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Muslim Rajputs

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Muslim Rajputs

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Muslim Rajputs مسلمان راجپوت

1^st row: , M.A Jinnah, Umar Hayat Khan, Allama Mashriqi
2^st row: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Amir Khan, Sajid Mahmood

Total population

18,906,000^[1]

Regions with significant populations

Pakistan	16,561,000	^[2]
India	2,310,000	^[3]

Languages

• Punjabi • Sindhi • Seraiki • Urdu • Rajasthani• Gujarati •English

Religion

• Islam

Related ethnic groups

• Indo-Aryan people • Rajputs • Ranghar• Punjabi Rajputs • Sindhi Rajputs • Pahari Rajputs • Muslim Dogras

Muslim Rajputs or Musalman Rajputs (Urdu: مسلمان راجپوت) are Muslims belonging to the Rajput tribe of Pakistan and India. They are Muslim converts from the Rajput, a Hindu caste found in North India.^[4]

[edit] History

The term Rajput is traditionally applied to the original Suryavanshi, Chandravanshi and Agnivanshi clans, the ancient ruling dynasties of South Asia.

[edit] Muslim conquest of South Asia

The history of the Muslim Rajput coincides with the Muslim conquest of South Asia. The Rajputs started converting to Islam due to Sufi misssionaries beginning with the conquest of Indus Valley from Multan to Debal by Muhammad bin Qasim in 711 AD. At the time of arrival of Islam, the north and western regions of South Asia were ruled by Rajput clans. The Rajputs and Muslim armies fought many battles for the control of South Asia. Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni conquered the regal power of Rajput Maharaja Jayapala Shahi of the North Western South Asian region by 1026, through successive battles.
Towards the end of the 13th century Sultan Muiz-uldin Muhammad of Ghor conquered Delhi after defeating last defence of the Rajputs in the second battle of Tarain 1192 , by Maharaja Prithvi Raj Chauhan. Ghori lost the first battle to Chauhan but was pardoned and allowed to return to Afghanistan where he subsequently reformed his army and attacked for the second time there by defeating Chauhan and establishing the Muslim empire by 1206.
In 1527, the Muslim Janjua Rajput clan aided the Mughal conquest of South Asia by taking part in the Imperial Mughal armies as Generals.^[5] It must also be mentioned here that Hindu Rajputs also took part in these conquests as allies and even took part in marriages with the Mughals such as the Kachwaha Rajput Clan (who had to give Rani Jodhabai's hand to Mughal Emperor Akbar), Raja Man Singh aided Emperor Akbar in 1568 against the Sesodias.
The Mughal princes and Emperors had maternal Rajput blood. Emperor Muazzam Shah Alam Bahadar Shah's mother was a Muslim Rajput Nawab Bai Begum Sahiba (second wife of Emperor Aurangzeb) being the daughter of Raja Taj-ud-Din Jarral (Raja Chatar Shena Jarral) the late Raja of Rajauri, in Kashmir. Crown Prince Salim's mother was a Kachwaha Rajput princess, the sister of Jaipur's Maharaja Man Singh Kachwaha.

[edit] Conversion to Islam

Many Rajput clans were converted to Islam during the early 12th century and were given the title of Shaikh (elder of the tribe) by the Arab or Mirza by the Mughal rulers. Since conversion Rajput clans have remained loyal to their faith. Rajputs were converted to Islam by the Muslim Sufis missionaries of the famed Chistiya, Qadriya orders and many others. Rai Tulsi Das was converted to Islam by Makhdoom Jahania Jahangasht of Uch Sharif in 1323 AD and named Sheikh Sirajuddin alias Sheikh Chachu who established his independent state (District Ludhiana) given to him by Emperor Alauddin.^[6]^[7].^[8] Some conversions also took place for political reasons. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal dynasty encouraged the martial Rajput clans to convert to Islam. Conversions to Islam continued into the 19th century period of the British Raj.

“	The fact of subsequent conversion to other faiths, did not deprive them of this heritage; just as the Greeks, after their conversion to Christianity, did not lose pride in the mighty achievements of their ancestors, of the Italians in the great days of the Roman Republic and early empire... Christians, Jews, Parsees, Moslems. Indian converts to these religions never ceased to be Indian on account of a change of their faith....	”
—From The Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru^[9]

Nehru also mentioned his own personal experience with Muslim Rajputs as he grew up, "I grew to know; the Rajput peasant and petty landholder, still proud of his race and ancestry, even though he might have changed his faith and adopted Islam." More importantly he bears testament to the fact that despite his change of faith, a Rajput is still a Rajput.^[10]

“	The general conversion of the Muslim Rajputs from Hinduism is supposed to have taken place towards the end of the 13th or early 14th century AD. The Muslim conquests undoubtedly accelerated this change of religion, but the preaching of several renowned Muslim saints, especially Baba Farid of Pakpattan, whose eloquence drew large numbers to hear him, helped considerably to this end...	”
—From Punjabi Musalmans by J.M.Wikeley^[11]

Jawaharlal Nehru made mention of Islam's mass appeal, "...The impact of the invaders of the north-west and Islam on India had been considerable. It pointed out and shown up the abuses that had crept up into Hindu society-the petrifaction of caste, untouchability, exclusiveness carried to fantastic lengths. The idea of brotherhood of Islam and of the theoretical equality of its adherents made a powerful appeal, especially those of the Hindu fold who were denied any semblance of equal treatment..."^[12]
He further stated the conversions of Hindu upper castes to Islam, "Some individuals belonging to the higher castes also adopted the new faith, because for political economic reasons because of fear... though all their social structure was based on the group (caste/social class), in matters of religion they were highly individualistic.... It is worth noting as a rule, conversions to Islam were group conversions to protect their entire race...Among the upper castes individuals may change their religion...almost an entire village would convert... group life as well as well as their functions continued as before with only minor variations with regards worship etc."^[13]
The Muslim Rajputsare a multi-ethnic community who are partly descended from Arabs, Persians, Afghans and Turks. The Muslims of Middle East and Central Asia have historically, travelled to South Asia as technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis during the Islamic Sultanates and Mughal Empire and settled permanently. These Muslim families have intermarried with the Muslim Rajputs families.

[edit] Recent conversions and ethos

Regarding their rule as Muslim Rajput chiefs of multi-faith subjects, it is recorded in the Jhelum District Gazetteer "thoroughly convinced of the truth of their own Islamic creed, though they are by no means intolerant or fanatical."^[14]
The Rajput conversions attracted criticism from their Hindu counterparts. In fact a testimony of the steadfast practice of Islam by the Muslim Rajputs;

“	By and large, the only converts who keep the prescriptions of the (Islamic) Faith intact are the Muslim Rajputs	”
—From Looking back on India by Hubert Evans^[15]

There is an interesting case of this happening up until the recent British Raj era of India's history which established a precedent in their government. In the state of Rajgarh, the ruling Rajput Chief began to show a tendency towards Islam and got into difficulties with his Hindu caste peers over this. This occurred during the period of Sir John Lawrence's Viceroy period. His open following of Islamic traditions had infuriated his peers and feelings were so strong against him that he chose to abdicate the royal throne and retire to his new found faith. The subsequent inquiry against him however showed that he was a good ruler and no misgovernment was charged against him and his subjects were satisfied with his rule. A year later this Rajput chief openly declared the Kalima (Muslim affirmation of embracing Islam) and renounced the Hindu faith. His sons also joined him. This case established for the British Raj the precedent that no leader or ruler can be replaced simply because of his change of creed. Regardless of the feelings of his peers, it was the quality of his rule that mattered.^[16]
There is also recorded instances of recent conversions of Rajputs to Islam in Western Uttar Pradesh, Khurja tahsil of Bulanshahr.^[17]
But despite the difference in faith, where the question has arisen of Common Rajput honour, there have been instances where both Muslim and Hindu Rajputs have united together against threats from external ethnic groups.^[18]

[edit] Muslim Gautama Thakurs

An interesting example is also of the Gautamana Thakurs Gautama is the gotra of Kshatriya Rajputs of Uttar Pradesh, India. Gautama Maharishi is one of the Saptarishis (Seven Great Sages Rishi) He was one of the Maharishis of Vedic times, known to have been the discoverer of Mantras -- 'Mantra-drashtaa', in Sanskrit. The kshatriyas consisting of both Hindus and Muslims, co exist as a single tribe, supported each other staunchly through the Pre Partition Communal riots and have continued their respect towards one another despite the two distinct faiths of Islam and Hinduism. They are a sub-group of the Khanzada community of Awadh, a larger grouping of Muslim Rajputs.^[19]

[edit] Rajput of the Punjab Hill States and Kashmir

History of the Panjab Tribes by J. Hutchinson and J.P.Vogel lists a total of 22 states (16 Hindu and 6 Muslim) that formed the State of Jammu following the conquest of Kashmir by Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1820. Of these 6 Muslim states, two (Kotli and Punch) were ruled by Mangrals, two (Bhimber and Khari-Khariyala) were ruled by Chibs one (Rajouri) was ruled by the Jarrals and one (Khashtwar) was ruled by the Khashtwaria. Of these 22 states, 21 formed a pact with Ranjit Singh and formed the State of Jammu. Only Poonch ruled by the Mangrals retained a state of semi-autonomy. Following the War of 1947 Poonch was divided and is now split between Pakistan Administered Kashmir Poonch District (AJK) and Indian Administered Kashmir Poonch.^[20]
As stated in History of the Panjab Hill States by J.Hutchinson and J.P. Vogel;

"Kotli was founded about the fifteenth century by a branch of the royal family of Kashmir.Kotli and Punch remained independent until subdued by Ranjit Singh in 1815 and 1819 respectively."

[edit] British Raj references of Muslim Rajputs

A glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province based on the census report for the Punjab, 1883 written by Sir Denzil Ibbetson has reference to the Mangral Rajput. Under Western Rajputs, he writes that "The third Group is the Rajpoots of the western hills including the Salt Range Tract, comprising both dominant tribes of proud position such as Janjua and Mongrel Rajpoots from the Jammu hills" ^[21]
During the British era, the English quickly recognised the martial spirit of the Muslim Rajput and conferred great respect on their prominent clans and also documented their presence in the British army, praising their Martial traditions and abilities.
The Bais Rajputs of Awadh were describe as the

“

"Best dressed and housed people of southern Oudh.

”

^[22] Nearly half of Bais Rajputs to day are Muslim.
In 1922 there is a mention of Muslim Rajputs having their own regiments as well as taking part in other famous regiments;

18th Musalman Rajput regiment ^[23]
Punjabi Musalmans ^[24]
35th Scinde Horse ^[25]
36th Jacob's Horse ^[26]
17th Musalman Rajput regiment of Wana, Bengal Army
Mauritius 18th Muslim Rajput regiment ^[27]

The Jhelum District Gazetteer^[28] states clearly the esteem of the Muslim Rajput tribes of Janjua and Tiwana;

“

"the recruiting ground par excellence for Punjábi Musalmáns...The Janjúas of the Salt Range are considered second to none in martial spirit and tradition, and with the Tiwánás form the élite of the Punjábi Musalmáns

”

Sir Lepel H. Griffin ^[29] states;

“

The Janjuahs furnish excellent Cavalry recruits.... The Janjua clan are famous Muslim Rajputs of the Punjab region

”

[edit] Beliefs and customs

[edit] Change of name

A custom during these conversions was to adopt a new name to reflect their change of faith. Many Rajput kings changed their names, but also retained their ancestral/lineal titles such as tribal Clan names. This sense of identity has never been lost and Islam did in fact support and recognize "tribal identity".

[edit] Marriages

Hindu Rajput code dictates that Rajputs can only marry amongst other Rajputs that's why Mostly Muslim Rajputs still marry into other Muslim Rajputs only.. However, tradition of marriages into only one group or clan because of caste reasons is not permitted in Islam. This led to a great change in the traditional Rajput marital policy. Muslim Rajputs therefore started to marry from other dominant aristocratic Muslim clans. This was to continue the tradition of royal/strategic marriages without prejudice to Rajput affiliation. This was further realized when some major Rajput clans of Punjab intermarried into other clans of foreign descent. However, Mostly Muslim Rajputs still follow the custom of only marrying into other Muslim Rajput clans only.
Being recent converts to Islam from a culturally Rajput background, there was very little difference between Rajasthani and Uttar Pradeshi Hindu and Muslim Rajputs (outside of religious practices)^[30]. Hence up until recently, marriages between Muslim and Hindu Rajputs also took place.^[31]

[edit] Genealogical family trees

This is a strong tradition that exists amongst the most distinguished of Rajputs of all faiths, the recording of family names and continuance of the family tree. Muslim Rajputs of prominence hold and continue to record their genealogical trees since their Hindu past even after their conversion to Islam, to the present day. The less distinguished Rajputs or claimants of Rajput heritage will more than likely not have ancestral records of family lineage.

[edit] Inheritance

A reference to certain customs of inheritance and marriage of Muslim Rajputs is mentioned on this link in relation to Hindu Rajputs and other tribes.^[32]

[edit] Titles

Some Muslim Rajputs use the title of honor Jam: Jaam. Jam is considered as true spellings but pronounced as Jaam . Jam means having the royal competency or Prince Equal to Rajput. and almost all Muslim Rajputs use the title of Jam to call someone honorably.
Majority of Muslim Rajputs use their ancient Royal titles such as Raja, Rana, Rao and Rai. All these titles are originated from the ancient Sanskrit word Rajanya.
Many Muslim Rajputs were also conferred titles by the Delhi Sultans and the Mughal Emperors such as Sultan (king), Malik (Royal, King), Nawab ( Provincial Governor), Sirdar (Chief), Khan, Mian and Mirza (Royal prince), Sheikh (elder,Royal, King of the tribe), after embracing Islam.

Raja: It was not uncommon for such titles to continue down the line of descent. Although the majority of Muslim Rajputs use Raja as their ancestral title.this is the main and this is the highest title in Pakistan.

Rana: Rana is a princely title of Royalty means The King of Kings or A Great King. Muslim Rajputs in Pakistani Punjab mainly in Lahore, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Faisalabad and Sialkot use the title of Rana.

Rao: The majority of Raos in Pakistan are Muslim Punwar (Pawar) Rajputs. Raos can be found all across Pakistan and are found in large numbers in the Punjab Province. Raos are the brave people of the country as the majority of Raos are in Army forces of Pakistan. Rao in Rajasthan called Jagirdar.

Rai: Rai was a title of honor for certain Bhatti Rajput rulers, like Rai Khala, the ruler of Raikot State-Ludhiana 1705 AD.and Rai Bular rular of Nankana The title today is found mostly in the Pakistani province of Punjab.

Kunwar: (pronounced Koo-war) Hindu Janjuas use the title of Kunwar with their names. The variation of the pronounced word, Kanwar is also used by Muslim Janjuas also. Kanwar Muhammad Dilshad being the Secretary of the Election Commission of Pakistan.

Khan: Khan or Khaan. the title of Khaan. It is also spelled as Khaan. Khaan is considered as true speelings because it is خاں in Urdu. Khaan means the royal blood or Prince Equal to Rajput. so, originally it is Khaan. almost all Muslim Rajputs use the title of Khaan or Khan instead of Singh Title.

Sirdar: This title is manily used by the Sikh Minhas Rajputs. However, lately some Muslim Minhas Rajput clans in Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab Sialkot & Chakwal have also started using this title due to various reasons.

Sultan: The Janjua Rajputs of Jhelum were bestowed the title of Sultan, currently still used and recognised in Kusuk, Watli and the Sultan of Makhiala. It was bestowed upon the Houses of Watli and Makhiala by Emperor Babur is only used by the one head man of each Dynasty respectively.^[33] The current Sultan of Watli Fort and riyasat of Watli being Raja Sultan Azmat Hayat Janjua.

Nawab: The title Nawab was conferred on the ruler of the Darapur State, Malik Talib Mehdi Khan. His current descendants use the title as Nawabzada since the abolition of Princely States in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Current chief of the famed Darapur Dynasty being, Nawabzada Iqbal Mehdi Khan.

Mirza: Some also adopted the Persian title of Mirza instead of Rajput to distinguish their Muslim identity from their previous Hindu one as it is a Persian word meaning prince of the blood, the equivalent of Raj-putra. Although the Rajputs of the Jarral dynasty were ordained as Mirza's after their intermarriage with the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir. That lineage today resides in Saman Burj, Wazirabad and some continue to use Mirza as prefix but the majority descendents of Jarral Rajputs continue to use Raja as recognised by the Queen.

Malik: The title Malik (meaning prince) is used by a branch of the Jhelum Jodh branch of Janjua. Malik Darwesh Khan and Malik Hast (Asad) were known by these titles. Janjuas of Shadia Dist Mianwali are also referred to as Malik. (They are in dominance in Shadia and have the following sub clans; Mulkai Khel, Pattu Khel, Aziz Khel, Longi, Musi, Shah Mir Khel, Janu Khel, Ahmed Khel, Shah-wali Khel, Mehrwan Khel, Zaid Khel, Malu Khel and Sikandri Janjua.

Sheikh: The title Sheikh (meaning Elder,Royal,king of state).Many honorable Rajput clans had converted to Islam during the early 12th century and were given the honorary title of Sheikh (elder,Royal, King of the tribe) by the sufi saints and Arabs due whom they embraced Islam.Sheiukh rajputs were the earliest in Rajputs to embrace Islam.

Mian: This title was conferred upon the 'Punjab Hill Chiefs' by the Mughal King, Jhangir and was used by most of the Rajput tribes in the Punjab Hills for many centuries. The elder brother was called Raja, whereas his younger brothers were called Mian. Lately, the Rajputs have decided to use 'Thakur' instead of this Mughal title.

[edit] Martial traditions

The Royal Graveyard of Sultans of Sindh Samma Rajputs at Makli.

The Punjabi Rajputs has a long martial tradition which has continued into modern times. Punjabi Rajputs, being recognised in history as the warrior aristocracy, prior to this they were designated by the British Empire as a Martial Race and recruited into the Imperial Army. Muslim Rajputs naturally engaged in the Pakistani military in strong numbers, reaching ranks of Generals and the highest grade of Chief of Staff such as 7th Chief of Army Staff General Tikka Khan, Narma, Rajput and the 10th Chief of Army Staff General Asif Nawaz Khan Janjua.
Some of the most respected officers of the Pakistan Army including its first General, PA 1, Muhammed Akbar Khan (Order of the British Empire), PA 2 General Muhammad Iftikhar Khan(designated to become the first C-in-C, but died in an aircrash), PA 12 Brig.General Muhammed Zafar(first Indian to become Commander of Cavalary) and PA 48 General Muhammad Anwar Khan (Pakistan's first E-in-C) all hail from this clan. General Anwar is considered the father of Pakistan's Corps of Engineers, and also served as Chairman OGDC.

[edit] Top military awards

Daily Mirror Khudadad Khan was awarded Victoria Cross, the first native Indian to receive this honour

Members of Punjabi Rajput tribes have the honour of receiving top military awards both in British India and in Pakistan. Khudadad Khan VC (20 October 1888 – 8 March 1971) was the first Indian recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest military award for gallantry in the face of the enemy given to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first native-born Indian to win the Victoria Cross.

[edit] Victoria Cross

On 31 October 1914, at Hollebeke, Belgium, 26-year old Khan performed an act of bravery for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross during the First World War.

Khudadad Khan

[edit] Hilal-e-Kashmir

Hilal-e-Kashmir is equal to Nishan-e-Haider. Saif Ali Janjua Shaheed received Hilal-e-Kashmir. He fought and was killed in the Kashmir sector during the 1948 War.

[edit] Nishan-e-Haider

Five Rajputs was awarded Pakistan's top military honour, the Nishan-E-Haider .

Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed Bhatti
Sawar Muhammad Hussain Shaheed Janjua
Major Raja Aziz Bhatti Shaheed
Rashid Minhas Shaheed Minhas
Major Shabbir Sharif Shaheed Nishan-e-Haider

[edit] Demographics

The 1931 census of British India was the last to record caste affiliation in a manner that provides reliable information on Rajput demographics. Any present-day estimates are therefore speculative; they also vary widely.
The 1931 census reported a total of 10.7 million people self-describing as Rajput. Of this population, about 8.6 million people also self-described as being Hindu, about 2.1 million as being Muslim Rajput and about 50,000 as being Sikh Rajput by religion.

[edit] Distribution

The Joshua Project reported that 16,561,000 Pakistani's describing as Muslim Rajputs about 10% of the total population of Pakistan.^[2] Largest Provinces on file the Punjab (8,969,000), the Sindh (4,720,000), the Azad Kashmir (643,000), the Islamabad (223,000), the North-West Frontier Province (174,000), the Balochistan (37,000).
Major languages spoken by the Muslim Rajputs of Pakistan: Punjabi, Western (7,459,000 speakers), Sindhi (2,671,000), Seraiki (1,592,000), Urdu (1,458,000).
As well as Pakistan Joshua Project also reported that 2,310,000 of Indian describing as Muslim Rajputs.^[3] Largest States on file the Uttar Pradesh (1,528,000), the Jammu and Kashmir (176,000), the Haryana (161,000), the Rajasthan (91,000), the Delhi (68,000), the Uttarakhand (65,000), the Gujarat (57,000), the Punjab (28,000), the Maharashtra (28,000), the Andhra Pradesh (17,000).
Major Languages Spoken by the Muslim Rajputs of India. Urdu (1,725,000 Speakers), Kashmiri (73,000), Panjabi, Eastern (72,000), Marwari (63,000), Gujarati (39,000).
After independence of Pakistan in 1947, nearly all Muslim Rajputs of East Punjab, Haryana and other parts of northern India migrated and settled in Pakistan.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=113109
^ ^a ^b http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php?rop3=113109&rog3=PK
^ ^a ^b http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php
^ People of India by Sir H Riseley
^ The Baburnama, 2002, W.M Thackston, p377
^ Martyrdom in Islam' David Cook, Publ Cambridge University Press, 2007, p75 online version
^ Gender in World History Peter N. Stearns, PublRoutledge, 2000, p41 online version
^ The History of Islamic Political Thought Antony Black, Publ Routledge, 2001, 160 online version
^ The Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru, Oxford Uni. Press 1985, p62, p341
^ The Discovery of India, 2004, Penguin, p51
^ Punjabi Musalmans by J.M.Wikeley, Manohar 1991, p4
^ The Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru, Oxford Uni. Press 1985, p265
^ The Discovery of India by Jawaharlal Nehru, Oxford Uni. Press 1985, p266
^ Jhelum District Gazetteer Lahore, repr.2004, p129
^ Looking back on Indiaby Hubert Evans, 1988, p112
^ Rulers of India, Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under The Crown by Sir Charles Aitcheson, K.C.S.I., M.A., LL.D., Clarendon Press 1897,V p117
^ Muslim Women by Zakia A. Siddiqi, Anwar Jahan Zuberi, Aligarh Muslim University, India University Grants, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1993, p93
^ Self and sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850 by Ayesha Jalal, Routledge 2000, p480,p481
^ <India Today
^ History of the Panjab Hill States by J. Hutchinson, J.P. Vogel
^ Panjab Castes by Sir Denzil Ibbetson
^ Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars By C. A. Bayly
^ [1]
^ The Punjabi Musalmans by J. M. Wikeley - 1991, chiefly represented by the Janjua and Tiwanas (from the Rajput side)
^ [2]
^ [3]
^ [4]
^ The Jhelum Gazetteer of 1904 Lahore 2002, p254
^ Chiefs and Families of note in the Punjab 1909, Lahore, p217
^ People Of India by K. S. Singh, B. K. Lavania, S. K. Mandal, Anthropological Survey of India, N. N. Vyas, Popular Prakashan, 1998, p880
^ India's Literary History by Stuart H. Blackburn, Vasudha Dalmia, Orient Longman, 2004, p26
^ source
^ Punjab Chiefs Sir Lepel H.Griffin KCSI, Lahore 1909, p217

RAJPUT BHATTI

2010-07-12T14:20:00.000+05:00

Rajput Bhatti

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This article is about the tribe. For the town, see Bhati (town). For the medieval author, see Bhaṭṭikāvya. For the oven called a "bhatti", see Tandoor.

This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (May 2009)

Krishna from the Yadu Dynasty

Bhati (Hindi: भाटी (Bhati),(Bhatti / भटटी)) is a Chandravanshi caste (or clan) and is one of the largest tribes among Rajputs& Gujjars They claim descent from the legendary king Yadu who founded the Yadava^[1]^[2] dynasty,^[3]^[4] the first Chandravanshi^[1] (or Lunar Dynasty). Bhatti are a Yaduvanshi^[5]^[6]Rajput clan. They reside for the most part in central Punjab, the Jaisalmer region, in border villages of Bikaner and some tehsils of Jodhpur (Osian and Shergarh), India. The Bhati are also found in Uttar Pradesh. They are divided into about forty gotras or clans.

[edit] Early history

Asia in 1200 AD, showing the Yadava Dynasty and its neighbors.

Lord Krishna had eight wives, Rukmini was the senior wife whose son Pradyumna was married to a Vidarbha Princess who bore his two sons - Aniruddha and Vajranabha. Vajranabha had two sons - Shankhanabha and Khira. Vajranabha was in mathura when the Yadu fights happened in Dwarka and all were killed. Hearing this Vajranabha died of grief and Shankanabha was elected king and returned to Mathura. His brother Khira went ahead to Dwarka. ShankaNabha had issue Prithibahu and his brother Khira had issues Jareja (Jadeja) and Yudhhabhan.

Lord Krishna+Devi Rukmini
            |
        Pradyumna
            |
      --------------------
      |                  |
     Aniruddh    Vajranabh
                         |
                    --------------------
                    |                   |
                   Shankhanabha      Khira
                    |                   |
                    |            ---------------------
                    |            |                    |
                Ptitibahu     Jadeja               Yudhbhan

The other tribes who were often defeated by great Yadus now attacked Dwarka and Nabha had to flee Dwarka and became king of Marusthali. His son Prithibahu inherited the insignia of Lord Krishna and the chatri (Royal Umbrella) made by Vishwakarma. His descendant was Bahubal who married Kamlavati the daughter of King Vijay Singh of Malwa. Bahubal was killed in a horse accident and his son was Subahu.
Subahu was married to daughter Chauhan king of Ajmer, Subahu fought many wars with Mallechha's (western warriors). His son was Rajh who was married to Sobhag Sundari, daughter of Malwa prince Veer Singh. Rajh's son was Gaj, who married the daughter of Yudhbhan, the prince of Purabdes.
Gaj faced an army of Farid Shah Mamrez of Khorassan with an army of 4 Lakh, the armies met at Kunjshahr. The invaders were defeated and lost 30,000 men, the Rajputs lost 4000. Khorassan king attacked again and was defeated in second battle but Raja Rajh was slain. Khorasan king again conspired with Romipati, king of Rum, and seeing the odds against his army, Raja Gaj decided to go north and established Gajini (in modern day Afghanistan). When the two armies were about to meet, the king of Khorasan died of dysentry, when the news of Khorasan king Mamrez's death was told to Romi Pati, king of Rum, although disappointed, still decided to go ahead with War. This was year 3008 Dharmraj Yudhisther Samvat and on 3rd of Baishakh month of rohini nakshatra, The Hindus defeated the Malechha Armies of Khorasan and Rum. Guj, seated on Gajni maintained the Jadon race. He then conquered all countries to west and sent ambassador to Kashmir, Gaj invaded Kashmir and whose princess he married and had a son called Salivahan. When Salivahan was 12, another wave came from west from Khorasan, Raja Guj sent Salivahan with some trusted members to Jvala Mukhi in Kangra (Himachal Pradesh). Raja Guj lost Gajni and was slain along with other clansmen.
Gaj's son was Raja Salivahan, he established Salivahanpur in Vikram Samvat 72 (129 AD), Salbahan conquered the whole region of the Panjab. He had fifteen sons who all became Rajas namely

GAJ
            |
        Salivahan
            |
      ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      |      |     |          |     |    |     |      |      |   |    |      |     |
   Baland Rasalu Dharmangad Vacha Rupa Sundar Lekh Jaskaran Nema Mat Nipak Gangau Jagau

all of whom by the strength of their own arms established themselves in independence.
The coconut (marriage proposal) from Raja Jaipal Tuar was sent from Delhi and accepted, Prince Baland proceeded to Delhi whose prince advanced to meet him. On his return with his bride Salbahan was determined to redeem Gajni from the foe and avenge his father's death He crossed the Attock to encounter Jalal who advanced at the head of twenty thousand men. Crowned with victory he regained possession of Gajni where he left Baland and returned to his capital in the Panjab he soon after died having ruled thirty three years and nine months.
Raja Baland succeeded. His brothers had now established themselves in all the mountainous tracts of the Panjab. But the Turks began rapidly to increase and to subjugate all beneath their sway and the lands around Gajni were again in their power. Baland had no minister but superintended in person all the details of his government. He had seven sons viz:

Baland
         |
  ----------------------------------------------
  |         |      |     |    |     |          | 
 Bhatt  Bhupati Kalar Janj Sarmor Bhainsrekha Mangreo.

[edit] Chakito tribe

The second son of Baland was Bhupati (i.e., lord of the earth)and he had a son Chakito from whom is descended the Chakito Chagatai tribe.
Baland who resided at Salbahanpur left Gajni to the charge of his grandson Chakito and as the power of the barbarian Mlechchha increased he not only entertained troops of that race but all his nobles were of the same body. They offered him a deal that if he would quit the religion of his fathers (Hinduism) to make him master of Balkh Bokhara where dwelt the Usbek race whose king had no offspring but one daughter. Chakito married her and became king of Balkh Bokhara and lord of twenty eight thousand horse Between Balkh and Bokhara runs a mighty river and Chakito was king of all from the gate of Balakhshan to the face of Hindustan and from him is descended the tribe of Chakito Mongols.
Kalar - third son of Baland had eight sons whose descendants are designated Kalar. Their names were Sheodas Ramdas Aso Krishna Sama Ganga Jassa Bhaga almost all of whom became Musalmans. They are a numerous race inhabiting the mountainous countries west of the river 4 and notorious robbers.
Janj - the fourth son had seven sons Champa Gokul Mehraj Hansa Bhadon Rasa Jaga all whose issue bore the name of Janj and in like manner did the other sons become the patriarchs of tribes.

[edit] Bhatti

Bhatti succeeded his father Baland. He conquered fourteen princes and added their fortunes to his own. Among his effects he reckoned twenty four thousand mules laden with treasure, sixty thousand horse and innumerable foot. As soon as he mounted the gaddi he assembled all his forces at Lahore preparatory to the tika daur, destined against Birbhan Baghel lord of Kanakpur, Birbhan fell in the battle which ensued at the head of forty thousand men.
Bhatti had two sons Mangal Rao and Masur Rao. With Bhatti the patronymic was changed and the tribe thenceforth was distinguished by his name - the Bhatis.
Mangal Rao succeeded but his fortune was not equal to that of his fathers, Dhundi king of Ghazni, with a mighty force invaded Lahore, nor did Mangal Rao opposed him but with his eldest son fled into the wilds on the banks of the river. The foe then invested Salbahanpur where resided the family of the Raja but Masur Rao escaped and fled to the Lakhi Jungle. There being only a cultivating peasantry in this tract he overcame them and became master of the country.
Masur Rao had two sons Abhai Rao and Saran Rao. The elder Abhai Rao brought the whole Lakhi Jungle under his control and his issue which multiplied became famous as the Aboharia Bhattis. Saran quarrelled with and separated from his brother and his issue descended to the rank of cultivators and are well known as the Saran Jats.
Mangal Rao the son of Bhatti and who abandoned his kingdom had six sons viz:

Bhatt
                 |
            Mangal Rao
                 |
           -----------------------------------------
           |      |   |        |       |     |     |    
          Majam Rao Kalarsi Mulraj Sheoraj Phul Kewala. 
           |
      -------------------
      |      |          |  
      Kehar Mulrai and Gogli.

When Mangal Rao fled from the king his children were secreted in the houses of his subjects [Ref: Todd - page 1186]. Mangal Rao who found shelter in the wilds of the Gara, crossed that stream and subjugated a new territory At this period the tribe of Baraha, inhabited the banks of the river beyond them were the Buta Rajputs of Butaban. In Pugal dwelt the Pramara, in Dhat the Sodha race and the Lodra Rajputs in Lodorva. Here Mangal Rao found security and with the sanction of the Sodha prince he fixed his future abode in the centre of the lands of the Lodras the Barahas and the Sodhas.
On the death of Mangal Rao he was succeeded by Majam Rao who escaped from Salbahanpur with his father. He was recognized by all the neighbouring princes who sent the usual presents on his accession and the Sodha prince of Amarkot made an offer of his daughter in marriage which was accepted and the nuptials were solemnized at Amarkot. He had three sons viz:
Kehar Mulraj and Gogli.
Rao Kehar became renowned for his exploits. Hearing of a caravan kafila of five hundred horses going from Aror to Multan he pursued them with a chosen band disguised as camel merchants and came up with his prey across the Panjnad where he attacked and captured it and returned to his abode. By such exploits he became known and the coconut (nariyal) was sent to Majam Rao for his two elder sons by Alansi Deora of Jalor. The nuptials were celebrated with great splendour and on their return Kehar laid the foundation of a castle which he named Tanot in honour of Goddess Tana or Tanuja maata, Ere it was completed Rao Majam died, Rao Tano succeeded. Rao Kehar had five sons viz:

Kehar
  |
 ----------------------
 |       |     |      |
Tano Utirao Chanar Kaphrio.

All of them had offspring who became the heads of clans retaining the patronymic. All were soldiers of fortune and they conquered the lands of the Chana Rajputs, but the latter revenged themselves upon Kehar whom they attacked and slew as he was hunting.

[edit] Tano fights Husain Shah

Rao Tano succeeded, he laid waste the lands of the Barahas and those of the Langha of Multan. But Husain Shah advanced with the Langaha Pathans clothed in armour with iron helms with the men of Dhudhi, of Khichi, the Khokhar, the Mughal, the Johiya the, Jud and Sayyid, all mounted on horses to the number of ten thousand men to attack the Jadon Rao Tano. They reached the territory of the Barahas who joined them and there they encamped, Rao Tano collected his brethren around him and prepared for defence. During four days they defended the castle and on the fifth the Rao ordered the gates to be thrown open and with his son Bijairae sallied out sword in hand and attacked the besiegers. The Barahas were the first to fly and they were soon followed by the rest of the Asurs. The victors carried the spoils of the field into Tanot. As soon as the armies of Multan and Langaha were driven off the coconut came from Jiju chief of the Butas of Butaban and an alliance offensive and defensive was formed against the prince of Multan.
Tano had five sons Bijairae Makar Jaitang Alan and Rakecha. The second son Makar had issue Maipa who had two sons Mohola and Dakao the latter of whom excavated the lake known by his name. The third son Jaitang had two sons Ratansi and Chohar The first repaired the ruined city of Bikampur, Hohar had two sons Kola and Girraj who founded the towns of Kolasar and Girrajsar.

Rao Tano
            |
     ---------------------------
    |      |      |      |      |
Bijairae Makar Jaitang Alan Rakecha
    |
  Deoraj
    |
  Mund
    |
 Bachera
       |
     -----------------------------
     |         |   |      |      |
Dusaj Singh   Bapi Rao Ankho  Malpasao 
     |
  --------------
  |            |
Jaisal     Bijayraj

Tano having by the interposition of the goddess Bijaiseni discovered a hidden treasure and erected a fortress which he named Bijnot and in this he placed a statue of the goddess on the 13th the enlightened part of the month Margsir the Rohini Nakshatra S 813 (AD 757). He died after ruling eighty years.
Bijairae succeeded in S 870 AD 814. He commenced his reign with the tika daur against his old enemies the Barahas whom he defeated and plundered. In VS 892 he had a son by the Buta queen who was called Deoraj. The Barahas and Langahas once more united to attack the Bhatti prince but they were defeated and put to flight. Finding that they could not succeed by open warfare they had recourse to treachery and killed Bijairae when he had gone with his clansmen to marry the Bahara Princess. Tanot was then invested and taken and nearly every soul in it put to the sword so that the very name of Bhatti was for a while extinct.
Deoraj was protected by his maternal relatives and was kept hidden for a while, he then built a castle in Derawar. Deoraj determined to wreak his revenge on the Barahas and he enjoyed it even to stripping the scarfs from the heads of their females. On his return to Derawar he prepared for an attack on Langaha the heir of which was then on a marriage expedition at Alipur. There Deoraj attacked and slew a thousands of them and then established himself with no opponents. He was treacherously killed while on hunting.
Raja Mund succeeded him and the tika daur was against the assassins of his father who had congregated for defence, eight hundred of whom were put to death. Rawal Mund had one son who was called Bachera, when about fourteen years of age the coconut came from Balabh sen - the Solanki Raja of Patan. He forthwith proceeded to Patan (Gujarat).
Rawal Bachera or Wachuji Bachera succeeded on Saturday the 12th Sravan S 1035. The same rites of installation were performed the Kanphara - split eared Jogi was the first to put the regal lilak on his forehead and his hand upon his back. Rawal Bachera had five sons Dusaj Singh Bapi Rao Ankho and Malpasao all of whom had issue forming clans.
Rawal Dusaj - In the month of Asarh V.S. 1100, Hamir - the prince of the Sodhas made an incursion into his territories which he plundered Dusaj having unavailingly remonstrated reminding him of ancient ties he marched into Dhat and gained a victory. Dusaj had two sons Jaisal and Bijairaj and in his old age a third son by a Ranawat princess of the house of Mewar called Lanja Bijairae who when Dusaj died was placed on the throne by the nobles and civil officers of the State. Lanja Bijairae's son was Bhojdeo from a Solanki princess from Patan and he ruled from Lodarva.
Rao Jaisul conspired against his nephew who was always guarded by Solankis, and joined hands with King of Ghor and slew Bhojdeo who was defending Lodarva.
The Foundation of Jaisalmer c AD 1156 - Jaisal thus obtained the gaddi of Lodorva, but it being open to invasion he sought a spot better adapted for defence and he found one only five coss/ ten miles from Lodorva. On Raviwar (Sunday) the day of the sun a favourite day for commencing any grand undertaking with all these tribes the 12th of Sravan month (about July), the enlightened half of the moon S 1212 or AD 1156 the foundation of Jaisalmer was laid and soon the inhabitants with all that was valuable abandoned Lodorva and began to erect new habitations. Jaisal had two sons Kelan and Salbahan.

[edit] Rawal Jaisal Singh

Main article: Rawal Jaisal

Rawal Jaisal Singh was the Bhatti Rajput who founded "The Golden City" of Jaisalmer in 1156 AD. The new fort that he built was on a hill called Trikuta.^[7]

[edit] Jaisalmer

The state of Jaisalmer was positioned right on the route from Afghanistan to Delhi. Taking advantage of this strategic position, the Bhattis levied taxes on the passing caravans
Bhatti Rajputs were proficient horse riders,marksman and warriors. Their reign spread to the Punjab,Sindh and beyond, to Afghanistan. The City of Ghazni was named after a brave Bhatti warrior Raja Gaj.. In Lahore, a monument exists to this day, which is called the Bhati Gate, named so probably because it opens in the direction of the "Sandal Bar", an area ruled by Rai Sandal Khan Bhatti Rajput.

Main article: Jaisalmer

The majority of the inhabitants of Jaisalmer are Bhatti, who take their name from an ancestor named Bhatti, renowned as a warrior when the tribe were located in the Punjab area^{[citation needed]}. Shortly after this the clan was driven southwards, and found a refuge in the Indian desert, which was henceforth its home. Prince Deoraj, a famous prince of the Bhatti family, is esteemed the real founder of the Jaisalmer dynasty, and with him the title of Rawal commenced.
In 1156 A.D. Rawal Jaisal, the sixth in succession from Deoraj, founded the fort and city of Jaisalmer, and made it his capital as he moved from his former capital at Lodhruva (which is situated about 15 km to the south-east of Jaisalmer).
In 1293, the Bhattis so enraged the emperor Ala-ud-din Khilji that his army captured and sacked the fort and city of Jaisalmer, so that for sometime it was quite deserted. Some Bhatti's migrated to Talwandi, now Nankana Sahib in Distt. Nankana Sahib and others settled in Larkana (in Sind, Pakistan) under the name of Bhutto. In Nankana Sahib, the Bhatti Clan can be traced from the lineage of Rai Bhoe and Rai Bular Bhatti. After this there is nothing to record until the time of Rawal Sahal Singh, whose reign marks an epoch in Bhatti history in that he finally gave in and acknowledged the supremacy of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. The Jaisalmer princes had now arrived at the height of their power, but from this time till the accession of Rawal Mulraj in 1762 the fortunes of the state rapidly declined, and most of its outlying provinces were lost. In 1818 Mulraj entered into political relations with the British. Maharawal Salivahan, born in 1887, succeeded to the chieftainship in 1891.
The Maharajas of Jaisalmer trace their lineage back to Krishna through Jaitsimha, a ruler of the Bhatti Rajput clan. The major opponents of the Bhatti Rajputs were the powerful Rathor clans of Jodhpur and Bikaner. They used to fight battles for the possession of forts, waterholes or cattle. Jaisalmer was positioned strategically and was a halting point along a traditional trade route traversed by the camel caravans of Indian and Asian merchants. The route linked India to Central Asia , Egypt, Arabia, Persia, Africa and the West.

[edit] Geographical distribution

[edit] India

In India, Bhati/Bhatti reside mainly in the states of Rajasthan and Punjab (India) (where they have traditionally come to be known as Bhatti in Punjabi).

[edit] In Gujarat

n Gujarat, Bhatis have several jagirs in the Sabarkantha district, including Ranasan, Munai, Torda, Bhutiya, Vajepur and Chandarni of Idar and Himmatnagar Taluka being the biggest Bhati community village in Gujarat. Bhati Rajputs in Gujarat are descendants of 12th-century immigrants from Osiya in Rajasthan.

[edit] In Punjab

In Punjab, several villages have only BHATTI.
The Patiala and East Punjab States Union has a large concentration of Bhatti.
Bhati Rajputs are in the villages Sahlon, Ghurial(jalandhar), Phuglana, Salah, Daroli, Machhli Kalan, Lalru, Jhawansa, Tardak, Joli,Samgoli Nagla, Jhhanjeri, Cholta, Badali, Rangian, Magra,Gunnoo Bhattian, and Khellan-mallan,killianwali(mukatsar,punjab),Shergarh(dabwali,sirsa,haryana). They migrated from Jaisalmer in the 12th century.

[edit] In Rajasthan

In Rajasthan, they are found in the Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Barmer, and some tehsils of Gurdaspur, Shergarh Udaipur (Mohi) and Nagaur (Ladnun).

[edit] In Uttar Pradesh

There are about three hundred sixty five villages of Bhati Gujjars in the district of NOIDA Bulandshahar, Ghaziabad and Meerut.
In Uttar Pradesh there are several villages where Bhattis reside. These are Kakrala in Budaun district, Yahiyapur in Pratapgarh district, Bhargain in Etah district, and Thiriya Nizamat Khan in Bareilly district. In Awadh, the Bhatti of Awadh form a distinct Muslim Rajput community.

[edit] In South India

In Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu people of caste "Bhatraju" are considered to have come from Kshatriya blood line of Pandavas. Chandravansh Kshatriyas Vikramaditya and Bhatti denote some of the known ancestral origins of this community and that's where part of the name Bhat comes from.
The Bhatti residing in the village of Killianwali, tehsil Malout, Muktsar district,and Shergarh,(tehsil dabwali,district sirsa,haryana) have adopted the Sikh religion.

[edit] Pakistan

In the Punjab (Pakistan) province, Bhatti Rajputs are found in Nankana Sahib, Jhang, Gujranwala, Mandi Bahauddin, Lahore, Faisalabad, Gujrat, Jhelum, Gujarkhan, Chakwal, Sialkot, Sahiwal, Okara, Sargodha, Fateh Jang (Hattar), Talagang, Hafizabad, Narowal, Bahawalpur, Dera Ghazi Khan, Rahim Yar Khan, Multan, Lodhran, Khanpur, Liaquatpur, Rawalpindi and Bahawalnagar,Vehari,Pakpattan , Kotmurad district Sheikhupura, Sheikhupura cities of the Punjab.
In Sindh Province they are found in the districts of Sukkur, Ghotki, Hyderabad, Nawabshah, Sanghar, Tando Adam, Thatta, Dadu, Hala, Khairpur, Mirpur Khas, Shahdadpur, Tharparkar i.e. Mithi and Bhit Island, in Karachi. In azad kashmir they found dhal qazian,surrol,malot,rangla and dheerkot in district bagh. also found in muzaffar abad, rawalakot and poonch

[edit] Religion

Bhati/Bhatti Rajputs are predominantly Hindus in India, while in Pakistan they are mostly Muslims. When Bhatti Rajputs migrated to Punjab region centuries ago, the local Punjabi people started calling them "Bhatti Rajputs" in the local Punjabi language, as Bhati is pronounced as Bhatti in Punjabi. The majority of the Hindu population of Bhatti Rajputs can be found in the state of Rajasthan, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh; the rest of them are scattered across the rest of India.
The Sikh population of Bhatti Rajputs is in the Doaba and malwa region of Punjab in India.

[edit] Bhatti clans in Sindh

The Muslim population of the Sindhi Bhattis is found predominantly in the Sindh province. In Sindh the major clans of Bhattis are the Dadani, Mahar, Mangrio, Bhutto, Kamario, Rajpar, Bhamban and Indhar. All Bhattis are related to Samma clans as they are Yadubansi too. For example, Abro's sub-clans (Mungrani, Kehar, Odho, Sarki, Bhootani, Pechoho, Unar, Khuhro, Bhayo, Junejo, and Phulpoto) are related to Bhattis.

[edit] Bhatti clans in Punjab

There are about forty sub-branches of the Bhattis/Bhati. Many Rajput, Jats and Gujjar tribes in Punjab trace their origin to the Bhatti. Some of these tribes include Mair Rajputs of Punjab, Rajput Jenjer/Janjar, Rajput Mers of Kathiawar, Rajputs of the Bajju clan as well as the famed Jats of the Sidhu dynasty (currently ruling Patiala). Other Jat clans claiming Bhatti origin include the Khaira, Brar, Ghuman, Sahasi, Sansis and Mane clans. In addition the Manj Rajputs are also Bhatti. Other Rajput clans claiming Bhatti origin include the Alpial, Indhar (from which the Rais of Bhong are), Kalyar, Kanju, Uttera, Noon, Dhandla, Wattu, Bhabha, Diyal, Mittru, and Hattar. In Pakistani administered Kashmir, the Narma Rajputs also claim a Bhatti origin.

[edit] Genealogy of Jaisalmer Kingdom

1. KEHAR I, founded Tanot in 731AD
       |
   2. TANO
       | 806/821
 3. BIJAIRAJ I
       | 821/853
  4. DEORAJ, made Ludarva his capital
       | 853/908
  5. MUNDH --------- CHEDU
       | 908/979
 6. BACHHARAJ
       | 979/1044
  7. DUSAJ ---- SINGH ---- BAPIRAO ------ ANKHO ------ MALPASAO
       | 1044/1123
 8. BIJAIRAJ II -------- 1. JAISAL, founder of Jaisalmer in 1156.
       | 1123/1148            | 1153/1168
 9. BHOJDEO            2.SALIVAHAN II-------- 4.KAILAN
         1148/1153            | 1168/1200         | 1200/1219 
                         3.BAIJAL         5.CHACHACK DEO I
                                1200/1200         | 1219/1241
                                               TEJ RAO
                                                  | dvp 
       9.JAITSI I ---------------------- 6. KARAN SINGH I
           | 1276/1294                            | 1241/1271
      10.MULRAJA I ---- RATAN               7.LAKHAN SEN
           | 1294/1295    |                       | 1271/1275     
       11.DUDA       12.GHARSI ---- KANAR     8.PUNPAL
             1295/1306     | 1306/1335              1275/1276
                       13.KEHAR II (adopted)
                           | 1335/1402
          SOMJI ---- 14. LACHMAN ---- KAILAN ---- KILKARAN ---- SATAL
                           | 1402/1436                         (founded Satalmer)
                     15. BERSI
                           | 1436/1448
                   16. CHACHACK DEO II
                           | 1448/1457
                    17. DEVIDAS
                           | 1457/1497
                    18. JAITSI II
                           | 1497/1530
                   19. KARAN SINGH II --------- 20. LUNKARAN
                             1530/1530                 | 1530/1551
                                                 21. MALDEO 
                                                       | 1551/1562

[edit] Notable Bhatti Rajputs

Raja Aziz Bhatti (1928–1965) - A Pakistan Army staff officer who received the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan's highest military award, for his efforts during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Major Rizwan Hanif Bhatti - Deputy Assistant Judge Advocate General, Pakistan Army (57th Punjab Regiment)
Rai Bular Bhatti - a 15th-century Muslim noble, mentioned in several stories in the Janamsakhis (Sikh religious texts)
Khan Bahadur Rai Sultan Bhatti (Khan sb) - landowner and Muslim League leader of Pakistan Movement from Barana, Jhang / Sargodha
Rai Ghulam Muhammad Bhatti - P.C.S., Registrar Co-operative Societies, West Pakistan
Squadron Leader Rai Imtiaz Bhatti - recipient of Sitara-e-Jurat (Star of Courage), Pakistan Airforce, 1965-71 Wars
Rai Muhammad Zafar Bhatti, Retired Sessions Judge, Advocate Lahore High Court from Barana, Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan
Rai Hussain Khan Bhatti (1879–1937) - one of the largest landholders in the Punjab (Kot Hussain)
Rai Hadayat Khan Bhatti - Landowner of Nankana (Kot Hussain)
Rai Bashir Khan Bhatti - Ex-MLA, MNA, Nankana (Kot Hussain)
Rai Rasheed Khan Bhatti - Ex-MPA, MNA, Nankana (Kot Hussain)
Rai Aslam Khan Bhatti-Additional Commissioner
Rai Akram Khan BhattiAdvocate
Brig. Jhanzeb Bhatti
Col.(RED) Riaz Bhatti
Rai Shahjhan Khan Bhatti - MPA, Nankana (Kot Hussain)
Rai Muhammad Saleem Bhatti - corporate lawyer at the Lahore High Court (Kot Hussain)
Rawal Jaisal Singh Bhatti - founder of Jaisalmer and its ruling dynasty
Dulla Bhatti - 16th-century fighter from Sandal Bar who led a rebellion against the Mughal emporer Akbar
Abdul Rashid Bhatti- Ex-MPA, Lahore; a staunch supporter of the implementation of indigenous Punjabi culture and language in the Punjab
Maharaja Maharawal Brijraj Singh Bhatti - Maharaja of Jaisalmer, India
Rana Raj Wadhan - a Bhatti who took Lodhran from the Bhutta Raja
Major Shaitan Singh - an Indian Rajput posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India's highest military decoration, for his efforts during the 1962 India-China War^[8]
General F Bhatti - hero of the Battle of Asal Uttar; his battalion stopped the Pakistan offensive for the capture of Amritsar. His son was decorated with the Shaurya Chakra and Sena Medal.
Ch. Amjad Zahaur Bhatti - a zamindar of Dubber Bhattian Punjab; author of a history of Sukheki
Bilal Bhatti Banker
Chaudhry Mehdi Hassan Bhatti - ex-MNA; a Bhatti Jat and zamindar of Punjab
Munga Singh Bhati - defeated Hoshang Shah of Mandu and decline Mughal control in Malwa (between 1550 and 1650 AD)
Rana Muhammad Akram Khan - Chairman Punjab Bar Council, 2010–11
Atta Mohammad Shahid Bhatti - Divisional Director of the Local Fund Audit Department (Multan and Bahawalpur)
Rana Imran Aslam Khan - Program Officer, Assistant Constituency Coodinator NA-107 Tesil Kharian and Saraialamgir Disst Gujrat
Ch. Saif Ullah Bhatti - village Kot Saif Ullah, Punjab, Pakistan
Ch. Maaz Ullah Bhatti - LL.B; a grandson of Umer Baksh Bhatti, a warrior and loyal to the British monarchy and British colonial rule in India. Maaz Bhatti; member of Social Democrats Party of Germany and first grower of rice in Eichstetten, Germany.
Ch Nasar Ullah Bhatti - Ex_chairman town commettee Sukheki & Chairman Ushar&zakat Distt.Hafizabad belongs to raputed Bhangsehka Zimindar family.

[edit] Bhati Fiefdoms

In Rajasthan

Jaisalmer
- Nachana
- Bikampur
- Nimbodia
- Satalmer
- Tanot
Osian
- Umaidnagar
Sodawas
Khejarla
- Satheen

Fort Khejarla was constructed in early 1611 A.D. for Maharajah Gopal Das Ji, who was granted ‘Jagirs’ (fiefdoms) of Khejarla and nearby villages for his great achievement in war against the Mughals, in honour of his service to the Maharaja of Jodhpur. The Mughal army rolled in to attack the Fort three times. Each time the Fort was destroyed, it was rebuilt.
In Himachal Pradesh

Sirmur
- Ratesh

[edit] Jadon Fiefdoms

In Uttar Pradesh

Karauli [Predecessor state of Mathura founded about in 900 A.D.]
- Inayati
Awagarh

In Madhya Pradesh

Kathiwada
amuna
magarda

FIFA World Cup 2010 Winner: Spain Won Football World Cup Final Match

2010-07-12T09:13:00.000+05:00

FIFA World Cup 2010 Winner: Spain Won Football World Cup Final Match’ Spain has World Cup winner for their first time in history after Andres Iniesta’s extra time goal claimed a striking 1-0 triumph over Holland in Johannesburg.

The 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa HAS ENDED. After 30 days, 30 sad goodbyes, 63 matches and a million storylines, it has finally come to an end…AND the SPANIARDS are WORLD CHAMPIONS courtesy an Iniesta strike in the 116th minute of Extra-Time at the Soccer City Stadium in Johannesburg.

This is a game that will bring four years of joy and an eternal place in history.

They are the 2010 FIFA World Cup champions and it will be yet another loss for the Netherlands in a final.

McDonald's

2010-07-09T15:16:00.003+05:00

McDonald's Corporation (NYSE: MCD) is one of the world's largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving nearly 47 million customers daily.^[4]
In addition to its signature restaurant chain, McDonald’s Corporation held a minority interest in Pret A Manger until 2008, was a major investor in the Chipotle Mexican Grill until 2006,^[5] and owned the restaurant chain Boston Market until 2007.^[6]
A McDonald's restaurant is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate, or the corporation itself. The corporation's revenues come from the rent, royalties and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. McDonald's revenues grew 27% over the three years ending in 2007 to $22.8 billion, and 9% growth in operating income to $3.9 billion.^[7]
McDonald's primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken products, french fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, shakes, and desserts. In response to obesity trends in Western nations and in the face of criticism over the healthiness of its products, the company has modified its menu to include healthier alternatives such as salads, wraps and fruit.

History

McDonald's Logo used from 1968 to 2003. It still exists at most of the restaurants.

"Speedee"

"Ronald"

Main article: History of McDonald's

The business began in 1940, with a restaurant opened by brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald in San Bernardino, California. Their introduction of the "Speedee Service System" in 1948 established the principles of the modern fast-food restaurant. The original mascot of McDonald's was a man with a chef's hat on top of a hamburger shaped head whose name was "Speedee." Speedee was eventually replaced with Ronald McDonald by 1967 when the company first filed a U.S. trademark on a clown shaped man having a puffed out costume legs.
McDonald's first filed for a U.S. trademark on the name McDonald's on May 4, 1961, with the description "Drive-In Restaurant Services," which continues to be renewed through the end of December 2009. In the same year, on September 13, 1961, the company filed a logo trademark on an overlapping, double arched "M" symbol. The overlapping double arched "M" symbol logo was temporarily disfavored by September 6, 1962, when a trademark was filed for a single arch, shaped over many of the early McDonald's restaurants in the early years. The modern double arched "M" symbol that continues to be in use today at McDonald's restaurants did not appear until November 18, 1968, when the company filed a U.S. trademark on the now famous symbol that continues to be in use through the end of the year 2009.
The first McDonald's restaurants opened in the United States, Canada, Costa Rica, Panama, Japan, the Netherlands, Germany, Australia, France, El Salvador and Sweden, in order of openings.
The present corporation dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray Kroc, in Des Plaines, Illinois, on April 15, 1955^[8] , the ninth McDonald's restaurant overall. Kroc later purchased the McDonald brothers' equity in the company and led its worldwide expansion, and the company became listed on the public stock markets in 1965.^[9] Kroc was also noted for aggressive business practices, compelling the McDonald brothers to leave the fast food industry. The McDonald brothers and Kroc feuded over control of the business, as documented in both Kroc's autobiography and in the McDonald brothers' autobiography. The site of the McDonald brothers' original restaurant is now a monument.^[10]
With the expansion of McDonald's into many international markets, the company has become a symbol of globalization and the spread of the American way of life. Its prominence has also made it a frequent topic of public debates about obesity, corporate ethics and consumer responsibility.

Corporate overview

Facts and figures

McDonald's boasts its service to "99 billion customers".

McDonald's restaurants are found in 119 countries^[11] and territories around the world and serve nearly 47 million customers each day. McDonald's operates over 31,000 restaurants worldwide, employing more than 1.5 million people.^[11] The company also operates other restaurant brands, such as Piles Café.
Focusing on its core brand, McDonald's began divesting itself of other chains it had acquired during the 1990s. The company owned a majority stake in Chipotle Mexican Grill until October 2006, when McDonald's fully divested from Chipotle through a stock exchange.^[12]^[13] Until December 2003, it also owned Donatos Pizza. On August 27, 2007, McDonald's sold Boston Market to Sun Capital Partners.^[14]

Types of restaurants

Most standalone McDonald's restaurants offer both counter service and drive-through service, with indoor and sometimes outdoor seating. Drive-Thru, Auto-Mac, Pay and Drive, or "McDrive" as it is known in many countries, often has separate stations for placing, paying for, and picking up orders, though the latter two steps are frequently combined; it was first introduced in Arizona in 1975, following the lead of other fast-food chains. In some countries, "McDrive" locations near highways offer no counter service or seating. In contrast, locations in high-density city neighborhoods often omit drive-through service. There are also a few locations, located mostly in downtown districts, that offer Walk-Thru service in place of Drive-Thru.
Specially themed restaurants also exist, such as the "Solid Gold McDonald's," a 1950s rock-and-roll themed restaurant.^[15] In Victoria, British Columbia, there is also a McDonald's with a 24-carat (100%) gold chandelier and similar light fixtures.
To accommodate the current trend for high quality coffee and the popularity of coffee shops in general, McDonald's introduced McCafé, a café-style accompaniment to McDonald's restaurants in the style of Starbucks. McCafé is a concept created by McDonald's Australia, starting with Melbourne in 1993. Today, most McDonald's in Australia have McCafés located within the existing McDonald's restaurant. In Tasmania, there are McCafés in every store, with the rest of the states quickly following suit. After upgrading to the new McCafe look and feel, some Australian stores have noticed up to a 60% increase in sales. As of the end of 2003 there were over 600 McCafés worldwide.
Some locations are connected to gas stations/convenience stores,^[16] while others called McExpress have limited seating and/or menu or may be located in a shopping mall. Other McDonald's are located in Wal-Mart stores. McStop is a location targeted at truckers and travelers which may have services found at truck stops.^[17]

Playgrounds

McDonald's in Panorama City, California designed for family-friendly image

Some McDonald's in suburban areas and certain cities feature large indoor or outdoor playgrounds. The first PlayPlace with the familiar crawl-tube design with ball pits and slides was introduced in 1987 in the USA, with many more being constructed soon after. Some PlayPlace playgrounds have been renovated into "R Gym" areas.

Redesign

In 2006, McDonald's introduced its "Forever Young" brand by redesigning all of their restaurants, the first major redesign since the 1970s.^[18]^[19]
The design includes the traditional McDonald's yellow and red colors, but the red is muted to terra cotta, the yellow was turned golden for a more "sunny" look, and olive and sage green were also added. To warm up their look, the restaurants have less plastic and more brick and wood, with modern hanging lights to produce a softer glow. Contemporary art or framed photographs hang on the walls.

Business model

McDonald's Corporation earns revenue as an investor in properties, a franchiser of restaurants, and an operator of restaurants. Approximately 15% of McDonald's restaurants are owned and operated by McDonald's Corporation directly. The remainder are operated by others through a variety of franchise agreements and joint ventures. The McDonald's Corporation's business model is slightly different from that of most other fast-food chains. In addition to ordinary franchise fees and marketing fees, which are calculated as a percentage of sales, McDonald's may also collect rent, which may also be calculated on the basis of sales. As a condition of many franchise agreements, which vary by contract, age, country, and location, the Corporation may own or lease the properties on which McDonald's franchises are located. In most, if not all cases, the franchisee does not own the location of its restaurants.
The UK business model is different, in that fewer than 30% of restaurants are franchised, with the majority under the ownership of the company. McDonald's trains its franchisees and others at Hamburger University in Oak Brook, Illinois.
In other countries, McDonald's restaurants are operated by joint ventures of McDonald's Corporation and other, local entities or governments.
As a matter of policy, McDonald's does not make direct sales of food or materials to franchisees, instead organizing the supply of food and materials to restaurants through approved third party logistics operators.
According to Fast Food Nation by Eric Schlosser (2001), nearly one in eight workers in the U.S. have at some time been employed by McDonald's. (According to a news piece on Fox News this figure is one in ten.) The book also states that McDonald's is the largest private operator of playgrounds in the U.S., as well as the single largest purchaser of beef, pork, potatoes, and apples. The selection of meats McDonald's uses varies with the culture of the host country.

Shareholder dividends

McDonald's has increased shareholder dividends for 25 consecutive years,^[20] making it one of the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats.^[21]^[22]

Controversies

As a prominent example of the rapid globalization of the American fast food industry, McDonald's is often the target of criticism for its menu, its expansion, and its business practices.
The McLibel Trial, also known as McDonald's Restaurants v Morris & Steel, is an example of this criticism. In 1990, activists from a small group known as London Greenpeace (no connection to the international group Greenpeace) distributed leaflets entitled What's wrong with McDonald's?, criticizing its environmental, health, and labor record. The corporation wrote to the group demanding they desist and apologize, and, when two of the activists refused to back down, sued them for libel in one of the longest cases in British civil law. A documentary film of the McLibel Trial has been shown in several countries.
The term "McJob" was added to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary in 2003,^[23] over the objections of McDonald's. In an open letter to Merriam-Webster, Jim Cantalupo, former CEO of McDonald's, denounced the definition as a "slap in the face" to all restaurant employees, and stated that "a more appropriate definition of a 'McJob' might be 'teaches responsibility.'" Merriam-Webster responded that "we stand by the accuracy and appropriateness of our definition." ^[24] McJob is defined by Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary as "a low-paying job that requires little skill and provides little opportunity for advancement".^[25]
In 1999, French anti-globalisation activist José Bové vandalized a half-built McDonald's to protest against the introduction of fast food in the region.^[26]
In 2001, Eric Schlosser's book Fast Food Nation included criticism of the business practices of McDonald's. Among the critiques were allegations that McDonald's (along with other companies within the fast food industry) uses its political influence to increase its profits at the expense of people's health and the social conditions of its workers. The book also brought into question McDonald's advertisement techniques in which it targets children. While the book did mention other fast-food chains, it focused primarily on McDonald's.
In 2002, vegetarian groups, largely Hindu and Buddhist, successfully sued McDonald's for misrepresenting their French fries as vegetarian.^[27]
Morgan Spurlock's 2004 documentary film Super Size Me said that McDonald's food was contributing to the epidemic of obesity in society, and that the company was failing to provide nutritional information about its food for its customers. Six weeks after the film premiered, McDonald's announced that it was eliminating the super size option, and was creating the adult happy meal.
The soya that is fed to McDonald’s chickens is supplied by agricultural giant Cargill and comes directly from Brazil. Greenpeace alleges that not only is soya destroying the Amazon rain forest in Brazil, but soya farmers are guilty of further crimes including slavery and the invasion of indigenous peoples’ lands. The allegation is that McDonald's, as a client of Cargill's, is complicit in these activities.^[28]

Arguments in defense

In response to public pressure, McDonald's has sought to include more healthy choices in its menu and has introduced a new slogan to its recruitment posters: "Not bad for a McJob".^[29] (The word McJob, first attested in the mid-1980s^[30] and later popularized by Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland in his book Generation X, has become a buzz word for low-paid, unskilled work with few prospects or benefits and little security.) McDonald's disputes the idea. In 2007, the company launched an advertising campaign with the slogan "Would you like a career with that?" on Irish television, outlining that their jobs have many prospects.
In a bid to tap into growing consumer interest in the provenance of food, the fast-food chain recently switched its supplier of both coffee beans and milk. UK chief executive Steve Easterbrook said: "British consumers are increasingly interested in the quality, sourcing and ethics of the food and drink they buy". McDonald's coffee is now brewed from beans taken from stocks that have been certified by the Rainforest Alliance, a conservation group. Similarly, milk supplies used for its hot drinks and milkshakes have been switched to organic sources which could account for 5% of the UK's organic milk output.^[31]
McDonald's announced on May 22, 2008 that, in the U.S. and Canada, it will be introducing cooking oil for its french fries that contains no trans fats. The company will use canola-based oil with corn and soy oils by year's end for its baked items, pies and cookies.^[32]^[33]

Environmental record

Discarded fast food packaging contributes to the urban litter problem in cities worldwide

In April 2008, McDonald's announced that 11 of its Sheffield restaurants have been using a biomass trial that had cut its waste and carbon footprint by half in the area. In this trial, waste from the restaurants were collected by Veolia Environmental Services and used to produce energy at a power plant. McDonald's plans to expand this project, although the lack of biomass power plants in the U.S. will prevent this plan from becoming a national standard anytime soon.^[34] In addition, in Europe, McDonald's has been recycling vegetable grease by converting it to fuel for their diesel trucks.^[35]
Furthermore, McDonald's has been using a corn-based bioplastic to produce containers for some of their products. Although industries who use this product claim a carbon savings of 30% to 80%, a Guardian study shows otherwise. The results show that this type of plastic does not break down in landfills as efficiently as other conventional plastics. The extra energy it takes to recycle this plastic results in a higher output of greenhouse gases. Also, the plastics can contaminate waste streams, causing other recycled plastics to become unsaleable.^[36]
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has recognized McDonald's continuous effort to reduce solid waste by designing more efficient packaging and by promoting the use of recycled-content materials.^[37] McDonald's reports that they are committed towards environmental leadership by effectively managing electric energy, by conserving natural resources through recycling and reusing materials, and by addressing water management issues within the restaurant.^[38]
In an effort to reduce energy usage by 25% in its restaurants, McDonald's opened a prototype restaurant in Chicago in 2009 with the intention of using the model in its other restaurants throughout the world. Building on past efforts, specifically a restaurant it opened in Sweden in 2000 that was the first to intentionally incorporate green ideas, McDonald's designed the Chicago site to save energy by incorporating old and new ideas such as managing storm water, using skylights for more natural lighting and installing some partitions and tabletops made from recycled goods.^[39]
When McDonald’s received criticism for its environmental policies in the 1970s, it began to make substantial progress towards source reductions efforts.^[40] For instance, an “average meal” in the 1970s—a Big Mac, fries, and a drink—required 46 grams of packaging; today, it requires only 25 grams, allowing a 46% reduction.^[41] In addition, McDonald’s eliminated the need for intermediate containers for cola by having a delivery system that pumps syrup directly from the delivery truck into storage containers, saving two million pounds of packaging annually.^[42] Overall, weight reductions in packaging and products, as well as the increased usage of bulk packaging ultimately decreased packaging by 24 million pounds annually.^[43]

Legal cases

Main article: McDonald's legal cases

McDonald's has been involved in a number of lawsuits and other legal cases, most of which involved trademark disputes. The company has threatened many food businesses with legal action unless they drop the Mc or Mac from their trading name. In one noteworthy case, McDonald's sued a Scottish café owner called McDonald, even though the business in question dated back over a century (Sheriff Court Glasgow and Strathkelvin, November 21, 1952). On September 8, 2009, McDonald's Malaysian operations lost a lawsuit to prevent another restaurant calling itself McCurry. McDonald's lost in an appeal to Malaysia's highest court, the Federal Court.^[44]
It has also filed numerous defamation suits. For example, in the McLibel case, McDonald's sued two activists for distributing pamphlets attacking its environmental, labor and health records. After the longest trial in UK legal history, McDonald's won a technical victory for showing that some allegations were untrue. The McLibel Case was also a massive public relations disaster for McDonald's, as the judge also found that while more than half of what was on the pamphlet was truthful, much of the information simply the opinions of the activists and therefore non-prosecutable.
McDonald's has defended itself in several cases involving workers' rights. In 2001 the company was fined £12,400 by British magistrates for illegally employing and over-working child labor in one of its London restaurants. This is thought to be one of the largest fines imposed on a company for breaking laws relating to child working conditions (R v 2002 EWCA Crim 1094). In April 2007 in Perth, Western Australia, McDonald's pleaded guilty to five charges relating to the employment of children under 15 in one of its outlets and was fined AU$8,000.^[45]
Possibly the most infamous legal case involving McDonald's was the 1994 decision in The McDonald's Coffee Case.
In a McDonald's American Idol figurine promotion, the figurine that represents "New Wave Nigel" wears something that closely resembles Devo’s Energy Dome, which was featured on the band's album cover, Freedom of Choice. In addition to the figurine's image, it also plays a tune that appears to be an altered version of Devo's song "Doctor Detroit." Devo copyrighted and trademarked the Energy Dome and is taking legal action against McDonald's.^[46]

Products

A McDonald's Big Mac combo meal served with French fries and Coca-Cola.

Main article: McDonald's products

McDonald's predominantly sells hamburgers, various types of chicken sandwiches and products, French fries, soft drinks, breakfast items, and desserts. In most markets, McDonald's offers salads and vegetarian items, wraps and other localized fare. Portugal is the only country with McDonald's restaurants serving soup. This local deviation from the standard menu is a characteristic for which the chain is particularly known, and one which is employed either to abide by regional food taboos (such as the religious prohibition of beef consumption in India) or to make available foods with which the regional market is more familiar (such as the sale of McRice in Indonesia).

Headquarters

McDonald's Plaza, the headquarters of McDonald's

The McDonald's headquarters complex, McDonald's Plaza, is located in Oak Brook, Illinois. It sits on the site of the former headquarters and stabling area of Paul Butler, the founder of Oak Brook.^[47] McDonald's moved into the Oak Brook facility from an office within the Chicago Loop in 1971.^[48]

Advertising

Main article: McDonald's advertising

McDonald's has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the Olympic Games, and makes coolers of orange drink with their logo available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the company's advertising strategy.
To date, McDonald's has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising, as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions. At times, it has run into trouble with its campaigns.

Children's advertising

Main articles: Ronald McDonald and McDonaldland

Sports awards and honors

See Category:McDonald's High School All-Americans

Global operations

Countries with McDonald's stores

McDonald's has become emblematic of globalization, sometimes referred to as the "McDonaldization" of society. The Economist magazine uses the "Big Mac Index": the comparison of a Big Mac's cost in various world currencies can be used to informally judge these currencies' purchasing power parity. Scandinavian countries lead the Big Mac Index with four of the five most expensive Big Mac's. Norway has the most expensive Big Mac in the world as of July 2008, whilst the cheapest country is Malaysia.
Thomas Friedman once said that no country with a McDonald's had gone to war with another.^[49]^{[Full citation needed]} However, the "Golden Arches Theory of Conflict Prevention" is not strictly true. Exceptions are the 1989 United States invasion of Panama, NATO's bombing of Serbia in 1999, the 2006 Lebanon War, and the 2008 South Ossetia War.
Some observers have suggested that the company should be given credit for increasing the standard of service in markets that it enters. A group of anthropologists in a study entitled Golden Arches East^[50] looked at the impact McDonald's had on East Asia, and Hong Kong in particular. When it opened in Hong Kong in 1975, McDonald's was the first restaurant to consistently offer clean restrooms, driving customers to demand the same of other restaurants and institutions. McDonald's have recently taken to partnering up with Sinopec, China's second largest oil company, in the People's Republic of China, as it begins to take advantage of China's growing use of personal vehicles by opening numerous drive-thru restaurants.^[51] McDonald's reached a deal with the French fine arts museum, the Louvre, to open a McDonald's restaurant and McCafé on its premises,by their underground entrance, in November 2009.^[52]

Gallery

Images of McDonald's

McDonald's in Stratford-Upon-Avon, Shakespeare's birthplace	A McDonald's joined with Carrefour, Calais	A refurbished restaurant in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne	A non-traditional store front, Times Square
McDonald's, New York

When Bodybuilding and Steroids Go Too Far

2010-07-09T14:07:00.001+05:00

Synthetic anabolic steroids are potent medications designed to mimic the function of testosterone which can even perform better at promoting muscle growth than equivalent levels of testosterone.
Often coined as being juiced or juiced up amongst those who use the drugs, some say “steroids are as American as Apple Pie.”

Hazards of Steroids for Men and Women
While it’s not as common to suffer critical or life-threatening effects, steroids are far from safe, causing potentially harmful side-effects with some being irreversible.
Both genders can experience increased acne on the face, chest and back.
Depending on the drug, anabolic steroids can cause a person’s behavior can change with increased aggression and irritability. Some of this aggression has caused people to commit armed robbery, use force to obtain something, and physical fighting. This would not happen to a naturally calm person but someone who is naturally aggressive would become more aggressive by taking steroids.

Body Builder

Anabolic steroids have also been known to cause behavioral effects including euphoria, increased energy, sexual arousal, mood swings, distractibility, forgetfulness, and confusion.
Bad side-effects on blood pressure and the cardiovascular system can cause heart attacks, enlargement of the heart’s left ventricle and people younger than 30 to develop Cardiovascular disease.
Blood chemistry can change causing blood clots in the blood vessels and potentially disrupt the blood flow, damaging the heart muscle so it doesn’t pump blood effectively. Heart disease can develop because it affects the cholesterol levels — over a period of time the cholesterol builds up and clogs the arteries. Steroids affect the heart only if you have a heart disease to begin with, so it’s very wise to stay away from them if you have a heart problem.
Anabolic steroids are especially dangerous for teenagers, interfering with the normal effect of hormones on a growing body, and premature development of the epiphysis — the end of the bone — resulting in stunted growth.

Tom Platz. fitFLEX

Officer Ronnie Coleman. Body Building Universe

Steroids can be taken orally, by injection, with gels, patches and nasal sprays. For the squeamish afraid of needles, it’s not possible to get a doctor to inject you since steroids are illegal, so some resort to the oral method which has the greatest number of side effects.
They have to pass through the digestive system and the liver in order to get into the bloodstream, so they’re designed to survive the process, and require large amounts to ensure that there’s enough left afterwards to have an effect.
The liver’s job is to remove such substances from the body which puts a great deal of strain on the liver and can result in significant liver damage and tumors which in turn can cause internal bleeding.
Some oral steroids can cause stomach distention — the lower abdomen becomes irritated and swollen, you can experience chronic constipation, water retention, and intestinal gas — the latter of which is not pretty if you want to keep your friends.

Franco Columbu. IFBB Pro

Nasser El-Sonbaty. Inside Bodybuilding

Nasser El-Sonbaty Photo Grizzly Boots

Taken in high doses, steroids can also develop jaundice, peliosis hepatitis, and cancer.
Injected steroids are put directly into the blood stream, making them far easier on your liver, but there is much concern over safe injection practices.
Depression is further aggravated if and when steroid use stops with rebound causing extreme depression, fatigue, apathy, and the likes.

Dorian Yates. Photo Muscle-Pro

Dorian Yates. Muscle-Pro

Coleman Cutler pozedown. Flexonline

Steroid Hazards for Men
Men can experience a short-term increase in the sex drive, followed by a suppression of natural testosterone output and potential shrinkage of the testes.
They can lower sperm count thus making men infertile, as well as develop gynecomastia — deposits of estrogen in the area of the nipple which can also grow breasts.
Steroid Hazards for Women
A very dangerous irreversible side-effect for women is masculinization due to the effects of testosterone and androsterone, including deepening of the voice, menstrual irregularities, development of facial and back hair, clitoral enlargement and even male-pattern baldness.

Kim Chizevsky. Doctissimo.fr

Kim Chizevsky. IFBB Pro

As one man reported to BodyBuilding of his former 3-year relationship with a woman who used steroids, “After my girlfriend made her decision to juice it up, with me as an up-close personal witness to all of her transformations during this time, it changed my mind about women on the juice forever. I saw her go from a hot hard body to a bloated, mental mess.” says Josh.
“My girlfriends’ skin became course and dry; a lot of her hair fell out while it grew on her face, her chest, and down her butt; her voice dropped three octaves; her nose grew; her jaw widened; she got spaces between her teeth; she got acne all over her chest, across her shoulders, and down her back, and she stopped having her period.”
Rampant hair growth is an irreversible side-effect, sprouting up on the chin, chest, around the nipples, and the buttocks — particularly the lower inner glutes and around the anus.

Bev Francis. IFBB Pro

Melissa Dettwiller. BodyBuilder

“The first thing you’ll notice if you take up with a juiced chick is her heightened level of aggression. When a woman’s aggression is initiated by testosterone, the result can sometimes get ugly.”
In another irreversible side effect of clitoral enlargement from androgen use, he saw his girlfriend’s grow to be 2 inches long and as big around as his small finger. When a woman in this condition becomes aroused, her clitoris becomes erect and sticks out just like a man’s penis, complete with a little head and all.
While the condition isn’t harmful, many women get vaginal discharge, but it will cease once the drugs are stopped.
Another bothersome yet temporary condition for the juiced up woman is the increase of body odor. Josh recalls lying in bed nestled in each other’s arms after some particularly torrid sex that made him wonder if he was sharing the bed with an entire soccer team after a world championship.
Honorable mention goes out to champion female bodybuilder, Lenda Murray, from the US, as the world’s most successful female bodybuilder to date — an 8-time winner of the Ms. Olympia title, the highest achievement in professional female bodybuilding.

Mustafa Mohammed. Body Builder

Mátra Kupa 2003 Mohammed Mustafa. BodyBuilder

Mr. Olympia 2003 Ronnie Coleman. BodyBuilder

The Wrap-up on Steroids
Unlike training for other sports, the goal in bodybuilding is to achieve a certain appearance. For competitive bodybuilders, strength itself is not as important as size, symmetry and definition.
Steroids do give the advantage over other athletes as it helps to train with a higher intensity and for longer periods, and can speed up recovery time for the stress on the muscles.
A popular way to take steroids is by cycling, starting the dosage at very small amounts and increasing the dosage weekly, then decreasing it over a 6 to12 week period. Bodybuilders then train without the drugs for 4 weeks and repeat the cycle all over again.
Perhaps the worst mistake most steroid users make is to become steroid abusers. It’s very common to overuse steroids which results in a wide range of health problems, some of which you will be living with for life.
It’s critical when considering taking steroids to do as much research as possible.

Bigger Stronger Faster movie opens May 30th in theaters:

Extreme Bodybuilding + Extreme Steroid usage

2010-07-09T14:02:00.000+05:00

(All picture were taken from google)

Paul the psychic octopus: bookmakers take bets on final predictions

2010-07-09T13:10:00.002+05:00

Bookmakers are taking bets on whether Paul, the octopus who has correctly 'predicted' the winner of six World Cup matches so far, will be successful in forecasting this week's final.

Octopus Paul Allen predictions for the Fifa World Cup 2010 finals:Spain to win

2010-07-09T13:08:00.000+05:00

PAUL THE Octopus or Paul Oktopus is a 2 year old octopus with a history of correctly predicting the results of major German international football matches, especially in the 2010 FIFA World Cup. This total rate of 11 out of 12 games constitutes a significant deviation from what a...

Octopus Paul to forecast WC final

2010-07-09T13:05:00.000+05:00

Celebrity octopus Paul, who has so far correctly predicted the outcome of all of Germany's games in the 2010 World Cup, will now also forecast the result of the final between Spain and the Netherlands.

According to reports, Paul will also predict the outcome of the third-place playoff game between Germany and Uruguay even though most German fans are angry and some have called for its killing or being thrown into the shark tank at the German aquarium in Oberhausen.

According to a report in a German newspaper, there have been a "host of comments on Facebook, Twitter...suggesting Paul should be fried, barbecued or turned into a seafood salad or paella".

Paul's handlers will follow the routine whereby two boxes, containing his favourite food as well as the flags of the two opposing team, will be lowered into is tank. Whichever box Paul picks food from first will be adjudged the winner.

Paul will first pick the winner of the third-place playoff game before selecting the winner for the final.

Octopus Paul's prediction comes true

2010-07-09T13:04:00.000+05:00

Paul the octopus was right. Spain marched into the finals after dumping out Germany on Wednesday 1-0.

The psychic octopus Paul on Tuesday had predicted that Spain will beat Germany in the World Cup semi-finals. With six out of six correct predictions, the eight-legged creature has now predicted every result for Germany's games in this World Cup with 100 per cent accuracy.

The only time the usually-prescient Paul has erred in the past was ahead of the Germany-Spain final at the 2008 European Championship. Paul picked Germany; Spain prevailed 1-0.

Otherwise, Paul correctly predicting Germany's wins over Argentina and England, and also foretold the victories over Australia and Ghana and the country's loss to Serbia.

Now with Germany to take on the Uruguay for the third place in this year's World Cup on Saturday, all eyes will be on Paul yet again. Germany had finished in third place when they had hosted the 2006 World Cup and it will be interesting to see whether they can hold on to that position against Uruguay on Saturday.

Octopus Paul's prediction comes true

2010-07-09T13:01:00.001+05:00

Octopus Paul's prediction comes true

octopus pal

2010-07-09T12:45:00.000+05:00

Louis regularly plays with the Mr Potato Head figure which was given to him as part of an enrichment project at Newquay's Blue Reef Aquarium.
"We wanted an octopus-friendly toy which had a compartment to hide food in," said the aquarium's Matt Slater.
He says Louis gets very excited when sees the toy, which he plays with for an hour at a time.
"Its bright colours, strange shape and moveable parts make it fascinating for Louis," said Mr Slater.
"The secret space within Mr Potato Head allows us to hide tasty treats like fresh crab inside and that perhaps more than anything has resulted in him becoming such a hit."

In the past, keepers have used everything from perspex boxes to rubber toys and even fishing floats to keep Louis, who came from Vancouver about nine months ago, mentally active.

Mr Potato Head is definitely his favourite at the moment

Matt Slater, curator Blue Reef Aquarium

The giant Pacific octopus is the world's largest species of octopus and are found from Japan to Southern California.

The biggest recorded specimen had a span of 10m (33ft) and weighed 270kgs (600lbs).
Louis, who is 18 months old, stretches about 1.5m from tip to tip.

As well as being the largest, the giant Pacifics are also among the cleverest members of the cephalopod family.
"Louis is well known for his curiosity and intelligence," said Mr Slater.
"We've devised a series of puzzles, games and toys to ensure he's getting the mental stimulation he needs, but Mr Potato Head is definitely his favourite at the moment."

solar plane

2010-07-08T18:00:00.001+05:00

solar plane

jackie robinson

2010-07-08T17:59:00.007+05:00

jackie robinson

. earthquake july 7 2010

2010-07-08T17:59:00.005+05:00

. earthquake july 7 2010

. anthony randolph

2010-07-08T17:59:00.001+05:00

. anthony randolph

ONLY BHATTI

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Muslim Rajputs

Muslim Rajputs

From BHATTIDOTCOM

Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Muslim conquest of South Asia

[edit] Conversion to Islam

[edit] Recent conversions and ethos

[edit] Muslim Gautama Thakurs

[edit] Rajput of the Punjab Hill States and Kashmir

[edit] British Raj references of Muslim Rajputs

[edit] Beliefs and customs

[edit] Change of name

[edit] Marriages

[edit] Genealogical family trees

[edit] Inheritance

[edit] Titles

[edit] Martial traditions

[edit] Top military awards

[edit] Victoria Cross

[edit] Hilal-e-Kashmir

[edit] Nishan-e-Haider

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Distribution

[edit] See also

[edit] References

RAJPUT BHATTI

Rajput Bhatti

Contents

[edit] Early history

[edit] Chakito tribe

[edit] Bhatti

[edit] Tano fights Husain Shah

[edit] Rawal Jaisal Singh

[edit] Jaisalmer

[edit] Geographical distribution

[edit] India

[edit] In Gujarat

[edit] In Punjab

[edit] In Rajasthan

[edit] In Uttar Pradesh

[edit] In South India

[edit] Pakistan

[edit] Religion

[edit] Bhatti clans in Sindh

[edit] Bhatti clans in Punjab

[edit] Genealogy of Jaisalmer Kingdom

[edit] Notable Bhatti Rajputs

[edit] Bhati Fiefdoms

[edit] Jadon Fiefdoms

FIFA World Cup 2010 Winner: Spain Won Football World Cup Final Match

McDonald's

Contents

History

Corporate overview

Facts and figures

Types of restaurants

Playgrounds

Redesign

Business model

Shareholder dividends

Controversies

Arguments in defense

Environmental record

Legal cases

Products

Headquarters

Advertising

Children's advertising

Sports awards and honors

Global operations

Gallery

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