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Importance of the semantic web for dealing with overwhelming quantity information, data, etc.

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Let’s start with a definition of Semantics. Semantics is closely related to syntax. The syntax is how we say something and the semantics is the meaning behind what we say. Take a sentence in English as an example. The sentence is made up of punctuation, spelling, and the letters. The semantics is what the sentence means.

When we talk about syntax and semantics we are talking about communication. The Internet gave a way for computers to communicate with one another. It gave them a voice so that they could talk to one another. However, just as a parrot can mimic human speech, a computer on the web can only mimic human information. It does not understand what the information means.

The web is made up of web pages that use a syntax that tells how to display or present documents or information for us. The need for the semantic web is because computers and the web were not designed to understand the meaning of what is contained on a web page. Computers can recognize the syntax of web pages, i.e. how to display the information on a web page but not the semantics of what is contained on a web page.

The semantic web is about things, people, events, places and any concept you can think about. The semantic web is not only about understanding the meaning of what is contained on a web page but how these things are related to one another. Two technologies for embedding semantic information in web pages are microformats and RDFa. So, this is not about something that will happen in the future, it is about technologies that exist now… and are happening now.

Once a computer and the web can understand what a person, a place and an event is, it can start helping you interact with these things. A good example is in semantic web searches. Search engines would be more accurate. You could tell the search engines whether you are searching for a person, a place or a song. They wouldn’t only depend on keywords but also the semantics contained within web pages. It is about helping computers get us what we want.

See http://microformats.org/about and http://rdfa.info/about by the web consortium.

Post by Bruce Whealton
http://futurewavedesigns.com
http://brucewhealton.com

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This is what I have been writing about lately… web 3.0, the semantic web.

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Great presentation on the evolution of the web and what it means for us.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia’s content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (March 2010)

Virtual volunteering is a term describing a volunteer who completes tasks, in whole or in part, offsite from the organization being assisted, using the Internet and a home, school, telecenter or work computer or other Internet-connected device. Virtual volunteering is also known as online volunteering, cyber service, telementoring, and teletutoring, and various other names. Virtual volunteering is similar to telecommuting, except that, instead of online employees who are paid, these are online volunteers who are not paid, and they are working to benefit a nonprofit organization, school, government program or other not-for-profit entity, as opposed to a for-profit business.

Contents [hide] 1 In practice 2 Early history of the practice 3 Current state of the practice 4 See also 5 References 6 External links

[edit] In practice

People engaged in virtual volunteering undertake a variety of activities from locations remote to the organization or people they are assisting, via a computer or other Internet-connected device, such as:

• translating documents
• researching subjects
• creating web pages
• editing or writing proposals, press releases, newsletter articles, etc.
• developing material for a curriculum
• designing a database
• designing graphics
• providing legal, business, medical, agricultural or any other expertise
• counseling people
• tutoring or mentoring students
• moderating online discussion groups
• writing songs
• creating a podcast
• editing a video
• monitoring the news
• answering questions
• tagging photos and files
• managing other online volunteers^[1][2][3]

[edit] Early history of the practice

The practice of virtual volunteering to benefit nonprofit initiatives dates back to at least the early 1970s, when Project Gutenberg began involving online volunteers to provide electronic versions of works in the public domain.^[4]

In 1995, a new nonprofit organization called Impact Online (now called VolunteerMatch), based in Palo Alto, California, began promoting the idea of “virtual volunteers”.^[5] In 1996, Impact Online received a grant from the James Irvine Foundation to launch an initiative to research the practice of virtual volunteering and to promote the practice to nonprofit organizations in the USA. This new initiative was dubbed the Virtual Volunteering Project, and the web site was launched in early 1997.^[6] After one year of operations, the Virtual Volunteering Project moved to the Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin. In 2002, the Virtual Volunteering Project moved within the university to the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs.

The first two years of the Virtual Volunteer Project were spent reviewing and adapting telecommuting manuals^[7] and existing volunteer management guidelines with regarding to virtual volunteering, as well as identifying organizations that were involving online volunteers. By April 1999, almost 100 organizations had been identified by the Virtual Volunteering Project as involving online volunteers and were listed on the web site.^[8]

Due to the growing numbers of nonprofit organizations, schools, government programs and other not-for-profit entities involving online volunteers, the Virtual Volunteering Project stopped listing every such organization involving online volunteers on its web site in 2000, and focused its efforts on promoting the practice, profiling organizations with large or unique online volunteering programs, and creating guidelines for the involvement of online volunteers.

Until January 2001, the Virtual Volunteering Project listed all telementoring and teletutoring programs in the USA (programs where online volunteers mentor or tutor others, through a nonprofit organization or school). At that time, 40 were identified.^[9]

[edit] Current state of the practice

Virtual volunteering has been adopted by at least a few thousand nonprofit thousand organizations and initiatives.^[10] There is no organization currently tracking best practices in online volunteering in the USA or worldwide, how many people are engaged in online volunteering, or how many organizations are involving online volunteers, and studies regarding volunteering, such as reports on volunteering trends in the USA, rarely include information about online volunteering (for instance, a search of the term virtual volunteering on the Corporation for National Service‘s “Volunteering in America” yields no results.^[11])

The United Nations runs an online volunteering service, formerly a part of NetAid, that allows organizations working in or for the developing world to recruit online volunteers, and does have statistics available regarding numbers of online volunteers and organizations involving such through its service. Several other matching services, such as VolunteerMatch and Idealist, also offer virtual volunteering positions with nonprofit organizations in addition to traditional, onsite volunteering opportunities. VolunteerMatch currently reports that around 5 percent of its active volunteer listings are virtual in nature. As of June 2010, its directory included more than 2,770 such listings including roles in interactive marketing, fundraising, accounting, social media, and business mentoring. The percentage of virtual listings has dropped since 2006, when it peaked at close to 8 percent of overall volunteer opportunities in the VolunteerMatch system.

Wikipedia and other Wikimedia endeavors are examples of online volunteering, in the form of crowdsourcing; the majority of Wikipedia contributing volunteers aren’t required to undergo any screening or training by the nonprofit for their role as researchers, writers or editors, and do not have to make a specific time commitment to the organization in order to contribute service.

Micro-volunteering is also an example of virtual volunteering and crowd-sourcing, where volunteers undertake assignments via their PDAs or smartphones. These volunteers aren’t required to undergo any screening or training by the nonprofit for such tasks, and do not have to make any other commitment once a micro-task is completed.^[12] Micro-volunteering was invented by a San Francisco-based social enterprise called The Extraordinaries in 2008.^[13][14][15]

[edit] See also

• Volunteer
• Telecommuting
• Online tutoring
• Online mentoring
• Virtual management

[edit] References

1. ^ “What are examples of virtual volunteering?”. AIDSvolunteers.ca. http://www.aidsvolunteers.ca/vvfacts/general.html#examples. Retrieved 5 October 2009. 
2. ^ “examples of virtual volunteering”. University of Texas at Austin. http://www.serviceleader.org/old/vv/examples.html. Retrieved 5 October 2009. 
3. ^ “Make a Difference From Home: Be a Virtual Volunteer”. theextraordinaries.org. http://www.theextraordinaries.org/2008/11/make-a-difference-from-home-be-a-virtual-volunteer.html. Retrieved 5 October 2009. 
4. ^ Cravens, Jayne (Spring 2007). “Online Volunteering Enters Middle Age – And Changes Management Paradigms”. Nonprofit Quarterly (Nonprofit Quarterly). 
5. ^ Green, Marc (Fall, 1995). “Fundraising in Cyberspace: Direct E-Mail Campaigns, Virtual Volunteers, Annual Fund Drives Online. Does the Information Superhighway lead to new horizons or a dead end?”. The Grantsmanship Center Magazine (The Grantsmanship Center). 
6. ^ Cravens, Jayne (February 2001). “who funds the virtual volunteering project?“. The Virtual Volunteering Project (University of Texas at Austin). 
7. ^ Cravens, Jayne (April 2001). “related resources“. The Virtual Volunteering Project (University of Texas at Austin). 
8. ^ Cravens, Jayne (February 2001). “Virtual Volunteering Project“. The Virtual Volunteering Project (University of Texas at Austin). 
9. ^ Cravens, Jayne (February 2001). “[http://www.serviceleader.org/old/vv/orgs/mentor.html agencies and initiatives that involve online volunteers as mentors or tutors]“. The Virtual Volunteering Project (University of Texas at Austin). 
10. ^ Cravens, Jayne (Spring 2007). “Online Volunteering Enters Middle Age – And Changes Management Paradigms”. Nonprofit Quarterly (Nonprofit Quarterly). 
11. ^ volunteeringinamerica.gov. Retrieved 09/24/2009.
12. ^ http://nonprofit.about.com/od/volunteers/a/microvol.htm
13. ^ http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106118736
14. ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Responsible-Tech/2009/0804/smart-phone-app-lets-you-do-good-deeds-in-your-spare-time
15. ^ http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=news/assignment_7&id=7162300

[edit] External links

• The Virtual Volunteering Project
• The Virtual Volunteering Guidebook
• Virtual Volunteer opportunities at VolunteerMatch.org

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_volunteering“

Categories: Volunteerism | Community Service | Civil society | Free labor | Philanthropy | Giving

Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from March 2010

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This is a great idea for non-profits. I wonder how one finds volunteers? This is something that I want to discover.
Bruce Whealton
http://brucewhealton.us

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Interesting place to find a video that was for Word Salad’s aniversary event. I am the publisher and co-editor of Word Salad Poetry Magazine and I do the Word Salad Online: http://WordSaladPoetryMagazine.com
http://facebook.com/WordSaladPoetry

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Powerset finds articles related to the meaning of your query. And sometimes even direct answers.

try these:

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A more intelligent way to search. This tool uses natural language processing to allow you to more accurately and flexibly search wikipedia. It seems that they took wikipedia as an example website application they could use to test their ideas. It is fun to use and very handy.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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seeks to improve by understanding searcher intent and the contextual meaning of terms as they appear in the searchable dataspace, whether on the Web or within a closed system, to generate more relevant results. lists “11 approaches that join semantics to search”^[1], and Hildebrand et al. ^[2] provide an overview that lists and identifies other uses of semantics in the .

Guha et al.^[3] distinguish two major forms of search: Navigational and Research. In , the user is using the as a to navigate to a particular intended document. Semantic Search is not applicable to navigational searches. In Research Search, the user provides the with a phrase which is intended to denote an object about which the user is trying to gather/research information. There is no particular document which the user knows about that s/he is trying to get to. Rather, the user is trying to locate a number of documents which together will give him/her the information s/he is trying to find. Semantic Search lends itself well here.

Rather than using ranking algorithms such as ‘s to predict relevancy, Semantic Search uses semantics, or the science of meaning in language, to produce highly relevant . In most cases, the goal is to deliver the information queried by a user rather than have a user sort through a list of loosely related keyword results.

Other authors primarily regard as a set of techniques for retrieving knowledge from richly structured data sources like ontologies as found on the Semantic Web ^[4]. Such technologies enable the formal articulation of domain knowledge at a high level of expressiveness and could enable the user to specify his intent in more detail at query time.

[edit] Disambiguation

In order to understand what a user is searching for, word sense disambiguation must occur. When a term is ambiguous, meaning it can have several meanings (for example, if one considers the lemma “bark“, which can be understood as “the sound of a dog,” “the skin of a tree,” or “a three-masted sailing ship”), the disambiguation process is started, thanks to which the most probable meaning is chosen from all those possible.

Such processes make use of other information present in a semantic analysis system and takes into account the meanings of other words present in the sentence and in the rest of the text. The determination of every meaning, in substance, influences the disambiguation of the others, until a situation of maximum plausibility and coherence is reached for the sentence. All the fundamental information for the disambiguation process, that is, all the knowledge used by the system, is represented in the form of a , organized on a conceptual basis.

In a structure of this type, every lexical concept coincides therefore with a node and is linked to others by specific semantic relationships in a hierarchical and hereditary structure. In this way, each concept is enriched with the characteristics and meaning of the nearby nodes.

Every node of the network (called Synset) groups a set of synonyms which represent the same lexical concept (called Synsets) and can contain:

• single lemmata (‘seat’, ‘vacation’; ‘work’, ‘quick’; ‘quickly’, ‘more’, etc.)
• compounds (‘non-stop’, ‘abat-jour’, ”)
• collocations (‘credit card’, ‘university degree’, ‘treasury stock’, ‘go forward’, etc.).

The semantic relationships (links), which identify the semantic relationships between the synsets, are the order principals for the organization of the concepts.

[edit] See also

• Semantic web
• Semantic Unification
• Natural

[edit] References

1. ^ Breakthrough Analysis: Two Nine Types of Semantic Search
2. ^ Semantic Search Survey
3. ^ www2003.org/cdrom/papers/refereed/p779/ess.
4. ^

Several scientific events cover the topic of explicitly, such as the Semantic Search 2008 Workshop at ESWC’08 and the Workshop on Exploiting Semantic Annotations in Information Retrieval at ECIR’08.

[show] Semantic Web Background World Wide Web  · Internet  · Hypertext  · Databases  · Semantic networks  · Ontologies Sub-topics Linked Data  · Data Web  · Hyperdata  · Dereferenceable URIs  · Rule bases  · Data Spaces Applications Semantic wiki · Semantic publishing ·  · Semantic  · Semantic advertising · Semantic reasoner · Semantic matching · Semantic mapper ·  · Semantic analytics · Semantic Related topics Folksonomy  · Library 2.0 · Web 2.0  · Open Database Connectivity  · References  · Information architecture  ·  · Collective intelligence  · Topic Maps  · Mindmapping  · Metadata · Geotagging · Description logic Standards  : (/  · Notation 3  · Turtle  · N-Triples)  · SPARQL  · URI  ·  · Schemas, Ontologies & Rules : RDFS  · OWL  · Rule Interchange Format  · Semantic Semantic Annotation : RDFa  · eRDF  · GRDDL  · Microformats Common Vocabularies : FOAF  · SIOC  · Dublin  · SKOS Others: Plain Old Semantic

[show] Internet search Types Web (List) · Collaborative  · Metasearch engine Tools Local search · Vertical search · marketing · optimization · Search oriented architecture · Selection-based search · Social search · Document retrieval · Text  ·  · Multisearch · Federated search · Search aggregator · Index/Web indexing · Focused crawler · trap · Robots exclusion standard · Distributed  ·  · Website mirroring software ·  · Voice search · Human  · Natural  · Web query classification Applications Image search · Video  · Enterprise search · Protocols and standards  · Search/Retrieve  · Search/Retrieve via URL · OpenSearch · Representational State Transfer · Website Parse Template · Wide Area Information Servers See also  · Desktop search

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_search“

Categories: Semantic Web | Internet search engines

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Semantic Search offers more intelligent searching of the web. This is great for research or finding what is out on the web when you don’t already know what you want or are seeking. This is the web 3.0, the semantic web about which I have been writing recently. Semantics deals with the science of meaning in language. As a writer, poet and technology person, I find this very fascinating.
Bruce Whealton