Oil And Gas Processing

Britain bans gasoline and diesel cars starting in 2040

2017-07-27T23:24:00.000-07:00

https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5384954664324883494#editor/target=post;postID=4207944134572388282

Britain will ban sales of new gasoline and diesel cars starting in 2040 as part of a bid to clean up the country's air.

The decision to phase out the internal combustion engine heralds a new era of low-emission technologies with major implications for the auto industry, society and the environment.

"We can't carry on with diesel and petrol cars," U.K. environment secretary Michael Gove told the BBC on Wednesday. "There is no alternative to embracing new technology."

Almost 2.7 million new cars were registered in the U.K. in 2016, making it the second biggest market in Europe after Germany.

Meeting the 2040 deadline will be a heavy lift. British demand for electric and fuel cell cars, as well as plug-in hybrids, grew 40% in 2015, but they only accounted for less than 3% of the market.

Still, experts say sales of clean cars are likely to continue on their dramatic upward trajectory.

"Ending diesel and petrol car sales by 2040 is a step in the right direction but given that electric cars are coming anyway this is probably pretty irrelevant. It's a bit like saying we're banning the sale of steam engines by 2040," said David Bailey, a professor of industrial strategy at Aston Business School.

The car industry says that demand for electric vehicles will only reach a tipping point once they're cheaper to own than conventional vehicles.

"Much depends on the cost of these new technologies and how willing consumers are to adopt battery, plug-in hybrid and hydrogen cars," said Mike Hawes, CEO of the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. "Consumers have concerns over affordability, range and charging points."

The deadline was announced by the government on Wednesday as part of a plan to reduce air pollution. The blueprint highlighted roughly £1.4 billion ($1.8 billion) in government investment designed to help ensure that every vehicle on the road in Britain produces zero emissions by 2050.

Gove said action was needed because gasoline and diesel engines contribute to health problems, "accelerate climate change, do damage to the planet and the next generation."

Roughly 40,000 deaths in Britain each year are attributable to outdoor air pollution, according to a study published last year by the Royal College of Physicians. Dirty air has been linked to cancer, asthma, stroke and heart disease, among other health issues.

Air pollution blankets London.

The problem is especially pronounced in big cities. London surpassed the European Union's annual limit for nitrogen dioxide exposure just five days into the new year, according to King's College. The university estimates that air pollution is responsible for 9,400 premature deaths in the city every year.

The timeline for ending sales of internal combustion engines mirrors one proposed in early July by France. President Emmanuel Macron has given the auto industry the same deadline to make the switch to cleaner tech.

"We are quite rightly in a position of global leadership when it comes to shaping new technology," Gove said.

But the auto industry, which supports over 800,000 jobs in the U.K., is wary of hard deadlines.

Andy Palmer, CEO of British luxury automaker Aston Martin, said that ditching conventional engines will require much more planning and investment.

"To make a moonshot work, you need to have a NASA," he told CNNMoney. "If you don't want to export jobs out of the U.K., you need to create that capability and that infrastructure ... we're a long, long way from having that capability today."

Other countries have been even more ambitious than the U.K. India is planning to stop selling gas-powered vehicles by 2030.

The German car industry and government officials will meet in early August to discuss the future of diesel engine technology. Manufacturers are trying to avoid diesel cars being banned from German towns and cities.

CNNMoney (London)First published July 26, 2017: 4:01 AM ET

Monetisation of Associated Gas from Offshore Flares

2017-06-05T01:00:00.000-07:00

http://www.petronas.com.my/TechChallenge/Pages/CurrentChallenge.aspx

Monetisation of Associated Gas from Offshore Flares

REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL DESCRIPTION

PETRONAS is looking at economic solutions to monetise Associated Gas (AG) from offshore flaring facilities which has neither existing gas utilisation nor evacuation infrastructure. The objective is to beneficially utilize the hydrocarbon resource and reduce the carbon footprint and intensity.

Proposals are requested for innovative and commercially viable technology solutions for monetizing excess associated gas at offshore facilities that shall meet the following requirements:

• Do not comprise conventional gas evacuation facility

• Not a modular addition to the existing platform

• Minimise or eliminate continuous flaring

• Commercially viable

• Meets all regulatory requirements related to upstream activities with good and modern petroleum practices in Malaysia

CHALLENGE TIMELINE

ENTRY GUIDELINES

• Respondents must submit the proposal by 15th July 2017.

• Respondents must ensure no confidential information is submitted at this stage.

• Shortlisted candidates will be contacted by the Technology Challenge committee for further clarification after the initial screening.

• The winner of this challenge will be announced on 31st October 2017

As this is a crowdsourcing exercise, this Challenge is NOT limited to existing PETRONAS licensed vendors only.

THE WINNING SOLUTION

The selected solution provider will have the opportunity to deploy their proposal at a designated asset in return for, upon success, replication of the solutions to other PETRONAS designated assets. Successful deployment will earn registration as a qualified vendor for monetisation of offshore flared gases projects.

See your solutions and ideas in action in our fields and collect valuable performance data from deployment!

BACKGROUND

Associated petroleum gas (APG) or associated gas (AG) is a form of natural gas produced as a by-product of crude oil production. At majority of oil facilities, the AG is monetised or utilised for petroleum operations and any excess is exported as sales gas or re-injected to achieve zero continuous (routine) flaring. In offshore mature fields and older facilities, excess hydrocarbon gas is flared since economics of scale cannot be achieved.

Recent advances in technology has enabled economic deployment of Gas to Liquid (GTL), Gas to Power (GTP), Gas to Chemicals (GTC) and Gas to Solid (GTS) in onshore environments. A large challenge remains, to undertake the same in offshore environments specially for matured fields.

KEY SUCCESS CRITERIA

PETRONAS invites proposal with the following criteria:

PERFORMANCE TARGETS

1. Meets all international safety standards

2. Minimal (or eliminates) continuous flaring

3. Capacity to handle AG volume ranging as follows:

• < 1 MMSCFD

• 1-10 MMSCFD

• > 10 MMSCFD (30MMSCFD as maximum)

4. Meets or exceeds international reliability standards.

5. All risks should be quantified.

BUSINESS TARGETS

The technology solution proposal shall be proposed with business model options resulting in attractive mutual economic benefit. Some possible options (but not limited to) are service based model, joint venture, participation interest, etc.

TECHNOLOGY READINESS

Solution ready for pilot project latest by 2019.

The system Technology Readiness Level (TRL) must meet at least TRL 4 (refer to API 17 N Technology Readiness Level)

POSSIBLE APPROACHES

Proposed solutions may include, but are not limited to:

• Conversion for gas-to-liquid (GTL) and gas-to-solid (GTS)

• Conversion to petrochemical industry feedstock

• Processing such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and exporting via tankers

Conventional solution such as gas reinjection and gas evacuation by pipeline are to be excluded.

REVIEW PROCESS

The review of all submissions will be handled by PETRONAS. PETRONAS reserves the sole and absolute right and discretion to select the shortlisted respondents and the winner. The evaluation of proposals and determination of selected proposal(s) will be made by our internal team.

Installation Methodology Ophir WHP

2017-04-05T08:10:00.001-07:00

The platform for the Ophir development off Malaysia is set to commence its journey to the field from the Muhibbah Engineering yard at Port Klang.

Project co-owner Octanex revealed Monday the jacket and topsides had been loaded out onto transport barges and would be transported to the field shortly.

Upon arrival, the 350-tonne platform will be installed by Dutch company SPT Offshore which has been subcontracted by Muhibbah for the transport and installation of the platform.

The Ophir field is being developed via three production wells, a well head platform and a floating production, storage and offloading vessel.

It was reported last month Malaysian contractor MTC Engineerig had bought an oil tanker - Puteri Bangsa - for conversion into the MTC Ledang FPSO which will be used at the field.

Output at the $90 million Ophir development is expected in the second half of the year.

The Ophir oilfield is being developed under a risk service contract. The co-owners are Octanex (50%), along with Malaysian companies Scomi Energy (30%) and Vestigo Petroleum (20%).

http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/1232090/ophir-platform-loaded-out

Triple Offset Valves used as Isolation Application

2016-11-02T22:54:00.002-07:00

Can Triple Offset Butterfly valve used as isolation application?
Many engineers are not aware Triple Offset Butterfly valve can be used as isolation valve, and it benefit in term of saving in weight, space and most importantly, cost.

Triple Offset Valves in Upstream Applications

Triple offset valves provide an efficient solution for critical and non-critical applications when positive isolation is required in upstream oil and gas operations. Their compact nature offers savings in weight and space and most importantly, cost.

Most onshore and offshore installations traditionally use ball valves and occasionally gate valves for the majority of flow isolation applications. Specifications typically call for 6D valves, but engineers seldom look beyond these specifications to other valve types with similar or better performance.

Many of these engineers are not yet aware that in many offshore isolation applications, a triple offset valve (TOV) offers benefits in terms of weight, overall dimensions and performance versus the standard ball or gate valve. A TOV can be the right choice for applications in the turret of a floating production storage and offloading vessel (FPSO), and in virtually all topside process applications of FPSOs and platforms such as separators, water treatment, gas compression and other systems.

Today’s TOVs, with pressure ratings up to ASME Class 1500 and zero leakage, cover enough applications to achieve significant savings in weight and space, as well as total cost of ownership.

http://www.valvemagazine.com/magazine/sections/features/4398-triple-offset-valves-in-upstream-applications.html

FLNG market update

2016-03-30T22:14:00.000-07:00

Petronas FLNG 1

With the low oil price environment dampening project sentiment.
Below are list of FLNG projects status:

1: Petronas’ PFLNG1 is expected to commence operations in 2016
2: Ophir Energy’s Fortuna FLNG still set for mid-2016 FID
3: ENI’s Coral FLNG development plan approved by Mozambique
4: Delfin FLNG project pushing ahead at for Port Delfin project
5: Petronas Delays PFLNG2
6: Browse FLNG decision delayed
7: Exmar, PEP cancel Caribbean FLNG deal

Accident: An offshore oil platform in Azerbaijan’s section of the Caspian Sea

2015-12-05T12:56:00.001-08:00

4 Dec 2015

A major fire has broken out on an offshore oil platform in Azerbaijan’s section of the Caspian Sea. The company says one person died and 32 were evacuated - while 30 more are missing.

The fire started overnight at a rig at the Gunashli field southeast of Neft Daşları (Oil Rocks) settlement. It was caused by strong winds that damaged a gas pipeline on the platform, the Azeri state energy company SOCAR said.

"The fire in the gas pipeline has not been completely extinguished and it has not been ruled out that it could spread to oil and gas wells near the platform," it stated.

The rescue operation was hampered by stormy weather with waves rising up to 11 meters high, Trend news website reported.

Initial statements did not mention those missing. The order signed by President Ilham Aliyev to launch a probe into the fire only said 1 person was killed and 32 were saved.

At the same time, the independent Oil Workers' Rights Protection Committee told Reuters that over 30 platform workers were killed in the blaze.

"According to our information, 32 workers died, while 42 workers were rescued last night," said Mirvari Gakhramanly. He later told the AP those were not dead, but missing.

SOCAR eventually confirmed people were missing, but put the number at 30.

"One body was found and a search-and-rescue operation for 30 missing workers is under way," the oil company said in a statement.

Local reports suggest one of the rescue boats was overturned in rough sea.

The search and rescue mission continues.

It is still not clear how many people worked on the rig. The Azeri news agency ARA says 63 people were there, which doesn’t match the numbers provided by the independent committee.

In a separate incident in the area, the storm waves hit a small house near e Caspian shore with three people inside who remain missing, according to the news website Day.Az.

https://www.rt.com/news/324844-azeri-oil-platform-fire/

US labels DuPont as ‘severe’ safety violator after chemical plant accidents

2015-07-13T20:25:00.002-07:00

Four workers died in November 2014 after being poisoned by exposure to methyl mercaptan,
which is used to make insecticide at DuPont’s La Porte, Texas, plant.
PHOTO: MARIE D. DE JESUS/HOUSTON CHRONICLE/ASSOCIATED PRESS

OSHA placed DuPont in its severe violator program, which devotes additional resources to inspect companies with a “demonstrated indifference toward creating a safe and healthy workplace.”

DuPont Co. was placed in a US Department of Labor program for “severe” violators of workplace safety rules and was fined for more alleged infringements after the deaths of four workers last year at a Texas herbicide factory.

The proposed fines of $273,000 are for eight violations -- three “willful,” one “repeat” and four “serious” -- found at DuPont’s plant in La Porte, the department’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) said in a statement Thursday. The fines are in addition to $99,000 levied in May for nine violations related to the November deaths, OSHA said.

OSHA placed DuPont in its Severe Violator Enforcement Program, which devotes additional resources to inspect companies with a “demonstrated indifference toward creating a safe and healthy workplace.” CEO Ellen Kullman early in her career led the creation of a safety consulting business at the company.

“DuPont promotes itself as having a ‘world-class safety’ culture and even markets its safety expertise to other employers, but these four preventable workplace deaths and the very serious hazards we uncovered at this facility are evidence of a failed safety program,” Assistant Secretary of Labor David Michaels said in the statement.

A worker at the plant was overcome when a supply line released more than 20,000 lb of methyl mercaptan, a deadly chemical. Three more were asphyxiated by the colorless gas when they came to his aid in a failed rescue attempt. The latest fines stem from expanded inspections at the plant, OSHA said.

Plant Shutdown

DuPont is “disappointed” with its inclusion in the Severe Violator program as the company has worked to continuously improve its safety procedures since they were first implemented more than 200 years ago, said Dan Turner, a DuPont spokesman.

DuPont has shut the herbicide unit to fix any problems and will work with OSHA to better understand the latest citations and any additional abatement needed, he said.

“We believe we have identified and are addressing most if not all of OSHA’s significant findings,” Turner said in a e- mailed statement. “We have and will continue to take the necessary steps to ensure all units are safe to operate.”

Source: http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com/Article/3469975/Latest-News/US-labels-DuPont-as-severe-safety-violator-after-chemical-plant-accidents.html

Magazine: Offshore Engineer & Chemical Engineering (June 2015)

2015-06-11T22:55:00.001-07:00

Offshore Engineer

IN THIS MONTH'S ISSUE:

FEATURE: Offshore Renewables - A milestone is about to be reached in the tidal energy industry off the cold harsh coast of Scotland. Elaine Maslin spoke with the project director behind the MeyGen tidal array development. Tidal and wave energy projects are getting grid-wet this year, yet there's still more to learn. Emma Gordon reports from All Energy. Douglas Westwood's Rachel Stonehouse discusses the offshore wind market, where approximately US$330 billion could be spent in capex over the next 10 years, with cumulative capacity surpassing 57GW.

Free Download: http://5xpan.com/fs/cboo6nle0e7795a978/

Chemical Engineering

VER STORY

Materials Selection in the CPI
An overview of the many factors to be considered when selecting materials of construction

Free Download: http://5xpan.com/fs/fbooenlede77e3fad2/

Unconventional Oil & Gas Report
IHS: Eagle Ford companies schedule wedge production

Free Download: http://5xpan.com/fs/5booanle8e7733ad82/

Accident: Pemex Abkatun Alpha platform fire, 4 killed

2015-04-03T01:55:00.000-07:00

Photo courtesy of Carlos Hernández's Twitter (@carlitosahm)

Photo courtesy of Palparratas’ Twitter (@palparratas)

Photo courtesy of Grupo Presente’s Twitter (@DiarioPresente)

2015-04-01

At least four people died after a fire broke out on a Pemex oil processing platform in the Gulf of Mexico early on Wednesday, leading to the evacuation of 302 workers, the Mexican state-run oil company said.

The fire, which burned throughout the day, erupted overnight on the Abkatun Permanente platform in the oil-rich Bay of Campeche. Forty-five people were treated for injuries and 16 of them were hospitalized, two with serious injuries, Pemex said.

At 8pm (02:00 GMT) on Wednesday, Pemex said in a message on its Twitter account that the fire had been put out.

Eight firefighting boats had been brought in to battle the flames, Pemex said, noting that one of the fatalities was from the state-run giant and another was a contractor for Mexican oil services firm Cotemar. Two others have yet to be identified.

Videos posted on Twitter showed the offshore platform engulfed in flames, lighting up the night sky, as rescue workers looked on from nearby ships.

The fire broke out in the dehydration and pumping area of the platform, and it was not yet clear what caused it, Pemex said. There was no oil spill, it said.

Pemex Chief Executive Emilio Lozoya estimated the impact on production would be small because other processing sites nearby would pick up the slack, a company spokesman said.

Lozoya said at a local news conference in Ciudad del Carmen that the cause of the fire outbreak was still unknown, although he expected it was something related to mechanics.

President Enrique Pena Nieto promised a thorough investigation to find whoever or whatever was responsible to ensure such accidents are avoided in the future.

Part of the Abkatun Pol Chuc offshore complex, the damaged platform separates crude oil and gas from various wells to process around 40,000 barrels per day (bpd), work which has now been suspended, the Pemex spokesman said. Earlier in the day, the spokesman had said the platform produced oil.

In total, the Abkatun Pol Chuc complex produces around 300,000 bpd. Output at the rest of the site was not affected.

Mexico is the world's No. 10 crude producer at just under 2.3 million bpd, down about a third from a peak of 3.4 million bpd in 2004.

Pemex has had a number of accidents in recent years and the latest one comes as Mexico seeks to lure private investors to revive its flagging oil industry.

In 2013, at least 37 people were killed by a blast at Pemex's Mexico City headquarters, and another 26 people died in a fire at a Pemex natural gas facility in northern Mexico in September 2012.

Last year, Mexico finalized a reform to end Pemex's 75-year-old oil and gas monopoly, but expectations of a boom in private investment have been tempered by the plunge in global crude prices.

Cotemar is based in Ciudad del Carmen and provides offshore services to Pemex, according to its website.

Source: http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/fire-engulfs-pemex-oil-platform-300-evacuated

Accident: Petrobras FPSO Cidade de São Mateus Explosion

2015-02-12T08:22:00.001-08:00

Petrobras offshore rig explosion kills three

An explosion on an offshore oil and gas platform operated by Brazil's Petrobras has killed at least three workers.

State-run Petrobras said 74 workers were on board the rig at the time and six of them remain missing.

Brazil's oil industry regulator, ANP, says that a fire caused by the blast has been contained and the platform has been stabilised.

ANP also said that no oil leaked from the rig which was located off the coast of Espirito Santo state.

Health officials said that ten workers have been injured.

An official from the union representing workers on the platform said that a gas leak had caused the explosion.
http://www.bbc.com/news/business-31430467

Magazine: Chemical Engineering February 2015

2015-02-09T18:22:00.001-08:00

Magazine: Chemical Engineering February 2015

Download Chemical Engineering, Feb 2015

Magazine : Offshore Engineer

2015-02-08T07:37:00.001-08:00

Magazine: Offshore Engineer (Feb 2015)

Download: Feb 2015

Shale Resources and Water Risks

2015-01-24T07:19:00.000-08:00

How It Works

Hydraulic fracturing -- or hydro fracking, or just plain fracking -- is one way that we can get at "hidden" reserves of natural gas, petroleum -- even water. It sounds extremely complicated (and is, in fact, a pretty cool feat of science and engineering), but fracking is a fairly simple process. Way far underground (we're talking some 7,000 feet/2,133 meters below the surface), rocks like shale can hold gases, water or oil in their pores. Hydraulic fracking moves that resource from the pores of the rocks to production wells

Global Shale Gas Development: Water Availability & Business Risks

Experts from the World Resources Institute (WRI), Apache Corporation, and Natural Resources Defense Council will host a press call to discuss key findings from a new report, Global Shale Gas Development: Water Availability & Business Risks, the first-ever public analysis of water availability across all potential commercial shale resources worldwide. The press call will take place on Tuesday, September 2, 2014.

38 percent of shale resources are in areas that are either arid or under high to extremely high levels of water stress;
19 percent are in areas of high or extremely high seasonal variability; and
15 percent are in locations exposed to high or extremely high drought severity.

Eight of the top 20 countries with the largest shale gas resources face arid conditions or high to extremely high baseline water stress where the shale resources are located; this includes China, Algeria, Mexico, South Africa, Libya, Pakistan, Egypt, and India.

Eight of the top 20 countries with the largest tight oil resources face arid conditions or high to extremely high baseline water stress where the shale resources are located; this includes China, Libya, Mexico, Pakistan, Algeria, Egypt, India, and Mongolia.

Shale basin and water stress in USA

Today shale development is rapid in USA, however there is medium to high risk to water resources.

Shale basin and water stress in Russia

Let go to Russia, shale basin found in less water risk zone. It means potentially to developing shale extraction.

Shale basin and water stress in China

China has largest shale resources in the world, and energy demand is high and growing 60% annual. Although China is rated as High risk, when zoom in to the country, some shale basin found in less water risk zone, like Sichuan （四川）, Hubei （湖北）.

Shale basin and water stress in SEA

How about South East Asia (SEA), some shale basins are found in Thailand and Indonesia, and they are in low risk zone.

An Inconvenient Truth: Fracking Shale

Fracking is required mix water with chemical to improve the performance well. The chemical content VOC (volatile organic compound), heavy metal, radioactive substance, etc. How to 100% ensure it wont leak and contamination to ecosystem?

Summary & Opinion

Shale extraction is the trend of Oil and Gas industry. The development of any shale field has considered technology, economic, and environmental risk.

As per data, USA is not suitable to develop shale field due to water resource risk. In money dominated era, everything is driven by money, other things (environment) can be put it aside.

Shale oil changes the world energy landscape, even leading the oil price down recently. It seem beneficial to US as oil importer. The shale oil and gas are booming and change the world, but what price to the people?

As a politician, authority, organisation, engineer, or people, everyone must has responsibility to the people, community, country, world, animals and plants. We have duty to preserve resource for next generation.

Oil price Jan - Dec 2014

References:

How Hydraulic Fracking Works, http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/hydraulic-fracking.htm
Animation of Hydraulic Fracturing (fracking), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VY34PQUiwOQ
An Inconvenient Truth: Fracking Shale, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uokmsSi7LTY
World Resources Institute, http://www.wri.org/

Crude Oil Benchmark

2014-12-21T18:25:00.000-08:00

Glossary:

WTI (West Texas Intermedium) - WTI refers to oil extracted from wells in the U.S. It is light and sweet (low sulfur), a high quality crude oil. US as a big oil consumption country, coupled with the New York Futures Exchange in global influence, WTI crude oil futures is global benchmark of oil price. The public and the media usually say the number of dollars in oil, mainly refers to the WTI price.

Brent Blend - Similar to WTI, Brent is light and sweet crude oil too. At 23 June 1988, on London's International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) launched Brent crude oil futures contract, it been used as benchmark for the north-western Europe, North Sea, Mediterranean, Africa and Yemen and other countries and regions. Roughly two-thirds of all crude contracts around the world reference Brent Blend, making it the most widely used marker of all.

Dubai/Oman – This is a useful reference for oil of Middle Eastern crude. It is a slightly lower grade than WTI or Brent. This is benchmark of well-known OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) oil prices. It mainly export to Asian countries, therefore it tends to reflect the status of Asian demand for crude oil.

Source: IntercontinentalExchange (ICE)

World Oil & Gas Review 2013

2014-07-18T08:55:00.000-07:00

Oil

Total world proved oil reserves reached 1687.9 billion barrels at the end of 2013, sufficient to meet 53.3 years of global production. The largest additions to reserves came from Russia, adding 900 million barrels and Venezuela adding 800 million barrels. OPEC members continue to hold the majority of reserves, accounting for 71.9% of the global total. South & Central America continues to hold the highest R/P ratio. Over the past decade, global proved reserves have increased by 27%, or over 350 billion barrels.

Oil Price 1861-2013

Gas

World proved natural gas reserves at end-2013 stood at 185.7 trillion cubic metres (tcm), sufficient to meet 55.1 years of global production. Proved reserves grew by 0.2% relative to end-2012 data. An increase in the US (+7.1%) accounted for all of the net growth in global proved reserves in 2013. Iran (33.8 tcm) and Russia (31.3 tcm) hold the largest proved reserves.

References

BP Statistical Review 2014, http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy/statistical-review-downloads.html
Eni O&G Review 2013, http://www.eni.com/world-oil-gas-review-2013/wogr.shtml
List of countries by proven oil reserves, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves

Trigonometry Problem - Solution

2014-06-07T04:38:00.001-07:00

A new solution for previous trigonometry problem.

In previous post, I have provided a solution for the problem by triangle area formula, however it seen complicated.

Recently, I have thought up a new solution for it.

Consider the triangle in Cartesian coordinate system, using linear equation for developing the equations for lines AB, AD, CE and BC.

First, assume length of AC is 1

line AB: y = x tan (80)

line AD: y = x tan (60)

line CE: y = x tan (110) - tan (110)

line BC: y = x tan (100) - tan (100)

Point E is intersection of lines AB and CE;

x tan (80) = x tan (110) - tan (110)

x tan (80) - x tan (110) = - tan (110)

x tan (110) - x tan (80) = tan (110)

x [tan (110) - tan (80)] = tan (110)

x = tan (110) / [tan (110) - tan (80)]

x = 0.32635

using line AB equation;

y = 0.32635 tan (80)

y = 1.8508

Point E is (0.32635, 1.85083)

With same method; find for coordinate of D

Point D is (0.766044,1.32683)

Then, find slope of DE by two points;

The slope DE = -1.191753

tan (d) = -1.191753

d = -50 degree or 50 degree

Angle of line EC to horizontal is 70 degree

Then angle e is 70 - 50

thus, answer e = 20 degree

Oil and Gas Production: Onshore

2014-05-05T02:10:00.001-07:00

Onshore production is most economical oil producing compare to offshore.

The picture shows a oil production, equipped with a sucker rod pump (commonly called Donkey pump). For the smallest reservoirs, oil is simply collected in a holding tank and picked up at regular intervals by tanker truck or railcar to be precessed at a refinery.

Other onshore facilities are unconventional production, that target heavy oil, tar sand (oil sand) and fracturing technology for shale oil and gas. Heavy oil and tar sand are producing low value product such as bitumen and parrafin (wax). Besides, it required further extraction due to high sulfur and mineral content.

Shale oil, that's where hydraulic fracturing plays an important role in America's energy supply in new era. (This is interesting topic, author may be discussed special topic later).

Oil and Gas Industry Activities

2014-04-04T02:50:00.000-07:00

The oil and gas industry facilities and activities are broadly defined, according to their use in the oil and gas industry production stream:

Exploration:

Includes prospecting, seismic and drilling activities that take place before the development of a field is finally decided.

Upstream:

Typically refers to all facilities for production and stabilization of oil and gas. The reservoir and drilling community often uses upstream for the wellhead, well, completion and reservoir only, and downstream of the wellhead as production or processing. Exploration and upstream/production together is referred to as E&P.

Midstream:

Broadly defined as gas treatment, LNG production and regasification plants, and oil and gas pipeline systems.

Refining:

Where oil and condensates are processed into marketable products with defined specifications such as gasoline, diesel or feedstock for the petrochemical industry. Refinery offsites such as tank storage and distribution terminals are included in this segment, or may be part of a separate distributions operation.

Petrochemical:

These products are chemical products where the main feedstock is hydrocarbons. Examples are plastics, fertilizer and a wide range of industrial chemicals.

Oil And Gas Formation

2014-03-18T01:47:00.000-07:00

Generally the scientist believe the crude oil and natural gas are formed by live things. Tiny sea plants and animals died were buried on ocean floor. Over time, they were covered by layers of sediment and rock.
Over millions of years,the remains were buried deeper and deeper.The enormous heat and pressure turn them into oil and gas. They migrated from the source to the reservoir rock, and trapping by impermeable rock.

Question 1: Is this live things transformation process continuous? Today a fish died in sea, would it become oil over millions of year later?

Question 2: Why from live things? Live things contains protein (CO-NH), Is amount of hydrocarbon to O and N ratio in reservoir reflect protein ratio?

Question 3: Formation oil and gas need the right temperature and pressure. However found some oil in surface only few meter from ground which is no high temperature and pressure condition.

Question 4: The hydrocarbon was found in some of planet, like Saturn, Jupiter, but without biology.

Pray for MH370

2014-03-10T20:31:00.000-07:00

(8 March 2014) MAS flight MH370 has lost contact with Subang air traffic control at 2.40am,

We pray together for MH370.

Flightradar24 replay MH370 missing track.

www.flightradar24.com

another traffic website for marine/ship

www.marinetraffic.com

"Black Box" is not black in colour

24 March 2014, PM Najib announced based on inmarsat new calculation narrow the to MH370 went to south corridor and "ended" at Indian Ocean, east of Australia.

MH370 ping 了七次，分别是时间2:11、3:11、4:11、5:11、6:11、7:11、8:11
“Doppler effect”
观察者与波源互相接近时，波被“压缩”，波长变短、频率变高；互相远离时，波被“拉长”，频率降低。例如，当火车靠近时，人们会感到汽笛声越来越尖利刺耳，而火车远离时，汽笛的声调越来越低沉。所幸国际海事卫星配备有精确到纳秒（nano-second)乃至皮秒(pico-second)级别的时钟，可以测得精确细微的频率变化。
卫星位于赤道上，那七次信号，前组信号是被压缩，然后被“拉长”，就是飞机飞靠近赤道再远离，如果往北，七次信号全被“拉长”，但是先被压缩，然后被“拉长”，结论是往南飞了。
http://news.ifeng.com/world/special/malaixiyakejishilian/content-4/detail_2014_03/26/35137776_0.shtml#_from_ralated

video from:
http://live.wsj.com/video/flight-370-how-pings-revealed-the-flight-path/991D6CB0-852F-4D44-9B44-6107093815EC.html

SBM suffered with corruption scandal

2014-02-21T06:46:00.000-08:00

SBM Offshore, world No 2 largest FPSO contractor recently suffered in corruption case. The company declined to comment the quote in Wikipeidia.

"The company is involved in one of the biggest worldwide corporate bribery and corruption scandals in recent history, with more than US$250,000,000 of bribes and other malpractices spanning many years.

It has been alleged that SBM Offshore has paid in bribes between 2005 and 2011, more than 250 million dollars (185 million euros) in many countries. This could be seen in a document from a former employee of the company (who identifies himself as a Former Employee). According to the website of the magazine Quote SBM confirms that the document is genuine."

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBM_Offshore

Petrobas investigates SBM corruption claims
SBM Offshore has been accused of paying US$139mn to "employees and intermediaries" to guarantee platform supply contracts, according to state news service Agência Brasil.

Petrobras CEO Maria das Graças Foster promised a prompt outcome to the investigation.

"We have started an internal audit and the investigation is expected to last less than 30 days," Foster said. "During this time we won't give any information about the matter."

source: http://www.bnamericas.com/news/oilandgas/petrobras-investigates-sbm-corruption-claims

World LNG Price (November 2013)

2014-02-19T00:02:00.003-08:00

Source: Waterborne Energy

Happy Valentine's Day 14.2.2014

2014-02-13T19:22:00.000-08:00

Hand made rose and greeting card

Happy Valentine's Day

14.2.2014

Original image

Oil and Gas Processing (History)

2014-02-06T01:44:00.000-08:00

Oil has been used for lighting purposes for many thousands of years. In areas where oil is found in shallow reservoirs, seeps of crude oil or gas may naturally develop, and some oil could simply be collected from seepage or tar ponds.

Historically, we know the tales of eternal fires where oil and gas seeps ignited and burned. One example is the site where the famous oracle of Delphi was built around 1,000 B.C. Written sources from 500 B.C. describe how the Chinese used natural gas to boil water. The oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China. The well reach 1000 meters deep.

In western history, it was not until 1859 that "Colonel" Edwin Drake drilled the first successful oil well, with the sole purpose of finding oil. The Drake Well was located in the middle of quiet farm country in northwestern Pennsylvania, and sparked the international search for an industrial use for petroleum.

Photo: Drake Well Museum Collection, Titusville, PA

These wells were shallow by modern standards, often less than 50 meters deep, but they produced large quantities of oil. In this picture of the Tarr Farm, Oil Creek Valley, the Phillips well on the right initially produced 4,000 barrels per day in October, 1861, and the Woodford well on the left came in
at 1,500 barrels per day in July, 1862.

The oil was collected in the wooden tank pictured in the foreground. As you will no doubt notice, there are many different-sized barrels in the background. At this time, barrel size had not been standardized, which made statements like "oil is selling at $5 per barrel" very confusing (today a barrel is 159 liters). But even in those days, overproduction was something to be avoided. When the "Empire well" was completed in September 1861, it produced 3,000 barrels per day, flooding the market, and the price of oil plummeted to 10 cents a barrel. In some ways, we see the same effect today. When new shale gas fields in the US are constrained by the capacity of the existing oil and gas pipeline network, it results in bottlenecks and low prices at the production site.

Soon, oil had replaced most other fuels for motorized transport. The automobile industry developed at the end of the 19th century, and quickly adopted oil as fuel. Gasoline engines were essential for designing successful aircraft. Ships driven by oil could move up to twice as fast as their coal-powered counterparts, a vital military advantage. Gas was burned off or left in the ground.

Despite attempts at gas transportation as far back as 1821, it was not until after World War II that welding techniques, pipe rolling, and metallurgical advances allowed for the construction of reliable long distance pipelines, creating a natural gas industry boom. At the same time, the petrochemical industry with its new plastic materials quickly increased production. Even now, gas production is gaining market share as liquefied natural gas (LNG) provides an economical way of transporting gas from even the remotest sites.

With the appearance of automobiles and more advanced consumers, it was necessary to improve and standardize the marketable products. Refining was necessary to divide the crude in fractions that could be blended to precise specifications. As value shifted from refining to upstream production, it became even more essential for refineries to increase high-value fuel yield from a variety of crudes. From 10-40% gasoline for crude a century ago, a modern refinery can get up to 70% gasoline from the same quality crude through a variety of advanced reforming and cracking processes.

1 barrel (42 gallons) crude oil breakdown to various products in gallon

Chemicals derived from petroleum or natural gas – petrochemicals – are an essential part of the chemical industry today. Petrochemistry is a fairly young industry; it only started to grow in the 1940s, more than 80 years after the drilling of the first commercial oil well.

During World War II, the demand for synthetic materials to replace costly and sometimes less efficient products caused the petrochemical industry to develop into a major player in modern economy and society.

Products Flow Chart of Petroleum Based Feedstocks

Before then, it was a tentative, experimental sector, starting with basic materials:

Synthetic rubbers in the 1900s
Bakelite, the first petrochemical-derived plastic, in 1907
First petrochemical solvents in the 1920s
Polystyrene in the 1930s

And it then moved to an incredible variety of areas:

Household goods (kitchen appliances, textiles, furniture)
Medicine (heart pacemakers, transfusion bags)
Leisure (running shoes, computers...)
Highly specialized fields like archaeology and crime detection

With oil prices of $100 a barrel or more, even more difficult-to-access sources have become economically viable. Such sources include tar sands in Venezuela and Canada, shale oil and gas in the US (and developing

elsewhere), coal bed methane and synthetic diesel (syndiesel) from natural gas, and biodiesel and bioethanol from biological sources have seen a dramatic increase over the last ten years. These sources may eventually

more than triple the potential reserves of hydrocarbon fuels. Beyond that, there are even more exotic sources, such as methane hydrates, that some experts claim can double available resources once more.

With increasing consumption and ever-increasing conventional and unconventional resources, the challenge becomes not one of availability, but of sustainable use of fossil fuels in the face of rising environmental impacts, that range from local pollution to global climate effects.

Reference sources:

Oil and gas production handbook: An introduction to oil and gas production,
transport, refining and petrochemical
industry
.
Håvard Devold, 2013

石油的历史

The Making of FPSO Armada Sterling (youtube)

2014-02-04T19:45:00.000-08:00

Production capacity: 60,000 bpd

Storage capacity: 580,000 bbls

Length Overall: 246.80 metres

Breadth: 42.0 metres

Depth: 21.3 metres

Deadweight tonne: 90,819 tonnes

Mooring type: Internal turret

Hull type: Double hull

Accommodation: 70 persons

Year built: 1997

Year converted to an FPSO 2012

Convertion Shipyard: Keppel Shipyard, Singapore

Class: ABS

Flag: Marshall Island

website: http://www.bumiarmada.com/

Oil And Gas Processing

Britain bans gasoline and diesel cars starting in 2040

Britain will ban sales of new gasoline and diesel cars starting in 2040 as part of a bid to clean up the country's air.

Monetisation of Associated Gas from Offshore Flares​

Monetisation of Associated Gas from Offshore Flares​

Installation Methodology Ophir WHP

Triple Offset Valves used as Isolation Application

FLNG market update

Accident: An offshore oil platform in Azerbaijan’s section of the Caspian Sea

US labels DuPont as ‘severe’ safety violator after chemical plant accidents

Magazine: Offshore Engineer & Chemical Engineering (June 2015)

Accident: Pemex Abkatun Alpha platform fire, 4 killed

Accident: Petrobras FPSO Cidade de São Mateus Explosion

Magazine: Chemical Engineering February 2015

Magazine : Offshore Engineer

Shale Resources and Water Risks

How It Works

Global Shale Gas Development: Water Availability & Business Risks

An Inconvenient Truth: Fracking Shale

Summary & Opinion

Crude Oil Benchmark

World Oil & Gas Review 2013

Oil

Oil Price 1861-2013

Gas

Trigonometry Problem - Solution

Oil and Gas Production: Onshore

Oil and Gas Industry Activities

Exploration:

Upstream:

Midstream:

Refining:

Petrochemical:

Oil And Gas Formation

Pray for MH370

We pray together for MH370.

SBM suffered with corruption scandal

World LNG Price (November 2013)

Happy Valentine's Day 14.2.2014

Oil and Gas Processing (History)

The Making of FPSO Armada Sterling (youtube)

Monetisation of Associated Gas from Offshore Flares

Monetisation of Associated Gas from Offshore Flares