Youthful Beauty / Pretty Young Woman

Genre: Romance, comedy

Episodes: 18

Broadcast network: KBS

Broadcast period: 2011-May-02 to 2011-June-28

Air time: Monday & Tuesday 21:55

Synopsis:

"Baby-faced Beauty" is a romantic-comedy centered around a 32-year-old woman with a babyface as she works to become a fashion designer and overcomes obstacles like having only having a high school diploma and a bad credit history.

Choi Jin-Wook (Daniel Choi) is the heir of the famous Jokbal restaurant with millions of dollars in annual revenue. But, Choi Jin-Wook goes against his father and leaves his parents' house. Choi Jin-Wook starts to work at another company to accomplish his dream. Against his will, Choi Jin-Wook starts work in the fashion department. With his sweet character he survives there and meets Lee So-Young Lee So-Young (Jang Na-Ra) ...

Cast:

Design Team

Hong Rok Gi (홍록기) as Manager Jang Ki Hong

Son Hwa Ryung as Assistant Manager Jang Mi Soon

Yoo Yun Ji as Park Na Ra

Kim Mi Kyung as Director Baek

Na Young Hee as Managing Director Hyun Ji Sook

Other people

Ahn Seo Hyun as Ji Hyun Yi

Kim Hye Ok as Jung Ok (So Young’s mother)

Kim Gyu Chul as So Young’s father

Kim Bo Yoon (김보윤) as Kwon Hye Jung

Park Chul Min as Sun Nam

Jung Joo Eun

Production Credits:

Chief Producer: Lee Gun Joon

Producer: Hong Suk Goo

Director: Lee Jin Suh, Lee So Yun

Screenwriter: Jung Do Yoon (정도윤), Oh Sun Hyung (오선형)

Related Picture:

Trailer

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Song Hye Kyo

2011-05-04T04:18:00.000-07:00

Profile:

Name: 송혜교 / Song Hye Kyo (Song Hye Gyo)
English name: Lorraine Song
Nicknames: Woodpecker, Hejgyo, Yookgyo, Hakkyo
Profession: Actress and model
Birthdate: 1982-Feb-26
Birthplace: South Korea
Height: 161cm
Weight: 45kg
Star sign: Sagittarius
Blood type: A
Talent agency: eden9

Song debuted in the entertainment industry in 1996 when she won the Grand Prize in SunKyung Smart (a school uniform company) when she was finishing her third year in junior high school. It was not long until she starred in her first drama, Happy Morning. Since then, she would continue to star in a string of various dramas and sitcoms but it wasn't until the KBS drama Autumn in My Heart in 2000 with Song Seung-hun and Won Bin that Song rose to fame throughout Asia. The show became famous for depicting a tragic love story between three people.

Song's popularity continued to climb when she played a leading role in the poker drama All In, alongside Lee Byung-hun.Song costarred with singer Rain in the popular romantic comedy series Full House. After the pan-Asian success of Full House, Song starred in the movie My Girl and I, which was panned by audiences and critics alike. Song went on a 2-year hiatus, returning to acting as the kisaeng Hwang Jin-i in the movie version of Hwang Jin-i, which was released in South Korea in 2007. She then made her American debut in the Hollywood indie film Make Yourself At Home (originally titled Fetish) in 2008. In late 2008, Song starred in the KBS2 drama The World That They Live In opposite Hyun Bin.

In 2011 she filmed the movie Today which will be released later in the year. The film is about a documentary producer who loses her fiancé and a deserted genius girl.

Song Hye Kyo is currently Korea's "Most Beautiful Woman" and has been chosen by many Korean male celebrities as the Korean Goddess of Beauty. In 2010 she was ranked #18 in The Annual Independent Critics List of the 100 Most Beautiful Faces.

When Song Hye-kyo was born, she was sick and her parents and doctor thought she would never make it. Miraculously Hye-kyo survived and her parents only registered her birth on February 26, 1982. Her talents are ice skating, swimming, and playing piano.

Song was in a highly publicized relationship with Lee Byung-hun after starring in All In. They broke up in 2004. In 2009, she dated Hyun Bin, her co-star from The World That They Live In. Not romantically involved during filming, the two had kept in touch after the drama ended and they started dating in June 2009. Hyun Bin's being away for the filming of Friend, Our Legend in Busan reportedly made the two realize they were in love.On March 8, 2011, both Hyun and Song's talent agencies confirmed that they have broken up in early 2011.

Korean actress Song Hye-Kyo is known very pretty and has a face that shines. Star's face the series'Full House' is most desirable to trace in Korea.
A job site in Korea held a poll about plastic surgery. One question is, where the actress or actor whose face most want to emulate.Launched Hancinema, Saturday (07/08/2010), Song Hye-kyo was ranked first for the version of the actress. While the actor whose face most want to emulate the poll participants are Jang Dong-gun.
Polling was followed by 638 respondents. Approximately 25.1 percent of male respondents who chose January While Song was chosen by 23 percent of respondents.Besides the two actors and actresses, the other Korean selebirti whose face is also desirable to be imitated is Jeong Woo-Seong, So Ji-sub and Zo In-sung.

She also has a beautiful voice.... Let's check her song by click this

Resep KIMCHI, masakan khas korea!

2011-05-04T04:15:00.001-07:00

Bahan:

2 buah sawi putih yang segar

1/4 cangkir garam dapur

1/2 cangkir gula

4 cangkir air mineral atau air berkualitas baik yang telah dimasak tapi telah dingin.

1/2 sendok cabe rawit hijau yang telah halus dan bijinya dikeluarkan

1/2 sendok teh merica hitam tumbuk halus atau merica putih biasa.

1/2 cangkir cuka apel (atau cuka biasa/beras)

1/2 sendok teh jahe segar tergerus halus

Cara membuat:

Potong-potong sayuran kecil-kecil sesuai selera.

Cuci bersih-bersih.

Masukkan ke dalam toples kaca (atau wadah lain yang bisa ditutup baik) yang diisi air, cuka, dan bahan-bahan di atas lainnya.

Taruh di tempat yang bersih dan agak sejuk

Tunggu 3 hari 3 malam baru boleh dibuka dan siap dihidangkan sebagai penambah selera makan.

Kimchi dibuat dari beraneka ragam bahan sesuai dengan jenis kimchi dan selera orang yang membuatnya. Kimchi yang paling dikenal di luar Korea adalah baechu kimchi yang dibuat dari sawi putih (배추, baechu) dan lobak (무, mu) dicampur bawang putih (마늘, maneul), cabai merah (빨간고추, ppalgangochu), daun bawang (파, pa), cumi-cumi (오징어 ojingeo), tiram (굴, gul) atau makanan laut lain, jahe (생강, saenggang), garam (소금, sogeum), dan gula (설탕, seoltang).

Museum Kimchi Pulmuone yang ada di Seoul mencatat 187 jenis kimchi, mulai dari kimchi zaman dulu hingga kimchi zaman sekarang. Variasi kimchi yang mudah dikenali, misalnya: ggakdugi (깍두기) dengan bahan utama lobak dipotong berbentuk kubus, kimchi ketimun yang disebut oisobaegi (오이소박이), dan kkaennip (깻잎) berupa susunan daun perilla yang direndam dengan kecap asin, cabai merah, bawang putih, dan daun bawang.

Bakteri laktobasilus yang berperan dalam proses fermentasi kimchi menghasilkan asam laktat dengan kadar yang lebih tinggi daripada yogurt.

Sumber

Janggukbap

2011-05-04T04:13:00.000-07:00

Bahan:

Daging sapi 200 gram

Nasi putih 4 mangkok

Lobak 200 gram

Daun bawang 200 gram

Bawang putih 2 siung

Bawang bombay 1/2 buah

Air 10 gelas

Minyak goreng sedikit

Daun pakis 80 gram

Tauge panjang 150 gram

Garam 1/4 sendok makan

Kecap asin 5 sendok makan

Daun bawang yang diiris kecil-kecil setengah sendok makan

Bawang putih yang dicincang 2 sendok teh

Biji wijen yang digiling 1 sendok teh

Minyak wijen 1 sendok teh

Merica dan garam sedikit

Cara memasak:

Untuk membuat kuah, siapkan daging sapi yang tidak berlemak
Di dalam panci besar tuangkan air dingin 10 gelas, daging sapi, dan lobak
Didihkan dengan api besar
Biarkan mendidih sekitar 20 menit.
Setelah itu, angkat lobak dan masukkan daun bawang, bawang putih, dan bawang bombay Terus didihkan sekitar 40 menit dengan api sedang
Setelah itu angkat daging sapi lalu kaldu disaring dengan kain kapas
Untuk menyiapkan bahan tambahan, bersihkan taoge panjang lalu direbus sebentar
Rebuslah daun pakis dan diiris dengan panjang 5 cm
Untuk membuat saus perendam, campurkan kecap asin setengah sendok makan, daun bawang yang diiris kecil-kecil setengah sendok makan, bawang putih yang dicincang 1 sendok teh, bersama garam, biji wijen yang digiling dan minyak wijen sedikit
Aduk rata
Campurkan saus perendam dengan taoge panjang dan daun pakis yang direbus itu masing-masing
Biarkan sebentar
Panaskan penggorengan lalu daun pakis dioseng-oseng sebentar dengan api besar
Setelah daging sapi sudah tidak panas, silakan diiris dengan tebal setengah cm
Irislah lobak yang diangkat tadi dengan ukuran yang sama dengan daging sapi
Untuk memberikan rasa yang lebih sedap, daging sapi dan lobak yang diiris itu diberikan bumbu garam sedikit, daun bawang yang diiris kecil-kecil 2 sendok teh, bawang putih yang dicincang 1 sendok teh, kecap asin 1 sendok teh dan merica sedikit
Aduk rata dan biarkan sebentar
Di dalam panci, tuangkan kuah sapi dan masukkan daging sapi, lobak, taoge panjang bersama daun pakis yang telah dibumbui itu
Silakan didihkan sekitar 10 menit dengan api besar
Sebelum disajikan, campurkan nasi putih ke dalam kuah
Sajikan Jangkukbap bersama dengan kimchi.

Sumber

Sweet Sorghum: an Alternative Feedstock for Bioethanol

2011-05-02T19:38:00.000-07:00

Guys….. There are many other biomasses which can be alternative energy to safe the world from the lack of energy from fossil fuel. Sweet sorghum is one of those biomasses. I have talked about microalgae and sugar cane in the last posting. Now, I want to share you about sweet sorghum. I have found an interesting journal that you can read it’s resume.

Sweet Sorghum: an Alternative Feedstock for Bioethanol

By :Kamrun Nahar

North South University

(Received: Oct 7, 2010; Accepted: Jan 15, 2011)

Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 2 (1): 58-61, 2011

ISSN 2079-2115

IJEE an Official Peer Reviewed Journal of Babol Noshirvani University of Technology

Sweet sorghum is a rising crop for energy and being considered due to its merits of substituting fossil fuel with the ethanol that is extracted from it. It overcomes many of the short comings of other biofuel/energy (food) crops. To produce ethanol only the stalks of sweet sorghum are being used while the grain is saved for food or livestock feed. Also the grain is not in high demand in the global food market and thus has little impact on food prices and food security. Sweet sorghum is grown on already-farmed dry lands that are low in carbon storage capacity, so there are no concerns of clearing of rainforests. Sweet sorghum is easier and cheaper to grow than other biofuel crops and does not require much irrigation, so it is an important consideration in dry areas.

Sweet sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) belongs to the Poaceae family and is one of the major varieties of sorghum that has high sugar content. It is similar to grain sorghum with sugar-rich stalks. It has various uses and is a key energy crop, which can be cultivated for simultaneous production of grain from its ear head as food; the juice from its stalk can be used for making syrup, molasses (“Gur”) or ethanol. The bagasse and green foliage are an excellent fodder for animal; moreover, it can be used as an organic fertilizer, or for manufacturing paper. The plant will thrive under dry conditions and is primarily grown for forage, silage and sugar production [1]. Sweet Sorghum is considered as a new industrial energy crop as it is an alternative source of energy. It has the potential to be an important alternative feedstock for the production of ethanol.

Sweet sorghum is identified as a preferred biomass crop for fermentation into ethanol fuel. The plants stalks are used for producing biofuel by squeezing the juice and then fermenting it into ethanol. It is among the most widely adaptable cereal grasses potentially useful for biomass and fuel production. Due to low water requirement for cultivation and processing, sweet sorghum can be grown throughout the temperate climate zones of Asia and the Americas.

Producing ethanol from sweet sorghum is relatively very simple. Press the juice from the stalk, add yeast, allow fermentation (the simple sugars derived from sweet sorghum have to be fermented immediate) and get ethanol. To produce ethanol, the sorghum stalks are crushed yielding sweet juice that is distilled and transformed into biofuel, a clean burning fuel with a high octane rating. The grain is not involved in the ethanol process. It is used for food; mainly in flat breads and porridges. The crushed stalks are used for animal fodder. New investors are getting into the commercial production of this which has multiple uses. Besides production of ethanol as biofuel there are many other important products that could be realized from sweet sorghum.

Figure: Simplified diagram of alternative processes to convert sweet sorghum to energy fuel

Sweet sorghum is highly complementary to sugarcane in the expanding global need for renewable biofuel systems. It provides high biomass yield and ethanol with low irrigation and fertilizer requirements. Sugar can ethanol, in contrast, requires significant amounts of water for growing and processing. A comparison between the sugarcane and sweet sorghum is shown in the table.

Advantages of using sweet sorghum for alcohol manufacturing:

It requires less water and fertilizers compared to sugarcane

Harvesting & cultivation practices are easier and are identical to sugar cane

Crop cycle is short 3.5-4 months. Usually, two cycles are possible from same piece of land annually provided irrigation is possible.

On crushing to extract juice, gives bagasse as by-product, which can be a principal source of energy for operation of distillery in the form of boiler fuel. This practically makes alcohol production free of energy cost and improves possibility of operation in remote areas.

Sweet sorghum shows promise for small to mid-size farm as a directly fermentable sugar crop. The crop can also grow well on marginal soil with little supplemental nutrients and is drought tolerant. It also can be easily pressed for a sugar-rich juice that is directly fermentable without enzyme-based conversion of cellulose or starch. Additionally, the cellulosic matter left after pressing juice from the plant has fuel value. Being a dedicated energy crop that is directly fermentable and the by-product, bagasse is distinguished sweet sorghum from other candidate of ethanol crops. Its ability to grow on marginal land with minimal inputs is a significant factor that further differentiates it from other energy crops. Hence, sweet sorghum is a very promising biofuel crop with potential for cultivation due to relatively high drought tolerance, short growing season and easy propagation by seed.

CUBA-VENEZUELA: Making Biofuels Without Wasting Food - IPS ipsnews.net

2011-04-26T22:03:00.000-07:00

CUBA-VENEZUELA: Making Biofuels Without Wasting Food - IPS ipsnews.net

Making Biofuels Without Wasting Food
By Patricia Grogg

HAVANA, Mar 6, 2007 (IPS) - The governments of Cuba and Venezuela are planning to move forward together on biofuels production, but they will rely on producing alcohol from sugarcane, in order to spare food crops.

Official Cuban sources described the cooperative alcohol programme between the two countries as part of their "joint efforts" to protect the environment, reduce consumption of fossil fuels and promote alternative energy sources, while holding fast to the principle of not using edible crops to make fuels.

At present Venezuela imports Brazilian ethanol to mix with gasoline distributed in the eastern part of the country, in preference to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), an oxygenate additive which is a pollutant.

The Venezuelans "are planning to add eight percent ethanol to petrol in the first instance," said the head of the state Cuban Institute of Research on Sugarcane Derivatives, Luis Gálvez, on a television panel programme on alternative energy, in which experts warned that the rush to produce fuel alcohol could threaten food production.
Venezuela is planning to grow 276,000 hectares of sugarcane, to produce some 25,000 barrels per day (bpd) of fuel ethanol from bagasse, the plant matter left over after the sugar has been extracted.

Along with a wide range of cooperation projects totalling 1.5 billion dollars agreed on Feb. 28, the two governments signed an agreement to instal 11 ethanol plants in Venezuela and develop sugarcane production there.

On that occasion, Cuban Sugar Minister Ulises Rosales del Toro and Venezuelan Energy Minister Rafael Ramírez also signed contracts for supplying the first four plants, according to a detailed report published in the local daily Granma.

"Cuba is playing an important role, not only in supplying Venezuela through several of our sugar mills, but also with cooperation on technological aspects," Gálvez said.

The official defended alcohol production from sugarcane rather than from cereals like maize, which the United States uses as raw material for its entire ethanol consumption. The U.S. is the world's second largest producer of alcohol, after Brazil.

According to Gálvez, sugarcane is the best answer to three of humanity's pressing concerns, namely food, energy and the environment.

"Sugarcane production today is inevitably linked to alcohol and energy, for economic and market reasons," said Gálvez, citing Brazil, the world leader in producing fuel alcohol, as a prime example of "flexible production."

Expert sources consulted by IPS estimated that a ton of sugarcane bagasse can yield between 65 and 90 litres of alcohol. They emphasised that as the source is biomass, the fuel alcohol produced does not contribute to global warming.

Other experts participating in the forum on Cuban state television were insistent on the danger posed by the global biofuels fever to developing countries, as industrialised nations "talk of substituting one (energy) source for another, without changing their current patterns" of high consumption.

"What they are considering is a scheme in which most of the biofuels are produced in underdeveloped countries in Asia, Latin America or Africa, to be exported to the industrialised world," said Ramón Pichs, of the World Economy Research Centre (CIEM).

According to this model, developing countries would provide large areas of their cultivable land and cheap labour, and suffer a negative impact on food production and the environment, he said.

According to Pichs' calculations, filling a car's five-gallon tank with biofuel for two weeks would consume the amount of grain that would feed 26 people for a year.

The surge of interest in biofuels is caused by the drawbacks of using fossil fuels: high oil prices, their role in global warming, and their non-renewable nature as an energy source.

In 2002, Cuba restructured its sugar industry, closing down half of its 156 factories and cutting sugarcane cultivation. Now it is interested in manufacturing fuel alcohol, primarily for export.

It has therefore modernised at least 11 of its 17 distilleries, and intends to build seven new plants. These will be devoted to producing fuel grade dehydrated (anhydrous) ethanol, treated to remove the four percent of water contained in ordinary distilled alcohol.

The programme requires an investment of between 100 and 150 million dollars, and will increase ethanol production to about 500 million litres a year, from its current base of between 100 million and 150 million litres a year.

Cuba and Venezuela have close political and economic ties, and are promoting an integration strategy known as the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA), which Bolivia joined in 2006, as did Nicaragua after Daniel Ortega became president on Jan. 10.

Under the terms of an energy agreement in force since 2000, Venezuela supplies Cuba with 93,000 to 100,000 bpd of oil, as well as technological support for developing oil and gas production on this Caribbean island.

After the meeting in Havana to assess the progress of a wide-ranging integrated cooperation agreement in force for over six years, the two countries agreed to stimulate development of new energy sources in Cuba and Venezuela that will also benefit "other sister nations." (END)

CUBA: Sugarcane - Source of Renewable Energy, But Not Ethanol - IPS ipsnews.net

2011-04-26T21:52:00.000-07:00

CUBA: Sugarcane - Source of Renewable Energy, But Not Ethanol - IPS ipsnews.net
By Patricia Grogg

HAVANA, Jun 1, 2007 (IPS) - Like other Latin American countries, Cuba is focusing on the development of renewable energy sources. But unlike Brazil, a leader in biofuels, this Caribbean island nation has ruled out the production of ethanol fuel based on sugarcane, because of President Fidel Castro's opposition to using food crops to produce biofuel on a large scale.

Cuban researchers continue to see the sugar industry, for decades the motor of the Cuban economy, as a strategic sector capable of producing food products for human and animal consumption, generating electricity from bagasse - the fibrous by-product of sugar extraction from cane stalks - or producing alcohol and even pharmaceutical products.
When the sugarcane industry was at its height, producing harvests of up to eight million tons, it generated around 10 percent of the electrical power produced in Cuba. But with the drop in production seen over the past decade, the proportion of electricity that it produces shrank from 10 to 5.6 percent, between 1990 and 2002.

In 2002, the sugar industry underwent a major restructuring that involved the closure of half of the country's 156 sugar mills, in order to bring production levels into line with international prices, which had dropped at that time to around six cents a pound.

"The first source of renewable energy remains sugarcane biomass, and if the strategy for the future is to produce energy in a decentralised manner and with diversified sources, this should be one of them," Cuban expert Julio Torres commented to IPS.

A large part of the mills that survived the restructuring and remain active upgraded their installations in order to generate their own energy supplies, although they do not yet produce a surplus to sell to the national grid.

"Investment must be made in technological changes to make the electricity generating industry more efficient," said Torres. "The problem does not lie in the number of mills that are working, but in the quality of the mills."

"Sugarcane biomass could be the start of the road towards sustainable energy production for our country," he added.

The expert said there are plans to increase sugarcane production, but argued that researchers "must begin studying the best way to deal with the problems posed by climate change, which has a major impact on agriculture."

This year, unseasonal rains hindered the sugar harvest, which ended in mid-May with an output no higher than last year's poor showing: 1.2 million tons, according to preliminary estimates.

The cost per kilowatt of burning biomass is four times lower than that of burning fossil fuels. In addition, biomass is a cleaner source of energy that does not release into the environment heavy metals and other toxic substances.

Although the residues produced by the alcohol industry do pollute the environment, there is technology that allows such waste to be used in the production of biogas, which would replace the fuel oil used in the distillery itself.

Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter. It is a low-cost, renewable biofuel that can be used for cooking or generating electricity. At the same time, the process generates a subproduct that can be used as fertiliser or as feed for fish or birds.

"Biogas has several uses, but the most important aspect is its impact on reducing the pollution produced by the country's sugar and coffee factories," Luis Bérriz, president of Cubasolar, the Society for the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources and Respect for the Environment, told IPS.

In his view, what is needed is "greater development of this source of alternative energy in the country," which already uses hydroelectricity and solar power and is also interested in harnessing wind power.

A year ago, sugar industry officials announced during an international conference in Havana an ambitious programme to expand the alcohol industry, including the modernisation of 11 distilleries and the installation of seven new ones, which would make use of the waste products by means of different solutions.

The project was aimed at increasing the production of alcohol, including dehydrated alcohol to be mixed with gasoline on the domestic market and for export, Luis Gálvez, director of the governmental Cuban Institute of Research on Sugarcane Derivatives, told IPS at the time.

But the industry has ruled out its plans to produce ethanol fuel - an issue on which the convalescent Castro has launched a heated debate, in which he focuses on the danger posed to food security by using food crops to produce biofuels on a large scale.

In a congress on renewable energy last week, Conrado Moreno, a member of Cuba's Academy of Sciences, said the upgrading of 11 distilleries would allow an increase in alcohol output - mainly for use in producing rum and pharmaceutical products - to 150 million litres a year.

"That ethanol will not go towards the production of fuel," said Moreno, who added that "There has never been large-scale production in Cuba" of ethanol for fuel.

The Cuban government signed an agreement with Venezuela in February for the construction of 11 plants to produce ethanol and the expansion of sugarcane cultivation towards that

Publish Post

end in that South American country.

As Alí Rodríguez, Venezuela's ambassador to Cuba, later explained, the fuel will cover already existing demand in Venezuela, by providing the 15 percent ethanol in gasoline exports and by replacing the leaded gasoline that is no longer produced in the country. (END)

Biodiesel from Vegetable Oil

2011-04-19T23:11:00.001-07:00

Biodiesel is mono alkyl esters of fatty acids (FA) derived from vegetable oils or animal fats that is known as a clean and renewable fuel. Biodiesel is usually produced by the transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol or ethanol. When methanol is used, the transesterification reaction is referred to as methanolysis. Methanolysis of triglyceride can be seen in figure 1 (Ilgen, et. al., 2007).

Vegetable oils contain 90-98% of triglycerides as the main components and small amount of mono and diglycerides. Triglycerides are ester of three long chain fatty acids (8 to 22 carbon atoms) attached to one glycerol group. Fatty acids are distinguished based on carbon chain length and the number of their double bond.

In general, there are five types of fatty acids contained in the vegetable oils, such as oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid (another type of fatty acids present in small amounts). If fatty acids chain is released from triglyceride they will be free fatty acids (FFA) (Joelianinsih, 2006). The contents of FFA in vegetable oils are generally 1-5 %, but some are more than 5%, depending on the type of oil and how its processing.

Biodiesel from vegetable oils has many advantages compared with diesel fuel such as: (1) Biodiesel has a higher flash point than diesel fuel so easily in storage, (2) not flammable, (3) easily absorbed by nature within 21 days, so that no potential on global warming, (4) can make a more complete combustion, (5) reduces emissions without sacrificing performance and efficiency, (6) can be used in any diesel engine without modification are required, etc.

Vegetable oils have very high viscosity to 10-20 times of diesel oil. The high viscosity of vegetable oils can cause imperfect burning and the appearing of crust in the combustion chamber. So that, the vegetable oils viscosity must be reduced close to the diesel oil viscosity. To reduce the vegetable oils viscosity, transesterification reaction needs to be done. By transesterification, the viscosity of vegetable oils can be reduced up to 85%.

Transesterification is the reaction of the triglycerides in vegetable oils or animal fats with short chain alcohols such as methanol or ethanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters or biodiesel and glycerol as a by-product. The equation of transesterification reaction can be seen bellow:

Transesterification Reaction

Esterification is the reaction between FFA and short chain alcohol (methanol or ethanol) produce methyl ester and fatty acids and water. The equation of esterification reaction can be seen in figure 2.

Esterification Reaction

Based on the FFA content in the vegetable oils, the biodiesel production process can be divided into two parts, namely: (1) Transesterification using alkali catalyst for vegetable oil with low FFA content, (2) Esterification using acid catalyst for vegetable oil with high FFA content followed by transesterification using alkali catalyst (Joelianinsih et. al., 2006).

This biodiesel production process usually runs slowly, so it necessary to use catalysts to accelerate the process. The catalyst types can be divided into homogeneous catalyst and heterogeneous catalyst. The homogenous catalysts include alkalis and acids. The most commonly used alkali catalysts are sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. The acid-catalyzed process often uses sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid. However, the reaction time is very long and the need a high molar ratio of methanol is needed. Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and their carbonates as well as potassium and sodium alkoxides, such as NaOCH₃ are usually used as base catalyst for this reaction. As the catalytic activity of a base is higher than that of an acid, and acid catalysts are more corrosive, the base-catalyzed process is preferred to the acid-catalyzed one, and is thus most often used commercially (Ilgen, et. al., 2007).

Although homogeneous base catalyst is more effective to accelerate the reaction, it can not be remove easily from the biodiesel product. Heterogeneous base catalyst is the alternative of that homogeneous base catalyst. The heterogeneous catalysts are getting importance because they facilitate the recovery of the own catalyst (only by filtering the solid catalyst in this case) and therefore reduce the contamination problems of the biodiesel and its sub-products. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalysts also may reduce the problem soap production and the quantity of necessary water in the biodiesel washing step. As result, the consumption of this valuable natural resource and the obviously, the dumping of the contaminated water will decrease (Reyes-Labarta, et. al., 2009).

Spirullina sp as Biodiesel Raw Material

2011-04-19T22:51:00.000-07:00

Spirulina sp is one type of Cyanobacteria that can live in a variety of fluctuating environmental conditions, particularly physical and chemical environmental conditions such as light intensity, water temperature, salinity and nutrient limitation. Thus, the organism appears to be capable of adaptation to very different habitats and colonizes certain environments in which life for other microorganisms is, if not impossible, very difficult.

The temperature of the environment is a highly influential factor on the growth of Spirulina sp and also affects the increased levels of its lipid. In general, Spirulina sp lives in water that has high salinity, alkaline pH 8-11 and the water temperature of approximately 20-40 °C (Oliveira, at. al., 1999). Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima are two types of Spirulina sp commonly observed. Spirulina sp is an obligate photoautotroph. It’s mean that it needs light to grow up. The optimal light intensity was found to be between 20 and 30 klx. Under field conditions optimal day temperature has been reported to be around 40 °C and the night temperature is around 25 °C (Cifferi, 1983).

Spirulina sp has higher vegetable oil content than other types of algae. The present of high concentration of linolenic acid is its characteristic. Linolenic acid is type of polyunsaturated fatty acid. This compound can reduce the stability of biodiesel produced, but has a low melting point so that in the cold weather, this compound may provide benefits in the use of biodiesel.

For the algae cultivation process, there are two methods that can be selected, using an open pond (pool open) and a photobioreactor. Use of photobioreactor is more profitable than open pond systems. This is due to several advantages than pond system. The differences of cultivation process can cause many differences of algae contents (Cifferi, 1983).

Algae oil can be extracted using several methods, namely percolation and osmotic method. Percolation method is type of extraction method often used to recover valuable volatile compounds in pharmaceutical (Pramparo, et. al., 2002). Ethanol is used as solvent in this method. Osmotic method can be used to extract algae oil because Spirulina sp is considered as multicellular microscopic living creature that has semipermeable membranes that are vulnerable to changes in osmotic pressure. In this method, hydrochloric acid is often used as solvent.

Microalgae Biodiesel as The Renewable Energy Development

2011-04-19T22:31:00.000-07:00

The recent unprecedented increase of oil prices and the lack of oil sources make many countries in the world face energy crisis and global warming which are getting worse due to the effects of climate change. The world must be aware and pay attention to get the best solution for this problem. Countries and government have to think the alternative energy source to substitute fossil fuel that is used in transport and energy generation facilities.

This alternative energy source should be cheaper, exist naturally in a country and has more positive impact on the environment. Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternative energy to fulfill the needs of sustainable energy for the future. The development of biodiesel is improved year by year in many countries to satisfy the fuel needs. This is the table of projection on biodiesel development in Indonesia (Sambodo, 2009).

Although the bio-fuels development has been carried out since several years, the using of algae for bio-fuel is still rare especially in Indonesia. Bio-diesel production in Indonesia is still based on crude palm oil, sugar cane as well as cassava in which the price of raw material gives the biggest contribution in the total of production cost (it is about 70% of the total cost) (Rachmaniah, 2010). Whereas the bio-fuel development based on Jatropha Curcas commercially has not promised the guarantee of the bio-diesel quality (Rachmaniah, 2010). In the fact, Indonesia has large water areas where there are several kinds of microalgae grow there. So, it will be pitied if that valuable source of biomass is not used wisely and optimally.

Microalgae are considered one of the most promising biomass for bio-fuels. The recent investment in microalgae for fuels is well justified by the potential of these microorganisms offer through their higher lipid productivities per ground area than oleaginous agricultural crops, as well as lack of competition for arable land (Wijffels and Barbosa, 2010). By producing microscopically small algae in bulk in large-scale installation, the world should be able to become independent of fossil fuels in a sustainable way.

To cultivate algae on large scale, fertilizers could be extracted from manure surpluses and wastewater, with CO₂ coming from industrial residues. On the other hand, in Indonesia, many industries produce wastewater containing a variety of nutrients needed by algae to grow. For example, instant noodle industry. The liquid waste from these industries has high levels of COD, BOD, nitrate, total phosphorus, and some macro and micronutrients needed. The liquid waste also contains organic compound carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids dissolved. Using these nutrients can support the profuse growth and aid in mass multiplication of algae (Tamod, et. al., 2004). This wastewater needs a treatment before disposed to the environment because it can be water pollutant. The algae cultivation in this wastewater can reduce the pollutant levels. The type of microalgae that will be used in this study is Spirulina sp. It is because Spirulina sp contains higher lipids and can be harvested in shorter time than the other microalgae species (Oliveira et. al., 1999).

Biodiesel production process that exists today is the process followed by esterification and transesterification. This process usually takes a long time so that less than optimal. Therefore, it is necessary to use catalysts to accelerate this process of making biodiesel (Destianna,et. al., 2007). Typically, the catalysts used are homogeneous catalysts. The homogenous catalysts include alkalis and acids.

However, in the conventional homogenous manner, removal of this catalyst is technically difficult and a large amount of wastewater is produced to separate and clean the catalyst and the product. Therefore, conventional homogenous catalysts are expected to be replaced in the near future by heterogeneous catalyst, mainly due to environmental constraints and simplification of the existing.

Mg/Al hydrotalcite is solids with interesting basic properties that shown good activity in transesterification reactions. The hydrotalcite Mg₆Al₂(OH)₁₆CO₃.4H₂O has attracted much attention during the development of new catalyst that friendlier with the environment. This catalyst also can be made easily and can be produce in industrial scale. In this study, calcined Mg/Al hydrotalcite are adopted for methanolysis of Spirulina sp oil and the optimum reaction conditions will be investigated.

The Benefits:

The result of this study is expected to enrich the knowledge of algae bio-fuel production and provide information about the making of bio-fuels with lower cost and easier using Mg/Al Hydrotalcite as the heterogeneous catalyst. Besides, this study can provide information about wastewater treatment from industry, especially instant noodle industry using Spirulina sp cultivation. In the long run, the success of this research is expected to encourage the manufacture of algae bio-fuels on an industrial scale in order to can reduce the dependence on expensive depleting fossil fuels because this bio-fuels can substitute fossil fuels for the transport and energy requirements and can contribute to solving global warming and environmental pollution. The algae used for the production of bio-fuels are considered renewable and have the potential to mitigate the emission of green house gases.

Petroleum Oil

2011-04-19T02:35:00.000-07:00

Hahahahaha, In this petroleum chemistry exam, i was told to make paper,,,, perhaps it's interesting to read,,, maybe there is someone who wants to correct, Thanks ,,,,,!:)

Wax Oil

Wax is one of the petroleum refining petroleum products which usually contain compound hydrocarbon with carbon atom number 20 till 75. In general, a solid wax at ambient temperature, are thermoplastic, flammable, liquid form at temperatures of 100-200 º F and is insoluble in water. Wax are generally non-reactive, non-toxic, water resistant, colorless, and has a melting point between 120-160 º F. Wax oil has a high melting point because it contains hydrocarbon compounds and napthen isoparaffins. In addition there is the possibility of containing aromatic hydrocarbon compounds.

Wax is produced from petroleum processing / refining crude oil. Crude oil is a heterogeneous mixture of various types of hydrocarbon compounds with differences in character of each, both physical and chemical properties. Petroleum processing itself consists of two main types of processes, namely the primary and secondary processes. In the primary process based on differences in one of the physical properties of its components, namely the boiling point. While the separation by means of secondary works on the basis of chemical properties.

Agadir Argan Oil Treatment, 4-Ounce

Crude oil was initially treated with a set of tools known as refinery Distillation Crude Unit (CDU). There are some fraction of refining crude oil-based differences in boiling points: Olay Professional Pro-X Advanced Cleansing System

Table. 1. Table fraction of crude oil refining results

From the results of this CDU down heavy oil distillate is processed again in the High Vacuum Unit (HVU). HVU process is the process of distilling a pressure below atmospheric pressure, aiming to take a middle distillate oil that is not drawn processed CDU, by pulling (vacuum), the product of long residue. This is to prevent the cracking that occurs due to the formation of unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds are not desired olefins in petroleum products because it is not stable. So with this HVU low-pressure process is made so that the middle distillate to evaporate at a temperature of ± 345 °. Image of crude oil refining process with the CDU which is based on differences in boiling point fractions are as follows: Olay Regenerist Daily Regenerating Serum, Fragrance Free, 1.7-Fluid Ounces

Figure1. Destilation Crude Unit (CDU)

Long Residue distillate from the CDU and the kitchen is heated in the pre-heater to a temperature of ± 345 ° C, then packed into a pressure HVU ± 13 mmH2O. In this column there are tray-tray as well as on the CDU. One product that will come out of this process is the product Parafine Oil Distillate (POD), this product is the raw material for making candles or wax on the Wax Plant process unit. This product is a special product, so not all HVU have this product. The picture of HVU products are as follows:Oil: Money, Politics, and Power in the 21st Century

Figure.2. High Vacuum Unit (HVU)

Product Parafine Oil distillate (POD) is then processed again separately produce petroleum wax on wax process plant. Separation of the wax and the oil can be done by precipitation that is by way of centrifuges. The wax could not be separated with a filter cloth for the wax will clog the wax section. Separation of the wax from the oil by fractionation will not work because the boiling point of the wax nearly the same / close to the boiling point of oil. Separation of the wax and the oil can be done well if using a solvent. Several methods of separation of wax is as follows:

Sweet Almond Oil 16 fl.oz

1) Method of pressure and concentration (pressing and sweating)

Figure.3. Wax paraffin separation process with pressure and concentration.

Factors that affect this process include: 1) viscosity, 2) the fractionation, 3) the content of wax, 4) the process of distillation, 5) the structure of wax crystals.

2) Separation by centrifuge

This separation is used for several years before the separation process with solvent was found. Once the separation process with a solvent found , the process of separation with centrifuges is rare.

Figure. 4. Separation by centrifuges

3) The process of propane with its own cooling

This process is quite unique, because some of the material in another part vaporized and cooled. In this process is unbelievably minimal energy loss. The advantage of this process: a) alone heating, b) rapid cooling, c) Flexible for a variety of wax, d) Filtration goes well, e) The result of addition of solvent can increase the income (economic)

4) Reprocessing wax with a ketone

The advantage of using ketone is a ketone having a good meeting for the molecular screening process and very little soluble in wax, but ketone was not able to withstand oil entirely so for the purposes of separation of this oil is used solvents benzol and toluol. The minimal terms of mixture sovent to low viscosity is 55% MEK, 35% benzol, 10% toluol.

Petroleum wax in general there are 3 types namely: 1). Paraffin wax, derived from light lubricating oil distillate. Wax contains some straight hydrocarbon chain with carbon number of 20-30 pieces, 2). Micro crystal night, it is derived from a combination of heavy distillate and residual lubricating oils. Having a particular crystal structure which is not good, a darker color, and high melting point and viscosity. Wider than the paraffin wax by looking at its physical properties 3). Petrolatum,it is derived from heavy residual oil and separated by a process of melting and filtration (centrifuge). Petrolatum in the form of micro-crystals in natural and semi-solid at room temperature.

If viewed from the content of its oil, petroleum wax divided into 3 kinds: 1). Slack wax, containing 30-50% oil, 2). Scale wax, oil containing 1-3%, 3). Fully refined paraffien (FRP) wax, has less than 0.5% oil. Classification of this specification can be tested to ASTM D721 with oil content in the wax.

Because of interest in mixing, processing and use, the petroleum wax are classified based on its melting temperature. The wax did not have a definite melting point because the composition of the wax consisted of hydrocarbon compounds. The melting point is the temperature where the wax shows the speed of change in minimum temperature. Melting point measurement by ASTM D87. The melting point that is used there are two kinds, namely the melting point of British and American. American melting point 3 ˚ F higher than the melting point of Britain. The wax type which its melting point can be determined is paraffin, while the opposite is micro-crystal.

Wax micro crystals made with a special refining to meet the ASTM specification number which includes the point viscosity (ASTM D938), the level of violence penetration (D1321), color (ASTM D6045) and viscosity (ASTM D445). Wax micro crystal in general can be divided into two categories, class-coated (laminating grades) and hard class (hardening grades). Class plated has a melting point of 140-175 ˚ F and the hardness penetration approximately 25 and upwards. Wax have a melting point of 175-200 hard ˚ F and has a penetration hardness 25 or younger. Violence levels are tested with ATSM D1321 night. Two classes same color that is brown to white, depending on the degree of process at the refinery.

The properties of other wax depending on the use of wax. For example in the use of wax to yield wax paper making, the properties need to be tested, especially the sticky point or blacking point (ASTM D1465), ie the temperature where the wax paper will be sticky each other., Sealing strength of the force to separate the hot wax paper, and the flexibility that is the number of folds which will not cause damage to the lining of the wax on paper. Resistance to water and water vapor are also important and considered separately.

The use of wax in a very wide field of industry such as night paraffin, micro crystalline wax or petrolatum, namely:Bio-Oil, 2-Ounce Bottle

1). Inks, paints, coatings (IPC)

Tonight is used as an additive in printing inks (printing ink) and coating fabric for improving resistance or elastic film layer, anti-blister, scratch-resistant and protect from the effects of collision, memperlicin, enhance the effect of specific surface, and increase resistance to water. Tonight is widely used for the manufacture of cloth, printing inks, materials pemolis, and typewriter ribbons.

2). Paper & Packaging

Wax is used as a coating on the board and paper industry, improving resilience against transmission fatherly moisture, microorganisms, and foreign odor. It also maintains the aroma and taste of packaged goods. This coating is used for packaging foods such as fruit, fish, meat, vegetables, etc.Wax is used to coat the paper, the production of plates and cups are thrown away after use, and coat the frozen food containers.

3). Corrosion protection

Wax can be used as a protective corrosion of various metals. Usually used in the automotive industry.

4). Chemistry & blending

In the chemical industry a few types of wax are chemically modified for example chlorination, oxidation, modification of production separately soap, alcohol, and esters.

5). Construction & insulation

Wax is also used in industrial design, building, and electrical insulation. Eg used for concrete surface to be more durable, to improve insulating properties of building materials home, and for the ceramic industry.

In addition, the wax also can be used for the manufacture of cosmetics, rubber, plastic (PVC), candles, etc..

Refferensi:

Hardjono, A., 2007, Petroleum Technology, mold I, Gadjah Mada University Press, 114-116.

http://ajie.web.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=228&Itemid=32-pengolahan

night

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcrystalline_wax

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-petrolat.html

http://www.ergotek.ru/index2_en.html

http://www.chem-is-try.org/?sect=artikel&ext=64

http://www.hpwax.com/petrolatum_wax.htm

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilang_minyak

http://library.usu.ac.id/download/fmipa/kimia-fatimah2.pdf.

http://persembahanku.wordpress.com/2007/02/27/proses-pengolahan-minyak-bumi/

http://www.sasolwax.com/Inks__Paints__Coatings_ (IPC). html

http://www.sasolwax.com/Paper___Packaging.html

http://www.sasolwax.com/Corrosion_Protection.html

http://www.sasolwax.com/Chemistry___Blending.html

http://www.sasolwax.com/Construction___Insulation.html

The guidance to be expert analyst (Panduan menjadi analis ahli) ^ ^

2011-04-17T06:26:00.000-07:00

Guys,chemical analysis is an important knowledge in many industries. Commonly, chemical analysis is based on the way to determine the contents of a compound. It becomes the main purpose of a chemical analyst, but at present, modern chemical analysis consist of an identification of chemical compounds, structure elucidation, and quantitative analysis of chemical compounds.

You know guys, i just have had an interview in a multinational company in Indonesia. I surprised that i was asked some questions about basic of chemistry. Unfortunately, i was failed T_T. So, in this blog i want to share the way to be expert analyst in order to in the other interview opportunities like i had, you can handle it successfully :).

Lets back to the lesson! (^.^)v
There are some steps in quantitative analysis:

(1) Trying to get sample: in this case,the sample must represent the material that will be analyzed. We have to know the right sampling method.
(2) Doing preparation of the sample in order to can be analyzed: For instant, to analyst methyl ester contents in oil sample. Oil sample from animal fats has to be purified from dirt, water, and contaminant before pretreatment of transesterification. After methyl ester have been obtained,it can be analyzed.
(3) Sample measurement:some physical and chemical properties can be used as a way of quantitative and qualitative measurements.
(4) Counting and interpretation of analysis data: an analysis data is considered have been finished if the result can be understood by the user.

So, guys, those the four step you have to do in chemical analysis.

Methods of concentration measurement:

Measurement of concentration usually consists of Volumetric and gravimetric methods. Gravimetric method is based on the reaction equation below:

a C + b R <-> CaRb

R is exceeds reagent that react with C (compound)yields a products CaRb whic is in solid phase and can be weight.

In the gravimetric method, the chemical reaction and purification, the loss of weight has to less than 0.1 mg or 0.0001 gram with the 99.9% recovery of the main compounds.
While, in the volumetric, R is added to C until CaRb is produced. The reaction end point is showed by an indicator, this point often happens before or after the equivalent point. This method can be apply in some reaction such as neutralization, oxidation-reduction, precipitation, and the complex compound formation.

Gus, as a human, commonly we did a mistake. We can make an error in analysis.Error is the difference between observed values and actual values at each chemical analysis.There are some error in analysis:

(1) Method error: This is the most fatal error in analysis.This is caused by ignorance on the chemical nature of the system.
(2) Operation error: This error is caused of analyst mistakes or the wrong method.
(3) Instrumental error: This error can be minimized with calibration or blank solution as in spectrophotometric analysis.
The error also can be caused by the contaminant in the sample.

Guys... i think i will continue my writing tomorrow... Check it out the other post,Let's study together! :D

Arti lirik "Daisuki na Hito"

2009-06-25T05:46:00.000-07:00

Selamat tinggal cinta ku, selamat tinggal cinta ku
Aku masih cintai kamu

Aku sakit hati, aku sangat sedih
Kamu sama sekali tak mau kembali, tetapi aku tetap mencintai mu

Aku tak dapat melupakan semua, aku tak dapat membuang semuanya
Aku sengsara dan lemah

Dan menyedihkan, aku benci diriku sendiri

Selamat tinggal cinta ku, selamat tinggal cinta ku
Aku akan selalu cinta kamu
Akan selalu, selalu cinta kamu

Aku tak ingin mengangis sekarang, tak mau menangis sekarang
Walaupun hati kita tumbuh berjauhan, aku tetap cinta kamu

Aku akan mengatakan ini hingga akhir waktu, aku akan mengatakan ini hingga akhir waktu
Aku hentikan air mata ku, lalu melihatmu tersenyum
Itu adalah sesuatu yang ku ingat terakhir kali

Selamat tinggal cinta ku, selamat tinggal cinta ku
Aku masih mencintai mu
Aku akan selalu, selalu cinta kamu
Aku akan selalu, selalu, selalu cinta kamu......!

bagi pembaca blog ku yang kemarin minta terjemahan lyric ini,,,,! trims yak dah ngunjungin blog ku :)

Sayonara Daisukina Hito Lyric

2008-12-17T15:28:00.000-08:00

15 Desember 2008

“Sayonara Daisuki na Hito”
Sayonara daisuki na hito sayonara daisuki na hito
Mada daisuki na hito

Kuyashii yo totemo kanashii yo totemo
Mou kaette konai sore demo watashi no daisuki na hito

Nanimo ka mo wasurenarenai nanimo ka mo sute kirenai
Konna jibun ga mijime de yowakute
Kawaisou de daikirai

Sayonara daisuki na hito sayonara daisuki na hito
Zutto daisuki na hito
Zutto zutto daisuki na hito

Nakanai yo ima wa nakanaide ima wa
Kokoro hanarete yuku sore demo watashi no daisuki na hito

Saigo da to iikikasete saigo made iikikasete
Namida yo tomare saigo ni egao wo
Oboete oku tame

Sayonara daisuki na hito sayonara daisuki na hito
Zutto daisuki na hito
Zutto zutto daisuki na hito
Zutto zutto zutto daisuki na hito
(Hana*Hana)

16 Desember 2008
Persahabatan ku,,,,,
Persahabatan itu indah,bahkan sangatlah indah.
Dan hanya orang yang tak tau arti persahabatan, yang memutuskannya.
Terangilah sudut kamar mu, dengan senyuman manis sahabat mu.
Ramaikan kesunyian hati mu dengan sorakan dan tawa teman mu.
Bagilah hatimu untuk mereka,,,,,dan ikutlah tertawa di dalamnya.
Dan hanya orang yang tau arti persahabatan yang akan menjaganya.
Thank you all my friends!! 
“Best Friend”
Mou daijoubu shinpai nai to nakisou na watashi no soba de
itsumo kawaranai egao de sasayaite kureta
mada mada mada yareru yo datte itsu demo kagayaiteru
toki ni wa isogisugite miushinau koto mo aru yo shikatanai
zutto mimamotte iru karatte egao de
itsumo no you ni dakishimeta
anata no egao ni nando tasukerareta darou
arigatou arigatou Best Friend
.
Konna ni takusan no shiawase kanjiru toki wa shunkan de
koko ni iru subete no nakama kara saikou no purezento
mada mada mada yareru yo datte itsu demo minna soba ni iru
kitto ima koko de yari togerareru koto sonna koto mo chikara nikawaru
zutto mimamotte iru karatte egao de
itsumo no you ni dakishimeta
minna no egao ni nando tasukerareta darou
arigatou arigatou Best Friend

Toki ni wa isogisugite miushinau koto mo aru yo shikatanai
zutto mimamotte iru karatte egao de
itsumo no you ni dakishimeta
anata no egao ni nando tasukerareta darou
arigatou arigatou Best Friend

Zutto zutto zutto Best Friend
(kiroro)