One Mariner's

ROR - Rule 15 Crossing Situation

2011-11-28T10:21:00.000+08:00

Section II – Conduct of vessel in sight of one another

Rule 15 - Crossing situation

When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

Questions & Answers

Q1. What type of vessels do you need for this rule?
A1. 2 power-driven vessels.

Q2. How do you know who is the give way vessel in a crossing situation?
A2. You're the give way vessel if you have another power-driven vessel on your starboard side.

Q3. When are two vessels crossing each other?
A3. Crossing situation :

Vessels are near one another.

Vessel is between half a compass point ahead to two compass points abaft the beam.

Vessel’s courses cross one another.

Q4. Two what type of vessel does Rule 15, Crossing situation apply and not apply?
A4. Crossing situation applies to:

Two power-driven vessels crossing.

Crossing situation does not apply to:

Two sailing vessels.

A sailing vessel and a power-driven vessel.

A power-driven vessel and a hampered vessel (NUC, restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, deep draught, fishing).

Q5. What is the most adequate give-way action when two power driven vessels are crossing?
A5. Action by give-way vessel (preferred):

Alter course to starboard to

Pass astern of other vessel

Sound one short blast

Q6. What should you do in a crossing situation if it is impossible to pass astern of another vessel?
A6. If passing astern is impossible:

Reduce speed, possibly stop and reverse engines (sound three short blasts).

Alter course to port to follow a parallel course .

Make a complete turning circle to port.

Q7. What action should be avoided if the circumstances of the case admit, in a crossing situation if there is risk of collision?
A7. Avoid:

Crossing ahead

Apply a course alteration to port only for a vessel approaching from near the starboard beam.

Apply a course alteration to starboard for a vessel approaching ahead of the starboard beam.

Q8. When would, in crossing situation with risk of collision, a substantial alteration of course to port, be the best avoiding action.
A8. Avoid :

Crossing ahead

Apply a course alteration to port only for a vessel approaching from near the starboard beam.

Apply a course alteration to starboard for a vessel approaching ahead of the starboard beam.

ROR - Rule 14 Head-on Situation

2011-11-23T20:38:00.001+08:00

Section II – Conduct of vessel in sight of one another

Rule 14 - Head-on Situation

(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.

(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she would see the mast head lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and/or both sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.

(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists she shall assume that is does exist and act accordingly.

Questions & Answers

Q1. According to the rule, what types of vessels do you need?
A1. 2 power-driven vessels.

Q2. In a head-on situation between 2 power-driven vessels, how do you know it's a head-on situation at night?
A2. Because you would see his masthead light in between his sidelights.

Q3. What action will you take with 2 power-driven vessels in a head-on situation?
A3. Both vessels will sound 1 short blast on the whistle and make an early and bold alteration to starboard.

Q4. What action will you take if you're in a power-driven vessel, and in a head-on situation with a fishing vessel, also what action would the fishing vessel take?
A4. You will sound 1 short blast on the whistle and make an early and bold alteration to starboard, the fishing vessel will stand-on with caution because he is most hampered.

Q5. What action shall two power driven vessel taken to avoid collision when they are meeting on reciprocal or nearly reciprocal course?
A5. Head-on courses, reciprocal courses or nearly reciprocal courses:

Both alter course to starboard

Only applicable to power-driven vessels

NOT to sailing vessels

You're in a Power-driven vessel and in a head-on situation with one of the following, will you stand-on or giveway to the other vessel and does the other vessel stand-on or giveway also?

Other Vessel what are you going to do? what's the other vessel
going to do?
Power-Driven Vessel Giveway Giveway
Sailing Vessel Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Fishing Vessel Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Not Under Command (N.U.C.) Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Restricted in her ability to Manoeuvre Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Constrained by her Draught If the circumstances of the
case admit - Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Minesweeper Turn 180 degrees and make
for the harbour Stand-on with Caution
P.D.V. towing another Vessel Giveway Giveway
Restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
towing another vessel Giveway Stand-on with Caution
Ferry Giveway Giveway
Supertanker Giveway Giveway
Pilot Vessel Giveway Giveway
High Speed Craft Giveway Giveway
Wig Aircraft Stand-on with Caution Giveway

Life Can Begin at 50/60 or 70/80

2011-11-22T07:31:00.000+08:00

Many people feel unhappy, health-wise and security-wise, after 50/60 70/80 years of age owing to the diminishing importance given to them and their opinions. But, it need not be so, if only we understand the basic principles of life and follow them scrupulously.

Here are ten mantras to age gracefully, make life after retirement pleasant, enjoy and treasure the elder years of wisdom and intelligence at its best.

1. Never say 'I am aged':

There are three ages, chronological, biological, and psychological. The first is calculated based on our date of birth; the second is determined by the health conditions and the third is how old you feel you are. While we don't have control over the first, we can take care of our health with good diet, exercise and a cheerful attitude. A positive attitude and optimistic thinking can reverse the third age.

2. Health is wealth:

If you really love your kids and kin, taking care of yourself and your health should be your priority. Thus, you will not be a burden to them. Have an annual health check-up and take the prescribed medicines regularly. Take out a health care insurance coverage.

3. Money is important:

Money is essential for meeting the basic necessities of life, keeping good health and earning family respect and security. Don't spend beyond your means even for your children. You have lived for them throughout and it is time you enjoyed a harmonious life with your spouse. If your children are grateful they should take care of you. But never take it for granted.

4. Relaxation and recreation:

The most relaxing and recreating forces are healthy and religious attitudes, good sleep, music and laughter. Have faith in God, to sleep well, love learn good music, and see the fun side of life.

5. Time is precious:

It is almost like holding a horse's reins. When they are in your hands, you can control them. Imagine that every day you are born again. Yesterday is a paid cheque. Tomorrow is a promissory note. Today is ready cash; use it wisely. Live this moment.

6. Change is the only permanent thing:

We should accept change; it is inevitable. The only way to make sense out of change is to join the dance. Change has brought about many pleasant things. We should be happy that our children are blessed.

7. Enlightened selfishness:

Human beings are basically selfish. Whatever they do, they expect something in return. We should definitely be grateful to those who stood by us. But, our focus should be on the internal satisfaction and happiness we derive by doing good to others, without expecting anything in return.

8. Forget and forgive:

Don't be bothered too much about others' mistakes. We are not spiritual enough to show our other cheek when we are slapped on one cheek. But, for the sake of our own health and happiness, let us forgive and forget them. Otherwise, we will only be increasing our blood pressure.

9. Everything has a reason; a purpose:

Take life as it comes. Accept yourself as you are and also accept others for what they are. Everybody is unique and right in their own ways.

10. Overcome the fear of death:

We all know that one day we have to leave this world. Still we are afraid of death. We think that our spouse and children will be unable to withstand our loss. But, the truth is that no one is going to die for you; they may be depressed for some time. Time heals everything and they will carry on.

NOBODY GETS OUT OF THIS WORLD ALIVE!

IALA Maritime Buoyage System

2011-11-21T21:12:00.002+08:00

Cardinal Marks

North Cardinal

White Light, Very Quick Flashing or Quick Flashing, Continuous, Pass to the North side of this buoy.

East Cardinal

White light, Very Quick or Quick Flashing 3 every 5 or 10 seconds, Pass to the East side of this buoy.

South Cardinal

White light, Very Quick or Quick 6 flashes plus a long flash every 10 or 15 seconds, Pass to the South side of this Buoy.

West Cardinal

White light, Very Quick or Quick 9 Flashes every 10 or 15 seconds, Pass to the West side of this buoy.

A cardinal mark is used in conjunction with the compass to indicate the best navigable water. It is placed in one of four quadrants (north, east, south, or
west) from the best water. A cardinal mark takes its name from the compass point in which it is placed.

The mariner is safe if he/she passes north of a north mark, east of a east mark, south of a south mark, and west of a west mark. A cardinal mark may be used to do the following:
1. Indicate that the deepest water is an area on the named side of the mark.
2. Indicate the safe side on which to pass a danger.
3. Draw attention to a feature in a channel, such as a bend, junction, branch, or end of a shoal.

Topmarks

By day, topmarks are the most important features of cardinal marks. The arrangement of the cones must be memorized. For north, the points of the cones is up; and for south, the points of the cones is down. An aid to help you memorize the west topmark is that it resembles a wineglass. Cardinal marks carry topmarks, whenever practical, with cones as large as possible and clearly separated.

Color

Black and yellow horizontal bands are used to color cardinal marks. The position of the black band, or bands, is related to the point of the black topmarks.The black and yellow horizontal bands are used as follows:

1. North—Black bands above yellow bands
2. South—Black bands below yellow bands
3. West—Black band with yellow bands above and below
4. East—Black bands above and below yellow band

The shape of a cardinal mark is not important; but in the case of a buoy, it will be pillar or spar.

Light Characteristics

1. North—Very quick flashing (VQ) or quick flashing (Q)
2. East—Very quick flashing every 5 seconds (VQ (3) 5s) or quick flashing every 10 seconds (Q (3) 10s)
3. South—Very quick flashes followed by a long flash every 10 seconds (VQ FL (6) + LFl 10s) or quick flashing followed by a long flash every 15 seconds
(Q (6) + LFl 15s)
4. West—Very quick flashing light every 10 seconds (VQ (9) 10s) or quick flashing every 15 seconds (Q (9) 15s)

As a memory aid, associate the number of flashes in each group with a clock face (3 o'clock, east; 6 o'clock, south; and 9 o'clock, west). The long flash immediately following the group of flashes from a south cardinal mark is to ensure that its six flashes cannot be mistaken for three or nine.

Quick flashing lights flash at a rate of either 50 or 60 flashes per minute. Very quick flashing lights flash at a rate of either 100 or 120 flashes per minute. It is necessary to have a choice of quick or very quick flashing light to avoid confusion. Two north buoys that are placed near enough to each other to be
mistaken is one example where the quick flashing or very quick flashing lights would be needed.

Lateral Mark

Region A.

Region A is used in Europe, Africa, and most of Asia, including Australia and New Zealand. The major rule to remember when using region A is that the lateral mark will be red buoys to port and green buoys to starboard when entering from seaward.

Port Hand Lateral Mark

Red Light, Any Rhythm except 2 +1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to starboard and take the buoy down your port side.

Starboard Hand Lateral Mark

Green Light, Any Rhythm except 2 + 1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to port and take the buoy down your starboard side.

Port Hand Lateral Mark Preferred channel to Starboard

Red Light, Flashing 2 +1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to starboard and take the buoy down your port side, you can go up the wrong side of the buoy if you have a shallow drafted vessel and have local knowledge of the area.

Preferred channel to Port Starboard Hand Lateral Mark

Green Light, Flashing 2 + 1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to port and take the buoy down your starboard side, you can go up the wrong side of the buoy if you have a shallow drafted vessel and have local knowledge of the area.

Region B

Region B is used in North, Central, and South America, plus Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines. The rule to remember when using region B is the exact opposite from using region A: Lateral marks will be red to starboard and green to port when entering from seaward.

Port Hand Lateral Mark

Green Light, Any Rhythm except 2 +1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to starboard and take the buoy down your port side.

Starboard Hand Lateral Mark

Red Light, Any Rhythm except 2 + 1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to port and take the buoy down your starboard side.

Port Hand Lateral Mark Preferred channel to Starboard

Green Light, Flashing 2 +1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to starboard and take the buoy down your port side, you can go up the wrong side of the buoy if you have a shallow drafted vessel and have local knowledge of the area.

Starboard Hand Lateral Mark Preferred channel to Port

Red Light, Flashing 2 + 1, Going with direction of Buoyage, alter to port and take the buoy down your starboard side, you can go up the wrong side of the buoy if you have a shallow drafted vessel and have local knowledge of the area.

Isolated Danger Mark

White Light, Group Flash 2, You can pass either side of this buoy, preferable altering to starboard and take the buoy down your port side.

An isolated danger mark is erected on, or moored above, an isolated danger of limited extent. An isolated danger mark has navigable water all around it. The extent of the surrounding navigable water is not important. The isolated danger mark can, for example, indicate either a shoal that is well offshore or an islet separated by a narrow channel from the coast.

A black double-sphere topmark is, by day, the most important feature of an isolated danger mark. Whenever practical, this topmark will be carried with
the spheres as large as possible, mounted vertically, and clearly separated.

Black, with one or more red horizontal bands, is used for isolated danger marks. The shape of an isolated danger mark is not significant, but in the case
of a buoy, it will be either pillar or spar.

When lighted, a white flashing light showing a group of two flashes (FL (2)) is used to denote an isolated danger mark. The association of two flashes
and two spheres in the topmark may be a help in remembering these characteristics.

Safewater Mark

White Light, One of four flashes Isophase, Occulting, Morse A, Long flash every 10 seconds, You can pass either side of this buoy, preferable altering to starboard and take the buoy down your port side. Long Flash is between 4 6 seconds.

A safe-water mark is used to indicate there is navigable water all around the mark. Such a mark may be used as a centerline, midchannel, or landfall buoy.

Red and white vertical stripes are used for safe-water marks. The vertical stripes are used to distinguish them from the black-banded danger marks. Spherical, pillar, or spar buoys may be used as safe-water marks. Whenever practical, a pillar or spar buoy used as a safe-water mark will carry a single red
sphere topmark.

When lighted, a safe-water mark exhibits a white light. The phase characteristics of the light will be occulting, equal intervals, one long flash every 10 seconds, or Morse A. The association of a single flash and a single sphere in the topmark may help you to remember its characteristics.

Special Mark

Yellow Light, Any Rhythm not used for any buoys with white lights in the area.

A special mark may be used to indicate to the mariner a special area or feature. The nature of the special area or feature may be found by consulting the chart, Sailing Directions, or Notices to Mariners. The use of a special mark includes the following: Ocean Data Acquisition System (ODAS) buoys carrying oceanographic or meteorological sensors Traffic separation marks. Spoil ground marks. Military exercise zone marks. Cable or pipeline marks, including outfall pipes. Recreation zone marks.

Another function of a special mark is to define a channel within a channel (for example, a channel for deep-draft vessels in a wide approach area where the
limits of the channel for normal navigation are marked by red and green lateral buoys).

Yellow is the color used for special marks. The shape of a special mark is optional but must not conflict with a lateral or a safe-water mark.

When a topmark is carried, it takes the form of a single yellow X. When a light is exhibited, it is yellow. The phase light characteristics may be any other than
those used for white lights of cardinal, isolated danger, and safe-water marks.

ROR - Rule 13 Overtaking

2011-11-20T15:29:00.001+08:00

Section II – Conduct of vessel in sight of one another

Rule 13 - Overtaking

(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections I and II, any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.

(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.

(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.

(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or reliever her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.

Questions & Answers

Q1. What's classed as an overtaking vessel?
A1. When you're coming up on another vessel MORE than 22.5 degrees abaft the beam.

Q2. What light will you see at night if you're overtaking another vessel?
A2. The sternlight of the other vessel.

Q3. What are your priorities when overtaking another vessel?
A3. To keep well clear of the vessel being overtaken until well past and clear.

Q4. What distance would you say is well past and clear?
A4. At least 4 miles.

Q5. If you're overtaking another vessel and now you're abeam of the other vessel are you overtaking or crossing?
A5. You're still an overtaking vessel until well past and clear

Q6. If you're in any vessel and any vessel is overtaking you what would you do?
A6. Stand-on with caution keeping your course and speed.

Q7. If you're coming up on a vessel at 22.5 degrees abaft the beam, are you a crossing vessel or overtaking vessel?
A7. You're a crossing vessel, the word MORE is missing.

Q8. If you're overtaking a vessel, you're on his starboard quarter and the other vessel is on your stem, what action will you take?
A8. Take the shortest course, sound 2 short blasts on the whistle and make an early and bold alteration to port and go around the other vessel's stern.

Q9. If you're overtaking a vessel, you're on his port quarter and the other vessel is on your stem, what action will you take?
A9. Take the shortest course, sound 1 short blast on the whistle and make an early and bold alteration to starboard and go around the other vessel's stern.

Q10. If you're coming up on a vessel, and one minute you're seeing his sternlight, then his sidelight, then his sternlight, is this a crossing situation or an overtaking situation?
A10. This is an overtaking situation.

ROR - Rule 12 Sailing Vessels

2011-11-20T15:20:00.001+08:00

Section II – Conduct of vessel in sight of one another

Rule 12 - Sailing vessels

(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows:

(i) when each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other;

(ii) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward;

(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite to that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest for-and-aft sail is carried.

Questions & Answers

Q1. In the following sketches which sailing vessel is the Give way vessel?

A1. The red sailing vessel is the Give way vessel as he has the wind on his port side.

Q2. In the following sketches which sailing vessel is the Give way vessel?

A2. The green sailing vessel is the give way vessel as he is to windward of the other vessel.

Q3. In the following sketches which sailing vessel is the Give way vessel?

A3. The red sailing vessel is the give way vessel as he is to windward of the other vessel.

Q4. In the following sketches which sailing vessel is the Give way vessel?

A4. The red sailing vessel is the give way vessel, if he is unsure if the sailing vessel to windward has the wind on his port or starboard side.

Q5. On a sailing vessel, what is deemed as the windward side?
A5. For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to be the side opposite that on which the mainsail is carried or, in the case of a square rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.

Q6. Define the point of sailing of a sailing vessel.

A6. Point of sailing - Side on which vessel catches the wind

Main points of sailing

Port tack: wind on port side, sails over starboard

Starboard tack: wind on starboard, sails over port

ROR - Rule 11 Application

2011-11-20T14:53:00.001+08:00

Section II – Conduct of vessel in sight of one another

Rule 11 - Application

Rules in this Section apply to vessels in sight of one another.

ROR - Rule 10 Traffic Separation Schemes

2011-11-17T12:34:00.002+08:00

Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

Rule 10 - Traffic Separation Schemes

(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the Organisation and does not reliever any vessel of her obligation under any other Rule.

(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:

(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general direction of traffic flow for that lane;
(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or separation zone;
(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane, but when joining or leaving from either side shall do so at as small an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable.

(c) A vessel shall, so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes but if obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.

(d)
(i) a vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation scheme. However, vessels of less than 20 metres in length, sailing vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic zone.

(ii) Notwithstanding sub-paragraph (d)(i), a vessel may use an inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a port, offshore installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.

(e) A vessel other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a lane shall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a separation line except:

(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger.
(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic separation schemes shall do so with particular caution.

(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic separation scheme or in areas near its terminations.

(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it by as wide a margin as is practicable.

(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any vessel following a traffic lane.

(j) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the safe passage of a powerdriven vessel following a traffic lane.

(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the maintenance of safety of navigation in a traffic separation scheme is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extend necessary to carry out the operation.

(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an operation for the laying, servicing or picking up of a submarine cable, within a traffic separation scheme, is exempted from complying with this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.

Question & Answers

Q1. How do you join a lane?
A1. At the start of a lane or at a small an angle as possible to the lane.

Q2. How do you leave a lane?
A2. At the end of a lane or at a small an angle as possible to the lane.

Q3. How do you cross the lanes?
A3. At 90 degrees to the general flow of traffic (DO NOT SAY TO THE LANE)

Q4. Why 90 degrees?
A4. Because it's the quickest way across, and vessels in the lane can see the aspect of your vessel.

Q5. If crossing a lane, what 3 vessels do not impede any vessel using a lane?
A5. A fishing vessel, a sailing vessel and a power-driven vessel under 20metres.

Q6. What vessels can use the inshore zone?
A6. A power-driven vessel under 20 metres, sailing vessels, fishing vessels, vessels going to or from a port, going from port to port in the scheme, going into anchor to do emergency repairs, to avoid immediate danger, to lay submarine cables or to do repairs to buoys within the scheme.

Q7. What vessels can use the traffic separation zone?
A7. Fishing vessels, anchor for emergency repairs, crossing vessels, to avoid immediate danger, to lay submarine cables or to do repairs to buoys within the scheme.

Q8. Where can you anchor in a scheme?
A8. Anywhere, as long as it's to do emergency repairs, try and avoid anchoring in the lanes and at the terminations.

Q9. What would you do if you had to stop your main engine to do emergency repairs in a lane and had to anchor?
A9. Call up the port and advise them, also put out a security warning other vessels that you're at anchor, put up anchor lights and daytime signal.

Q10. Where can you fish in the scheme?
A10. Anywhere, but if fishing in a lane then go with the flow of traffic, and try and avoid fishing at the terminations.

Q11. Would you fish in a traffic separation scheme?
A11. This is a personnel question, there is a lot of large traffic there; you would be putting your crew and vessel into dangerous situations.

Q12. Could a supertanker leave a lane at 90 degrees come into the inshore zone to a pilot station, pick up a pilot and then cross to the opposite inshore zone at 90 degrees?
A12. No, he would have to leave the lane at a small an angle as possible to the lanes.

Q13. If you're in a power-driven vessel, crossing a scheme and on your port bow is another power-driven vessel in a lane, the bearing are steady and the distance is closing, what are you going to do?
A13. First find out length of vessel you are in.

Q14. Does it matter what size the power-driven vessel is that you're in?
A14. Yes, if under 20 metres and crossing a lane, then your not allowed to impede ANY vessel that is in the traffic lane that is going with the flow of traffic, if over 20 metres you would stand-on with caution maintaining your course and speed, the Power-driven vessel that is in the lane has to leave the lane at 90 degrees to take the risk of collision out.

Q15. Your in a 30 metres power-driven vessel crossing a lane, and there is a power-driven vessel on your port bow in a lane, the bearings are steady and the distance is closing, what are you going to do?
A15. Stand-on with caution, maintaining your course and speed.

Q16. How would the power-driven vessel leave the lane?
A16. He would make an early and bold alteration to starboard sounding 1 short blast on the whistle indicating he is altering to starboard.

Q17. Would he line up your stern and go around it?
A17. No, this would be a close quarter situation and could make you alter your course and put into a collision course with another vessel.

Q18. After the vessel came around your stern, how would he get back into the lane?
A18. At a small angle as possible to the general flow of traffic.

Q19. If you where in any vessel, just outside the scheme, would you manoeuvre here?
A19. No, it says if not using the scheme, then to give it a wide a margin as possible.

Q20. If you're fishing in a lane, and there is a power-driven vessel overtaking you, what are you going to do?
A20. Stand-on with caution, you have to use rule 13 Overtaking.

Q21. If you're crossing a lane in a fishing vessel and any vessel is on your port bow in a lane, the bearings are steady and the distance is closing, what are you going to do?
A21. If you're crossing and the bearings are steady, then you have to give-way to all vessels in a lane.

Good Thoughts

2011-11-13T22:48:00.000+08:00

Heavy rains remind us of challenges in life. Never ask for a lighter rain. Just pray for a better umbrella. - That is attitude.

When flood comes, fish eat ants and flood recedes, ants eat fish. - Only time matters. Just hold on, God gives opportunity to everyone!

Life is not about finding the right person, but creating the right relationship, it's not how we care in the beginning, but how much we care till the very end.

Some people always throw stones in your path. It depends on what you make with them. A Wall or a Bridge? - Remember you are the architect of your life.

Search for a beautiful heart, but don't search for a beautiful face. Because beautiful things are not always good, but good things are always beautiful.

It is not important to hold all the good cards in life. But it is important how well you play with the cards you hold.

Often when we lose all hope and think this is the end, God smiles from above and says, 'relax dear it is just a bend, not the end.' - Have faith and have a successful life.

One of the basic differences between God and humans is, God gives, gives and forgives. But the human gets, gets, gets and forgets.

Be thankful in life....

Marine Guidance Note - MGN 166 (M + F)

2011-11-13T22:34:00.001+08:00

MGN 166 (M + F) - Guideline for Voyage Planning

What are the Four Elements to a Passage Plan?

Appraisal
Planning
Execution
Monitoring

Appraisal, what is this?
When you gather as much safety and navigation information to give you a safe voyage.

What type of information does this involve?
The tides
Tidal streams
Under-keel allowances
Information from pilot books/sailing directions
Chart dangers (rocks, shallow water oil-rigs etc.)
Traffic schemes
Weather information (shipping forecasts)
Possible areas of restricted visibility
Any areas, which would involve an area of high traffic density

Planning, what is this?
Planning out the intended voyage, using all the information from Appraisal

What have you to do to make a plan of your voyage?
Plot the intended voyage making sure it is safe, and that the plan has been checked out by the master of the vessel, use way points, parallel indexing , courses, distance to steam on each leg, and by using all the information that you Appraised

Execution, what is this?
The master should find out how long his intended voyage should take, making sure he has enough water and fuel for the voyage
He should take into account any weather conditions expected on the voyage
Any areas of high traffic density that would make him deviate from his course (he should if possible make a plan to keep well clear of these areas)

Monitoring, what is this?
This is the act of checking your position often on a chart and that you remain in a safe distance from any danger areas (land)
Parallel Indexing should be used when you are alongside any hazards to maintain a safe distance

What is Parallel Indexing?
This is done by using your radar and V.R.M. (Variable Range Marker) and putting a distance on to it , as long as this distance is not breached, then your vessel should be in safe water

What is the purpose of Parallel Indexing?
To make sure your vessel is a safe distance away from any navigation hazards

How do you parallel index using radar?
By using your heading marker and slide it over towards the side that has the obstruction and using your V.R.M. and measuring the distance you need and put the heading marker onto the V.R.M.

What would you do if you had to parallel index off a point of land at 2 miles but the radar says your 1.7 miles from the point of land?
Alter off the land until you where 2 miles from the point of land, never breech what distance you had to keep off an obstruction

Oral Exam Questions

Q1. What distance would you parallel index off the land or any obstacles that's in your passage plan?
A1. At least 2 miles depending on the depth of water at that obstacle and any dangers to the ship

Q2. You've made a passage plan up for a voyage from Aberdeen to Egypt, how will you find out the state of the tide in the area your going too?
A2. By using the tidal diamonds that's on the chart of the area your going too

Q3. Why is it important to keep your charts up to date?
A3. Incase any new obstructions endanger your vessel, sunk vessel with her masts above the water, well-heads, new approaches to a harbour, oil-rig shifted position Etc.

Q4. How do you correct your charts up to date?
A4. By using the Cumulative Notices to Mariners and cross referencing them against the numbers of past corrections on the bottom left hand side of your chart.

Q5. What would you do if there was a correction missing?
A5. Find out the correction number and what issue of the Weekly Notices to Mariners it was contained in and enter it and put the correction number in at the bottom left hand side of the chart then sign it and date it.

Q6. What is Position fixing?
A6. By using your GPS and taking the lat/long and placing this onto a chart

Q7. How can you Position fix your position on a chart if you only have a radar, charts and a magnetic compass 2 miles from a point of land?
A7. By taking a compass bearing of the point of land and changing this to a true bearing then reversing the true bearing, now draw a line with the true reversed bearing from the point of land and measure off 2 miles this will give you an approximate fix

Q8. What publication would you find all the charts of the world?
A8. Admiralty World Charts

Deck Officer 2nd Class Oral Question

2011-11-13T09:42:00.000+08:00

Deck Officer 2nd Class Oral Question

1st Candidate

IMDG Code. MFAG , EMS No. Class. What extra equipment ships carrying dangerous goods MUST carry? Example 2 extra BA sets and chemical suits.

What is dock water density and a fresh water allowance (FWA)?

How to load containers on top of the bulk carrier hatches?

At what angle would you have securing wires?

What would do if any of the containers were damaged?
“A NOTE OF PROTEST“, “MATES RECEIPTS “, “BILL OF LAIDING “.

Enclosed spaces entry, how to test atmosphere? What to check?

Hammar hydrostatic release unit. How to rig it and explain in detail how they work?

Man over board. Procedure, action and Williamson turn.

Squat, interaction and bank effect .

Name and explain different parts of magnetic compass.
KELVIN`S BALLS , FLINDERS BAR

Why there is liquid in the compass. (to keep card wet)

What are the 2 corrections that can be done to a gyro. (Latitude and Speed)

Passage planning in details.How do you keep 2 radars set up and how to do parrallel indexing with different displays.

Radar plotting, 3 positions provided and to complete the plot and provide the CPA, Aspect, Course and Speed of the other vessel and what action to be taken.

Rules 6, 9, 10 ,19 in details.

Light and shape including arcs of visibility, horizontal and vertical spacing, fog signal and day shape .

Buoys - west cardinal, north cardinal, isolated danger, safe water mark.

Ship changing flag, how would I go about changing and re-registering EPIRB.

2nd Candidate

“Mates Receipts“, “Bills of Laiding“ & “Note of Protest“ Explained.

Cargo Securing Manual and the Code Of Safe Working Practice For Cargo Stowage And Securing, what was all in them and what the Rule of Thumb is all about.

How did you secure your deck cargo for bad weather.

Bunkering, who is responsible? What signals would I be showing to indicate that I am bunkering by day and by night (Code flag B or at night a single all round red light).

Asked the precautions to be taken while bunkering and all the equipment and information to do with SOPEP / SMPEP.

How would you deal with a fire in the engine room?

If you were mate on a ship, how would you deal with a man overboard.

Which publication you can find all the information on search patterns in. (IAMSAR)

Have you read M notice on Passage Planning? What it is?

What are the principals of passage planning?

What publications must be carried on vessels and what information is in each of the publications?

How could you find out if the charts were up to date?

Type of mooring ropes, formula for breaking strand, SWL. Calculate the breaking strand.

Describe turning short around with a ship model.

Rules of the road - Rules 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 & 19 in detail.

Arc`s of visibility, range of lights, horizontal & vertical separation.

Buoy - Isolated danger mark.

How much anchor cable you had on board, type of anchor, type and thickness of mooring ropes, radar displays used etc.

M notices.

Squat, interaction and bank effect.

Officer of the Watch Oral Question

2011-11-12T18:48:00.000+08:00

O.O.W. (Officer of the Watch) (Candidates Actual Oral Exam)

Sextant

Azimuth

Compass – (care and maintenance – find deviation for ships head)

Buoys

Man Overboard – (procedures)

Life Saving Appliances

Distress Signals

Williamson Turn

Lights – (loads off)

Preparations for Wheelhouse before going to sea – (passage plans, navigation aids tested etc.)

Manoeuvre’s – (traffic separation zones, crossing, restricted visibility, over-taking, narrow channels etc.)

Risk Assessment

Grain Rules – (how would you know if your vessel could carry grain)

IMDG Code – (given chemical name, asked to find schedule, where to stow, if could be stowed beside another chemical) Calcium Chloride

Passage Planning – (four stages, explain each)

What a shipper has to give you regarding the carriage of chemicals, before loading.

All rules covered.

ROR - Rule 9 Narrow Channels

2011-11-11T21:54:00.002+08:00

Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

Rule 9 - Narrow Channels

(i) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel or fairway shall keep as near to the other limit of the channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe and practicable.

(ii) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.

(iii) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway.

(iv) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule 34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.

(v) (i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the vessel to be overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate signal prescribed by Rule 34(c)(i). The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(ii) and take steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed in Rule 34(d).

(ii) This rule does not relieve the overtaking of her obligation under Rule 13.

(vi) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway where other vessel may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(e).

(vii) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid anchoring in a narrow channel.

Questions & Answers

Q1. What side of the narrow channel would you keep?
A1.The starboard side of the narrow channel as long as your vessel is in safe water.

Q2. What would you sound to overtake a vessels starboard side?
A2. (Morse "G") (2 prolonged blasts followed by 1 short blast on the whistle

Q3. What would you sound to overtake a vessels port side?
A3. (Morse "Z")(2 prolonged blasts followed by 2 short blasts on the whistle)

Q4. What would you sound if you agree to be overtaken in a narrow channel?
A4. (Morse "C")(1 prolonged, 1 short, 1 prolonged, 1 short blast on the whistle)

Q5. What would you sound if you disagree to be overtaken in a narrow channel?
A5. (5 or more short and rapid blasts on the whistle)

Q6. What would you sound coming up to a bend in a narrow channel?
A6. (1 prolonged blast on the whistle)

Q7. If there is another vessel coming around the bend and he heard your warning signal, what would he sound?
A7. (1 prolonged blast on the whistle to let you know he is there)

Q8. What 3 vessels do not impede any other vessels using a narrow channel?
A8. A fishing vessel, sailing vessel and vessels under 20 metres

Q9. Are you allowed to cross a narrow channel?
A9. Yes, as long as you do not impede any vessel using the narrow channel

Q10. If you where in a narrow channel, and there is a vessel crossing a narrow channel, what would you sound to get him to stop and let you pass?
A10. Five or more short and rapid blasts on the whistle to indicate that your unsure of his intentions.

Q11. Define the term "narrow channel" or "fairway"?
A11. Narrow channel:

Channel limited by buoys

Channel 2 or 3 miles wide

The bed of a river

The deeper part of a river, harbour

An approach to harbour

Q12. Where should vessel navigate in narrow channel or fairway?
A12. Navigation in narrow channel or fairway:

Near outer limit on starboard side

As is safe and practicable

Q13. To what type of vessels does Rule 9, narrow channel apply?
A13. Applies to all vessels:

Power-driven vessels and sailing vessels

Q14. Which precautionary steps can you take if without apparent reason an incoming vessel does not keep to the starboard of the channel or fairway or navigates on the wrong side?
A14. Oncoming vessel does not keep to starboard:

Give warning signal

Keep to starboard as is safe and practicable

Reduce speed

Take all way off

Q15. When is a vessel allowed to move away from the starboard side of the narrow channel or fairway?
A15. Move away from the starboard side is allowed:

When the draught makes it necessary

In case of bank suction

For obstacles on the starboard side

Vessel aground

Vessel at anchor

Vessels engaged in certain operations

To join another fairway

To call at a harbour

Q16. Which vessel is not allowed to impede the passage of the vessel which can safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway?

A16. Not allowed to impede the passage

Vessels of less than 20 m

Sailing vessels

Q17. Are fishing vessel allowed to impede the passage of any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway?
A17. Not allowed to impede the passage:

Fishing vessels

For any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or fairway

Fishing vessels may fish in an narrow channel or fairway but they may NOT impede the passage of vessels navigating within a narrow channel or fairway

Q18. Is a vessel allowed crossing a narrow channel or fairway if such crossing impede the safe passage the vessel which can safely navigate only within such channel or fairway?
A18. Crossing a narrow channel or fairway:

Vessels shall NOT cross a narrow channel or fairway

Narrow Channels Situations

Q1. You're in a Power-driven vessel doing 5 knots and ahead of you is a vessel doing 3 knots, what will you do?
A1. Make the sound signal for overtaking the vessel ahead of you.

Q2. What is the sound signal you would make if you want to pass his port-side and what is the sound signal to port pass his starboard side?
A2. To pass his port-side you would sound Morse "Z" which is 2 prolonged blasts followed by 2 short blasts on the ships whistle
To pass his starboard-side you would sound Morse "G" which is 2 prolonged blasts followed by one short blast on the ships whistle

Q3. What would you expect the overtaking vessel to sound after you gave him your overtaking signal?
A3. He should sound Morse "C" which is 1 prolonged blast followed by 1 short blast followed by 1 prolonged blast followed by 1 short blast on the ships whistle; this means he agrees to be overtaken

Q4. He has not given you the sound signal that he agrees to be overtaken; what will you do now?
A4. Slow your vessel down to the same speed that his is doing and give him the overtaking sound signal again

Q5. The vessel your about to overtake still has not gave you his sound signal to agree to be overtaken - is there any other signal he can give you?
A5. Yes he can give you the International code of signals - flag "Charlie" - which means - I agree

Q6. The vessel being overtaken has given you permission to overtake him and now your abeam of him - are you an overtaking vessel or a crossing vessel?
A6. Once you make yourself an overtaking vessel you remain an overtaking vessel until well past and clear of the vessel being overtaken.

Q7. What's deemed/classed as an overtaking vessel?
A7. Coming up on another vessel MORE than 22.5o abaft the beam of the vessel being overtaken

Q8. You have passed the vessel your overtaking, your about a mile past him, can you alter course now?
A8. As a Rule Of Thumb, Make a Close Quarter Situation 4 miles out in the open sea, so No this is not enough distance clear of the vessel being overtaking

Q9. What light will you see at night-time if your overtaking another vessel?
A9. The sternlight of the vessel being overtaken and no sidelights.

Q10. You're coming up on a vessel at 22.5o abaft the beam - are you a crossing vessel or an overtaking vessel?
A10. You'd be a crossing vessel - the word "MORE" is missing

Q11. Coming up on a vessel at 22.5o abaft the beam - what light will you see at night?
A11. One of the sidelights - you will not see a sternlight - you have to be MORE than 22.50 abaft the beam to see a sternlight.

Q12. Your overtaking another vessel, your vessel is sheering, one minute you see a sternlight then a sidelight then a sternlight then a sidelight, are you a crossing or overtaking vessel?
A12. If in doubt you make yourself an overtaking vessel and go around the stern of the vessel your overtaking.

Q13. You're overtaking another vessel, when can you become a crossing vessel?
A13. Once your well passed and clear (at least 4 miles).

Q14. A vessel Not Under Command is overtaking you, will you stand-on or give way to this vessel, he is having major problems steering?
A14. He is duty bound to keep clear of you, so you will stand-on with caution (BE VERY CAUTIOUS WITH THIS VESSEL OVERTAKING YOU) keep taking compass/radar and visual bearings of him constantly

Q15. You're in a power-driven vessel in a traffic lane and any vessel is overtaking you, what are you going to do?
A15. Stand-on with caution, maintaining your course and speed - the above vessel is constrained by her draught and she should be going at a speed that she can stop and stay in the deepest water available.

Q16. You're in a sailing vessel in a traffic lane and any vessel is overtaking you, what are you going to do?
A16. Stand-on with caution, maintaining your course and speed - any vessel overtaking any other shall keep well clear of the vessel being overtaken.

Q18. You're in a fishing vessel in a traffic lane and any vessel is overtaking you, what are you going to do?
A18. Stand-on with Caution maintaining your course and speed (You're using Rule 13 Overtaking just now - Rules 10 does not exist whilst being overtaken - when the vessel overtaking you is well past and clear then you go back to Rule 10 Traffic Separation Scheme).

Q19. In restricted visibility, your overtaking another vessel, will you stand-on or give way?
A19. There are no Stand-on Vessels in Restricted visibility - Rule 19 part (a) says
"This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility" In other words "No Stand-on Vessels".

Tips:

If overtaking a vessel in clear or restricted visibility - take the shortest possible route and go around the vessel being overtaken stern so you can get back onto your original course quicker as long as you have plenty of sea room.

You're a crossing vessel when coming up on a vessel at 22.5o abaft the beam
You need to be MORE than 22.5o abaft the beam to be overtaking.

The situation above with the International code of signals Code flag "C" has caught a lot of personnel out as it is not in Rule 9 or Rule 34.

ROR - Rule 8 Action to avoid collision

2011-11-10T15:29:00.001+08:00

Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

Rule 8 - Action to avoid collision

(a) Any action taken to avoid collision, shall if the circumstances of the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due regard to the observance of good seamanship.

(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should be avoided.

(c) If there is sufficient sea-room, alteration of course alone may be the most effective action to avoid a closequarters situation provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not result in another closequarters situation.

(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such as to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is finally past and clear.

(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or take all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.

(f) (i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take early action to allow sufficient sea-room for the safe passage of the other vessel.

(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard to the action which may be required by the Rules of this Part.

(iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this Part when the two vessel are approaching one another so as to involve risk of collision.

Questions & Answers

Q1. What 4 actions can you take to avoid a collision?
A1. Action to avoid collision:
(i) an early and bold alteration of course, as long as you do not put your vessel into another close quarter situation/risk of collision with another vessel
(ii) slow your vessel down
(iii) stop your vessel
(iv) come astern with your vessel

Q2. Why are you always making an alteration of course, why do you not stop your vessel?
A2. To make sure the risk of collision/close quarter situation is taken out, also the other vessel ill see the change of aspect of your vessel (Visually and by radar)

Q3. If you make an alteration of course, what have you to watch out for?
A3. That you don not put yourself into a close quarter situation with another vessel.

Q4. If you make an alteration of course, why is it dangerous to make a series of small alterations?
A4. Because you could go into a close quarters situation/risk of collision

Q5. If you're unsure about what to do in a situation, what's the best thing to do?
A5. Slow your vessel down, best to stop your vessel altogether.

Q6. Discuss how action to avoid collision should be taken.

A6. Action to avoid collision :

In accordance with the Rules, positive, made in ample time, with regard to good seamanship.

Q7. In the case of Q6, what does good seamanship means?

A7. This implies that action :

Shall be effective, made early, be apparent to the other vessel.

With regard to existing dangers to navigation that the necessary signals shall be given.

The new course shall be followed without yawing.

Q8. What do you understand by "in ample time"?

A8. In most cases, when risk of collision exist it is easy to determine HOW we should maneauver. But WHEN we one to take action it is a bit more complex and depends to a large extend, on existing circumstances:

The size and speed of the vessel involved, the manoeuvering characteristics (turning circle, stopping distance), type of activities vessel engaged (towing, fishing, dredging), sea room, presence of hazard of navigation, state of sea and weather condition to be considered.

Any action to avoid collision should rather be taken earlier rather than too late especially on large vessel.

Q9. Before taking avoiding action, which points with regards to stand-on vessel must known?

A9. Facts about the stand-on vessel:

Her course, speed, bearing, distance, CPA & TCPA.

Q10. How large should an alteration of course be, to be apparent?

A10. Amplitude of course alteration:

Echo trail should turn by at least 20°

Alteration of course and speed: at least 30°

Alteration of course alone: at least 60°

Preferably and recommended: 90°

Q11. Which points should you take into account to make an alteration of course alone in case of risk of collision?

A11. Alteration of course alone:

There must be sufficient sea-room

The action must be made in ample time

The alteration of shall be substantial

Another close-quarters situation shall be avoided

Q12. How can you slacken or reduce a vessel speed?

A12. Slackening of speed:

Reduce the number of revolutions of propeller

Stop engines

Reverse the means of propulsion

Q13. How can you increase the time to access what action to take when there is a risk of collision?

A13. Advantages of reducing speed:

More time to assess the situation

Better chances of manoeuvring

In case of collision, less damage

Q14. In which cases is it imperative to reduce speed?

A14. It is imperative to reduce speed :

In restricted areas where a helm action is impossible

When other vessels or hazard prevent a helm action

When visibility is restricted

In some crossing situations

Q15. Comment what you understand by "not impede the safe passage of another vessel?

A15. Do not impede the passage:

Take early action to allow sufficient sea-room

Obligation remains if risk of collision exists

Take into account the action the other vessel may take

If risk of collision exist, the Rules of Part B must be applied

Q16. Is a vessel who's safe passage must no be impeded, fully privileged when risk of collision exist?
A16. Do not impede the passage:

Take early action to allow sufficient sea-room

Obligation remains if risk of collision exists

Take into account the action the other vessel may take

If risk of collision exist, the Rules of Part B must be applied

ROR - Rule 7 Risk of collision

2011-11-09T13:25:00.002+08:00

Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

Rule 7 - Risk of collision

(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if risk of collision exits. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.

(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.

(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the bases of scanty information, especially scanty radar information.

(d) In determining if risk collision exists the following considerations shall be among those taken into account:

(i) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an approaching vessel does not appreciably change;

(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.

Questions & Answers

Q1. What would you use to determine a risk of collision?
A1. Compass, radar and visual bearings (visual bearings being the most reliable)

Q2. What scale is your radar(s) on?
A2. 6 and 12 miles.

Q3. Why is your radar on the 12 miles scale?
A3. For early detection of targets.

Q4. You've taken 1 radar plot of a target, would you alter with this plot?
A4. No.

Q5. You've taken a 2nd radar plot of a target, would you alter with this plot?
A5. No.

Q6.Why would you not alter with 1 and 2 plots?
A6. Rule 7 part (c) says not to rely on scanty information, especially scanty radar information.

Q7. What are the dangers with radar plotting?
A7. Time is being wasted and could put your vessel into a collision course.

Q8. If the bearings are steady, is there a risk of collision?
A8. Yes.

Q9. If the bearings are not steady, could there still be a risk of collision?
A9. Yes.

Q10. What situations?
A10. With a large vessel, a long tow or a close quarter situation.

Q11. If plotting a vessel towing a vessel towing another vessel with the length of tow being 2 miles long, what are you going to take bearings of?
A11. The stem of the towing vessel and the stern of the vessel being towed, everything in between is a risk of collision.

Q12. Determine the term "risk of collision"?

A12. Factors:

Distance between two vessels, speed of approach, do courses cross one another

Prevailing circumstances:

State of visibility, traffic & navigational hazards

Q13. What do you understand by all available means appropriate to the prevailing circumstances?

A13. All available means:

Compass bearings or relative bearings

Radar bearings

Plotting detected targets

Background bearings

Foreground bearings

Q14. What precautionary measures shall the master take before proceeding to sea?

A14. Refer to SOLAS Chapter V - Regulation 34.

Before proceeding to sea:

Planning of intended voyage:

Nautical charts, Nautical publications, Organization’s guidelines and recommendations

Identify a route taking account of:

Ships’ routeing systems, Ensures sufficient sea room, Known navigational hazards, Adverse weather conditions, Marine environmental protection

Q15. Summarize the elements to be taken into consideration when planning the voyage.

A15. Refer to IMO Resolution A.893(21)

Q16. Which items should you consider in contemplating a voyage or passage?

A16. Refer to IMO Resolution A.893(21). Para 2.

Q17. Enumerates the factors that the detailed voyage or passage plan should include.

A17. Refer to IMO Resolution A.893(21). Para 3.

Q18. Which factors should the master take into account when executing a voyage or passage plan?

A18. Refer to IMO Resolution A.893(21). Para 4.

Q19. Where should the voyage or passage plan be kept during the voyage?

A19. Refer to IMO Resolution A.893(21). Para 5.

Q20. Discuss the matter of fatigue on board ship.

A20. Refer to MGN 211 (M).

ROR - Rule 6 Safe speed

2011-11-08T16:39:00.002+08:00

Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

Rule 6 - Safe speed

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:

(a) By all vessel:
(i) the state of visibility;
(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
(iii) the manoeuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.

(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:

(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
(iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;
(v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.

Questions & Answers

Q1. Describe a safe speed by all vessels?
A1. Every vessel shall go at a safe speed so that you can stop your vessel in half the distance you can see and use the other half to manoeuvre away from danger, taking the following factors into account:-

By all vessels:-
(i) the state of visibility
(ii) density of traffic
(iii) how manoeuvrable your vessel is, and how quick you can stop your vessel
(iv) the glare of your lights or light from the shore, you might not see the harbour entrance
(v) weather, sea state and any navigation hazards
(vi) the draught of your own vessel

Q2. Describe a safe speed by vessels with operational radar?
A2. (i) the limitations of your radar
(ii) the scale in use ( too small a scale could be hiding targets )
   (iii) weather, sea and rain clutter ( target could be hiding in clutter )
   (iv) ice, small vessels not detected by radar
      (v) vessels detected by radar
   (vi) determine the range of other vessels

Q3. Define the term " safe speed"?

A3. A safe speed whereby a collision can be avoided

It depends on - Circumstances and conditions at the time

It applies to - All vessels, power-driven vessels and sailing vessels.

Q4. Which factors shall be taken into account by all vessels in determining a safe speed?

A4. By all vessels:

The state of visibility

The traffic density

Manoeuvrability of the vessel

Stopping distance

Turning ability

Background lights

The state of wind, sea and current

The proximity of navigational hazards

The draught in relation to the available depth of water

Q5. Which factors shall be taken into account with regards to traffic density?

A5. Traffic density:

Light or heavy traffic areas

Traffic separation schemes

The number of fishing vessels in the vicinity

A convoy of warships

Vessels at anchor

Q6. Which are the factors that determine the manoeuverability of vessel?

A6. Manoeuvrability of the vessel:

Type of engines (steam, diesel, turbine, etc)

Power of the engine

Stopping distance

Turning circle

Fast or slow vessel

Manoeuvrability with regard to:

Condition of loading, draught & trim

Q7. What "precautionary measures" should you take before you were appointed as Chief Officer on a large ship or on a ship with unusual manuvering characteristic?

A7. Refer to Merchant Shipping Notice No M.1015.

Q8. What are the consequences of wind, sea and current on a ship proceeding at a reduce speed?

A8. State of wind, sea and current:

Reducing speed - Greater drift by wind & by current

Adverse weather conditions - Vessel is less manoeuvrable

Fishing boats, yachts, buoys, etc are less visible

Navigational hazards may require the vessel to maintain a safe speed

Q9. How will the vessel behave when she has insufficient water under the keel?

A9. Insufficient depth of water:

Must reduce speed

Difficult to steer

Reduced manoeuvrability

Interaction

Bank suction

Bank rejection

Q10. What is interaction and what are the danger inherent to it?

A10. Refer to Marine Guidance Note MGN 199 (M).

Q11. What factors should be taken into account by vessel with operational radar?
A11. Rule 6 (b).

Q12. Enumerate the main characteristics which determine the efficiency of radar.
A12. Efficiency of radar:

Range performance

Minimum range

Diameter of PPI

Scale of display

Plotting facilities

Range accuracy

Heading indicator

Bearing accuracy

Azimuth stabilisation

Q13. Comment the choice of range scale to be use.
A13. Radar long range observation:

Early observation of targets

Allows plotting

Helps avoiding close-quarters situations

Early observation of land, sea marks and Coasts

Loss of accuracy

Q14.What is the degree of confident you can put in the use of radar as a means to avoid collision?
A14. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.1.

Q15. How should you interpret the observe echo in the radar?
A15. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.2, 2.3 & 2.4.

Q16. How can you estimate the degree of risk of collision with another vessel?

A16. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.5.

Q17. Enumerate the factors that should influence your choice of range scales for radar observation.
A17. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.6.

Q18. How should you use and appreciate radar observations as a means of avoiding collision?
A18. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.7 to 2.10.

Q19. When it is opportune to practice with radar?
A19. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.11.

Q20. When should the radar be kept operational?
A20. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.12 & 2.13.

Q21. What did you know about parallel index techniques?
A21. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.14 to 2.20.

Q22. When and how should the radar performance be check?
A22. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.21 to 2.24.

Q23. Which additional checks should you perform with ARPA?
A23. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 2.25 to 2.27.

Q24. Should you rely 100% on the GPS and GLONASS?
A24. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 4.

Q25. What did you know about ECDIS?
A25. Refer to MGN 63 (M + F). Paragraph 5.

ROR - Rule 5 Look-out

2011-11-08T13:52:00.003+08:00

Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

Rule 5 - Look-out

Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and condition so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.

Questions & Answers

Q1. Describe rule 5 look-out?
A1. By keeping a good look-out using eyes, ears and by using all navigation aids including radios for listening out for navigation warnings, so you can appraise any situation ahead of you.

Q2. When and with what means must a proper look-out be maintain?

A2. Proper look-out – At all times, by sight, by hearing, by all available means appropriate.

Q3. What are the particular duties of Officer of the Watch (OOW) regarding the look-out?

A3. Duties of the officer of the watch

– Observe all vessels

– Ascertain the risk of collision

– Keep an eye on his own ship

Verify nautical instruments

Check the course (especially with auto pilot)

– Be particularly vigilant when:

Meeting a vessel end on

Overtaking another vessel

Q4. What are the particular duties of look-out man?

A4. Duties of the look-out man

– Report any light

– Report any vessel

– Report any floating object

– Report any sound signal (especially in restricted visibility)

– If necessary, use binocular

Q5. Summarize the main points to be observed regarding the keeping of a safe navigational watch.

A5. Keeping a safe navigational watch

   Proper performance of duties

For safety of life and property

For prevention of pollution

   Apply the STCW principles at all times

   Ensure adequate watchkeeping arrangements

   Observe the ICS Bridge Procedures Guide

   Proceed at a safe speed at all times

   Use engines if necessary

Appendix: MGN 315 (M)

Q6. What are the main points to be considered with regard to fitness of duty and fatigue?
A6. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 3.

Q7. How should the officer of the watch perform his navigational watch? What shall be considered in particular?
A7. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 4.

Q8. Which factors should be taken into account when composing a bridge watch?
A8. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 5.

Q9. How should officer of the watch handed over the watch?
A9. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 6.

Q10. Summarize the points the relieving officer should consider when taking over the watch.
A10. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 7.

Taking over the watch :

   Verify vessel’s position

   Confirm intended track, course and speed

   Note any dangers to navigation

   Be aware of tides, currents, weather, visibility, and eventual effects on course and speed

   Note errors on gyro and magnetic compass

   Note status of bridge equipment

   Note settings of bridge/engine controls

Q11. Summarize the main elements to be considered with regards to the maintaining a proper look-out.
A11. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 8.

Q12. Which precautionary measures should the officer of the watch take in restricted visibility?
A12. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 10.

In restricted visibility

   Comply with the Colregs with regard to:

Keeping a look-out

Sounding of fog signals

Safe speed

Engines ready for immediate manoeuvre

      In addition:

Inform the Master

Ensure the look-out is posted at all times

Exhibit navigation lights

Operate and use the radar

Put engines on standby

Q13. When should you consider to proceed at a safe speed?
A13. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 11.

Q14. Which precautionary measures should you take when your vessel at anchor?

A14. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 12.

Vessel at anchor:

   Determine and plot vessel’s position

   Check if vessel is remaining at anchor

   Have a proper look-out

   Make inspection rounds periodically

   Observe:

   Meteorological conditions

   Tidal conditions

State of sea

   Notify Master and take measures if anchor drags

Q15. What are the duties of watchkeeper when navigating with pilot?
A15. Refer to MGN 315 (M) Paragraph 9.

Q16. In connection with look-out, what do you understand by "all available means appropriate"?
A16. All available means appropriate

   Use a radar:

In clear visibility

In restricted visibility

In operation or on standby

In congested waters

A proper look-out is still compulsory

Must be properly adjusted

Careful choice of scale range

Good choice of mode display

Q17. Comment the use of VHF as a collision avoidance aid?
A17. Refer to MGN 324 (M + F) Paragraph 1 - 13.

Q18. What do you know about the use of Automatic Identification System (AIS)?
A18. Refer to MGN 324 (M + F) Paragraph 13 - 21.

Q19. What do you understand by "fully appraisal of the situation and of risk of collision"?
A19. As officer of the watch (OOW) you must constantly be aware of what is happening on your on vessel and what is going on outside your vessel around you.

This included:

1. On your own vessel.

You must constantly know your exact vessel position and be aware of all dangers to navigation you are going to encounter, such as banks, shallows, rocks, wrecks, buoys, etc.

It is a very bad practice when you sight a buoy to go and check on the chart which buoy that may be. When you take over the watch, you check your position on the chart and according to your speed, you determine the way you will run during the watch. You also study all dangers you may encounter. You then make a photostats copy in your mind of that portion of the chart which will allow you to anticipate what and when you will see and/or meet obstacles. You need to check and plot a new fix at a regular intervals.

You need to be well acquainted with the atmospheric and hydrographic elements during your watch.

You need to know direction and force of the wind and state of the sea at all times. The direction and speed of current.

At all times, check the depth of water available and check for shallows and banks. They can produce bank suction, squat or sheering which may influence steering capacity and reduce the speed.

If there is any risk of collision, check if the engines are ready for use and at night, check if your navigation light is burning. Also check is the radar is operational or at-least on stand by.

Make sure the assistance watch keeper is on the bridge so that you can immediately switch over from automatic to manual steering.

2. Outside the vessel around you.

When you see any potential treat or a definite risk of collision from other vessel, take the following precautionary measures:

i. Radar plotting for data acquisition - course and speed.
ii. Regular compass bearing.
iii. Check how the vessel behaving. Is the vessel is keeping a steady course or sheering.
iv. Sounding the appropriate sound signal or make light signal with aldis lamp.
v. Be aware of interaction between vessel if you are following a parallel course.

ROR - Rule 4 Application

2011-11-08T00:24:00.001+08:00

Section I – Conduct of vessels in any condition of visibility

Rules in this Section apply in any condition of visibility.

ROR - Rule 3 General Definitions

2011-11-08T00:18:00.003+08:00

For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:

(a) The word "vessel" includes every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.

(b) The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.

(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.

(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or the fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability.

(e) The word "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.

(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstances is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.

(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre" means a vessel which from the nature of the work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel. The term "vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre" shall include but not be limited to:

(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine cable or pipeline;

(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;

(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway;

(iv) A vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;

(v) A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations;

(vi) A vessel engaged in towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.

(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draught" means a power-driven vessel which, because of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water, is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.

(i) The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.

(j) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her length overall and greater breadth.

(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.

(l) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.

Questions and Answers

Q1. Describe the term "not under command"?
A1. Means a vessel through some exceptional circumstances is unable to deviate from the course she is following.

Q2. Describe the term" vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre"?
A2. Is a vessel through the nature of her work; she is unable to deviate from her course she is following.

Q3. Describe a "vessel constrained by her draught"?
A3. Is a power-driven vessel, because of her draught in relation to the depth of water she is in, cannot deviate from the course she is following

Q4. Describe the word "Underway"?
A4. When a vessel is not at anchor, aground or made fast to the shore, and is only going through the water by tide and/or wind.

Q5. Describe the word "Making way"?
A5. When a vessel is being propelled through the water by engine propulsion, sails or oars.

Q6. In the Rules of the road, in some rules the word "vessel" comes up, but what would you say a vessel is?
A6. Any type of watercraft than can carry personnel.

Q7. Describe a power-driven vessel?
A7. Any vessel that has an engine to propel herself through the water

Q8. Describe a sailing vessel?
A8. A vessel using sails and not using engine propulsion to push her through the sea.

Q9. Describe the word "seaplane"?
A9. Any aircraft that can land on water.

Q10. Your asked about the "Length and Breadth" of your vessel, what is this?
A10. The longest length of your vessel and the widest part of the vessel, you'll get this from your "Stability book" and the "Record of particulars"

Q11. The term "when vessels are in sight of one another" what does this mean?
A11. When you can see the vessel visually by the naked eye during daylight or at night, Rule 34 explains the sound signals used "When vessels are in sight of one another"

Q12. Define the word "vessel"?
A12. Rule 3(a).

Vessel – Every water craft including: Non-displacement craft, WIG craft, Seaplanes

   Used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water

Q13. What type of craft does the "vessel" include?
A13. Rule 3(a).

Types of Vessels

   Every description of water craft used as a means of transportation on water.

   - Merchant vessels

- Pleasure craft

- Large and small vessels

- Fast or slow vessels

- Non-conventional vessels

- Dredgers

Non-displacement craft

– Seaplanes

– Dredgers

– Etc.

Q14. What is the difference between a vessel "underway" and a vessel "making way".
A14. A vessel "underway" is a vessel that is not attached to any fixed such as the shore, the bottom or at anchor.

A vessel "making way" is a vessel thats floats in the water without any attachment to a fixed object or bottom. It can be making way through the water which means that it is moving with respect to the water (with or without engine running) or it cannot make way through the water which mean that it is stop with respect with the water.

ROR - Rule 2 Responsibility

2011-11-07T22:26:00.003+08:00

(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

(b) In construing and complying with these Rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.

Question & Answer

Q1. Define Rule 2-Responsibilities?
A1. That everybody is responsible for any action taken aboard a vessel, and if involved in a collision then both parties are at fault, because the stand-on vessel did not use rule 7 risk of collision and rule 8 Action to avoid collision.

Q2. What is the responsibilities of a master on the vessel?
A2. To make sure the vessel is a safe and healthy working environment

Q3. What are the responsibilities of individuals aboard your vessel?
A3. To make sure their health is good and if they see any dangers then to report them to the master.

Q4. What is the aim of Rule 2 (a).

A4. Rule 2(a).

– Emphasize the need for safety

– Comply strictly with the Rules

– Take safety measures required by good seamanship & any particular circumstance

Q5. What are good seamanship and special circumstances?

A5. Rule 2(a) & (b).

Good seamanship means:

– Strict observance of all COLREGS requirements

– Take measures to avoid collision based on knowledge and on experience

Thus:

Observance of the Rules

Professional conduct in circumstances not covered by the Rules

Q6. Give a few examples regarding negligence in complying with this rules?

A6. Negligence in complying with the Rules:

– Not maintaining a proper look-out

– Not keeping a safe speed when necessary

– Not using all available means to avoid collision

– Not taking bearings

– Not making a proper use of radar

– Not keeping to the Sb-side of a narrow channel (if possible)

– Not making a proper use of a traffic separation scheme

– Not observing the Steering and Sailing Rules

– Not carrying the correct lights and shapes

– Not sounding the fog signals

– Etc.

Q7. Give some examples of precautionary measures required by good seamanship or by special circumstances.

A7. Precautions required by good seamanship

– Check if the lights are really burning

– Avoid yawing when required to keep on course

– Answer any fog signal

– Keep clear of a vessel at anchor

– Reduce speed in shallow waters

– Avoid inappropriate use of mobile phones

– Act with your experience and common sense

– Etc.

Q8. Would you consider a give-way vessel at a distance of 5 nautical miles to be an immediate danger?

A8. No. But depending on the size, speed and course of the give-way vessel (which can be assessed on the radar), extra vigilance is required especially if your own vessel is also rather large and fast with a stopping distance of 2 to 3 nautical miles.

If at a distance of 2 to 3 nautical miles (depending on the circumstances) the give-way vessel does not show any incentive to alter course, I would start to take some precautionary measures such as calling the ship on VHF and sounding a warning signal. If the give-way vessel still does not react, I will, in due course, seriously consider to apply Rule 17 and take action myself, such as reduce speed, stop engine, apply astern propulsion and alter course.

If I do not feel confident about the situation because it looks too complex or I still lack of the necessary experience, I will immediately inform the master to assist me.

Q9. Would you consider a complete steering gear failure in narrow channel to be an immediate danger?

A9. Yes. As soon as the vessel is not under command (NUC), take all precautionary actions/measures such as showing the NUC lights or shapes and sounding the sound signal . . _ (U - You are running into danger). Reduce speed or stop the vessel by applying astern propulsion and hold the anchors ready to stop the vessel more drastically if necessary.

Q10. It is appropriate to make a personnel call on mobile phone while entering or leaving harbour?

A10. Refer to MGN 299 (M + F).

Q11. In which circumstances is one allowed to depart from the Rules?

A11. Rule 2(b).

Departure from the Rules:

– To avoid immediate danger such as:

Dangers to navigation and risk of collision (shallows, wrecks, etc.)

Special circumstances (last minute action)

Limitations of vessels

Meeting a convoy of warships

Meeting submarines

Meeting a seaplane taking off or landing

Meeting a WIG craft taking off or landing

ROR - Rule 1 Application

2011-11-07T21:12:00.003+08:00

(a) These Rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.

(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for roadstead, harbours, rivers, lakes or inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.

(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals for ships or war and vessels proceedings under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape or signal authorised elsewhere under these Rules.

(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organisation for the purpose of these Rules.

(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of any special construction or purpose cannot comply with the provision of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with the Rules in respect of that vessel.

Question And Answer.

Q1. To what type of vessels do COLREGS apply?
A1. Rule 1(a).

Q2. Where do the COLREGS apply?
A2. Rule 1(a).

Q3. What are the special rules and and where do they usually apply?
A3. Rule 1(b).

Q4. For what type of ships can a government issue special rules?
A4. Rule 1(c) & 1(e).

International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

2011-11-07T15:17:00.000+08:00

The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972 (COLREGS) are published by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and set out, inter alia, the "rules of the road" or navigation rules to be followed by ships and other vessels at sea in order to prevent collisions between two or more vessels. COLREGS can also refer to the specific political line that divides inland waterways (subject to one set of navigation rules) and coastal waterways (subject to international navigation rules).

Although rules for navigating vessels inland may differ, the international rules specify that they should be as closely in line with the international rules as possible. In continental Europe, the Code Européen des Voies de la Navigation Intérieure (CEVNI, or the European Code for Navigation on Inland Waters) apply. In the United States, the rules for vessels navigating inland are published alongside the international rules.