<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749</id><updated>2026-09-01T02:33:53.099-07:00</updated><category term="Colombia"/><category term="2021"/><category term="Jovenes"/><category term="Paz"/><category term="Cartagena"/><category term="paramilitares"/><category term="#Memoria #Negacionismo #ConflictoArmadoInterno"/><category term="Colombia (2010)"/><category term="Violencia"/><category term="farc"/><category term="verdad"/><category term="#Derecho #Verdad #DerechoALaVerdad"/><category term="Duque"/><category term="Guerra"/><category term="Memoria"/><category term="Trump"/><category 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Colombia"/><category term="la maldad"/><category term="latifundio"/><category term="ley de Justicia y Paz"/><category term="liberación"/><category term="liberales y democristianos."/><category term="líder"/><category term="mass media"/><category term="mecanismos democráticos"/><category term="medios"/><category term="mellizos munera"/><category term="microfundio"/><category term="minifundio"/><category term="modelo chino"/><category term="método paramilitar"/><category term="nazismo y el estalinismo"/><category term="negociación"/><category term="negocio"/><category term="negocio del petróleo"/><category term="negocios"/><category term="negro"/><category term="niños"/><category term="oil"/><category term="oil business"/><category term="opinión"/><category term="oposición"/><category term="paramilitar"/><category term="pasado y presente"/><category term="petróleo"/><category term="pobres"/><category term="postconflicto"/><category term="presidenciales. Venezuela 28 de julio de 2024"/><category term="proceso civilizatorio"/><category term="proceso de la civilización"/><category term="pública"/><category term="redes de influencia"/><category term="reincidencia"/><category term="relatos"/><category term="reparación"/><category term="represión gubernamental"/><category term="resarcimiento"/><category term="respiradores"/><category term="retos de la narración"/><category term="ricos"/><category term="seguridad"/><category term="selvas"/><category term="sesgos"/><category term="sistemas de salud"/><category term="sistemas de salud pública"/><category term="síntesis"/><category term="teoría del gato"/><category term="textos"/><category term="tiempo libre"/><category term="tolerancia"/><category term="totalitarismo"/><category term="trabajo"/><category term="variable"/><category term="victimas"/><category term="vida"/><category term="violencia enfoques"/><category term="votación:  organizada"/><category term="víctimas"/><category term="¡Basta Ya!"/><category term="África"/><category term="ÉLITES LOCALES"/><title type='text'>Notas de Historia</title><subtitle type='html'>por @OParraAnaliza - @OParraVida</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>360</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-469551788560642074</id><published>2026-05-04T08:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2026-06-07T10:30:32.376-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="#EspejismoInstitucional   #PoderPolítico   #SímbolosPolíticos   #AnálisisPolítico  #VicepresidenciaColombia   #HistoriaDeColombia   #PolíticaColombiana   #InstitucionesPolíticas"/><title type='text'>EL CUENTO DE LOS VICE_PRESIDENTES</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;EL CUENTO DE LOS VICE_PRESIDENTES&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Por: &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Orlando Parra G&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihadM8Y3O-NaNN38P6QWesQSNsksRCuFyitzjIXWB5VGa_utygvlPVTSF97WGws2yevOB3pmUFiTlx86D1CEeaPopqk1xLFNbYk7RtFD9JdLBSfEclLyfesh5bTAKd1wf9i7p09mX4S5Qc8-iyaIiyMgpG7Vo0HUNIXrmv_iT16rh6iKfWFSSyOw/s2816/vices.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1536&quot; data-original-width=&quot;2816&quot; height=&quot;349&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihadM8Y3O-NaNN38P6QWesQSNsksRCuFyitzjIXWB5VGa_utygvlPVTSF97WGws2yevOB3pmUFiTlx86D1CEeaPopqk1xLFNbYk7RtFD9JdLBSfEclLyfesh5bTAKd1wf9i7p09mX4S5Qc8-iyaIiyMgpG7Vo0HUNIXrmv_iT16rh6iKfWFSSyOw/w640-h349/vices.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;«La
presidenta es ella… yo, como vicepresidente, soy una llanta de repuesto;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;necesitamos la llanta desde el comienzo»,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt; dijo el
candidato Oviedo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Este
artículo recorre la larga historia de una vicepresidencia &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;que fue
“fantasía institucional” antes de 1819, que fue suprimida y resucitada,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;y que
hoy suele ser más símbolo que poder real: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;









&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;decorativa,
incómoda o útil solo para sumar votos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Antes de 1819, la vicepresidencia
en Colombia fue una fantasía institucional. No había nación, pero sí señores
respetables con cargo, como Domínguez del Castillo en Cundinamarca, Arango y
González en Antioquia, Rodríguez Torices en Cartagena, Jorge Tadeo Lozano, y
otros. Todos vicepresidentes de algo que cambiaba de nombre más rápido que de
constitución. Cada provincia se creía el centro del universo republicano, y
cada vicepresidente vivía convencido de que estaba a un acta solemne de entrar
en la historia grande. Era la Patria Boba: Eso seguimos siendo &lt;i&gt;¿somos o nos
creen bobos?&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;La vicepresidencia, en este
período, no servía para reemplazar presidentes, sino para aclimatar ambición,
entrenar egos y cultivar la convicción —muy nuestra— de que el problema nunca
es el cargo, sino que todavía no te toca a ti: &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;la fila india&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;…&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Con 1819 llegó la República “de
verdad” y, con ella, el verdadero drama: el vicepresidente aprendió a esperar…
y a morder. El dúo Bolívar –Santander fue el piloto: uno libertador permanente,
el otro vicepresidente administrativo. El experimento salió tan mal que Bolívar
decidió resolver el problema eliminando el cargo antes que a la persona:
Santander prefirió eliminar a la persona: lo intentó un Diciembre.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Desde ahí, la vicepresidencia quedó
marcada. Décadas después, Marroquín perfeccionó la técnica: empezó como
vicepresidente decoroso y terminó derrocando al presidente Sanclemente en plena
Guerra de los Mil Días, demostrando que el puesto no era una muleta
institucional, sino un trampolín. González, vicepresidente de Rafael Reyes,
tampoco ayudó a mejorar la reputación del cargo cuando apareció en la escena
del derrocamiento de su presidente. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Para finales del siglo XIX, el
mensaje era evidente: en Colombia, el vicepresidente no reemplaza al presidente
cuando falta; lo reemplaza cuando flaquea. Por eso en 1905 se suprimió la
vicepresidencia: se había vuelto demasiado competente en el peor momento. Se
inventó el Designado Presidencial, un cargo pensado para no incomodar a nadie… &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;El designado no hacía campaña, no
aspiraba —al menos oficialmente— y no pedía nada: esperaba. Personajes como Holguín
Mallarino, Lleras Camargo aprendieron ese arte sutil y profundamente
“polombiano”: estar preparados sin estorbar. Echandía, dijo “el poder no se
ejerce, se administra”; Urdaneta gobernó mientras Laureano estaba enfermo, pero
Rojas Pinilla, le recordó que el designado estaba para reemplazar presidentes…
no para serlo, y lo tumbó, con el aplauso de liberales y conservadores. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Durante casi un siglo, el sistema
funcionó con una lógica simple: mejor un sustituto sin capital político propio
que otro vicepresidente con ideas propias. Tan bien funcionó que, bajo Gaviria,
el régimen tuvo dos: Jaramillo Correa y luego Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, el
último designado ya en régimen transitorio (1992–1994), quien cerró esa
institución ¿para siempre?… &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Curioso que en 1991 se decidiera
“volver a correr el riesgo”: después de 86 años de calma burocrática, alguien
pensó que ya era hora de resucitar la vicepresidencia. Con bozal, claro, creyendo
que el país había madurado. Lo que siguió fue un largo experimento hacia un &lt;i&gt;Manual
práctico para aprender a estorbar sin ser peligroso&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;De la Calle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt; fue el primer vicepresidente
electo en urnas -cuota directa de Gaviria- bajo la nueva constitución, lo cual
ya era un honor…pero el Proceso 8.000 convirtió la vicepresidencia en una
trinchera imposible. Don Humberto tenía ¡lo peor!: &lt;b&gt;autoridad moral&lt;/b&gt;. Y en
un gobierno que, COMO OTROS ANTES Y DESPUÉS, &lt;u&gt;ganó las elecciones con platas
delincuenciales&lt;/u&gt; solo que a ese lo grabaron&lt;span style=&quot;color: white;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: red;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;[ por cierto &lt;b&gt;hoy hay uno
grabado, pero el esperpento moral gobernante les da para tener al grabado de
jefe de los ministros … ¡hágame el - - favor! &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;así, De La Calle renunció, inaugurando la
primera función empírica del cargo: salir con dignidad cuando el presidente carece
de ella. Eran otras épocas, hoy nadie renuncia. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Entonces, pusieron al exmilitante
Comunista que había afirmado el &lt;i&gt;“brazo político de las FARC es la Unión Patriótica.
Se van a enojar porque les estoy diciendo esto, pero ellos saben que es así”, &lt;/i&gt;a
Carlos Lemos Simmonds. Fue el regreso fantasmal del viejo designado, pero con
nuevo nombre&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;A &lt;b&gt;Bell Lemus&lt;/b&gt;, Pastrana lo eligió
gestor territorial (Caribe) y cumplió: no competir, pero sí ejecutar. El
movimiento clave fue su designación como Ministro de Defensa (2001–2002), en un
momento en que ese sector concentraba más del 12 % del gasto público nacional. Aquí
la vicepresidencia mostró por primera vez poder real delegado. No incomodó
porque administró, no opinó.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Llegó &lt;b&gt;“Pachito” Santos&lt;/b&gt;: Ocupado,
vigilado y lejos del centro. Dedicado a secuestros, derechos humanos, minas
antipersonales, diplomacia. Lección aprendida: el vicepresidente puede hablar
mucho, siempre que el presidente hable más. Duró los 8 años. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Con otro excomunista, &lt;b&gt;Angelino Garzón&lt;/b&gt;
-cuota directa de Alvaro Uribe- apareció un problema nuevo: el vicepresidente
que opina en público. Santos buscaba equilibrio, coalición amplia y disciplina
discursiva; Garzón representaba la espontaneidad verbal de su patrón. El choque
fue constante. Molestaba por lo que decía, no por lo que podía hacer. La
lección fue hablar no es gobernar, pero sí incomodar. Salió al siguiente periodo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Llegó (el recién
fallecido) &lt;b&gt;Vargas “coscorrón” Lleras&lt;/b&gt;. &amp;nbsp;El vicepresidente con más poder material real
desde 1994 y, paradójicamente, si bien coordinó vivienda, infraestructura y
transporte; manejó grandes proyectos, cronogramas, contratos, presupuesto duro,
etcétera, todo ese poder de nada sirvió para la sucesión. Cuando renunció para
competir por la Presidencia, el músculo clientelista/administrativo no se
tradujo en votos. Pesó más la palabra “coscorrón”: esa &lt;i&gt;ballena de la derecha&lt;/i&gt;
se adelantó unos meses a la del centro. Naranjo cerró el cuatrienio..&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span&gt;Marta Lucía Ramírez&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span&gt; llegó con peso propio, experiencia
y agenda. El roce más que escandaloso, fue estructural: De lejos, pero por
muchísimo, estaba más calificada para el cargo que el desastre Duque. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Y llegamos a &lt;b&gt;Francia&lt;/b&gt;, digo,
a Márquez. Resumen lamentable e irritante: &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;primero usada como símbolo, y luego
desechada. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;¿Quiénes son hoy?&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Quilcué&lt;/i&gt;, indígena, como
la afro, viene de resistir, marchar, denunciar y sobrevivir, no de administrar.
Si llegara &lt;b&gt;-desafortunadamente para ella y todos-&lt;/b&gt; le vaticinó un futuro
similar al de su antecesora. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Oviedo&lt;/i&gt;, lo pusieron ahí dizque
para atraer el centro: si has estado en todos los gobiernos Uribistas, simplemente
eres de &lt;i&gt;Derecha enclosetada&lt;/i&gt;; en caso de llegar a Vice, si a Martha Lucia
la bloquearon, Daniel sería “usada como símbolo, y luego desechada”: la derecha
y la izquierda están llenas de maricas, pero son homofóbicas…en el mundo. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Restrepo,&lt;/i&gt; viene de decir
“no hay plata”, si llega recordaría que el déficit -que ya lo hay- también
castiga al poder: por más loco que esté su presidente. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Bonilla&lt;/i&gt; (la mía) representa
la idea persistente de que gobernar se hace desde la experiencia. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Huerta -el
Pereirano- &lt;/i&gt;un
intento de “nueva historia”… veremos si un nuevo centro-socialdemócrata la
construye.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;









&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Se me acabó el
espacio… y las ganas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;En resumen, mire quien es el
presidente, el vice, ni siquiera es un segundo al mando, nunca lo ha sido &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;-hoy
ni hay Vice, salvo el sueldo y el helicóptero-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ni lo será, es una
figura simbólica, usada para sumar, o porque por acuerdos les toca ponerlo ahí,
al gobernar o es decorativo, o es incómodo, su poder real depende …mejor relea
el texto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Orlando Parra G es Mg Historia - Candidato a doctor (PhD) en Ciudad. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: white; font-family: times;&quot;&gt;https://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: times;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;&quot;&gt;Tiktok &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b&gt;@OParraVida&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #01ffff;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot;&gt;Una adaptación fue publicada en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eldiario.com.co/noticias/politica/el-cuento-de-los-vices-en-colombia/&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, serif;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.eldiario.com.co/noticias/politica/el-cuento-de-los-vices-en-colombia/&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Bibliografía Básica&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Aguilera
Peña, M. (1994). La designatura presidencial: una genuina institución
colombiana. Credencial Historia, Banco de la República. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.banrepcultural.org/biblioteca-virtual/credencial-historia/numero-94/la-designatura-presidencial&quot;&gt;https://www.banrepcultural.org/biblioteca-virtual/credencial-historia/numero-94/la-designatura-presidencial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Bushnell,
D. (1958). The Santander regime in Gran Colombia. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de
Cervantes; Banco de la República. &lt;a href=&quot;https://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/6664/6877&quot;&gt;https://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/6664/6877&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Cárdenas
Madrid, M. R. (1994). Designados presidenciales de Colombia (1844–1993).
Credencial Historia, Banco de la República. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.banrepcultural.org/biblioteca-virtual/credencial-historia/numero-94/designados-presidenciales-de-colombia-1844-1993&quot;&gt;https://www.banrepcultural.org/biblioteca-virtual/credencial-historia/numero-94/designados-presidenciales-de-colombia-1844-1993&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Congreso
de la República de Colombia. (1905). Acto Legislativo 5 de 1905: Por el cual se
eliminan la Vicepresidencia de la República y la Designatura. SUIN‑Juriscol. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?id=1000183&quot;&gt;https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?id=1000183&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Jaramillo,
C. E. &amp;amp; Deas, M. (2000). El golpe de Estado del 31 de julio de 1900. Boletín
Cultural y Bibliográfico, Banco de la República. &lt;a href=&quot;https://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/1420&quot;&gt;https://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/view/1420&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Olano
García, H. A. (2014). La vicepresidencia de la República en la historia
constitucional de Colombia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: times;&quot;&gt;Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual, UNAM. &lt;a href=&quot;https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/Quidiuris/2014-2015/vol27/6.pdf&quot;&gt;https://biblat.unam.mx/hevila/Quidiuris/2014-2015/vol27/6.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;PT&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; mso-ansi-language: PT;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/469551788560642074/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/469551788560642074' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/469551788560642074'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/469551788560642074'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/05/el-cuento-de-los-vicepresidentes.html' title='EL CUENTO DE LOS VICE_PRESIDENTES'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihadM8Y3O-NaNN38P6QWesQSNsksRCuFyitzjIXWB5VGa_utygvlPVTSF97WGws2yevOB3pmUFiTlx86D1CEeaPopqk1xLFNbYk7RtFD9JdLBSfEclLyfesh5bTAKd1wf9i7p09mX4S5Qc8-iyaIiyMgpG7Vo0HUNIXrmv_iT16rh6iKfWFSSyOw/s72-w640-h349-c/vices.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-6783470479369613033</id><published>2026-04-30T07:59:13.931-07:00</published><updated>2026-04-30T07:59:13.932-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Nueva portada blog 2026</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIvtArjqMnxU2EddgFDaAoCRdcYu2oRlhrCgqnNrYqvkFurhZPjW_PToIGCNwA5SzR0Z2dDzCF74PDHVg_C2HX44HoDf0lc5UlGztMsvGN5KGCXWYOiuzBIUundUpM-ZCorx5P8A-isQfObHjHclrzbeFfvtj4J-Hey4BqJ5YYXIhvxpNsGVgErA/s582/imprimir%20.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;217&quot; data-original-width=&quot;582&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIvtArjqMnxU2EddgFDaAoCRdcYu2oRlhrCgqnNrYqvkFurhZPjW_PToIGCNwA5SzR0Z2dDzCF74PDHVg_C2HX44HoDf0lc5UlGztMsvGN5KGCXWYOiuzBIUundUpM-ZCorx5P8A-isQfObHjHclrzbeFfvtj4J-Hey4BqJ5YYXIhvxpNsGVgErA/s16000/imprimir%20.png&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/6783470479369613033/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/6783470479369613033' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/6783470479369613033'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/6783470479369613033'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/04/nueva-portada-blog-2026.html' title='Nueva portada blog 2026'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIvtArjqMnxU2EddgFDaAoCRdcYu2oRlhrCgqnNrYqvkFurhZPjW_PToIGCNwA5SzR0Z2dDzCF74PDHVg_C2HX44HoDf0lc5UlGztMsvGN5KGCXWYOiuzBIUundUpM-ZCorx5P8A-isQfObHjHclrzbeFfvtj4J-Hey4BqJ5YYXIhvxpNsGVgErA/s72-c/imprimir%20.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-6267517723649019470</id><published>2026-01-03T18:52:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2026-01-03T18:52:09.793-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="business"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ENERO 3 2026"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="negocio"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="negocio del petróleo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="oil"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="oil business"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="petróleo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trump"/><title type='text'>We’re in the oil business, Estamos en el negocio del petróleo. TRUMP ENERO 3 2026</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101218; color: #e6e8f0; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 600;&quot;&gt;Sobre el petróleo y la reconstrucción&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div aria-level=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;otQkpb&quot; data-animation-nesting=&quot;&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;a7qCn&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_l&quot; role=&quot;heading&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #101218; color: #e6e8f0; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 28px; margin: 24px 0px 12px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;txxDge notranslate&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-wiz-uids=&quot;KU2olb_m,KU2olb_n,KU2olb_o&quot; jsaction=&quot;rcuQ6b:&amp;amp;KU2olb_m|npT2md&quot; jscontroller=&quot;udAs2b&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_m&quot; style=&quot;visibility: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vKEkVd&quot; data-animation-atomic=&quot;&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;class=KU2olb_m/TKHnVd;&quot; style=&quot;position: relative; text-wrap-mode: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;button aria-label=&quot;Ver enlaces relacionados&quot; class=&quot;rBl3me&quot; data-amic=&quot;true&quot; data-icl-uuid=&quot;ee713953-e4ad-4529-ac8f-7bd2939fd8c3&quot; data-ved=&quot;2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qye0OegYIAQgEEAA&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;disabled=KU2olb_m/C5gNJc;class=KU2olb_m/UpSNec;&quot; jsaction=&quot;click:&amp;amp;KU2olb_m|S9kKve;mouseenter:&amp;amp;KU2olb_m|sbHm2b;mouseleave:&amp;amp;KU2olb_m|Tx5Rb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_o&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgb(37, 38, 46); border-color: initial; border-radius: 10px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 20px; margin: 0px 6px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20px;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wiMplc ofC0Ud&quot; style=&quot;color: #e6e8f0; display: inline-block; transform: rotate(135deg);&quot;&gt;&lt;svg fill=&quot;currentColor&quot; focusable=&quot;false&quot; height=&quot;12px&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 3px;&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot; width=&quot;12px&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul class=&quot;KsbFXc U6u95&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;mPWODf&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_p&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #101218; color: #e6e8f0; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 16px; padding-inline-start: 16px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEIBRAA&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_q&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_r&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_s&quot;&gt;En inglés:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;eujQNb&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;yHWXO&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_t&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: inherit;&quot;&gt;&quot;We’re going to have our very large United States oil companies, the biggest anywhere in the world, go in, spend billions of dollars, fix the badly broken infrastructure, the oil infrastructure, and start making money for the country.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEIBRAB&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_u&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_v&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_w&quot;&gt;Traducción:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&quot;Vamos a hacer que nuestras grandes compañías petroleras de Estados Unidos, las más grandes del mundo, entren, gasten miles de millones de dólares, reparen la infraestructura petrolera que está muy dañada y comiencen a generar dinero para el país&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEIBRAC&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_x&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_y&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_z&quot;&gt;Fuente:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;KMhGd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_10&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;H23r4e&quot; href=&quot;https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-01-03/trump-says-us-to-run-venezuela-in-interim-after-maduro-capture&quot; ping=&quot;/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-01-03/trump-says-us-to-run-venezuela-in-interim-after-maduro-capture&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qy_kOegYIAQgFEAM&amp;amp;opi=89978449&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: #7eaaff; outline: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(126, 170, 255); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 1px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Reporte de Bloomberg News&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;&lt;span data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;KMhGd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_11&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;H23r4e&quot; href=&quot;https://www.foxnews.com/politics/us-capture-maduro-throws-spotlight-venezuelas-massive-oil-reserves&quot; ping=&quot;/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/us-capture-maduro-throws-spotlight-venezuelas-massive-oil-reserves&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qy_kOegYIAQgFEAQ&amp;amp;opi=89978449&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: #7eaaff; outline: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(126, 170, 255); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 1px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Cobertura de Fox News Politics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uJ19be notranslate&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-wiz-uids=&quot;KU2olb_12,KU2olb_13,KU2olb_14&quot; jsaction=&quot;rcuQ6b:&amp;amp;KU2olb_12|npT2md&quot; jscontroller=&quot;udAs2b&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_12&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vKEkVd&quot; data-animation-atomic=&quot;&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;class=KU2olb_12/TKHnVd;&quot; style=&quot;position: relative; text-wrap-mode: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;button aria-label=&quot;Ver enlaces relacionados&quot; class=&quot;rBl3me&quot; data-amic=&quot;true&quot; data-icl-uuid=&quot;d2e114ef-d670-4730-b440-f60ff553d677&quot; data-ved=&quot;2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qye0OegYIAQgFEAU&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;disabled=KU2olb_12/C5gNJc;class=KU2olb_12/UpSNec;&quot; jsaction=&quot;click:&amp;amp;KU2olb_12|S9kKve;mouseenter:&amp;amp;KU2olb_12|sbHm2b;mouseleave:&amp;amp;KU2olb_12|Tx5Rb&quot; 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data-wiz-uids=&quot;KU2olb_19,KU2olb_1a,KU2olb_1b&quot; jsaction=&quot;rcuQ6b:&amp;amp;KU2olb_19|npT2md&quot; jscontroller=&quot;udAs2b&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_19&quot; style=&quot;visibility: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vKEkVd&quot; data-animation-atomic=&quot;&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;class=KU2olb_19/TKHnVd;&quot; style=&quot;position: relative; text-wrap-mode: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;button aria-label=&quot;Ver enlaces relacionados&quot; class=&quot;rBl3me&quot; data-amic=&quot;true&quot; data-icl-uuid=&quot;de905edc-43da-4d28-bdd2-6c518d57a5e0&quot; data-ved=&quot;2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qye0OegYIAQgGEAA&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;disabled=KU2olb_19/C5gNJc;class=KU2olb_19/UpSNec;&quot; jsaction=&quot;click:&amp;amp;KU2olb_19|S9kKve;mouseenter:&amp;amp;KU2olb_19|sbHm2b;mouseleave:&amp;amp;KU2olb_19|Tx5Rb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1b&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgb(37, 38, 46); border-color: initial; border-radius: 10px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 20px; margin: 0px 6px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20px;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wiMplc ofC0Ud&quot; style=&quot;color: #e6e8f0; display: inline-block; transform: rotate(135deg);&quot;&gt;&lt;svg fill=&quot;currentColor&quot; focusable=&quot;false&quot; height=&quot;12px&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 3px;&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot; width=&quot;12px&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul class=&quot;KsbFXc U6u95&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;mPWODf&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1c&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #101218; color: #e6e8f0; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 16px; padding-inline-start: 16px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEIBxAA&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1d&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1e&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1f&quot;&gt;En inglés:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;eujQNb&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;yHWXO&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1g&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: inherit;&quot;&gt;&quot;That wealth is going to the people of Venezuela... and it goes also to the United States of America in the form of reimbursement for the damages caused us by that country.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEIBxAB&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1h&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1i&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1j&quot;&gt;Traducción:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&quot;Esa riqueza irá al pueblo de Venezuela... y también irá a los Estados Unidos de América en forma de reembolso por los daños que nos causó ese país&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEIBxAC&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1k&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1l&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1m&quot;&gt;Fuente:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;KMhGd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1n&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;H23r4e&quot; href=&quot;https://www.npr.org/2026/01/03/g-s1-104346/trump-venezuela-maduro-press-conference&quot; ping=&quot;/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.npr.org/2026/01/03/g-s1-104346/trump-venezuela-maduro-press-conference&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qy_kOegYIAQgHEAM&amp;amp;opi=89978449&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: #7eaaff; outline: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(126, 170, 255); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 1px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Transmisión en vivo de NPR&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;&lt;span data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;KMhGd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1o&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;H23r4e&quot; href=&quot;https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2026-01-03/trump-says-u-s-will-run-venezuela-after-capturing-maduro-in-audacious-attack&quot; ping=&quot;/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2026-01-03/trump-says-u-s-will-run-venezuela-after-capturing-maduro-in-audacious-attack&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qy_kOegYIAQgHEAQ&amp;amp;opi=89978449&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: #7eaaff; outline: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(126, 170, 255); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 1px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Artículo de Los Angeles Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEIBxAF&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1p&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1q&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1r&quot;&gt;En inglés:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;eujQNb&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;yHWXO&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1s&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: inherit;&quot;&gt;&quot;It won&#39;t cost us anything because the money coming out of the ground is very substantial... we&#39;re going to get reimbursed for everything that we spend.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEIBxAG&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1t&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1u&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1v&quot;&gt;Traducción:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&quot;No nos costará nada porque el dinero que sale del suelo es muy sustancial... nos van a reembolsar por todo lo que gastemos&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEIBxAH&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1w&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1x&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1y&quot;&gt;Fuente:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;KMhGd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_1z&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;H23r4e&quot; href=&quot;https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/03/us/politics/trump-venezuela-oil.html&quot; ping=&quot;/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/03/us/politics/trump-venezuela-oil.html&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qy_kOegYIAQgHEAg&amp;amp;opi=89978449&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: #7eaaff; outline: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(126, 170, 255); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 1px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;The New York Times - Politics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;&lt;span data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;KMhGd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_20&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;H23r4e&quot; href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/jan/03/trump-venezuela-oil-industry&quot; ping=&quot;/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/jan/03/trump-venezuela-oil-industry&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qy_kOegYIAQgHEAk&amp;amp;opi=89978449&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: #7eaaff; outline: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(126, 170, 255); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 1px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;The Guardian - US News&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;uJ19be notranslate&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-wiz-uids=&quot;KU2olb_21,KU2olb_22,KU2olb_23&quot; jsaction=&quot;rcuQ6b:&amp;amp;KU2olb_21|npT2md&quot; jscontroller=&quot;udAs2b&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_21&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vKEkVd&quot; data-animation-atomic=&quot;&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;class=KU2olb_21/TKHnVd;&quot; style=&quot;position: relative; text-wrap-mode: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;button aria-label=&quot;Ver enlaces relacionados&quot; class=&quot;rBl3me&quot; data-amic=&quot;true&quot; data-icl-uuid=&quot;c98cadeb-92ff-4f10-8cb5-eb74938f9409&quot; data-ved=&quot;2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qye0OegYIAQgHEAo&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;disabled=KU2olb_21/C5gNJc;class=KU2olb_21/UpSNec;&quot; jsaction=&quot;click:&amp;amp;KU2olb_21|S9kKve;mouseenter:&amp;amp;KU2olb_21|sbHm2b;mouseleave:&amp;amp;KU2olb_21|Tx5Rb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_23&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgb(37, 38, 46); border-color: initial; border-radius: 10px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 20px; margin: 0px 6px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20px;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wiMplc ofC0Ud&quot; style=&quot;color: #e6e8f0; display: inline-block; transform: rotate(135deg);&quot;&gt;&lt;svg fill=&quot;currentColor&quot; focusable=&quot;false&quot; height=&quot;12px&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 3px;&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot; width=&quot;12px&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;Fsg96&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jsaction=&quot;rcuQ6b:&amp;amp;KU2olb_28|npT2md&quot; jscontroller=&quot;KHhJQ&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_28&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #101218; color: #e6e8f0; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div aria-level=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;otQkpb&quot; data-animation-nesting=&quot;&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;a7qCn&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_29&quot; role=&quot;heading&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #101218; border-top: 1px solid rgb(45, 47, 53); color: #e6e8f0; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 28px; margin: 16px 0px 12px; padding-top: 16px;&quot;&gt;Sobre la venta a terceros países&lt;span class=&quot;txxDge notranslate&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-wiz-uids=&quot;KU2olb_2a,KU2olb_2b,KU2olb_2c&quot; jsaction=&quot;rcuQ6b:&amp;amp;KU2olb_2a|npT2md&quot; jscontroller=&quot;udAs2b&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2a&quot; style=&quot;visibility: hidden;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vKEkVd&quot; data-animation-atomic=&quot;&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;class=KU2olb_2a/TKHnVd;&quot; style=&quot;position: relative; text-wrap-mode: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;button aria-label=&quot;Ver enlaces relacionados&quot; class=&quot;rBl3me&quot; data-amic=&quot;true&quot; data-icl-uuid=&quot;78f21481-e2be-44fc-9aee-21c0be72b70e&quot; data-ved=&quot;2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qye0OegYIAQgIEAA&quot; data-wiz-attrbind=&quot;disabled=KU2olb_2a/C5gNJc;class=KU2olb_2a/UpSNec;&quot; jsaction=&quot;click:&amp;amp;KU2olb_2a|S9kKve;mouseenter:&amp;amp;KU2olb_2a|sbHm2b;mouseleave:&amp;amp;KU2olb_2a|Tx5Rb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2c&quot; style=&quot;background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgb(37, 38, 46); border-color: initial; border-radius: 10px; border-style: none; border-width: initial; cursor: pointer; height: 20px; margin: 0px 6px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 20px;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wiMplc ofC0Ud&quot; style=&quot;color: #e6e8f0; display: inline-block; transform: rotate(135deg);&quot;&gt;&lt;svg fill=&quot;currentColor&quot; focusable=&quot;false&quot; height=&quot;12px&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 3px;&quot; viewbox=&quot;0 0 24 24&quot; width=&quot;12px&quot; xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/svg&quot;&gt;&lt;path d=&quot;M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z&quot;&gt;&lt;/path&gt;&lt;/svg&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/button&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul class=&quot;KsbFXc U6u95&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-processed=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;mPWODf&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2d&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #101218; color: #e6e8f0; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin: 12px 0px 16px; padding-inline-start: 16px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEICRAA&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2e&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2f&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2g&quot;&gt;En inglés:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em class=&quot;eujQNb&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;yHWXO&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2h&quot; style=&quot;font-weight: inherit;&quot;&gt;&quot;We’re in the oil business. We’ll be selling them large amounts of oil... we&#39;ll be selling oil probably in much larger doses.&quot;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEICRAB&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2i&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2j&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2k&quot;&gt;Traducción:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&quot;Estamos en el negocio del petróleo. Les venderemos grandes cantidades de petróleo... probablemente estaremos vendiendo petróleo en dosis mucho mayores&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEICRAC&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2l&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2m&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;kD2Ize&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; jscontroller=&quot;zYmgkd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2n&quot;&gt;Fuente:&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;KMhGd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2o&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;H23r4e&quot; href=&quot;https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/we-built-venezuelas-oil-industry-trump-vows-us-energy-return-after-maduro-capture&quot; ping=&quot;/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/politics/we-built-venezuelas-oil-industry-trump-vows-us-energy-return-after-maduro-capture&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qy_kOegYIAQgJEAM&amp;amp;opi=89978449&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: #7eaaff; outline: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(126, 170, 255); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 1px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Fox Business - Energy Return&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;/&amp;nbsp;&lt;span data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;KMhGd&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2p&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;H23r4e&quot; href=&quot;https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/venezuela-strikes/card/trump-suggests-venezuela-oil-exports-to-china-will-grow-mawzhI8LHNh2V4s5douU&quot; ping=&quot;/url?sa=t&amp;amp;source=web&amp;amp;rct=j&amp;amp;url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/venezuela-strikes/card/trump-suggests-venezuela-oil-exports-to-china-will-grow-mawzhI8LHNh2V4s5douU&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwif9-jC7vCRAxVeTjABHdNMAS4Qy_kOegYIAQgJEAQ&amp;amp;opi=89978449&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); color: #7eaaff; outline: 0px; text-decoration-color: rgb(126, 170, 255); text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-underline-offset: 1px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Wall Street Journal Live Coverage&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-hveid=&quot;CAEICRAC&quot; data-sae=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;vsuOFb&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2l&quot; style=&quot;list-style: disc; margin: 0px 0px 12px; padding-inline-start: 4px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVQlc_-PYHEPv3L-mEA-kyickJF8kar0jrl769ax1fr49Cb7bP0oqRjYlsQ866DFAmd5iLg7dLbSoDSvIwSkxZrdrAS4V9AixNk5VtlKyrBrF0gUaKVret3PBuWPu4ijiEaz8s7STLgJa-Z05H_DDST2ICFfb1m-bX6MeUvxjhY3mDJFdjLWxMVg/s1024/image_3688741d.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1024&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1024&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVQlc_-PYHEPv3L-mEA-kyickJF8kar0jrl769ax1fr49Cb7bP0oqRjYlsQ866DFAmd5iLg7dLbSoDSvIwSkxZrdrAS4V9AixNk5VtlKyrBrF0gUaKVret3PBuWPu4ijiEaz8s7STLgJa-Z05H_DDST2ICFfb1m-bX6MeUvxjhY3mDJFdjLWxMVg/w640-h640/image_3688741d.png&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;T286Pc&quot; data-complete=&quot;true&quot; data-sfc-cp=&quot;&quot; jscontroller=&quot;fly6D&quot; jsuid=&quot;KU2olb_2m&quot; style=&quot;overflow-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/6267517723649019470/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/6267517723649019470' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/6267517723649019470'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/6267517723649019470'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/were-in-oil-business-estamos-en-el.html' title='We’re in the oil business, Estamos en el negocio del petróleo. TRUMP ENERO 3 2026'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVQlc_-PYHEPv3L-mEA-kyickJF8kar0jrl769ax1fr49Cb7bP0oqRjYlsQ866DFAmd5iLg7dLbSoDSvIwSkxZrdrAS4V9AixNk5VtlKyrBrF0gUaKVret3PBuWPu4ijiEaz8s7STLgJa-Z05H_DDST2ICFfb1m-bX6MeUvxjhY3mDJFdjLWxMVg/s72-w640-h640-c/image_3688741d.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-2546914815889798149</id><published>2026-01-03T18:23:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2026-01-03T18:53:22.994-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Maduro"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trump"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Venezuela"/><title type='text'>El ataque de Trump a Venezuela es ilegal e imprudente: The New York Times</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;3 de enero de 2026 a las 09:56 ET&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por El Comité Editorial (ENGLISH:&amp;nbsp;https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/03/opinion/venezuela-attack-trump-us.html)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;En los últimos meses, el presidente Trump ha desplegado una imponente fuerza militar en el Caribe para amenazar a Venezuela. Hasta ahora, el presidente de Estados Unidos había utilizado esa fuerza —un portaaviones, al menos otros siete buques de guerra, decenas de aviones y 15.000 soldados estadounidenses— en ataques ilegales contra pequeñas embarcaciones que, él afirma, transportaban drogas. Este fin de semana, Trump intensificó drásticamente su campaña al capturar al presidente de Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro, como parte de lo que denominó “un ataque a gran escala” contra el país.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pocas personas sentirán simpatía por Maduro. Es antidemocrático y represivo, y ha desestabilizado el hemisferio occidental en los últimos años. Naciones Unidas publicó recientemente un informe en el que se detallan más de una década de asesinatos, torturas, violencia sexual y detenciones arbitrarias por parte de sus agentes contra sus oponentes políticos. Se robó las elecciones presidenciales de Venezuela el año pasado. Ha alimentado perturbaciones económicas y políticas en toda la región al instigar un éxodo de casi ocho millones de migrantes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Sin embargo, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #01ffff; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;si existe una lección primordial de las relaciones internacionales estadounidenses del siglo pasado, es que intentar derrocar incluso al régimen más deplorable puede empeorar las cosas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: red;&quot;&gt;Estados Unidos pasó 20 años sin conseguir crear un gobierno estable en Afganistán y sustituyó una dictadura en Libia por un Estado fracturado. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Las consecuencias trágicas de la guerra de 2003 en Irak siguen persiguiendo a Estados Unidos y al Medio Oriente. Quizá lo más relevante sea el hecho de que Estados Unidos ha desestabilizado esporádicamente países latinoamericanos, como Chile, Cuba, Guatemala y Nicaragua, intentando derrocar a un gobierno por la fuerza &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;(Reseña al final) .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Trump aún no ha ofrecido una explicación coherente de sus acciones en Venezuela. Está empujando a nuestro país hacia una crisis internacional sin razones válidas. Si Trump quiere argumentar lo contrario, la Constitución establece lo que debe hacer: acudir al Congreso. Sin la aprobación del Congreso, sus acciones violan la ley de Estados Unidos.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;La justificación nominal del aventurerismo militar del gobierno es destruir a los “narcoterroristas”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #01ffff; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;A lo largo de la historia, los gobiernos han calificado de terroristas a los dirigentes de naciones rivales, tratando de justificar las incursiones militares como operaciones policiales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;La afirmación es especialmente ridícula en este caso, dado que Venezuela no es un productor significativo de fentanilo ni de las otras drogas que han dominado la reciente epidemia de sobredosis en Estados Unidos, y la cocaína que sí produce fluye principalmente a Europa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Mientras Trump ha estado atacando a las embarcaciones venezolanas, también indultó a Juan Orlando Hernández, quien dirigió una extensa operación de narcotráfico cuando fue presidente de Honduras de 2014 a 2022.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Una explicación más plausible de los ataques a Venezuela puede encontrarse, en cambio, en la recientemente publicada Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional de Trump. En ella se reivindica el derecho a dominar Latinoamérica: “Tras años de abandono, Estados Unidos reafirmará y aplicará la Doctrina Monroe para &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;restaurar la preeminencia estadounidense &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;en el Hemisferio Occidental”.&amp;nbsp; En lo que el documento denominó el “Corolario Trump”, el gobierno prometió redesplegar fuerzas de todo el mundo en la región, detener a los traficantes en alta mar, utilizar la fuerza letal contra migrantes y narcotraficantes y, potencialmente, instalar más soldados estadounidenses en la región. (&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;(Reseña al final) .&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Al parecer, Venezuela se ha convertido en el primer país sometido a este &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;imperialismo de los últimos tiempos,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt; y representa un enfoque peligroso e ilegal del lugar de Estados Unidos en el mundo. Al proceder sin ningún atisbo de legitimidad internacional, autoridad legal válida o respaldo nacional, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #01ffff;&quot;&gt;Trump se arriesga a dar una justificación a los autoritarios de China, Rusia y otros países que quieren dominar a sus propios vecinos. De forma más inmediata, amenaza con reproducir la arrogancia estadounidense que condujo a la invasión de Irak en 2003.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Como candidato presidencial, Trump parecía reconocer los problemas de la extralimitación militar. En 2016, fue el único político republicano que denunció la insensatez de la guerra de Irak del presidente George W. Bush. En 2024, dijo: “No voy a empezar una guerra. Voy a detener guerras”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Ahora está abandonando este principio, y lo está haciendo de manera ilegal. La Constitución exige que el Congreso apruebe cualquier acto de guerra. Sí, los presidentes a menudo sobrepasan los límites de esta ley. Pero incluso Bush buscó y recibió el respaldo del Congreso para su invasión de Irak, y los presidentes desde Bush han justificado su uso de ataques con drones contra grupos terroristas y sus partidarios con una ley de 2001 que autorizó la acción tras los atentados del 11 de septiembre. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #01ffff; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Trump no tiene ni siquiera un pretexto de autoridad legal para validar sus ataques contra Venezuela.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Los debates del Congreso sobre la acción militar desempeñan un papel democrático crucial. Detienen el aventurerismo militar obligando al presidente a justificar sus planes de ataque ante la opinión pública y exigiendo a los miembros del Congreso que vinculen su propia credibilidad a esos planes. Durante años, tras la votación sobre la guerra de Irak, los demócratas que apoyaron a Bush, incluidos Hillary Clinton y John Kerry, pagaron un precio político, mientras que quienes criticaron la guerra, como Bernie Sanders y Barack Obama, llegaron a ser considerados proféticos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;En el caso de Venezuela, un debate en el Congreso pondría al descubierto la fragilidad de la lógica de Trump. Su gobierno ha justificado sus ataques contra las pequeñas embarcaciones alegando que suponen una amenaza inmediata para Estados Unidos. Pero un grupo variado de expertos jurídicos y militares han rechazado esta afirmación, y el sentido común también la refuta. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #01ffff; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Un intento de introducir drogas de contrabando en Estados Unidos —si es que, de hecho, todas las embarcaciones lo estaban haciendo— no es un intento de derrocar al gobierno o derrotar a su ejército.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Sospechamos que Trump se ha negado a solicitar la aprobación del Congreso para sus acciones, en parte porque sabe que incluso algunos republicanos del Congreso son profundamente escépticos sobre la dirección que está llevando a este país. Los senadores Rand Paul y Lisa Murkowski y los representantes Don Bacon y Thomas Massie —todos ellos republicanos— ya han respaldado legislaciones que limitarían las acciones militares de Trump contra Venezuela.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: red;&quot;&gt;Un segundo argumento contra los ataques de Trump a Venezuela es que violan el derecho internacional. Al bombardear las pequeñas embarcaciones que Trump dice que trafican con drogas, ha matado a personas basándose en la mera sospecha de que han cometido un delito y no les ha dado ninguna oportunidad de defenderse. Las Convenios de Ginebra de 1949 y todos los principales tratados de derechos humanos posteriores prohíben este tipo de ejecuciones extrajudiciales. También lo hace la legislación estadounidense.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;El gobierno parece haber matado a personas indefensas. En un ataque, la Marina realizó un segundo ataque contra una embarcación ya destruida, unos 40 minutos después del primer ataque, matando a dos marineros que se aferraban a los restos de la embarcación y no parecían representar ninguna amenaza. Como ha escrito nuestro colega David French, exabogado del ejército estadounidense: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: red;&quot;&gt;“Lo que separa la guerra del asesinato es la ley”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Los argumentos jurídicos contra las acciones de Trump son los más importantes, pero también existe un argumento realista si se ve con analíticamente. No son del interés de la seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos. Lo más parecido a una analogía alentadora es la invasión de Panamá por el presidente George H. W. Bush hace 36 años este me&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;s, que expulsó del poder al dictador Manuel Noriega y ayudó a encaminar a Panamá hacia la democracia. Sin embargo, Venezuela es diferente en aspectos importantes. Panamá es un país mucho más pequeño, y fue un país en el que funcionarios y soldados estadounidenses habían operado durante décadas debido al canal de Panamá.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;El potencial de caos en Venezuela parece mucho mayor. A pesar de la captura de Maduro, los generales que han apuntalado su régimen no desaparecerán de repente. Tampoco es probable que entreguen el poder a María Corina Machado, la figura de la oposición cuyo movimiento parece haber ganado las últimas elecciones del país y quien aceptó el Premio Nobel de la Paz el mes pasado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Entre las posibles consecuencias negativas está la posibilidad de un aumento de la violencia por parte del grupo militar colombiano de izquierda ELN, que tiene un punto de apoyo en la zona occidental de Venezuela, o por parte de los grupos paramilitares conocidos como “colectivos” que han operado en la periferia del poder bajo la dictadura de Maduro. Nuevos disturbios en Venezuela podrían desestabilizar los mercados mundiales de la energía y los alimentos y empujar a más migrantes por todo el hemisferio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Entonces, ¿cómo debe abordar Estados Unidos el continuo problema que significa Venezuela para la región y los intereses estadounidenses? Compartimos las esperanzas de los venezolanos desesperados, algunos de los cuales han defendido la intervención. Pero no hay respuestas fáciles. A estas alturas, el mundo debería comprender los riesgos de un cambio de régimen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;Mantendremos la esperanza de que la crisis actual acabe menos mal de lo que esperamos. Tememos que el resultado del aventurerismo de Trump se traduzca en un mayor sufrimiento para los venezolanos, un aumento de la inestabilidad regional y un daño duradero para los intereses de Estados Unidos en todo el mundo. Sabemos que el belicismo de Trump viola la ley.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222;&quot;&gt;El Comité Editorial está conformado por un grupo de periodistas de opinión cuyos puntos de vista se basan en su experiencia, investigación, debates y unos valores muy arraigados. Es independiente de la sala de redacción.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;RESEÑA:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/intervenciones-de-ee-uu-en-america.html&quot;&gt;https://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/intervenciones-de-ee-uu-en-america.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;RESEÑA:&amp;nbsp;h&lt;a href=&quot;ttps://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/en-el-2026-regresamos-1823-la-doctrina.html&quot;&gt;ttps://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/en-el-2026-regresamos-1823-la-doctrina.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_4py1bJ7Cp5la1ywfqHwWFPs2rzIUpz3e-DvT0FvepXwBDB_dL5uS2-1fOvMkhYMTmSxpfewbNa2uv6_2tUIMUQZ0bz09H7QleUdoUVFWdKr4F3J7iOP4hMjfRMFm6pjhNUXU5St4E_g-h6Cac7vQ0--4zYbc7dHtNnUU6wifSVhZv789H9n84Q&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;2048&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1539&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_4py1bJ7Cp5la1ywfqHwWFPs2rzIUpz3e-DvT0FvepXwBDB_dL5uS2-1fOvMkhYMTmSxpfewbNa2uv6_2tUIMUQZ0bz09H7QleUdoUVFWdKr4F3J7iOP4hMjfRMFm6pjhNUXU5St4E_g-h6Cac7vQ0--4zYbc7dHtNnUU6wifSVhZv789H9n84Q=w481-h640&quot; width=&quot;481&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;nota del blogger: excelente editorial, al parecer escrito ANTES de esto:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/were-in-oil-business-estamos-en-el.html&quot;&gt;https://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/were-in-oil-business-estamos-en-el.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/2546914815889798149/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/2546914815889798149' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/2546914815889798149'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/2546914815889798149'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/el-ataque-de-trump-venezuela-es-ilegal.html' title='El ataque de Trump a Venezuela es ilegal e imprudente: The New York Times'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_4py1bJ7Cp5la1ywfqHwWFPs2rzIUpz3e-DvT0FvepXwBDB_dL5uS2-1fOvMkhYMTmSxpfewbNa2uv6_2tUIMUQZ0bz09H7QleUdoUVFWdKr4F3J7iOP4hMjfRMFm6pjhNUXU5St4E_g-h6Cac7vQ0--4zYbc7dHtNnUU6wifSVhZv789H9n84Q=s72-w481-h640-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-2072190454294788334</id><published>2026-01-03T12:17:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2026-01-03T12:45:25.698-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Argentina"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Brasil"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Chile"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Colombia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Cuba (2)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ecuador"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Granada"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Guatemala"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Haiti (2)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Mexico"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Nicaragua (2)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Panamá"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Panamá (2)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Puerto Rico"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Rep Dominicana (2)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Uruguay"/><title type='text'>Intervenciones de EE. UU. en América Latina (1823–2026)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c825941136=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_b9c915e32477e82d&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: linear; animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 data-path-to-node=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 8px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Cronología Maestra:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2 data-path-to-node=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 8px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Intervenciones de EE. UU. en América Latina (1823–2026)&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;horizontal-scroll-wrapper&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;table data-path-to-node=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(128, 128, 128); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 32px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 32px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;thead style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(128, 128, 128); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(128, 128, 128); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgb(239, 239, 239); border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Período / Año&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgb(239, 239, 239); border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background: none 0% 0% / auto repeat scroll padding-box border-box rgba(0, 0, 0, 0); border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;País / Región&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; 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background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;1823&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; 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interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Regional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; 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style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;5,1,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Doctrina Monroe&lt;/b&gt;: Marco político de hegemonía.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; 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appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; 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transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;1846–1848&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; 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inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;México&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; 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style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; 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margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Guerra de Intervención&lt;/b&gt;: Anexión territorial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; 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decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/mexican.html&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_b9c915e32477e82d&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_b4fef4bbfe643147&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;es&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Library of Congress&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; 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transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;1898&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; 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interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Cuba / P. Rico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;5,3,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;5,3,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense&lt;/b&gt;: Ocupación militar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; 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translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQngY&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42738&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_b9c915e32477e82d&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_b4fef4bbfe643147&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;es&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CRS Report R42738 (Pág. 15)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; 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transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;1916–1924&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; 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inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Rep. 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PBSUCCESS&lt;/b&gt;: Golpe de Estado (CIA).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; 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mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; 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background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b data-index-in-node=&quot;0&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;5,9,2,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Bahía de Cochinos&lt;/b&gt;: Invasión paramilitar (CIA).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; 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style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; 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decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/brazil/2014-04-02/brazil-marks-50th-anniversary-military-coup&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_b9c915e32477e82d&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_b4fef4bbfe643147&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;es&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); 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Power Pack&lt;/b&gt;: Intervención armada masiva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; 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margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; 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background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;U.S. Army Center of Mil. History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(128, 128, 128); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; 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translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;5,12,0,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; 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translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;1975–1983&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; 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isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Cono Sur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; 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style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; 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margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Operación Cóndor&lt;/b&gt;: Apoyo en inteligencia y redes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; 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Urgent Fury&lt;/b&gt;: Invasión militar directa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; 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Just Cause&lt;/b&gt;: Invasión y captura de Noriega.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; 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Uphold Democracy&lt;/b&gt;: Intervención multinacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; 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ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;U.S. Army Special Ops History&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; 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margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Acuerdos de Seguridad&lt;/b&gt;: Presencia operativa logística.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; 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decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.state.gov/u-s-security-cooperation-with-ecuador/&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_b9c915e32477e82d&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_b4fef4bbfe643147&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;es&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;U.S. Dept. of State (Security Coop)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; 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transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;2024–2026&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 8px 12px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span data-path-to-node=&quot;5,20,1,0&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Haití&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; 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style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; 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margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Misión de Seguridad&lt;/b&gt;: Apoyo financiero y logístico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 1px solid; clear: none; 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decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IN12331&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_b9c915e32477e82d&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_b4fef4bbfe643147&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;es&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Congressional Research Service (Haiti)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;Versión Gemini AI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c825941136=&quot;&quot; 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visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;table&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Año(s)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;País / Región&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Intervención / Tipo + Detalle&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fuente principal (enlace abierto)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1823&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Regional (A.L. y Caribe)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Doctrina/Política; Doctrina Monroe&lt;/strong&gt;: inicio del hegemonismo hemisférico&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/monroe-doctrine&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;National Archives&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1846–1848&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;México&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar (guerra declarada); Guerra con México&lt;/strong&gt;: anexión de territorios&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R42738&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CRS R42738&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1898&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Cuba / Puerto Rico&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar (ocupación); Guerra Hispano‑Estadounidense&lt;/strong&gt;: control transitorio&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R42738&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CRS R42738&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1901&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Marco jurídico; Enmienda Platt&lt;/strong&gt;: intervención constitucional y arrendamiento de bases&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/dip_cuba002.asp&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Avalon Project – Yale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1903–1914&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Panamá&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar (ocupación prolongada); Secesión y aseguramiento del Canal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R42738&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CRS R42738&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1912–1933&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Nicaragua&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar (ocupación); Banana Wars&lt;/strong&gt;: presencia del Cuerpo de Marines&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.usmcu.edu/Outreach/Marine-Corps-University-Press/MCH/Marine-Corps-History-Summer-2016/The-Marine-AirGround-Task-Force-in-Nicaragua/&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;USMCU Press&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1914&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;México (Veracruz)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar (ocupación naval); Toma de Veracruz&lt;/strong&gt;: desembarco y control portuario&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/early-20th-century-conflicts/veracruz-1914.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;NHHC – U.S. Navy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1934&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Encubierta/indirecta; Golpe patrocinado&lt;/strong&gt;: ascenso de Batista&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/united-states-interventions/&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;ReVista – Harvard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1954&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Guatemala&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Encubierta (exitosa); Operación PBSUCCESS (CIA)&lt;/strong&gt;: derrocamiento de Árbenz&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/collection/guatemala&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CIA FOIA&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1961&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar/encubierta (fallida); Bahía de Cochinos&lt;/strong&gt;: fracaso; no computa en “41 exitosas”&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2016-10-31/cia-releases-controversial-bay-pigs-history&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;NSA – Bay of Pigs&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1962 (oct.)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Cuba&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar (cuarentena naval); Crisis de los Misiles&lt;/strong&gt;: bloqueo aprobado por la OEA&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Office of the Historian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1964&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Brasil&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Encubierta/indirecta; Apoyo al golpe militar&lt;/strong&gt;: derrocamiento de João Goulart&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/united-states-interventions/&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;ReVista – Harvard&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1965&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;República Dominicana&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar (intervención directa); Operation Power Pack&lt;/strong&gt;: despliegue de tropas&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/PowerPack.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Army University Press&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1973 (11‑sep)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Chile&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Encubierta/indirecta; Apoyo al golpe contra Allende&lt;/strong&gt;: desestabilización y coordinación&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2023-09-08/chiles-coup-50-countdown-toward-coup&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;NSA – Chile Coup at 50&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1975–1983&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Cono Sur&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Encubierta/transnacional; Operación Cóndor&lt;/strong&gt;: red de represión y asesinatos&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/southern-cone/2025-11-26/operation-condor-network-transnational-repression-50-years&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;NSA – Condor 50 años&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1981–1990&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Nicaragua&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Encubierta/paramilitar; Guerra de la Contra&lt;/strong&gt;: financiamiento (Iran‑Contra)&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/special-exhibits/iran-contra-affair&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;NSA – Iran‑Contra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1983&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Granada&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar (invasión directa); Operation Urgent Fury&lt;/strong&gt;: derrocamiento del gobierno&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Monographs/Urgent_Fury.pdf&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;JCS – Historia oficial&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1989&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Panamá&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar (invasión); Operation Just Cause&lt;/strong&gt;: captura de Noriega&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R42738&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CRS R42738&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1994&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Haití&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Militar (despliegue); Restauración del gobierno constitucional&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R42738&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;CRS R42738&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2000–2015&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Colombia&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Asistencia/Cooperación; Plan Colombia&lt;/strong&gt;: ayuda militar masiva y antidrogas&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/wha/colombia/fs_000719_plancolombia.html&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;U.S. Dept. of State&lt;/a&gt; • &lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-09-71&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;GAO Report&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2024&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Ecuador&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cooperación (INL); Acuerdo de seguridad&lt;/strong&gt;: inversión de US$ 25 M&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://ec.usembassy.gov/the-united-states-and-ecuador-sign-25-million-security-cooperation-agreement/&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;U.S. Embassy Quito&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;th scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;background-color: whitesmoke; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2025&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/th&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;Ecuador&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cooperación (DHS); Acuerdo de intercambio biométrico y oficiales de enlace&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230);&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;fui-Link ___w5et180 f2hkw1w f3rmtva f1ewtqcl fyind8e f1k6fduh f1w7gpdv f1mo0ibp fjoy568 ff5ikls f1s184ao f1mk8lai fnbmjn9 f1o700av f13mvf36 f1cmlufx f9n3di6 f1ids18y f1tx3yz7 f1deo86v f1eh06m1 f1iescvh fhgqx19 f1olyrje f1p93eir f1nev41a&quot; data-tabster=&quot;{&amp;quot;restorer&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;type&amp;quot;:1}}&quot; href=&quot;https://www.dw.com/es/eeuu-y-ecuador-firman-acuerdo-sobre-seguridad/a-73490959&quot; rel=&quot;noopener noreferrer&quot; style=&quot;color: #464feb; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;DW – Seguridad Ecuador&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c825941136=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_b9c915e32477e82d&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: linear; animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; 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transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c825941136=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_b9c915e32477e82d&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: linear; animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;Versión COPILOT (académico)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c825941136=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_b9c915e32477e82d&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: linear; animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c825941136=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_b9c915e32477e82d&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: linear; animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;FUENTES:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div _ngcontent-ng-c825941136=&quot;&quot; aria-busy=&quot;false&quot; aria-live=&quot;polite&quot; class=&quot;markdown markdown-main-panel stronger enable-updated-hr-color&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;model-response-message-contentr_903a9c007df50f43&quot; inline-copy-host=&quot;&quot; style=&quot;--animation-duration: 400ms; --fade-animation-function: linear; animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-path-to-node=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 8px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Referencias Bibliográficas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Army University Press (CSI). (1988). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;37&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Power Pack: U.S. Intervention in the Dominican Republic, 1965–1966&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqQc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/PowerPack.pdf&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; 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position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/combat-studies-institute/csi-books/PowerPack.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;CIA. (s. f.). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;14&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Guatemala—PBSUCCESS Collection (FOIA Reading Room)&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqgc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/collection/guatemala&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/collection/guatemala&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Coatsworth, J. H. (2005, 15 de mayo). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;38&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;United States Interventions: What For?&lt;/i&gt; ReVista—Harvard Review of Latin America. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQqwc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/united-states-interventions/&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/united-states-interventions/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Deutsche Welle. (2025, 1 de agosto). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;37&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;EE. UU. y Ecuador firman acuerdo sobre seguridad&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrAc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.dw.com/es/ee-uu-y-ecuador-firman-acuerdo-para-fortalecer-la-seguridad/a-70231580&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.dw.com/es/ee-uu-y-ecuador-firman-acuerdo-para-fortalecer-la-seguridad/a-70231580&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Joint Chiefs of Staff. (1997). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;31&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Operation Urgent Fury: The Planning and Execution of Joint Operations in Grenada&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrQc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Monographs/Urgent_Fury.pdf&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Monographs/Urgent_Fury.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Lillian Goldman Law Library. (1903). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;37&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;9&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Agreement Between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval Stations&lt;/i&gt;. Yale—Avalon Project. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; 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clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrgc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/dip_cuba002.asp&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/dip_cuba002.asp&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Marine Corps University Press. (2016). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;39&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;The Marine Air–Ground Task Force in Nicaragua, 1927–33&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQrwc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Nicaragua_Summer%25202016.pdf&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/Nicaragua_Summer%202016.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;11&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;National Archives. (1823). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;27&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;11&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Monroe Doctrine (1823)&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQsAc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/monroe-doctrine&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/monroe-doctrine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;National Security Archive. (s. f.). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;36&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;The Iran-Contra Affair (colección)&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQsQc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/special-exhibits/iran-contra-affair&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/special-exhibits/iran-contra-affair&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;National Security Archive. (2016, 31 de octubre). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;50&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;CIA Releases Controversial Bay of Pigs History&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQsgc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2016-10-31/cia-releases-controversial-bay-pigs-history&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/cuba/2016-10-31/cia-releases-controversial-bay-pigs-history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;National Security Archive. (2023, 8 de septiembre). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;52&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Chile’s Coup at 50: Countdown Toward a Coup&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQswc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2023-09-08/chiles-coup-50-countdown-toward-coup&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/chile/2023-09-08/chiles-coup-50-countdown-toward-coup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;National Security Archive. (2025, 26 de noviembre). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;52&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;15&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Operation Condor: A Network of Transnational Repression 50 Years Later&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtAc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/southern-cone/2021-03-08/operation-condor-verdict&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/southern-cone/2021-03-08/operation-condor-verdict&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Naval History and Heritage Command. (s. f.). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;45&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;The Occupation of Veracruz, Mexico, 1914&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtQc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/early-20th-century-conflicts/veracruz-1914.html&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/early-20th-century-conflicts/veracruz-1914.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Office of the Historian. (s. f.). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;34&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962&lt;/i&gt;. U.S. Department of State. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtgc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;18&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Plagakis, S., &amp;amp; Torreon, B. S. (2023, 7 de junio). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;51&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;18&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798–2023 (CRS Report R42738)&lt;/i&gt;. Congressional Research Service. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQtwc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42738&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R42738&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;U.S. Department of State. (2000, 19 de julio). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;47&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;19&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Fact Sheet: Plan Colombia&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQuAc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.google.com/search?q=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/wha/rt/plncol/index.htm&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/wha/rt/plncol/index.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;U.S. Embassy &amp;amp; Consulate in Ecuador. (2024, 13 de septiembre). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;63&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;20&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;The United States and Ecuador Sign $25 Million Security Cooperation Agreement&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQuQc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://ec.usembassy.gov/the-united-states-and-ecuador-sign-25-million-security-cooperation-agreement/&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://ec.usembassy.gov/the-united-states-and-ecuador-sign-25-million-security-cooperation-agreement/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p data-path-to-node=&quot;21&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #1f1f1f; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 16px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px 0px 16px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2008, 6 de octubre). &lt;i data-index-in-node=&quot;61&quot; data-path-to-node=&quot;21&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;Plan Colombia: GAO-09-71&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;response-element ng-version=&quot;0.0.0-PLACEHOLDER&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;link-block _nghost-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(31, 31, 31); clear: none; clip: auto; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: auto; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(31, 31, 31) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;a _ngcontent-ng-c2006642325=&quot;&quot; _nghost-ng-c3711450502=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;ng-star-inserted&quot; data-hveid=&quot;0&quot; data-ved=&quot;0CAAQ_4QMahgKEwjskPGhhfCRAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQugc&quot; decode-data-ved=&quot;1&quot; externallink=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-09-71&quot; jslog=&quot;197247;track:generic_click,impression,attention;BardVeMetadataKey:[[&amp;quot;r_903a9c007df50f43&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;c_4fcf805b3273314d&amp;quot;,null,&amp;quot;rc_32b1bdd027de6f60&amp;quot;,null,null,&amp;quot;ilo&amp;quot;,null,1,null,null,1,0]]&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot; style=&quot;animation: 0s ease 0s 1 normal none running none; appearance: none; background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto; border: 0px none rgb(11, 87, 208); clear: none; clip: auto; color: #0b57d0; columns: auto; contain: none; container: none; content: normal; cursor: pointer; cx: 0px; cy: 0px; d: none; direction: ltr; display: inline; fill: rgb(0, 0, 0); filter: none; flex: 0 1 auto; float: none; gap: normal; hyphens: manual; inset: auto; interactivity: auto; isolation: auto; line-height: 1.15; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; margin: 0px; marker: none; mask-clip: border-box; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: match-source; mask-origin: border-box; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask: none; offset: normal; opacity: 1; order: 0; outline: rgb(11, 87, 208) none 0px; overlay: none; padding: 0px; page: auto; perspective: none; position: static; quotes: auto; r: 0px; resize: none; rotate: none; rx: auto; ry: auto; scale: none; speak: normal; stroke: none; transform: none; transition: all; translate: none; visibility: visible; x: 0px; y: 0px; zoom: 1;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-09-71&lt;/a&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/link-block&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/response-element&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEie8sC6cbllU8bWrNs6RrWi07JlaTTC2KLgkfH5RVAhRFx97UL_LG4gmk0198S_CG10w_6UAPpvqbbOuwbpd5i7CbRszTtyDBsZTIzfhl5tEHSgeBQ13sfdZBkmDnf6of-VVy-FIR9GjYsgg0_oEq89z9uGkgxqKKNF3exoc2DmdGh7QcnnrH2M2g&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;364&quot; data-original-width=&quot;522&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEie8sC6cbllU8bWrNs6RrWi07JlaTTC2KLgkfH5RVAhRFx97UL_LG4gmk0198S_CG10w_6UAPpvqbbOuwbpd5i7CbRszTtyDBsZTIzfhl5tEHSgeBQ13sfdZBkmDnf6of-VVy-FIR9GjYsgg0_oEq89z9uGkgxqKKNF3exoc2DmdGh7QcnnrH2M2g=s16000&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;color: #1f1f1f;&quot;&gt;Fuente https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: &amp;quot;Google Sans Text&amp;quot;, sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!----&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/2072190454294788334/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/2072190454294788334' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/2072190454294788334'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/2072190454294788334'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/intervenciones-de-ee-uu-en-america.html' title='Intervenciones de EE. UU. en América Latina (1823–2026)'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEie8sC6cbllU8bWrNs6RrWi07JlaTTC2KLgkfH5RVAhRFx97UL_LG4gmk0198S_CG10w_6UAPpvqbbOuwbpd5i7CbRszTtyDBsZTIzfhl5tEHSgeBQ13sfdZBkmDnf6of-VVy-FIR9GjYsgg0_oEq89z9uGkgxqKKNF3exoc2DmdGh7QcnnrH2M2g=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-2865155873372748741</id><published>2026-01-03T11:49:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2026-01-03T11:49:25.647-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="2026"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Caracas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Enero"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Maduro"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monroe"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Roosvelt"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trump"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Venezuela"/><title type='text'>En el 2026, regresamos a 1823 : La Doctrina Monroe  (o Donroe) </title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;em style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: &amp;quot;Source Sans Pro&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;La Doctrina Monroe fue expresada durante el séptimo mensaje anual del Presidente Monroe al Congreso, el 2 de diciembre de 1823:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: &amp;quot;Source Sans Pro&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;...A propuesta del Gobierno Imperial Ruso, hecha a través del ministro del Emperador residente aquí, se han transmitido plenos poderes e instrucciones al ministro de los Estados Unidos en San Petersburgo para que, mediante negociación amistosa, arregle los respectivos derechos e intereses de ambas naciones en la costa noroeste de este continente. Su Majestad Imperial ha hecho una propuesta similar al Gobierno de Gran Bretaña, a la que también se ha accedido. El Gobierno de los Estados Unidos ha deseado, mediante este amistoso procedimiento, manifestar la gran importancia que siempre ha otorgado a la amistad del Emperador y su solicitud por cultivar el mejor entendimiento con su Gobierno. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;En las discusiones a las que ha dado lugar este interés y en los acuerdos que puedan concluir, se ha considerado oportuno afirmar, como principio que afecta a los derechos e intereses de los Estados Unidos, que el continente americano, por la condición de libre e independiente que ha asumido y mantiene, no debe ser considerado en adelante como sujeto de futura colonización por ninguna potencia europea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: &amp;quot;Source Sans Pro&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Al comienzo de la última sesión se declaró que en España y Portugal se estaba realizando un gran esfuerzo para mejorar la situación de los habitantes de esos países, y que este parecía llevarse a cabo con extraordinaria moderación. Huelga decir que los resultados han sido, hasta ahora, muy diferentes de lo que se preveía. Siempre hemos sido espectadores ansiosos e interesados ​​de los acontecimientos en esa parte del mundo, con la que tenemos tanta relación y de la que derivamos nuestro origen. Los ciudadanos de Estados Unidos albergan los más cordiales sentimientos a favor de la libertad y la felicidad de sus compatriotas de ese lado del Atlántico. Nunca hemos participado en las guerras de las potencias europeas en asuntos que les conciernen, ni es conforme a nuestra política hacerlo. Solo cuando nuestros derechos se ven vulnerados o seriamente amenazados, nos lamentamos por las ofensas o nos preparamos para nuestra defensa. Con los acontecimientos en este hemisferio estamos necesariamente más directamente conectados, y por causas que deben ser obvias para todo observador ilustrado e imparcial. El sistema político de las potencias aliadas difiere esencialmente del de Estados Unidos en este aspecto. Esta diferencia proviene de la que existe en sus respectivos gobiernos; y a la defensa del nuestro, que se ha logrado con la pérdida de tanta sangre y dinero, y madurado por la sabiduría de sus ciudadanos más ilustrados, y bajo el cual hemos disfrutado de una felicidad sin igual, toda esta nación está consagrada. Por lo tanto, a la franqueza y a las amistosas relaciones existentes entre Estados Unidos y dichas potencias, les debemos declarar que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;consideraremos cualquier intento de su parte de extender su sistema a cualquier parte de este hemisferio como peligroso para nuestra paz y seguridad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt; No hemos interferido ni interferiremos con las colonias o dependencias existentes de ninguna potencia europea. Pero con los gobiernos que han declarado su independencia y la mantienen, y cuya independencia hemos reconocido, tras gran consideración y con justos principios, no podríamos considerar ninguna intervención con el propósito de oprimirlos, o controlar de cualquier otra manera su destino, por parte de ninguna potencia europea, como una manifestación de una disposición hostil hacia Estados Unidos. En la guerra entre esos nuevos Gobiernos y España declaramos nuestra neutralidad en el momento de su reconocimiento, y a ella nos hemos adherido y continuaremos adhiriéndonos, siempre que no se produzca ningún cambio que, a juicio de las autoridades competentes de este Gobierno, haga indispensable para su seguridad un cambio correspondiente por parte de los Estados Unidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: &amp;quot;Source Sans Pro&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Los recientes acontecimientos en España y Portugal demuestran que Europa aún está en crisis. De este importante hecho, no hay prueba más contundente que el hecho de que las potencias aliadas consideraran apropiado, basándose en cualquier principio que les satisficiera, intervenir por la fuerza en los asuntos internos de España. Hasta qué punto dicha intervención puede llevarse a cabo, basándose en el mismo principio, es una cuestión que interesa a todas las potencias independientes cuyos gobiernos difieren del suyo, incluso a las más remotas, y sin duda ninguna de ellas más que a Estados Unidos. Nuestra política con respecto a Europa, adoptada en una etapa temprana de las guerras que durante tanto tiempo han agitado esa parte del mundo, sigue siendo, sin embargo, la misma: no interferir en los asuntos internos de ninguna de sus potencias; considerar al gobierno de facto como nuestro gobierno legítimo; cultivar relaciones amistosas con él y preservarlas mediante una política franca, firme y valiente, atendiendo en todo momento las justas reclamaciones de todas las potencias y sin someternos a agravios de ninguna. Pero con respecto a esos continentes, las circunstancias son eminente y notablemente diferentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: &amp;quot;Source Sans Pro&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Es imposible que las potencias aliadas extiendan su sistema político a cualquier parte de cualquiera de los continentes sin poner en peligro nuestra paz y felicidad; ni nadie puede creer que nuestros hermanos del sur, si se les deja actuar por sí mismos, lo adoptarían por voluntad propia. Es igualmente imposible, por lo tanto, que veamos con indiferencia tal interposición, en cualquier forma. Si consideramos la fuerza y ​​los recursos comparativos de España y esos nuevos gobiernos, y su distancia entre sí, es obvio que jamás podrá someterlos. La verdadera política de Estados Unidos sigue siendo dejar que las partes actúen por sí mismas, con la esperanza de que otras potencias sigan el mismo camino...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: Source Sans Pro, sans-serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/monroe-doctrine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: &amp;quot;Source Sans Pro&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: &amp;quot;Source Sans Pro&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;Luego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: &amp;quot;Source Sans Pro&amp;quot;, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #01ffff;&quot;&gt;Al afirmar la Doctrina Monroe, al tomar medidas como las que hemos tomado con respecto a Cuba, Venezuela y Panamá, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;y al esforzarnos por circunscribir el escenario de guerra en el Lejano Oriente y asegurar la entrada de China, hemos actuado en nuestro propio interés, así como en el de la humanidad en general. Sin embargo, hay casos en los que, si bien nuestros propios intereses no están muy involucrados, se apela con fuerza a nuestra compasión. Normalmente, es mucho más sabio y útil que nos preocupemos por nuestro propio progreso moral y material aquí en casa que por intentar mejorar la situación en otras naciones. Tenemos muchos pecados propios que combatir, y en circunstancias normales podemos hacer más por la elevación general de la humanidad luchando con todo el corazón y el alma para poner fin a la corrupción cívica, la brutal anarquía y los violentos prejuicios raciales aquí en casa que aprobando resoluciones y cometiendo injusticias en otros lugares. Sin embargo, se cometen crímenes ocasionales a una escala tan grande y de un horror tan peculiar que nos hace dudar si no es nuestro deber manifiesto esforzarnos al menos por mostrar nuestra desaprobación del hecho y nuestra compasión por quienes lo han sufrido. Los casos en que tal proceder sea justificable deben ser extremos. No debe hacerse ningún esfuerzo por quitar la paja del ojo ajeno si nos negamos a quitar la viga del nuestro. Pero en casos extremos, la acción puede ser justificable y apropiada. La forma en que se tome la acción dependerá de las circunstancias del caso; es decir, de la magnitud de la atrocidad y de nuestra capacidad para remediarla. Son muy pocos los casos en que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #01ffff;&quot;&gt;podríamos intervenir por la fuerza de las armas, como lo hicimos para poner fin a las condiciones intolerables en Cuba.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt; Español Sin embargo, no es de esperar que un pueblo como el nuestro, que a pesar de ciertas deficiencias muy obvias, sin embargo, en su conjunto, muestra por su práctica constante su creencia en los principios de la libertad civil y religiosa y de la libertad ordenada, un pueblo entre el cual incluso el peor crimen, como el crimen del linchamiento, nunca es más que esporádico, de modo que son individuos y no clases los que son molestados en sus derechos fundamentales, es inevitable que una nación así desee ansiosamente dar expresión a su horror en una ocasión como la de la masacre de los judíos en Kishenef, o cuando presencia una crueldad y opresión tan sistemática y prolongada como la crueldad y opresión de la que han sido víctimas los armenios, y que les han ganado la indignada compasión del mundo civilizado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: Source Sans Pro, sans-serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/roosevelt-corollary&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: Source Sans Pro, sans-serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: Source Sans Pro, sans-serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj28RbD6E8jwDz8Bxk61dVdWk7ICNCcNRK3OcCodyMSIjzOwtJbn5rus_vP6ExKP_0829psOwNlGAqN0PdeXgqFJsnL5p0Ywmt5olgBaHemPJmkGPozkicXH07UWzQ9Wket_zV7adldrOT-ALO1oWiC3CLXZWGbqgFqTkiWW7A9OZ4ce3R_MPHY5w&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;815&quot; data-original-width=&quot;500&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj28RbD6E8jwDz8Bxk61dVdWk7ICNCcNRK3OcCodyMSIjzOwtJbn5rus_vP6ExKP_0829psOwNlGAqN0PdeXgqFJsnL5p0Ywmt5olgBaHemPJmkGPozkicXH07UWzQ9Wket_zV7adldrOT-ALO1oWiC3CLXZWGbqgFqTkiWW7A9OZ4ce3R_MPHY5w=s16000&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: Source Sans Pro, sans-serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; color: #050505; font-family: Source Sans Pro, sans-serif; vertical-align: inherit;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/2865155873372748741/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/2865155873372748741' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/2865155873372748741'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/2865155873372748741'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/en-el-2026-regresamos-1823-la-doctrina.html' title='En el 2026, regresamos a 1823 : La Doctrina Monroe  (o Donroe) '/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj28RbD6E8jwDz8Bxk61dVdWk7ICNCcNRK3OcCodyMSIjzOwtJbn5rus_vP6ExKP_0829psOwNlGAqN0PdeXgqFJsnL5p0Ywmt5olgBaHemPJmkGPozkicXH07UWzQ9Wket_zV7adldrOT-ALO1oWiC3CLXZWGbqgFqTkiWW7A9OZ4ce3R_MPHY5w=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-8893851297531706918</id><published>2026-01-03T10:32:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2026-01-03T12:23:45.310-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="2026"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Caracas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Enero"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Maduro"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Monroe"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Trump"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Venezuela"/><title type='text'>Enero 3 del 2026: Lo que muere HOY en Caracas</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiWDR18FT0Eisa6TOD6NY6JWUtrhhdCzGfVatxrC7afG1VvZiEyZYR2cHeAHqwlJ8x3k4f7cwVNsJC1P4aUt1KW9-m28WE5rTk8fhPcn1MBjKHwfmnv_J0ljc0NTAoeIuumFLjLhcftKQaJW1kiMn8TZ10s-9nH2pFQjiq-N9xXKHOrbZW23-rWjg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;219&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1112&quot; height=&quot;126&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiWDR18FT0Eisa6TOD6NY6JWUtrhhdCzGfVatxrC7afG1VvZiEyZYR2cHeAHqwlJ8x3k4f7cwVNsJC1P4aUt1KW9-m28WE5rTk8fhPcn1MBjKHwfmnv_J0ljc0NTAoeIuumFLjLhcftKQaJW1kiMn8TZ10s-9nH2pFQjiq-N9xXKHOrbZW23-rWjg=w640-h126&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;a_md_a_n&quot; cmp-ltrk-idx=&quot;0&quot; cmp-ltrk=&quot;articulo_firma&quot; data-mrf-link=&quot;https://elpais.com/autor/mariam-martinez-bascunan/&quot; href=&quot;https://elpais.com/autor/mariam-martinez-bascunan/#?rel=author_top&quot; mrfobservableid=&quot;90465811-4bf0-4bd7-8356-1864eec533f0&quot; style=&quot;font-family: MajritTx, serif; font-size: 0.875rem; font-weight: 900; line-height: 1.1875rem; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; text-transform: uppercase;&quot; title=&quot;Ver todas las noticias de Máriam Martínez-Bascuñán&quot;&gt;MÁRIAM MARTÍNEZ-BASCUÑÁN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;a_md _g _g-xs&quot; style=&quot;box-sizing: border-box; column-gap: 1.9375rem; display: grid; grid-auto-flow: dense; grid-column: 1 / 13; grid-template-columns: repeat(12, 1fr); grid-template-rows: max-content; margin: 0px 0px 3.125rem; position: relative; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;a_md_txt&quot; style=&quot;grid-column: 2 / 13;&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border: none; color: #111111; font-family: MarcinAntB, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a data-date=&quot;2026-01-03T13:57:31+01:00&quot; href=&quot;https://elpais.com/hemeroteca/2026-01-03/&quot; style=&quot;text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;03&amp;nbsp;&lt;abbr style=&quot;border-bottom: none; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: initial;&quot; title=&quot;enero&quot;&gt;ENE&lt;/abbr&gt;&amp;nbsp;2026&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border: none; color: #111111; font-family: MarcinAntB, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;Esta madrugada, Estados Unidos ha bombardeado Caracas. Donald Trump anuncia desde Truth Social que Nicolás Maduro ha sido capturado y sacado del país. La conferencia de prensa será en Mar-a-Lago. Esto no es Yemen ni Somalia. Es América Latina. La primera intervención militar directa de EE UU en una capital latinoamericana desde Panamá en 1989. Hay una historia aquí: la Doctrina Monroe, el “patio trasero”, las intervenciones del siglo XX. Se suponía que eso había terminado. ¿Qué significa esto para el orden internacional? ¿Qué muere hoy junto con la soberanía de Venezuela? La ficción de un orden basado en normas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border: none; color: #111111; font-family: MarcinAntB, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;Si el líder de Occidente puede bombardear una capital y secuestrar a un jefe de Estado, ¿con qué argumento se condena a Putin por Ucrania? Con el bombardeo de Caracas, Trump no ha legitimado a Rusia. En realidad, nunca la condenó. Lo que ha hecho es desarmar a quienes sí lo hacían. La paradoja es que Trump cree estar mostrando fuerza cuando en realidad está destruyendo el único recurso que EE UU aún tenía: la legitimidad. Durante décadas, la hegemonía americana se sostuvo no solo por su capacidad militar, sino por la pretensión de representar algo más que puro poder. Eso ha terminado. EE UU siempre violó el derecho internacional cuando le convenía, pero mantenía la ficción de respetarlo. Inventaba justificaciones, buscaba coaliciones, pasaba por el Consejo de Seguridad aunque luego lo ignorara. Esa ficción importaba: era lo que permitía a otros invocarla. Ahora ni siquiera finge.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border: none; color: #111111; font-family: MarcinAntB, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;Lo que viene es el regreso al siglo XIX. Esferas de influencia, no normas universales. El concierto de las grandes potencias, donde cada una hace lo que quiere en su zona, sin posibles argumentos en contra: solo correlación de fuerzas. Pero lo que revela esta madrugada no es únicamente un cambio en el orden internacional. Es una transformación en la naturaleza misma del poder americano que se muestra con toda su brutalidad, sin ficciones. La justificación oficial es el narcotráfico. Pero el marco es otro: Trump no dice “llevamos democracia”. Dice “defendemos nuestra civilización”. Y esa diferencia importa. La democracia es un principio universal: cualquiera puede aspirar a ella, cualquiera puede invocarla, cualquiera puede exigir que se cumpla. “Civilización” es otra cosa. Es un marcador de pertenencia. O estás dentro o estás fuera. No se aspira a ella: se nace en ella. La retórica democrática, aunque hipócrita, era expansiva: todos pueden ser democráticos. La retórica civilizatoria es excluyente: nosotros contra los bárbaros. Y lo más grave: la democracia supone un interlocutor, un sujeto político con derechos. La civilización convierte al otro en objeto. Maduro no es un dictador al que hay que derrocar mediante presión o transición. Venezuela es territorio bárbaro, exterior a la civilización, que se puede bombardear sin explicaciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border: none; color: #111111; font-family: MarcinAntB, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;Hoy también muere la separación entre lo público y lo privado. Las intervenciones anteriores servían a intereses económicos, pero existía al menos una distinción formal entre el Estado y los negocios del presidente. Trump la ha eliminado. Venezuela tiene las mayores reservas de petróleo del mundo. Trump lo dice sin rodeos: “Lo queremos de vuelta”. La conferencia de prensa se da en su club privado. Y hay algo más: la exhibición como fin en sí mismo. Las intervenciones del pasado buscaban resultados (un cambio de régimen, estabilidad, aliados). Esta busca la imagen de fuerza. ¿Qué viene después de Maduro? No está claro, y probablemente no importa. El espectáculo es el objetivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;Y mientras esto ocurre, la evasión. España llama a la “desescalada” y se ofrece a mediar. Sánchez insta a “respetar el derecho internacional”, pero no dice quién lo ha violado. María Corina Machado, Nobel de la Paz, respalda la operación. Lula condena. Petro pide una reunión de la ONU y la OEA, pero ¿para qué? Las instituciones internacionales parecen hoy más instrumentos del poder que límites al mismo. Quien no calla es Milei, que celebra el bombardeo en redes sociales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border: none; color: #111111; font-family: MarcinAntB, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;¿Y Europa? Emite comunicados. Kaja Kallas, la Alta Representante de la UE, anuncia que ha hablado con Marco Rubio (con quien coordinó la operación) no con sus víctimas, ni con la ONU, ni con Petro. Y añade que “los principios del derecho internacional deben ser respetados”, pero no dice por quién. No condena el bombardeo mientras pide “contención” sin especificar a quién. Y recuerda que Maduro “carece de legitimidad”, es decir, ofrece la coartada moral. El comunicado perfecto: complicidad con sintaxis diplomática. ¿Por qué? Tal vez porque Europa necesita a EE UU para Ucrania y no puede permitirse un enfrentamiento con Trump. Así que traga. Pero cada gesto de falsa neutralidad agranda el margen de maniobra de quien actúa sin reglas. Lo que validamos por conveniencia hoy será precedente mañana. Si ofrecemos cobertura moral al bombardeo de Caracas porque Maduro “se lo merece”, el mecanismo ya está disponible para cualquier otro escenario.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;Cuando el hegemón abandona la legitimidad, solo queda la fuerza. Y eso, advertía Tucídides, no es signo de poder. Es síntoma de declive. Trump cree que esta madrugada ha mostrado fuerza. En realidad, ha confirmado algo mucho más grave: que EE UU ya no ofrece normas, ni legitimidad, ni horizonte. Solo capacidad de daño. Y cuando eso es todo lo que queda, la decadencia ya no es una hipótesis. Es un hecho&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border: none; color: #111111; font-family: MarcinAntB, sans-serif; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif; font-size: 1.375rem; letter-spacing: -0.0011875rem;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border: none; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #191919; font-family: MajritTxRoman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; font-size: 22px; letter-spacing: -0.019px;&quot;&gt;ENTRADA PREVIA EN ÉSTE BLOG:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;border: none; margin-top: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.52); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/08/elecciones-presidenciales-venezolanas.html&quot;&gt;https://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/08/elecciones-presidenciales-venezolanas.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section class=&quot;w w-sea&quot; 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font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.25em 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: georgia; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: georgia; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6_wma0YYiZFIg2MH2AYLFh8E7JiDfNBiZgNzwYjTY2f1kJvjK1MDnxKju7glVgb0UT3VFOrzeM1hSq-YPKZrNj4RcKrtaiAmmCslhdxKP2l-Hf_JQ6ccIOnTSMFPjLoXz8gbWTj3JhVo1-lYmPLweOMPuVSV2g09Guvfz93SqODOtXkYxBs8FcA&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;245&quot; data-original-width=&quot;330&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6_wma0YYiZFIg2MH2AYLFh8E7JiDfNBiZgNzwYjTY2f1kJvjK1MDnxKju7glVgb0UT3VFOrzeM1hSq-YPKZrNj4RcKrtaiAmmCslhdxKP2l-Hf_JQ6ccIOnTSMFPjLoXz8gbWTj3JhVo1-lYmPLweOMPuVSV2g09Guvfz93SqODOtXkYxBs8FcA=s16000&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: georgia; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;La desigualdad de poder entre las clases ha hecho que las élites del estado partido-se aproximen a los oligarcas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;La&amp;nbsp;&lt;a _istranslated=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;官僚主义&quot;&gt;burocracia&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;de los cuadros del partido y del gobierno en todos los niveles de la Unión Soviética ha existido desde su fundación y, tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, se fue formando gradualmente en una clase privilegiada con diversos intereses creados.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Para el periodo de Brézhnev, se había formado un grupo de &quot;grupos de clanes burocráticos&quot;, con unas&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;50 a 70 mil personas, que junto con sus familiares (1)&amp;nbsp; sumaban alrededor de 3 millones, lo que representaba cerca del 1,5 % de la&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup _istranslated=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-:0_10-1&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; text-wrap-mode: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a _istranslated=&quot;1&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93#cite_note-:0-10&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span _istranslated=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot; style=&quot;pointer-events: none;&quot;&gt;población del país &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;(2)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;sup _istranslated=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-13&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 1; text-wrap-mode: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a _istranslated=&quot;1&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93#cite_note-13&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span _istranslated=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot; style=&quot;pointer-events: none;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Estos grupos tienen hijos e hijas casados, los funcionarios se protegen mutuamente,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a _istranslated=&quot;1&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%AA%E6%B1%A1&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;贪污&quot;&gt;son corruptos&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;y negligentes en sus deberes, y el grupo de cuadros del partido que afirman representar los intereses del pueblo se ha transformado gradualmente en una clase privilegiada opuesta al pueblo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;NOTA:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;En el décimo aniversario del colapso de la Unión Soviética, se publicó en China un libro titulado &quot;Diez años de la caída del Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética&quot;, que generó acaloradas discusiones en la comunidad académica. El punto principal del libro es que la causa raíz de la caída del PCUS radica en la corrupción. Esta visión ha llamado la atención y puede estar relacionada con su refracción de la situación de China.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;原文網址: 蘇聯亡國30周年祭・上｜房寧：最主要的原因在於政治繼承 | 香港01 https://www.hk01.com/article/714631?utm_source=01articlecopy&amp;amp;utm_medium=referra&lt;/span&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;La brecha entre el partido gobernante y el pueblo se hace cada vez mayor, y el corazón del pueblo está completamente perdido.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: red; font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;No fueron los elementos anticomunistas ni las fuerzas hostiles extranjeras quienes derrumbaron a la Unión Soviética, sino estas capas burocráticas privilegiadas que, para mantener y ampliar sus intereses adquiridos, provocaron el colapso.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;A la inversa, cuando las masas percibieron cada vez más que los intereses de la clase privilegiada estaban en contradicción fundamental con los suyos, la decadencia y desintegración de este sistema político se volvió inevitable.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Tras el accidente nuclear de Chernóbil, el pueblo comprendió aún más la naturaleza corrupta del PCUS, lo que intensificó el descontento hacia el gobierno.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Los funcionarios del PCUS practicaban el nepotismo, la connivencia entre políticos y empresarios, y un capitalismo de élites que vulneraba gravemente los intereses del pueblo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;El sistema soviético creó una sociedad con una estricta jerarquía, donde las élites no tenían contacto con las bases, desconocían las penurias del pueblo y, bajo el maquillaje propagandístico, solo veían lo que querían ver y lo que se les permitía ver.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Los funcionarios no se preocupaban por la difícil situación de supervivencia del pueblo; la actitud del gobierno hacia la población era dejarla a su suerte.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Ante la pobreza y el hambre que afectaban a gran parte de la población soviética, el PCUS permanecía indiferente.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Finalmente, el PCUS perdió por completo el apoyo popular.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red; font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Concretamente, a finales de la década de 1980, el grupo burocrático ya había consolidado su poder y se había apropiado de gran parte de la riqueza nacional. En ese momento, deseaban con urgencia la caída del Partido Comunista y la transformación del sistema socialista, para que, mediante un cambio institucional abierto, se reconociera legalmente la riqueza que habían acumulado y pudieran transmitirla legítimamente a sus descendientes.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Con base en esta interpretación, algunos académicos sostienen que la caída del PCUS y la transformación de la URSS fue &lt;i&gt;“una revolución desde arriba, en la que la parte principal del antiguo grupo gobernante traicionó su anterior lealtad al sistema que le servía de base para gobernar y se volvió en su contra”&lt;/i&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;NOTA:&amp;nbsp;En tercer lugar, una visión más académica sostiene que la desintegración de la Unión Soviética se originó en la degeneración de las élites superiores. El académico estadounidense David Kotz publicó una obra dedicada al estudio de la desintegración soviética titulada *Revolución desde arriba: el fin del sistema soviético*. En el libro, afirma que en aquel momento la mayoría de la población soviética no se oponía al sistema socialista. La causa de la desintegración fue la transformación del “grupo de élite” dentro del PCUS: la burocracia que controlaba el poder soviético experimentó un cambio similar al concepto de “revolución gerencial” propuesto por el economista japonés Hiroshi Okumura, es decir, &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;la capa burocrática que detentaba la autoridad administrativa del Estado fue erosionando e incluso usurpando el poder estatal, convirtiéndose en los dueños de hecho de la sociedad.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;Derribar al PCUS fue simplemente el paso para transformarse de poseedores de facto en propietarios legales y públicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;. (&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hk01.com/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90/714631/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B30%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E7%A5%AD-%E4%B8%8A-%E6%88%BF%E5%AF%A7-%E6%9C%80%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E5%9C%A8%E6%96%BC%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;蘇聯亡國30周年祭・上｜房寧：最主要的原因在於政治繼承&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Kotz, David; Weir, Fred. &quot;The Collapse of the Soviet Union was a Revolution from Above&quot;. The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union: 155–164. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union )&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Incluso las fuerzas armadas y otras instituciones estatales, al perder su objetivo de lucha, se desmoralizaron y fueron incapaces de impedir el colapso de la Unión.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;En China continental, algunos estudiosos del socialismo también consideran que la burocracia privilegiada dentro del PCUS &lt;i&gt;“en gran medida constituyó el grupo de intereses creados en la URSS, y que la crisis fue el resultado de contradicciones internas en la clase gobernante superior, dando lugar a un ‘autogolpe’&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;El académico David R. M. Koz cree que las reformas de Gorbachov (*) dieron origen a una nueva clase capitalista, y que un gran número de élites del Partido Comunista Soviético y del gobierno se inclinaron hacia el capitalismo en busca de beneficios.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Cree que tras el colapso de la Unión Soviética, un gran número de oligarcas financieros en Rusia pertenecían al&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a _istranslated=&quot;1&quot; _mstmutation=&quot;1&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;苏联共产党&quot;&gt;Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a _istranslated=&quot;1&quot; _mstmutation=&quot;1&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;全联盟列宁主义青年共产主义联盟&quot;&gt;a la Liga del Komsomol&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;, lo que puede demostrarlo. David S. M. Koz creía que el sistema soviético terminó no por el fin del sistema nacionalsocialista de la Unión Soviética, sino porque las élites del partido y del estado abandonaron el antiguo sistema. &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.3333px; text-wrap-mode: nowrap;&quot;&gt;(**)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-size: 13.3333px; text-wrap-mode: nowrap;&quot;&gt;NOTAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p _msthash=&quot;552&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;458187444&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.3333px; text-wrap-mode: nowrap;&quot;&gt;(1)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.3333px; text-wrap-mode: nowrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2025/12/riqueza-y-pobreza-en-la-china-comunista.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;https://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2025/12/riqueza-y-pobreza-en-la-china-comunista.html&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span _msthash=&quot;555&quot; _mstmutation=&quot;1&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;214460961&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;(2)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://big5.sputniknews.cn/20160824/1020577893.html&quot;&gt;Experto en China: La principal causa del colapso de la Unión Soviética es interna - 24 de agosto de 2016, Agencia de Noticias Satelitales Rusas&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;(*) &quot;Para la cúpula del partido y del Estado, Gorbachov era un completo recién llegado, incluso podría decirse que era un forastero. Gorbachov trabajó durante mucho tiempo en las regiones fronterizas de la Unión Soviética y no fue trasladado a la capital, Moscú, hasta 1978. Hasta el momento en que asumió como Secretario General del PCUS, Gorbachov era un “líder de tres carencias”:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;primero, carecía de experiencia y trayectoria, nunca había ocupado cargos de liderazgo importantes;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;segundo, carecía de capacidad, no había dirigido trabajos relevantes ni enfrentado problemas complejos, por lo que su preparación era insuficiente;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;tercero, carecía de un equipo de gobierno, algo que en la sucesión política soviética era sumamente necesario.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0.5em 0px 1em; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Stalin logró destacarse en las intensas luchas internas del partido y vencer a líderes con mayor experiencia y prestigio gracias a su control sobre los órganos administrativos del Comité Central del PCUS.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 20px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Tras la llegada al poder de Jrushchov, según la expresión soviética, él se apoyó en la llamada “pandilla ucraniana”, pues había ejercido durante mucho tiempo como dirigente principal en Ucrania, la república federada más importante después de Rusia.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Incluso el equipo de Brézhnev era conocido como la “pandilla del Dniéper”. Pero Gorbachov, en su carrera política, pasó desapercibido y solo ascendió gracias al favor de los líderes y a la suerte&quot;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.hk01.com/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90/714631/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B30%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4%E7%A5%AD-%E4%B8%8A-%E6%88%BF%E5%AF%A7-%E6%9C%80%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0%E5%9C%A8%E6%96%BC%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF&quot;&gt;蘇聯亡國30周年祭・上｜房寧：最主要的原因在於政治繼承&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;(**)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia;&quot;&gt;Mirando atrás 30 años después,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;el desorden y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;la desinstitucionalización de la sucesión política&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;fueron las causas raíz políticas del colapso de la Unión Soviética. Debido a este problema, las posibilidades y oportunidades para diversos problemas en la Unión Soviética, que podrían haberse resuelto mediante ajustes y reformas, se perdieron por completo&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;原文網址: 蘇聯亡國30周年祭・上｜房寧：最主要的原因在於政治繼承 | 香港01 https://www.hk01.com/article/714631?utm_source=01articlecopy&amp;amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;BASADO EN LA ENTRADA EN WIKIPEDIA CHINA:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%93&quot;&gt;El colapso de la Unión Soviética - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: georgia; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/2725340931440266285/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/2725340931440266285' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/2725340931440266285'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/2725340931440266285'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2026/01/caida-de-union-sovietica-porque-cae-la.html' title='Caída de a Unión Soviética, Porqué cae la URSS,  (Visión China )'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi6_wma0YYiZFIg2MH2AYLFh8E7JiDfNBiZgNzwYjTY2f1kJvjK1MDnxKju7glVgb0UT3VFOrzeM1hSq-YPKZrNj4RcKrtaiAmmCslhdxKP2l-Hf_JQ6ccIOnTSMFPjLoXz8gbWTj3JhVo1-lYmPLweOMPuVSV2g09Guvfz93SqODOtXkYxBs8FcA=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-4873972041796866625</id><published>2025-12-31T15:31:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2025-12-31T15:32:39.090-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="1962"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Deng Xiaoping"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="teoría del gato"/><title type='text'>teoría del gato, Deng Xiaoping, 1962</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Generalmente se cree que la teoría del gato,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;es de los años 90... (&lt;/i&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%B7%A1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;El tour sureño de Deng Xiaoping - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;)&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;error... es más vieja&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;lo que sucede es que PLENAMENTE sólo se pudo desarrollar desde ese entonces&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;[el balance de sus resultados es otro tema]&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;O.P.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Propuesta de la “teoría del gato”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En este contexto, Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yun y Deng Zihui apoyaron la política de reforma conocida como “tres autos y un contrato” (&lt;em&gt;san zi yi bao&lt;/em&gt;), que implicaba reducir la inversión en activos estatales y abrir el mercado libre. Durante este período, Deng Xiaoping propuso la “teoría del gato” para respaldar el sistema de &lt;strong&gt;contratos de producción familiar&lt;/strong&gt; [2][21][22][23]. Estas teorías, en esencia, afirmaban que se debía permitir el desarrollo económico por cualquier medio, liberando las fuerzas productivas sin limitarse a una sola forma.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El &lt;strong&gt;2 de julio de 1962&lt;/strong&gt; (según otras fuentes, el 15 de junio [24]), Deng Xiaoping expresó su apoyo al “contrato de producción familiar” dentro de la política “tres autos y un contrato” y citó un proverbio de Sichuan (según otras versiones, de Anhui [24]): &lt;strong&gt;“No importa si el gato es amarillo o negro, mientras cace ratones es un buen gato”&lt;/strong&gt;, dando origen a la “teoría del gato” [2]. En el artículo publicado el &lt;strong&gt;7 de julio&lt;/strong&gt;, titulado &lt;em&gt;Cómo recuperar la producción agrícola&lt;/em&gt;, Deng Xiaoping profundizó sobre cómo evaluar el contrato de producción familiar y dijo [2][25][26]:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;“El camarada Liu Bocheng suele repetir un dicho de Sichuan: ‘Gato amarillo, gato negro, mientras pueda atrapar ratones es buen gato’. Esto se refería a la guerra. Pudimos derrotar a Chiang Kai-shek porque no seguimos las viejas reglas ni los caminos trillados; todo dependía de la situación, y lo que contaba era ganar. Ahora, para recuperar la producción agrícola, también debemos adaptarnos a las circunstancias: en las relaciones de producción no podemos adoptar una forma fija e inmutable; debemos usar la que mejor movilice la iniciativa de las masas.”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;p&gt;En la transmisión posterior, el “gato amarillo” se transformó en “gato blanco” [2].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sin embargo, en aquel momento estas ideas contradecían la línea de Mao Zedong, que ponía la &lt;strong&gt;lucha de clases&lt;/strong&gt; como eje. En agosto y septiembre de 1962, en la reunión de trabajo de Beidaihe y en el &lt;strong&gt;Décimo Pleno del VIII Comité Central&lt;/strong&gt;, la mayoría de los asistentes se centró en cómo aumentar la producción de cereales, mientras Mao insistía en la cuestión de la lucha de clases, llamando a que se hablara de ella “cada año, cada mes, cada día”, y criticó a Deng Zihui y otros por apoyar el contrato de producción familiar, acusándolos de promover el capitalismo. Deng Zihui fue reprendido y degradado.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;ORIGINAL EN :&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%8C%AB%E8%AE%BA#%E7%8C%AB%E8%AE%BA%E6%8F%90%E5%87%BA&quot;&gt;猫论 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;Deng Xiaoping en el Parque Jingshan de Pekín (mayo de 1963). A comienzos de la década de 1960, él formuló la versión moderna de la “teoría del gato”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-file-description&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1963-06_1963%E5%B9%B4%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%9C%A8%E6%99%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%80%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E8%8A%82.jpg&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-radius: 2px; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15.008px; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-align: center; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;img class=&quot;mw-file-element&quot; data-file-height=&quot;510&quot; data-file-width=&quot;708&quot; decoding=&quot;async&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1963-06_1963%E5%B9%B4%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%9C%A8%E6%99%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%80%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E8%8A%82.jpg/250px-1963-06_1963%E5%B9%B4%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%9C%A8%E6%99%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%80%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E8%8A%82.jpg&quot; srcset=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1963-06_1963%E5%B9%B4%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%9C%A8%E6%99%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%80%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E8%8A%82.jpg/500px-1963-06_1963%E5%B9%B4%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3%E5%9C%A8%E6%99%AF%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD%E5%BA%86%E7%A5%9D%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%80%E5%8A%B3%E5%8A%A8%E8%8A%82.jpg 1.5x&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; color: #202122; height: auto; margin: 3px; max-width: calc(100% - 8px); vertical-align: middle;&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;white-space-collapse: preserve;&quot;&gt;邓小平在北京景山公园（1963年5月）。他于1960年代初提出了现代版的“猫论”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;猫论提出&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;邓小平在北京景山公园（1963年5月）。他于1960年代初提出了现代版的“猫论”。
在此背景下，刘少奇、邓小平、陈云、邓子恢等人支持“三自一包”改革政策，缩小国有资产投资、开放自由市场，期间邓小平提出了“猫论”以支持包产到户[2][21][22][23]。这些理论实际上就是说，允许通过一切形式发展经济，解放生产力，而不仅仅局限于它的形式。1962年7月2日（一说6月15日[24]），邓小平对三自一包的“包产到户”表示支持，并引用四川（一说安徽[24]）谚语“不管黄猫黑猫，捉到老鼠就是好猫”，“猫论”出台[2]。在7月7日发表的《怎样恢复农业生产》一文中，邓小平在就如何评价包产到户时进一步说道[2][25][26]：&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;“    刘伯承同志经常讲一句四川话：‘黄猫、黑猫，只要能捉住老鼠就是好猫。’这是说的打仗。我们之所以能够打败蒋介石，就是不讲老规矩，不按老路子打，一切看情况，打赢算数。现在要恢复农业生产，也要看情况，就是在生产关系上不能完全采取一种固定不变的形式，看用哪种形式能够调动群众积极性就采用哪种形式。 ”
在后来的流传中，“黄猫”被说成了“白猫”[2]。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;


&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;但在当时，这些与毛泽东以“阶级斗争”为纲的路线是相悖的。1962年8、9月，在北戴河中央工作会议以及中共八届十中全会上，与会人士多着重于如何提高粮食生产等问题，而毛泽东则集中讲了阶级斗争形势问题，号召阶级斗争要“年年讲，月月讲，日日讲”，同时批评了邓子恢等人支持包产到户是在搞资本主义，邓子恢遭批判降职&lt;/p&gt;&lt;figure class=&quot;mw-default-size&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; color: #202122; display: table; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15.008px; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; text-align: center;&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:File/Thumb&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;figcaption style=&quot;background-color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); border-image: none 100% / 1 / 0 stretch; border-left: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top: 0px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; font-size: 13.2671px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: start; word-break: break-word;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/4873972041796866625/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/4873972041796866625' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/4873972041796866625'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/4873972041796866625'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2025/12/teoria-del-gato-deng-xiaoping-1962.html' title='teoría del gato, Deng Xiaoping, 1962'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-4347987431001046451</id><published>2025-12-31T13:53:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2025-12-31T15:12:21.499-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="China"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Junio 1989"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Masacre"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Tianamen"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Zhao Ziyang"/><title type='text'>Zhao Ziyang pronunció un discurso ante estudiantes en la Plaza de Tiananmen</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;h3 id=&quot;prdidadepoderysalidadelcargo&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pérdida de poder y salida del cargo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Enlace externo a video&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Filmación: Zhao Ziyang se dirige a los estudiantes en la Plaza de Tiananmén&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El &lt;strong&gt;17 de mayo&lt;/strong&gt;, Deng Xiaoping convocó una reunión del Comité Permanente del Buró Político. Asistieron los entonces miembros permanentes Zhao Ziyang, Li Peng, Qiao Shi, Hu Qili y Yao Yilin; el miembro del Buró Político y presidente del Estado Yang Shangkun participó como invitado, y el secretario de Deng, Wang Ruilin, tomó notas. En la reunión, sobre el problema del movimiento estudiantil, Li Peng y Zhao Ziyang sostuvieron un enfrentamiento intenso. Yao Yilin apoyó a Li Peng, Hu Qili respaldó a Zhao Ziyang, Qiao Shi se mantuvo neutral, aunque más inclinado hacia Zhao. Deng Xiaoping finalmente se pronunció en contra de la “liberalización” y exigió mantener la unidad dentro del Partido. En esa sesión, Deng propuso declarar la &lt;strong&gt;ley marcial&lt;/strong&gt; y planeó usar el ejército para reprimir el movimiento estudiantil.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El exdirector del &lt;em&gt;Diario del Pueblo&lt;/em&gt;, Hu Jiwei, reveló en 2005 que, al igual que Zhao Ziyang, se opusieron al uso de la fuerza varios generales, entre ellos Zhang Aiping, Xiao Ke, Ye Fei, Li Jukui, Yang Dezhi, Chen Zaidao y Song Shilun, quienes afirmaron que “las armas del Ejército Popular de Liberación no deben apuntar contra el pueblo chino” [143].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El &lt;strong&gt;18 de mayo&lt;/strong&gt;, Zhao Ziyang, Qiao Shi y Hu Qili visitaron en el hospital a los estudiantes en huelga de hambre. Ese mismo día, Li Peng y los líderes estudiantiles sostuvieron un diálogo de 50 minutos en el Gran Palacio del Pueblo, pero las posturas fueron inflexibles y la reunión terminó sin acuerdo. La Comisión Nacional de Educación pidió a todas las regiones disuadir a los alumnos de primaria y secundaria de participar en marchas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El &lt;strong&gt;19 de mayo&lt;/strong&gt;, el entonces director de la Oficina General del Comité Central, Wen Jiabao, acompañó a Zhao Ziyang a las 4:50 a. m. a la Plaza de Tiananmén para dirigirse a los estudiantes [144]:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;BLOG_video_class&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/3ZxjV0s2CrA&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; youtube-src-id=&quot;3ZxjV0s2CrA&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;**“Quiero decirles unas palabras. Hemos llegado demasiado tarde. Lo siento, compañeros. No importa cómo nos critiquen, es comprensible. No he venido para pedirles que nos perdonen, no es eso. Solo quiero decir que ahora sus cuerpos están extremadamente debilitados. Llevan seis… siete días en huelga de hambre. No pueden seguir así. Si la huelga se prolonga, causará daños irreparables a su salud y pondrá en riesgo sus vidas, todos lo saben.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Creo que lo más importante ahora es terminar la huelga de hambre cuanto antes. Termínenla pronto. Sé que ustedes quieren lograr que el gobierno y el Partido den la respuesta más satisfactoria a sus demandas, pero pienso que para obtener una respuesta satisfactoria, el canal de diálogo sigue abierto. Algunos problemas requieren tiempo para resolverse. Cuestiones como la naturaleza y la responsabilidad, creo que al final se podrán resolver y alcanzar consenso. Pero todo es complejo y necesita un proceso. No pueden seguir con la idea de ‘no parar hasta lograr una respuesta satisfactoria’, porque entonces será demasiado tarde. No habrá forma de compensar el daño.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Son jóvenes, compañeros. Tienen toda la vida por delante. Deben vivir sanos para ver el día en que China logre las Cuatro Modernizaciones. No son como nosotros, que ya somos viejos. El país y sus padres los han criado y educado para llegar a la universidad, no ha sido fácil. Ahora, con 18, 19, 20 años, ¿van a sacrificar sus vidas así? Piensen con calma. Hoy no vengo a debatir, sino a pedirles que reflexionen sobre la gravedad de la situación. El Partido y el Estado están muy preocupados, toda la sociedad está angustiada, todo Pekín habla de esto. Además, la situación en Pekín no puede continuar: es una ciudad enorme, la capital, y los problemas se agravan cada día. Todos tienen buenas intenciones, quieren lo mejor para el país, pero esto se está volviendo incontrolable, afecta transporte, trabajo, atención médica…&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;E&lt;i&gt;n resumen, este es mi mensaje: si terminan la huelga, el gobierno no cerrará la puerta al diálogo. Nunca. Sus demandas seguirán siendo discutidas. Aunque todo ha ido lento, algunos problemas se están resolviendo poco a poco. Hoy solo quería verlos y expresar mi sentir. Espero que reflexionen con calma. También quienes organizan la huelga, piensen con serenidad. En momentos de tensión es difícil pensar con claridad. Todos están impulsados por la emoción, son jóvenes; nosotros también lo fuimos, también marchamos, también nos acostamos en las vías, sé cómo se siente. Pero después uno reflexiona… Piensen en el futuro. Ya son seis, siete días, ¿quieren llegar a ocho, nueve, diez? Muchas cosas se pueden resolver. No esperen solo la respuesta perfecta para detenerse. Gracias, compañeros, solo quería visitarlos.”&lt;/i&gt;**&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Tras el discurso, los estudiantes pidieron a Zhao Ziyang que firmara autógrafos. Fue su &lt;strong&gt;última aparición pública antes de dejar la política&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;UNA SEMANA DESPUÉS SE DIÓ LA MASACRE DE TIANANMEN :&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6&quot;&gt;Incidente del 4 de junio - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;RECOMIENDO:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%E6%AF%8D%E4%BA%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&quot;&gt;Movimiento de las Madres de Tiananmen - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Llegado el momento de su enjuiciamiento,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Después del desalojo en la Plaza de Tiananmén&lt;/strong&gt;, se celebró una reunión ampliada del Buró Político, dirigida por los veteranos del Partido Comunista, entre el &lt;strong&gt;19 y el 21 de junio de 1989&lt;/strong&gt;, centrada en &lt;strong&gt;criticar a Zhao Ziyang&lt;/strong&gt;. En su informe, Li Peng acusó a Zhao de “dividir al Partido” y “apoyar los disturbios”, mientras que Li Xiannian incluso recurrió a ataques personales contra Zhao&amp;nbsp; .&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Los días &lt;strong&gt;23 y 24 de junio&lt;/strong&gt;, el &lt;strong&gt;Cuarto Pleno del XIII Comité Central&lt;/strong&gt; revisó y aprobó el informe presentado por Li Peng en nombre del Buró Político titulado &lt;em&gt;“Informe sobre los errores cometidos por el camarada Zhao Ziyang durante los disturbios contrarios al Partido y al socialismo”&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp; El documento señalaba que Zhao había tratado con pasividad la defensa de los &lt;strong&gt;Cuatro Principios Fundamentales&lt;/strong&gt;, se opuso a la línea contra la liberalización burguesa, ignoró gravemente la construcción del Partido, la construcción de la civilización espiritual y el trabajo ideológico y político, causando &lt;strong&gt;graves pérdidas a la causa del Partido&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Como resultado, Zhao Ziyang fue &lt;u&gt;&lt;strong&gt;destituido&lt;/strong&gt; de sus cargos como &lt;strong&gt;Secretario General del Comité Central&lt;/strong&gt;, miembro permanente del Buró Político, miembro del Buró Político, miembro del Comité Central y &lt;strong&gt;primer vicepresidente de la Comisión Militar Central&lt;/strong&gt;,&lt;/u&gt; conservando únicamente su militancia en el Partido Comunista. El miembro del Buró Político Permanente que lo apoyaba, &lt;strong&gt;Hu Qili&lt;/strong&gt;, también fue destituido. Ese mismo año, el &lt;strong&gt;30 de junio&lt;/strong&gt;, la &lt;strong&gt;octava sesión del Comité Permanente de la VII Asamblea Popular Nacional&lt;/strong&gt; decidió revocar su cargo como &lt;strong&gt;vicepresidente de la Comisión Militar Central de la República Popular China&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;strong&gt;Jiang Zemin&lt;/strong&gt; se convirtió en Secretario General del Comité Central, y Jiang Zemin, Song Ping y Li Ruihuan pasaron a integrar el Comité Permanente del Buró Político&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El punto principal del Cuarto Pleno fue &lt;strong&gt;escuchar, revisar y aprobar&lt;/strong&gt; el informe presentado por Li Peng en nombre del Buró Político sobre los errores de Zhao Ziyang durante los disturbios,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;frente al cual Zhao presentó su defensa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;RESUMEN:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Recientemente, el camarada Xiaoping pronunció un discurso muy importante que me ha dado una gran lección. Dijo que la llegada de esta tormenta &lt;strong&gt;no depende de la voluntad humana&lt;/strong&gt;, sino que es el resultado inevitable de la influencia del gran clima internacional y del pequeño clima interno. También dijo que “es mejor que llegue ahora que más tarde”. Si se observa el problema desde esa altura, mis ideas anteriores, por supuesto, se vuelven superfluas. En ese momento, realmente no comprendí esa profundidad y altura, y estoy dispuesto a reflexionar más sobre este asunto a la luz del estudio del discurso del camarada Xiaoping.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[EN LOS TEXTOS OFICIALES DEL PCCH LA MASACRE DE TIANANMEN -que a propósito, NO fue la primera, parece ser un sitio simbólico a lo largo de décadas- SE ACOGE ESA INTERPRETACIÓN]&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Años después:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Al hablar sobre la Gran Hambruna de tres años y la responsabilidad del Partido Comunista Chino, Zhao Ziyang dijo:&lt;br /&gt;“Nuestro Partido nunca admite errores. Cuando realmente no hay manera de justificar algo, se busca un chivo expiatorio y se le atribuyen todas las culpas, como ocurrió con Lin Biao y la Banda de los Cuatro. Si no se encuentra un chivo expiatorio, se dice que fue un desastre natural, como en la gran hambruna de finales de los años cincuenta y principios de los sesenta, en la que murieron de hambre decenas de millones de personas. Eso fue puramente consecuencia de errores en la línea, las directrices y las políticas del Partido.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Especialmente durante el período de tres años de dificultades, en el campo murieron de hambre decenas de millones de personas, y la clase obrera no pudo brindar ayuda efectiva a los campesinos. Ellos mismos comían grano comercial, tenían suministro de alimentos complementarios, vales de tela, y se les garantizaban las necesidades básicas de vida.”&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Referencia bibliográfica:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Du Daozheng. &lt;em&gt;¿Qué más dijo Zhao Ziyang? — Diario de Du Daozheng.&lt;/em&gt; Hong Kong Tiandi Publishing Co., Ltd. / Taiwan Ink Literary Life Magazine Publishing Co., Ltd.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ORIGINAL:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;traduce meticulosamente: 失势下台
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影片 赵紫阳在天安门广场对学生发表讲话
5月17日，邓小平召开中央政治局常委会议。时任政治局常委的赵紫阳、李鹏、乔石、胡启立和姚依林出席，政治局委员兼国家主席杨尚昆列席，邓的秘书王瑞林担任记录。会上针对学生运动问题李鹏和赵紫阳激烈交锋。姚依林支持李鹏，胡启立支持赵紫阳，乔石中立，但比较偏向赵紫阳一方。邓小平最终表态反对“自由化”，要求党内保持一致。在此次会议，邓小平提出宣布“戒严”，打算使用军队镇压学生运动。原《人民日报》社长胡绩伟在2005年透露，当时同赵紫阳一样反对武力镇压学生的将军包括张爱萍、萧克、叶飞、李聚奎、杨得志、陈再道和宋时轮，他们表示中国人民解放军的枪口不能对准中国人民。[143]5月18日，赵紫阳、乔石及胡启立到医院探望绝食送院的学生。同日李鹏和学生领袖在人民大会堂进行50分钟的对话。但双方态度强硬，最后不欢而散。国家教育委员会要求全国各地劝阻中小学生上街游行。5月19日，时任中共中央办公厅主任温家宝陪同赵紫阳于凌晨4时50分前往天安门广场对学生发表谈话[144]：&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;“    我给同学们讲几句话。我们来得太晚了。对不起，同学们。你们不管怎么样说我们、批评我们，都是应该的。我这次来也不是请你们来原谅我们的，不是的。只是说，现在同学们的身体，到了现在，已经是非常地虚弱了。你们都是绝食到第六天……第七天了，不能再这样下去了。绝食时间长的话，这对身体会造成将来难以补偿的损伤。这个对生命有危险，大家都知道。
我说我觉得我们现在一定要、最重要的就是赶快结束这个绝食。赶快结束绝食。同学们，我也知道，你们这个绝食，是要达到你们……政府、党对你们所提的问题（给以）最满意的答复，但是我觉得，要满意的答复，我们这个对话的渠道还是畅通的。有一些问题，它还是需要一个过程才能解决。有一些譬如你们所提的性质、责任的问题，我觉得，终究可以解决，终究我们可以取得一致的看法。但是什么事情你们也知道，情况都是很复杂的，需要有一个过程。你们不能够在已经绝食六天到七天，现在还是要坚持这一条“一定达到满意了才停止绝食”，但是那个时候就晚了。没法补偿了。你们还年轻啊，同学们。还年轻，来日方长。你们应该健康地活着，看到我们中国实现“四化”的那一天。你们不像我们，我们都已经老了，无所谓。国家和你们的父母把你们培养抚育上大学不容易啊，现在十九岁、十八岁、二十几岁，就这样子……就这样子把生命牺牲掉啊？稍微理智地想一想啊！我今天不是来跟你们对话的，今天就是说，同学们能不能理智一些，想一想现在已经到了一个什么严重的情况。你们都知道，现在党和国家非常着急，整个社会可以说忧心如焚，整个北京都在议论你们这个事情！另外你们也知道，北京的情况也不能再继续下去了。这么大的城市，又是首都，各方面的严重的情况一天一天在增加。同志们都是好意，为了我们国家好，但是这个事情发展下去啊，不能够控制。造成各方面影响，你看，交通、运输、工作、看病等等。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;总之就是这么一个心意。你们停止绝食，中国政府决不会就这样子，就把对话的门关起来了。决不会。你们所提的一些问题，我们党会继续讨论。事实上不管怎么样，这样慢是慢了一些，事实上现在一些问题还在逐步地解决嘛。还在逐步地解决嘛。我今天就说这一些，主要是看望一下同志们，另外说一说我的心情。希望同志们冷静地想一想这个问题。冷静地想一想。还有组织这个绝食的同志们，你们也冷静地想一想。这件事情可不是……在不理智的情况下，很难想清楚这个事。大家都这么一股劲的，年轻人啊，我们都从年轻人过来过，我们也游过行，我们也卧过轨，我也知道当时那种情况。没有想后果怎么样。但事后一想啊……首先你们要冷静地想想今后的事。现在有六天了、七天了，真的要过八天、九天、十天吗？我说，有很多事情都是可以解决的。你们就是为了要等这一天，等……回答令你们满意这一天，你们也该早结束。谢谢同学们，就是看望大家。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;


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赵紫阳讲话结束后，广场上的学生纷纷请赵紫阳签字。这是赵紫阳离开政坛前最后一次向公众亮相。19日晚李鹏宣布可以实施武力清场的戒严令，而失去政治权力的赵紫阳仍在做最后的努力。他决定依照《中华人民共和国宪法》将事件移交给全国人大常委会解决，为此赵紫阳要求中共中央办公厅立即电传在美国访问的全国人大常委会委员长万里回国；而温家宝未执行命令，将电报提交中共中央政治局常委会否决，从而延缓万里回国，使这一计划未能实现。&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;天安门清场以后，由&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%85%83%E8%80%81&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;中共元老&quot;&gt;中共元老&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;主导的政治局扩大会议于1989年6月19日-6月21日召开，会议以批判赵紫阳为主，&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%B9%8F&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;李鹏&quot;&gt;李鹏&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;在报告中指责赵“分裂党”和“支持动乱”，&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%88%E5%BF%B5&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;李先念&quot;&gt;李先念&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;甚至人身攻击赵。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-ggdlczzy_141-1&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; text-wrap-mode: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3#cite_note-ggdlczzy-141&quot; style=&quot;background: none; border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot; style=&quot;pointer-events: none;&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;139&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot; style=&quot;pointer-events: none;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;6月23日-6月24日&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%86%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%A8%E6%9C%83&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;中共十三届四中全会&quot;&gt;中共十三届四中全会&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;审议并通过了李鹏代表中央政治局提出的《关于赵紫阳同志在反党反社会主义的动乱中所犯错误的报告》，&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-148&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; text-wrap-mode: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3#cite_note-148&quot; style=&quot;background: none; border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot; style=&quot;pointer-events: none;&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;146&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot; style=&quot;pointer-events: none;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;因消极对待坚持&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%A1%B9%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;四项基本原则&quot;&gt;四项基本原则&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;、反对资产阶级自由化的方针，严重忽视党的建设、&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;精神文明建设&quot;&gt;精神文明建设&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;和思想政治工作，给党的事业造成了严重的损失，&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-149&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; text-wrap-mode: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3#cite_note-149&quot; style=&quot;background: none; border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot; style=&quot;pointer-events: none;&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;147&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot; style=&quot;pointer-events: none;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;赵紫阳被撤销中共中央总书记、&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80%E5%B8%B8%E5%8A%A1%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;中国共产党中央政治局常务委员会委员&quot;&gt;中央政治局常务委员&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;、&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%B1%80&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;中国共产党中央政治局&quot;&gt;中央政治局&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;委员、中央委员和中央军事委员会第一副主席等职务，仅保留&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;中国共产党&quot;&gt;中国共产党&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;党籍，支持赵紫阳的中共中央政治局常委&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%90%AF%E7%AB%8B&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;胡启立&quot;&gt;胡启立&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;也被免职；同年6月30日，&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E5%B1%8A%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;第七届全国人民代表大会&quot;&gt;第七届全国人大&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;常委会第八次会议决定撤销其&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;中华人民共和国中央军事委员会&quot;&gt;中华人民共和国中央军委&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;副主席职务，&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B3%BD%E6%B0%91&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;江泽民&quot;&gt;江泽民&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;成为中央委员会总书记，江泽民、&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E5%B9%B3&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;宋平&quot;&gt;宋平&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;、&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%91%9E%E7%8E%AF&quot; style=&quot;background: none rgb(16, 20, 24); border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;李瑞环&quot;&gt;李瑞环&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;为中央政治局常务委员会委员。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup class=&quot;reference&quot; id=&quot;cite_ref-150&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1; text-wrap-mode: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3#cite_note-150&quot; style=&quot;background: none; border-radius: 2px; color: #88a3e8; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot; style=&quot;pointer-events: none;&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;148&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot; style=&quot;pointer-events: none;&quot;&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #101418; color: #eaecf0; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;四中全会最主要的议程是听取审议通过李鹏代表中共中央政治局提出的《关于赵紫阳同志在反党反社会主义的动乱中所犯错误的报告》，针对报告，赵紫阳做出申辩。&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 20px;&quot;&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;最近小平同志发表了非常重要的讲话，使我受到了很大的教育。他说，这场风波的到来，是不以人的意志为转移的，是国际大气候和国内小气候影响的必然结果。还说，现在来比晚来好。如果从这样的高度来观察问题，我的原来的那些想法当然就成为多余的了。我当时确实没有认识到这样的高度和深度，我愿意结合学习小平同志的讲话进一步思考这个问题。&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Traduce: 在谈及三年大饥荒和中共责任时，赵紫阳曾说：“我们党是从来不认错的，实在说不过去了，就找替罪羊，将错误都推到他们身上，如林彪、四人帮。找不到替罪羊就说是自然灾害，如五十年代末六十年代初的大饥荒，饿死几千万人，纯粹是党的路线方针政策错误。”“特别是三年困难时期，农村饿死几千万人，工人阶级没能给予（农民）有效的救助，自己吃商品粮，有副食供应，有布票，保证了最基本的生活需要。&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;书籍参考文献
杜导正. 赵紫阳还说过什么？——杜导正日记. 香港天地图书公司、台湾印刻文学生活杂志出版有限公司.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ORIGINAL EN:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%B5%B5%E7%B4%AB%E9%98%B3&quot;&gt;Zhao Ziyang - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/4347987431001046451/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/4347987431001046451' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/4347987431001046451'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/4347987431001046451'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2025/12/zhao-ziyang-pronuncio-un-discurso-ante.html' title='Zhao Ziyang pronunció un discurso ante estudiantes en la Plaza de Tiananmen'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/3ZxjV0s2CrA/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-8535637785207767109</id><published>2025-12-31T10:36:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2025-12-31T11:17:43.889-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="China"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="comunismo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="desequilibrio"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="modelo chino"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pobres"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ricos"/><title type='text'>Riqueza y Pobreza en la China Comunista (la situación NO ha mejorado) </title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;El 0,4% de la gente en China controla el 70% de la riqueza. &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;¿&lt;/span&gt;Quiénes son los ricos?&lt;br /&gt;26-06-2009 08:30&amp;nbsp;Fuente:&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/15079749/8535637785207767109&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot; coordsize=&quot;21600,21600&quot;
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acelera el crecimiento de la riqueza social, existe una tendencia a
concentrarse en manos de unos pocos. En la 11&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;ª&lt;/span&gt; Comisión
Permanente de la Conferencia Consultiva Política del Pueblo Chino celebrada
hace unos días, la &quot;concentración&quot; de la riqueza china está siendo
muy preocupada por los miembros y miembros del Comité Permanente de la
Conferencia Consultiva Política del Pueblo Chino.&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Un informe de las autoridades autorizadas de China
muestra que el 0,4% de las personas controlan el 70% de su riqueza, y la
concentración de riqueza es mayor que la de Estados Unidos. &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;¿&lt;/span&gt;Quién es el &quot;hombre rico&quot;?&lt;br /&gt;Según varios conjuntos de datos autorizados, la riqueza de
China está efectivamente fluyendo hacia las carteras de los ricos al ritmo más
rápido del mundo.&lt;br /&gt;En mayo de 2007, el &quot;Informe Global de Riqueza
2006&quot; publicado por Boston Consulting Group señaló que en China, el 0,4%
de los hogares poseen el 70% de la riqueza nacional; En mercados maduros como
Japón y Australia, generalmente es el 5% de los hogares los que controlan entre
el 50% y el 60% de la riqueza del país.&lt;br /&gt;En agosto de 2008, Merrill Lynch y Capgemini Consulting, la
mayor consultora de Europa, publicaron conjuntamente en Pekín el &quot;Informe
de Riqueza Asia-Pacífico 2008&quot;, señalando que a finales de 2007 había
415.000 personas ricas en China con activos personales superiores a 1 millón de
dólares. En términos de propiedad media de riqueza, los millonarios chinos
tienen activos per cápita de 5,1 millones de dólares, superiores a la media de
Asia-Pacífico de 3,4 millones de dólares.&lt;br /&gt;Los expertos señalaron que China se ha convertido en el país
con la mayor concentración de riqueza del mundo. La concentración de riqueza en
China hacia los ricos está creciendo a una tasa media anual del 12,3%, el doble
de la tasa de crecimiento media global.&lt;br /&gt;Un informe en China muestra claramente quién concentra la
riqueza social en. Según un informe conjunto de la Oficina de Investigación del
Consejo de Estado, la Oficina de Investigación de la Escuela Central del
Partido, la Oficina de Investigación del Departamento Central de Propaganda y
la Academia China de Ciencias Sociales, a finales de marzo de 2006, había
27.310 personas en propiedades privadas de propiedad privada china continental
(excluyendo propiedades extranjeras y extranjeras) por más de 50 millones de
yuanes, y 3.220 personas con más de 100 millones de yuanes. Entre los ricos con
más de 100 millones de yuanes, 2.932 son hijos de altos funcionarios.
Representan el 91% de los 100 millones de hogares y poseen activos de más de
20.450 mil millones de yuanes. El origen de sus activos depende principalmente
del capital energético de los orígenes familiares.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No&amp;nbsp;se preocupan por unos pocos, sino por la injusticia&lt;br /&gt;Han aparecido una villa de 380 millones de yuanes, un yate
de 140 millones de yuanes, un&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/15079749/8535637785207767109&quot;&gt;coche&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;de
43 millones de yuanes, un reloj de 18 millones de yuanes,&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/15079749/8535637785207767109&quot;&gt;y
bienes de lujo&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;altísimos.&lt;br /&gt;El 10 de junio, la &quot;China Luxury Market Survey&quot;
publicada por primera vez en la edición china de Forbes mostró que, cuando el
mundo cayó en recesión económica, China se ha convertido en el mercado más
optimista para las marcas internacionales de lujo. El 22 de junio, la
&quot;mansión número 1 de China&quot; Tomson Yipin vendió 5 juegos en un solo
día, con un precio medio de 110.000 yuanes por metro cuadrado. Este no es un
caso aislado. A finales de mayo, las 7 villas inauguradas por OCT Shenzhen se
agotaron en un solo día, con un precio medio de 120.000 yuanes por metro
cuadrado.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;En opinión de Cai Jiming, es este patrón de concentración de
la mayor parte de la riqueza social en manos de unas pocas personas lo que ha
llevado al consumo anormal de China.&lt;br /&gt;Actualmente, los precios anormalmente altos de la vivienda
se han convertido en una manifestación típica de una concentración excesiva de
riqueza. El profesor Zhou Xiaohong, decano de la Escuela de Sociología de la
Universidad de Nankín, que tiene una investigación profunda sobre la clase
media china, dijo: &quot;Los altos precios de la vivienda se han convertido en
un gran obstáculo para el crecimiento de la clase media china. En China, la
creciente brecha de ingresos está afectando no solo a las personas de la base,
sino también a la clase media. &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Li Huiwu, subdirector de departamento y subdirector del
Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo del Gobierno Provincial de
Guangdong, que puede clasificarse como clase media, dijo el 20 de junio:
&quot;Con los precios actuales de la propiedad en Guangzhou, el 70% u 80% de
los ciudadanos de Guangzhou no pueden permitirse comprar una casa.&quot;
También se utilizó a sí mismo como ejemplo para ilustrar: &quot;El precio de
muchas casas en Guangzhou supera los 20.000 yuanes por metro cuadrado.&quot;
Tengo un título de subdepartamento adjunto, con un salario mensual de más de
8.000 yuanes, y no puedo permitirme una casa de un metro cuadrado con un
salario de dos meses. &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Según los datos, ahora existe una tendencia social en forma
de M de la clase media a colapsar, y el ciclo de élites y la alianza de élites
se han convertido en un estereotipo, y el espacio de desarrollo de otras clases
está siendo constantemente invadido. En los 10 años comprendidos entre 1994 y
2004, el entorno de vida de las pequeñas y medianas empresas y de los autónomos
se deterioró, y 7,7 millones de autónomos desaparecieron en el país. Al
contrario, las industrias monopolísticas ocupan los recursos de todo el pueblo,
y las empresas monopolísticas no tienen espíritu emprendedor, son solo
derivados del poder.&lt;br /&gt;Difícil de resolver la maldición del poder&lt;br /&gt;Sir Acton, autor de &quot;Discursos sobre la Revolución
Francesa&quot; y una de las figuras más influyentes en la vida intelectual y
política británica del siglo XIX, dijo una frase ampliamente citada por
generaciones posteriores: &quot;El poder conduce a la corrupción, y el poder
absoluto conduce a la corrupción absoluta.&quot; &quot;En la China actual, el
foco de la reforma sigue siendo cómo limitar la concentración excesiva de
poder.&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Si no resolvemos fundamentalmente el problema de la
concentración excesiva de poder, no podemos detener tal cadena cíclica: una
serie de problemas sociales provocados por la injusticia social obstaculizará
inevitablemente el desarrollo de la ciencia, la educación y la economía, el
desarrollo económico se ralentizará y los últimos portadores del dolor deben
ser las personas en la base; El dolor de la gente común se transformará en odio
hacia los grupos de interés, sentando así las bases para la agitación social.
Un analista dijo al periodista del Times.&lt;br /&gt;Zhou Xiaohong dijo: &quot;En los últimos 30 años de
reformas, lo que es seguro es que la cantidad total de la economía ha
experimentado cambios revolucionarios. Pero nunca hemos visto una buena
dirección en la asignación de recursos.&quot; Deng Xiaoping dijo una vez que si
la reforma provoca polarización, entonces la reforma fracasará. Actualmente, es
difícil resolver la polarización entre ricos y pobres, según Zhou Xiaohong:
&quot;Para decirlo claramente, es necesario limitar el poder, pero bajo el patrón
actual, no hay forma de hacerlo.&quot; Además, en los últimos 30 años, hemos
visto que el volumen económico total aumenta cada vez más, y el control del
poder sobre la economía es cada vez mayor, no disminuye. Si el patrón no
cambia, el problema se vuelve cada vez más grave, no más leve. &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[Autor: Han Honggang Fuente:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/15079749/8535637785207767109&quot;&gt;Time
Weekly&lt;/a&gt;] (Editor responsable: Qin Wen)&lt;br /&gt; original en&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/15079749/8535637785207767109&quot;&gt;Brecha
entre ricos y pobres en la República Popular China - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia
libre&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;concent&quot; id=&quot;artibody&quot; style=&quot;font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; line-height: 25.2px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 14px; position: relative; width: 580px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;box01&quot; id=&quot;artibodyTitle&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 10px; position: relative;&quot;&gt;&lt;h1 _msthash=&quot;214&quot; _msttexthash=&quot;3668431&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); font-family: 黑体; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 46px; margin: 0px;&quot;&gt;























































&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/8535637785207767109/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/8535637785207767109' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/8535637785207767109'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/8535637785207767109'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2025/12/riqueza-y-pobreza-en-la-china-comunista.html' title='Riqueza y Pobreza en la China Comunista (la situación NO ha mejorado) '/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-1663145627078752854</id><published>2025-07-07T06:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2025-07-07T06:54:54.690-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Espace public et commerce de rue"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Espacio público y comercio en calle"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Peace Processes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Procesos de Paz"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Processus de paix Violence"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Public space and street commerce"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Urban violence"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="VIOLENCIA URBANA"/><title type='text'>Parra G., Orlando;  Parra Gómez, O ; Parra Gómez, J. O. ;  Parra G., O ; Parra, O. G ;   Bibliografía 1994 - 2024</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxLjXXwO9rGV7hHaDHqKpelALzhWNE58o8xdQbTjh3ViuIhWE76appm6Qd_tu_zAPbAGMipKWUVtej7yDkfKYH52tp0a3oUx8y3_PbeQR7ovwUNTrKMqzK2d3Rfyqlq8_EvFfEhXO-KWlEjqa0QmU3NG26Ai6VlAvlSALxY1qniKWW0NB9pbS8aw/s1644/portada%20hp4%20librerias.jpeg&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxLjXXwO9rGV7hHaDHqKpelALzhWNE58o8xdQbTjh3ViuIhWE76appm6Qd_tu_zAPbAGMipKWUVtej7yDkfKYH52tp0a3oUx8y3_PbeQR7ovwUNTrKMqzK2d3Rfyqlq8_EvFfEhXO-KWlEjqa0QmU3NG26Ai6VlAvlSALxY1qniKWW0NB9pbS8aw/s320/portada%20hp4%20librerias.jpeg&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;EN CONSTRUCCIÓN 👷👷&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;1.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., O. (2024a).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Formación ciudadana&lt;/strong&gt;. Fundación
Universitaria Comfamiliar Risaralda. ISBN: 978-628-95778-7-7.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://uc.edu.co/publicaciones/formacion-ciudadana&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://uc.edu.co/publicaciones/formacion-ciudadana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;2.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., O. (2024b).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;ViolenciaS, Guerras y Procesos de Paz en
Colombia–Herramientas para análisis, contexto e historia, de cátedra de paz&lt;/strong&gt;.
Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar Risaralda. ISBN: 978-628-95778-6-0.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://uc.edu.co/publicaciones/violencias-guerras-y-procesos-de-paz-en-colombia&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://uc.edu.co/publicaciones/violencias-guerras-y-procesos-de-paz-en-colombia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;3.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., O. (2023). Derecho al trabajo y espacios públicos: reflexiones sobre una mediación&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;ISUF-H_Libro
de actas V2.pdf&lt;/strong&gt;. 490-497. DOI: 10.7764/FADEU.LA.2023.02 .&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://isufh.org/miembros/ActasdelVCongresoISUF-H.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://isufh.org/miembros/ActasdelVCongresoISUF-H.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;4.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., O., &amp;amp; Parra Serna, V. (2021).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;#Haz plural4&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Primera
edición). Editorial punto y coma.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://koha.risaralda.gov.co/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=16281&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;http://koha.risaralda.gov.co/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=16281&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;5.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., O. (2021).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Prólogo&lt;/strong&gt;.
En V. Zuluaga G.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Guerra,
religión y territorio&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;(pp. 4-11). Hoyos Editores. ISBN:
978-958-9904800.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://isbn.cloud/9789589904800/guerra-religion-y-territorio/&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://isbn.cloud/9789589904800/guerra-religion-y-territorio/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;6.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra, O. (2020).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Paz,
territorio, Estado local y empresariado. Experiencias con el mecanismo de Obras
por Impuestos en Risaralda&lt;/strong&gt;. Campos en Ciencias Sociales, 8(2).
DOI: 10.15332/25006681/6019.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://repository.usta.edu.co/handle/11634/60869&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://repository.usta.edu.co/handle/11634/60869&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;7.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra, J. O. (2017a).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Geografía humana&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://digitk.areandina.edu.co/handle/areandina/1458&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://digitk.areandina.edu.co/handle/areandina/1458&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;8.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra, J. O. (2017b).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Procesos investigativos de corte histórico&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://digitk.areandina.edu.co/handle/areandina/1459&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://digitk.areandina.edu.co/handle/areandina/1459&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;9.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra Gómez, O. (2016).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;¡Hay esperanza!&lt;/strong&gt;. Orlando Parra
Gómez.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/bitstreams/25286ee5-99d4-403f-b133-c03f8fa2ca9f/download&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/bitstreams/25286ee5-99d4-403f-b133-c03f8fa2ca9f/download&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;10.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., O. (2016).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Propuesta
de alistamiento al postconflicto en los procesos regionales inherentes a la
construcción de la paz desde el contexto departamental y regional Risaralda&lt;/strong&gt;.
En SENA. DOI: 20.500.14471/28714.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://repositorio.sena.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11404/6651/alistamiento_post_conflicto_risaralda.pdf?sequence=1&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://repositorio.sena.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11404/6651/alistamiento_post_conflicto_risaralda.pdf?sequence=1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;11.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra, O. G. (2014).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;ESPACIO,
COMERCIO EN CALLE Y ¿LA CIUDADANÍA?&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;En Espacios Públicos
Ordenados Experiencias de Implementación de la Sentencia T-772/2003 de la Corte
Constitucional sobre Espacio Público y Ventas Informales—Comercio en Calle.
Pereira—Armenia, Colombia. 2003-2013. DOI: 20.500.14471/28714.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://repositoriocdim.esap.edu.co/handle/20.500.14471/28714&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://repositoriocdim.esap.edu.co/handle/20.500.14471/28714&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;12.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra Gómez, O. (2013).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;#Haz plural 2&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;(2a. ed.). Orlando
Parra Gómez. ENLACE PENDIENTE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;13.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra, O. G., &amp;amp; Parra, O. G. (2013).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Alternativas para la recuperación del
espacio público en el centro (y sub centros) de Pereira, 2013-2018&lt;/strong&gt;.
En Alcaldía de Pereira y Otros.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pereiracomovamos.org/es/alternativas-para-la-recuperacion-del-espacio-publico-en-el-centro-y-sub-centros-de-pereira-2013-2018-PG223&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://www.pereiracomovamos.org/es/alternativas-para-la-recuperacion-del-espacio-publico-en-el-centro-y-sub-centros-de-pereira-2013-2018-PG223&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;14.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., O. (2012).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;La
Radio Cultural en Colombia en El Siglo XXI&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/125232045/La-Radio-Cultural-en-Colombia-en-el-Siglo-XXI&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/125232045/La-Radio-Cultural-en-Colombia-en-el-Siglo-XXI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;15.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., O. (2011).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Seguridad
Ciudadana, Variables Explicativas, Inseguridad y Violencia, Concepciones de
Seguridad Ciudadana, Políticas Públicas en Torno A La Seguridad, Victimización&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/doc/106202113/Seguridad-Ciudadana-variables-explicativas-inseguridad-y-violencia-concepciones-de-seguridad-ciudadana-politicas-publicas-en-torno-a-la-seguridad&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/doc/106202113/Seguridad-Ciudadana-variables-explicativas-inseguridad-y-violencia-concepciones-de-seguridad-ciudadana-politicas-publicas-en-torno-a-la-seguridad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;16.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra, O. (2011).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Opinión
y medios: Pasado, presente y futuro&lt;/strong&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/handle/123456789/20146&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/handle/123456789/20146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;17.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra Gómez, O., Ruiz Granada, L., López Castaño, S., Torres
García, A., Gil Ospina, A., Arias Rodríguez, G., &amp;amp; Idárraga Guerrero, C.
(2010).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Espacio
público y comercio en calle “ventas informales” experiencias Pereira-Colombia
2008-2010&lt;/strong&gt;. Pereira: universidad católica popular de
Risaralda.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/doc/111076448/Espacio-Publico-y-Comercio-en-Calle&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/doc/111076448/Espacio-Publico-y-Comercio-en-Calle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;18.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., Orlando. (2010).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;ABC del espacio público y el comercio en la calle&lt;/strong&gt;.
Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/111076078/Cartilla-ABC-del-Espacio-Publico&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/111076078/Cartilla-ABC-del-Espacio-Publico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;19.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., Orlando. (2009).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Abordando las violencias&lt;/strong&gt;. Universidad
Católica Popular de Risaralda.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/250634429/Abordando-Las-Violencias-Marco-Teorico-CEDHUPAZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/250634429/Abordando-Las-Violencias-Marco-Teorico-CEDHUPAZ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;20.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. G. (2013). &lt;strong&gt;La Geo
Reinsercion en Colombia3&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/106420478/La-Geo-Reinsercion-en-Colombia3&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/106420478/La-Geo-Reinsercion-en-Colombia3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;21.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. G. (2013). &lt;strong&gt;Acercamiento
a la subjetividad y la objetividad en la historia&lt;/strong&gt;.
https://www.academia.edu/27756312/ACERCAMIENTO&lt;em&gt;A&lt;/em&gt;LA&lt;em&gt;SUBJETIVIDAD&lt;/em&gt;Y&lt;em&gt;LA&lt;/em&gt;OBJETIVIDAD&lt;em&gt;EN&lt;/em&gt;LA_HISTORIA o &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/246804737/Acercamiento-a-La-Subjetividad-y-La-Objetividad-en-La-Historia&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/246804737/Acercamiento-a-La-Subjetividad-y-La-Objetividad-en-La-Historia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;22.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. G. (2013). &lt;strong&gt;Referentes,
Economía-Comercio Informal&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/127243780/REFERENTES-ECONOMIA-COMERCIO-INFORMAL&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/127243780/REFERENTES-ECONOMIA-COMERCIO-INFORMAL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;23.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. G. (2012). &lt;strong&gt;La Radio
Cultural en Colombia en El Siglo XXI&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/125232045/La-Radio-Cultural-en-Colombia-en-el-Siglo-XXI&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/125232045/La-Radio-Cultural-en-Colombia-en-el-Siglo-XXI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;24.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. G. (2011). &lt;strong&gt;Seguridad
Ciudadana, Variables Explicativas, Inseguridad y Violencia, Concepciones de
Seguridad Ciudadana, Políticas Públicas en Torno A La Seguridad, Victimización&lt;/strong&gt;.
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/doc/106202113/Seguridad-Ciudadana-variables-explicativas-inseguridad-y-violencia-concepciones-de-seguridad-ciudadana-politicas-publicas-en-torno-a-la-seguridad&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/doc/106202113/Seguridad-Ciudadana-variables-explicativas-inseguridad-y-violencia-concepciones-de-seguridad-ciudadana-politicas-publicas-en-torno-a-la-seguridad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;25.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. G. (2011). &lt;strong&gt;Bases
Programa Verde Colombia&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/115647572/Bases-programa-verde-Colombia&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/115647572/Bases-programa-verde-Colombia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;26.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. G. (2011). &lt;strong&gt;Opinión y
medios: Pasado, presente y futuro&lt;/strong&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/handle/123456789/20146&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://anaforas.fic.edu.uy/jspui/handle/123456789/20146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;27.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra
Gómez, O., Ruiz Granada, L., López Castaño, S., Torres García, A., Gil Ospina,
A., Arias Rodríguez, G., &amp;amp; Idárraga Guerrero, C. (2010). &lt;strong&gt;Espacio público y comercio en calle
“ventas informales” experiencias Pereira-Colombia 2008-2010&lt;/strong&gt;.
Pereira: universidad católica popular de Risaralda. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/doc/111076448/Espacio-Publico-y-Comercio-en-Calle&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/doc/111076448/Espacio-Publico-y-Comercio-en-Calle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;28.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra
G., Orlando. (2010). &lt;strong&gt;ABC
del espacio público y el comercio en la calle&lt;/strong&gt;. Universidad
Católica Popular de Risaralda. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/111076078/Cartilla-ABC-del-Espacio-Publico&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/111076078/Cartilla-ABC-del-Espacio-Publico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;29.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra
G., Orlando. (2009). &lt;strong&gt;Abordando
las violencias&lt;/strong&gt;. Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/250634429/Abordando-Las-Violencias-Marco-Teorico-CEDHUPAZ&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/250634429/Abordando-Las-Violencias-Marco-Teorico-CEDHUPAZ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;30.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. G. (2009). &lt;strong&gt;Las Otras
Violencias la Otra Paz&lt;/strong&gt;. En Síntesis, de Ponencias Encuentro
Nacional Las Otras Violencias la Otra Paz. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://es.scribd.com/document/353930985/Centro-por-el-Desarrollo-Humano-y-la-Paz-CEDHUPAZ-Encuentro-Nacional-Las-Otras-Violencias-La-Otra-Paz-abril-2008&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://es.scribd.com/document/353930985/Centro-por-el-Desarrollo-Humano-y-la-Paz-CEDHUPAZ-Encuentro-Nacional-Las-Otras-Violencias-La-Otra-Paz-abril-2008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;31.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra
G., O. (2007). &lt;strong&gt;Pasado y
presente de la violencia y la paz en quinchia-colombia&lt;/strong&gt;.
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/45214&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/45214&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;32.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra
Gómez, J. O. (2004). &lt;strong&gt;Derechos
humanos–Teoría y práctica&lt;/strong&gt;. Informe final Proyecto de Derechos
Humanos. Dosquebradas. {ENLACE PENDIENTE]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;33.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. (2002). &lt;strong&gt;Haz plural
1991-2003: Columnas de opinión&lt;/strong&gt;. Papiro. ENLACE PENDIENTE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;34.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. G., &amp;amp; Gómez Castro, M. (2002). &lt;strong&gt;Manual
Pereiran@ por la P@z&lt;/strong&gt;. En Pereiranos por la Paz—Editorial
Papiro.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{ENLACE PENDIENTE]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;35.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra
G. (2001). &lt;strong&gt;Violencia
urbana al fin del milenio el caso Pereira 1990-2000&lt;/strong&gt; [PhD
Thesis]. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Facultad de Ciencias de la
Educación. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hdl.handle.net/11059/11407&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://hdl.handle.net/11059/11407&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;36.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. G. (1999).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;La
Paz Hoy: De los pactos políticos a las reformas estructurales&lt;/strong&gt;.
Estudios Históricos Regionales.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{ENLACE PENDIENTE]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;37.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra,
O. (1996).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;¿Porque
el M-19 y porque el EPL?: Bases históricas para comprender más de las primeras
experiencias modernas buscando el trámite pacífico de nuestros conflictos
políticos&lt;/strong&gt;&amp;nbsp;[Mg Thesis]. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira.
Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hdl.handle.net/11059/15440&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;https://hdl.handle.net/11059/15440&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;38.&lt;span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Cardona, D. S., Parra, O., &amp;amp; de Currea Lugo, V. (1994).&amp;nbsp;&lt;strong&gt;Memoria de los olvidados&lt;/strong&gt;.
Fondo Editorial para la Paz. ENLACE PENDIENTE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;h3&gt;English Translation (IN CONSTRUCTION) 👷👷&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G, O. (2024a). &lt;em&gt;Citizen Education&lt;/em&gt;. Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar Risaralda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G, O. (2024b). &lt;em&gt;ViolenceS, Wars, and Peace Processes in Colombia—Tools for Analysis, Context, and History, from the Peace Chair&lt;/em&gt;. Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar Risaralda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G, O. (2023). &lt;em&gt;ISUF-H_Proceedings Book V2.pdf, 490-497&lt;/em&gt;. https://doi.org/10.7764/FADEU.LA.2023.02.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G., O., &amp;amp; Parra Serna, V. (2021). &lt;em&gt;#Haz plural4&lt;/em&gt; (First edition). Editorial Punto y Coma.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., O. (2021). Prologue. In V. Zuluaga G., War, religion and territory (pp. 4-11).&amp;nbsp; Hoyos Editores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. (2020). &lt;em&gt;Peace, Territory, Local State, and Entrepreneurship. Experiences with the Works for Taxes Mechanism in Risaralda&lt;/em&gt;. Campos en Ciencias Sociales, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.15332/25006681/6019.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, J. O. (2017a). &lt;em&gt;Human Geography&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, J. O. (2017b). &lt;em&gt;Historical Research Processes&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gómez, O. (2016). &lt;em&gt;There is Hope!&lt;/em&gt;. Orlando Parra Gómez.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G, O. (2016). &lt;em&gt;Proposal for Post-Conflict Readiness in Regional Processes Inherent to Peacebuilding from the Departmental and Regional Context of Risaralda&lt;/em&gt;. In SENA. DOI 11404/6651.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. G. (2014). &lt;em&gt;SPACE, STREET COMMERCE AND CITIZENSHIP?&lt;/em&gt; In &lt;em&gt;Ordered Public Spaces: Implementation Experiences of Constitutional Court Ruling T-772/2003 on Public Space and Informal Sales—Street Commerce. Pereira—Armenia, Colombia. 2003-2013&lt;/em&gt;. DOI 20.500.14471/28714.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gómez, O. (2013). &lt;em&gt;#Haz plural 2&lt;/em&gt; (2nd ed.). Orlando Parra Gómez.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. G., &amp;amp; Parra, O. G. (2013). &lt;em&gt;Alternatives for the Recovery of Public Space in the Center (and Sub-Centers) of Pereira, 2013-2018&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;Mayor&#39;s Office of Pereira and Others&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. &amp;amp; others. (2011). &lt;em&gt;Opinion and Media: Past, Present, and Future&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gómez, O., Ruiz Granada, L., López Castaño, S., Torres García, A., Gil Ospina, A., Arias Rodríguez, G., &amp;amp; Idárraga Guerrero, C. (2010). &lt;em&gt;Public Space and Street Commerce “Informal Sales” Experiences Pereira-Colombia 2008-2010&lt;/em&gt;. Pereira: Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G., Orlando. (2010). &lt;em&gt;ABC of Public Space and Street Commerce / Orlando Parra Gómez&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;ABC of Public Space and Street Commerce&lt;/em&gt;. Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G., Orlando. (2009). &lt;em&gt;Addressing the Violences&lt;/em&gt;. Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. G. (2009). &lt;em&gt;The Other Violences, the Other Peace&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;Summary of Presentations at the National Meeting The Other Violences, the Other Peace&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gómez, O. (2007). &lt;em&gt;Past and Present of Violence and Peace in Quinchia-Colombia&lt;/em&gt;. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gomez, J. O. (2004). &lt;em&gt;Human Rights—Theory and Practice. Final Report of the Human Rights Project&lt;/em&gt;. Desquebradas.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. (2002). &lt;em&gt;Haz plural 1991-2003: Opinion Columns&lt;/em&gt;. Papiro.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. G., &amp;amp; Gómez Castro, M. (2002). &lt;em&gt;Pereiran@ Manual for Peace&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;Pereirans for Peace—Editorial Papiro&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gómez, O. (2001). &lt;em&gt;Urban Violence at the End of the Millennium: The Case of Pereira 1990-2000&lt;/em&gt; [PhD Thesis]. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. G. (1999). &lt;em&gt;Peace Today: From Political Pacts to Structural Reforms&lt;/em&gt;. Estudios Históricos Regionales.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. (1996). &lt;em&gt;Why the M-19 and Why the EPL?: Historical Bases to Understand More of the First Modern Experiences Seeking the Peaceful Resolution of Our Political Conflicts&lt;/em&gt; [Mg Thesis]. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Cardona, D. S., Parra, O., &amp;amp; de Currea Lugo, V. (1994). &lt;em&gt;Memory of the Forgotten&lt;/em&gt;. Fondo Editorial para la Paz.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;h3&gt;French Translation ... 👷👷&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G, O. (2024a). &lt;em&gt;Éducation citoyenne&lt;/em&gt;. Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar Risaralda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G, O. (2024b). &lt;em&gt;ViolenceS, Guerres et Processus de Paix en Colombie—Outils pour l&#39;analyse, le contexte et l&#39;histoire, de la chaire de paix&lt;/em&gt;. Fundación Universitaria Comfamiliar Risaralda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G, O. (2023). &lt;em&gt;ISUF-H_Livre des actes V2.pdf, 490-497&lt;/em&gt;. https://doi.org/10.7764/FADEU.LA.2023.02.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G., O., &amp;amp; Parra Serna, V. (2021). &lt;em&gt;#Haz plural4&lt;/em&gt; (Première édition). Editorial Punto y Coma.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Parra G., O. (2021). Prologue. Dans V. Zuluaga G., Guerre, religion et territoire (pp. 4-11).&amp;nbsp; Hoyos Editores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. (2020). &lt;em&gt;Paix, Territoire, État Local et Entrepreneuriat. Expériences avec le Mécanisme des Travaux contre Impôts à Risaralda&lt;/em&gt;. Campos en Ciencias Sociales, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.15332/25006681/6019.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, J. O. (2017a). &lt;em&gt;Géographie humaine&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, J. O. (2017b). &lt;em&gt;Processus de Recherche Historique&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gómez, O. (2016). &lt;em&gt;Il y a de l&#39;espoir!&lt;/em&gt;. Orlando Parra Gómez.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G, O. (2016). &lt;em&gt;Proposition de Préparation au Post-Conflit dans les Processus Régionaux Inhérents à la Construction de la Paix depuis le Contexte Départemental et Régional de Risaralda&lt;/em&gt;. In SENA. DOI 11404/6651.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. G. (2014). &lt;em&gt;ESPACE, COMMERCE DE RUE ET CITOYENNETÉ?&lt;/em&gt; In &lt;em&gt;Espaces Publics Ordonnés: Expériences de Mise en Œuvre de la Décision T-772/2003 de la Cour Constitutionnelle sur l&#39;Espace Public et les Ventes Informelles—Commerce de Rue. Pereira—Armenia, Colombie. 2003-2013&lt;/em&gt;. DOI 20.500.14471/28714.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gómez, O. (2013). &lt;em&gt;#Haz plural 2&lt;/em&gt; (2e éd.). Orlando Parra Gómez.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. G., &amp;amp; Parra, O. G. (2013). &lt;em&gt;Alternatives pour la Récupération de l&#39;Espace Public dans le Centre (et les Sous-Centres) de Pereira, 2013-2018&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;Mairie de Pereira et Autres&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. &amp;amp; autres. (2011). &lt;em&gt;Opinion et Médias: Passé, Présent et Futur&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gómez, O., Ruiz Granada, L., López Castaño, S., Torres García, A., Gil Ospina, A., Arias Rodríguez, G., &amp;amp; Idárraga Guerrero, C. (2010). &lt;em&gt;Espace Public et Commerce de Rue “Ventes Informelles” Expériences Pereira-Colombie 2008-2010&lt;/em&gt;. Pereira: Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G., Orlando. (2010). &lt;em&gt;ABC de l&#39;Espace Public et du Commerce de Rue / Orlando Parra Gómez&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;ABC de l&#39;Espace Public et du Commerce de Rue&lt;/em&gt;. Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra G., Orlando. (2009). &lt;em&gt;Aborder les Violences&lt;/em&gt;. Universidad Católica Popular de Risaralda.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. G. (2009). &lt;em&gt;Les Autres Violences, l&#39;Autre Paix&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;Synthèse des Présentations à la Réunion Nationale Les Autres Violences, l&#39;Autre Paix&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gómez, O. (2007). &lt;em&gt;Passé et Présent de la Violence et de la Paix à Quinchia-Colombie&lt;/em&gt;. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gomez, J. O. (2004). &lt;em&gt;Droits de l&#39;Homme—Théorie et Pratique. Rapport Final du Projet des Droits de l&#39;Homme&lt;/em&gt;. Desquebradas.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. (2002). &lt;em&gt;Haz plural 1991-2003: Chroniques d&#39;Opinion&lt;/em&gt;. Papiro.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra, O. G., &amp;amp; Gómez Castro, M. (2002). &lt;em&gt;Manuel Pereiran@ pour la P@ix&lt;/em&gt;. In &lt;em&gt;Pereirans pour la Paix—Editorial Papiro&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Parra Gómez, O. (2001). *Violence Urbaine à la Fin du Millé&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/1663145627078752854/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/1663145627078752854' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/1663145627078752854'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/1663145627078752854'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2025/07/parra-g-orlando-parra-gomez-o-parra.html' title='Parra G., Orlando;  Parra Gómez, O ; Parra Gómez, J. O. ;  Parra G., O ; Parra, O. G ;   Bibliografía 1994 - 2024'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxLjXXwO9rGV7hHaDHqKpelALzhWNE58o8xdQbTjh3ViuIhWE76appm6Qd_tu_zAPbAGMipKWUVtej7yDkfKYH52tp0a3oUx8y3_PbeQR7ovwUNTrKMqzK2d3Rfyqlq8_EvFfEhXO-KWlEjqa0QmU3NG26Ai6VlAvlSALxY1qniKWW0NB9pbS8aw/s72-c/portada%20hp4%20librerias.jpeg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-7035206232742333129</id><published>2025-01-24T14:20:00.004-08:00</published><updated>2025-01-24T14:20:39.446-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="acuerdos de paz"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Colombia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="conflictos armados"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="historia de la violencia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="history of violence"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Peace Processes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Procesos de Paz"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Violence"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Violence and Peace Processes"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Violencia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Violencia y Procesos de Paz"/><title type='text'>Violencia y Procesos de Paz en Colombia: Análisis de la historia de la violencia, conflictos armados y acuerdos de paz en Colombia</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid7LfbXDL30i4dyFVgHz-d8XRGuBQeG4SKsoVM2oV8Nl3aV5rdSCM2TL3Clw34N45c0hYrAZ0ck7iN6SA4mthEDitBkFpe90j0bGQI0Z6Ka_HvBqJe7oL4EDC2pbX4gjJ-Vt8CK9DZ2_rixRyGOMLROv3rRfouOs0CA7pysP7phXsqXEBLbo2Lhw/s767/Portada%20Violencias.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;767&quot; data-original-width=&quot;486&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid7LfbXDL30i4dyFVgHz-d8XRGuBQeG4SKsoVM2oV8Nl3aV5rdSCM2TL3Clw34N45c0hYrAZ0ck7iN6SA4mthEDitBkFpe90j0bGQI0Z6Ka_HvBqJe7oL4EDC2pbX4gjJ-Vt8CK9DZ2_rixRyGOMLROv3rRfouOs0CA7pysP7phXsqXEBLbo2Lhw/s16000/Portada%20Violencias.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Violencia y Procesos de Paz en Colombia:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Análisis de la historia de la violencia, conflictos armados y acuerdos de paz en Colombia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Este libro de Orlando Parra G. es una herramienta para la cátedra de paz y similares, que analiza la historia de la violencia en Colombia, incluyendo conflictos armados y acuerdos de paz. Destaca la necesidad de una cultura de paz y nuevos hábitos para resolver conflictos. Examina la relación entre violencia, pobreza y desigualdad social, así como la influencia de factores políticos y económicos. Menciona momentos clave como la revolución de Alfonso López Pumarejo, el surgimiento de las FARC y el ELN, y el Acuerdo Final de 2016. Finalmente, aborda los desafíos en la implementación de los acuerdos de paz y la protección de líderes sociales y excombatientes&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;enlace de descarga -escribir a &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:oparra@uc.edu.co&quot;&gt;oparra@uc.edu.co&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;con copia a &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:orlando.parrag@gmail.com&quot;&gt;orlando.parrag@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;-&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Violence and Peace Processes in Colombia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;: Analysis of the history of violence, armed conflicts and peace agreements in Colombia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This book by Orlando Parra G. is a tool for peace courses and similar subjects, which analyzes the history of violence in Colombia, including armed conflicts and peace agreements. It highlights the need for a culture of peace and new habits to resolve conflicts. It examines the relationship between violence, poverty and social inequality, as well as the influence of political and economic factors. It mentions key moments such as the revolution of Alfonso López Pumarejo, the emergence of the FARC and the ELN, and the Final Agreement of 2016. Finally, it addresses the challenges in the implementation of the peace agreements and the protection of social leaders and ex-combatants&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;download link - write to &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:oparra@uc.edu.co&quot;&gt;oparra@uc.edu.co&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;copy to:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:orlando.parrag@gmail.com&quot;&gt;orlando.parrag@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/7035206232742333129/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/7035206232742333129' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/7035206232742333129'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/7035206232742333129'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2025/01/violencia-y-procesos-de-paz-en-colombia.html' title='Violencia y Procesos de Paz en Colombia: Análisis de la historia de la violencia, conflictos armados y acuerdos de paz en Colombia'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEid7LfbXDL30i4dyFVgHz-d8XRGuBQeG4SKsoVM2oV8Nl3aV5rdSCM2TL3Clw34N45c0hYrAZ0ck7iN6SA4mthEDitBkFpe90j0bGQI0Z6Ka_HvBqJe7oL4EDC2pbX4gjJ-Vt8CK9DZ2_rixRyGOMLROv3rRfouOs0CA7pysP7phXsqXEBLbo2Lhw/s72-c/Portada%20Violencias.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-5674073197743326298</id><published>2024-09-30T17:14:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2025-01-24T14:10:50.375-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="comprensión"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="conflicto armado colombiano"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="desmovilización"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="diálogo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Ejército Popular de Liberación (EPL)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="liberación"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="M-19 (Movimiento guerrillero)"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="negociación"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Paz"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="represión gubernamental"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tolerancia"/><title type='text'>¿Por qué el M-19 y por qué el EPL? : Bases históricas para comprender más de las primeras experiencias modernas buscando el trámite pacífico de nuestros conflictos políticos</title><content type='html'>&lt;div aria-description=&quot;&quot; aria-label=&quot;Enviado por Copilot: Para mejorar la visibilidad y referenciación de tu documento en búsquedas de Google, es crucial utilizar palabras clave (keywords) que sean relevantes y específicas. 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**Capítulo 1: Inicios del Diálogo entre el M-19 y el Gobierno Colombiano**

El primer capítulo detalla los inicios del **diálogo** entre el **M-19** y el **gobierno colombiano**, comenzando con la **Toma de la Embajada Dominicana**, que buscaba la **liberación de prisioneros políticos** y denunciaba la **represión gubernamental**. Este evento permitió al M-19 establecer un canal de **comunicación** con el gobierno, lo que llevó al inicio de **negociaciones** el 2 de marzo de 1980. Aunque el M-19 no logró todos sus objetivos y rechazó la **amnistía** propuesta, estos intentos de diálogo fueron fundamentales en la búsqueda de la **paz** en un contexto de **conflicto armado**. Sin embargo, a medida que se acercaba el final del mandato de **Belisario Betancur**, la tensión y desconfianza entre las partes aumentaron, complicando aún más el **proceso de paz**. El capítulo también menciona la situación del **E.P.L.**, que, aunque en crisis, buscaba mantener su relevancia en el contexto de la **lucha armada**.

**Capítulo 2: Influencia Internacional en la Desmovilización del M-19 y el E.P.L.**

El segundo capítulo analiza la influencia de la **situación internacional** en la decisión de **desmovilización** del M-19 y el E.P.L. Comienza con la disminución del **apoyo cubano**, que, aunque crucial en las primeras décadas, perdió relevancia ante el cambio de contexto. Se reflexiona sobre las lecciones de **Nicaragua** y **El Salvador**, donde las guerrillas enfrentaron prolongadas guerras que llevaron a cuestionar la viabilidad de un triunfo revolucionario. La crisis de la izquierda en **Europa del Este**, especialmente tras la caída del **Muro de Berlín**, también impactó la moral de los movimientos guerrilleros en Colombia, generando una reevaluación de sus estrategias. A medida que el M-19 y el E.P.L. se acercaban a la desmovilización, la percepción de que el modelo socialista estaba en crisis y que la lucha armada ya no era sostenible se volvió predominante, influyendo decisivamente en sus decisiones y objetivos.

**Capítulo 3: Capacidad Militar y Percepción de Derrota del M-19 y el E.P.L.**

El siguiente capítulo aborda la compleja situación del M-19 y el E.P.L. en relación con su **capacidad militar** y la percepción de **derrota**. Se argumenta que, aunque ambos grupos enfrentaron serias dificultades y pérdidas, no se puede afirmar que estuvieran completamente derrotados. El M-19 experimentó un desgaste significativo debido a la presión militar del ejército, que había adoptado nuevas tácticas desde 1986, limitando su capacidad de mantener la iniciativa en el conflicto. Sin embargo, la falta de apoyo popular y la imposibilidad de movilizar a las masas para una insurrección efectiva llevaron a la reflexión sobre la necesidad de buscar una salida política. Este contexto de debilidad militar y la falta de un respaldo popular sólido contribuyeron a la decisión del M-19 y el E.P.L. de desmovilizarse, reconociendo que la lucha armada ya no era viable en el nuevo escenario político colombiano.

**Capítulo 4: Replanteamiento Ideológico del M-19 y el E.P.L.**

El último capítulo se centra en el replanteamiento ideológico que ocurrió dentro del M-19 y el E.P.L. tras la experiencia de la lucha armada. A pesar de sus diferencias organizativas, ambos grupos comenzaron a cuestionar la efectividad de la vía militar y a explorar alternativas políticas. El M-19 adoptó un enfoque que enfatizaba la necesidad de **democracia** y la **participación popular**, reflejando su consigna de &amp;quot;ser gobierno&amp;quot;. Este cambio ideológico se intensificó después de la **Toma del Palacio de Justicia** y se tradujo en un discurso que buscaba unir a la población en torno a la paz y la democracia. A medida que se acercaba la desmovilización, el M-19 y el E.P.L. reconocieron que la lucha armada no podía ser la única vía para alcanzar sus objetivos políticos, lo que llevó a una reevaluación de sus estrategias y a la búsqueda de una salida negociada al conflicto.

**Ensayo Final: &amp;quot;La Paz... Es Posible&amp;quot;**

El ensayo final explora la viabilidad de alcanzar la paz en Colombia a través de la experiencia del M-19 y el E.P.L. El autor argumenta que, a pesar de la historia de violencia en el país, existen precedentes que demuestran que la paz es posible.

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Espero que esta versión mejorada te sea útil. ¿Hay algo más en lo que pueda ayudarte?&quot; class=&quot;content user-select-text&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ac-container ac-adaptiveCard has-image&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ac-textBlock&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimo1zDnN0hCvw8S2JVCcgMBqm3oCB-9Te5e0-UBeqvasIrI1NbZkWF1QHyj9gmD-y7TEEts5T1cbO_VIDwOCZSRTKnEZKGhedTbxRjJwwXg0nwiv-orPQbciN1DbQwAD7vBC4DNJIeayaK775imt6b0ZXZjqNZZ3b49UVrPPkGFgcdJ1lf8mMAow/s539/Carlos_Pizarro_Le%C3%B3ngom%C3%A9z.jpg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; data-original-height=&quot;539&quot; data-original-width=&quot;302&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimo1zDnN0hCvw8S2JVCcgMBqm3oCB-9Te5e0-UBeqvasIrI1NbZkWF1QHyj9gmD-y7TEEts5T1cbO_VIDwOCZSRTKnEZKGhedTbxRjJwwXg0nwiv-orPQbciN1DbQwAD7vBC4DNJIeayaK775imt6b0ZXZjqNZZ3b49UVrPPkGFgcdJ1lf8mMAow/w358-h640/Carlos_Pizarro_Le%C3%B3ngom%C3%A9z.jpg&quot; width=&quot;358&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESUMEN&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ac-textBlock&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;-enlace de descarga abajo-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;-apple-system, Roboto, SegoeUI, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Helvetica Neue&amp;quot;, Helvetica, &amp;quot;Microsoft YaHei&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Meiryo UI&amp;quot;, Meiryo, &amp;quot;Arial Unicode MS&amp;quot;, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f7f7f7; color: #111111; font-size: 16px; font-variation-settings: var(--cib-type-subtitle2-stronger-font-variation-settings); font-weight: var(--cib-type-subtitle2-stronger-font-weight); line-height: var(--cib-type-subtitle2-stronger-line-height);&quot;&gt;#M-19 (Movimiento guerrillero) #Ejército Popular de Liberación (EPL) #conflicto armado colombiano #desmovilización #diálogo #negociación #paz #tolerancia #comprensión #represión gubernamental #liberación de prisioneros políticos #proceso de paz #Belisario Betancur #lucha armada #apoyo cubano #Nicaragua #El Salvador #Europa del Este #Muro de Berlín #capacidad militar #percepción de derrota #Toma de la Embajada Dominicana #Toma del Palacio de Justicia #democracia #participación popular #reconciliación #pacto democrático&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Capítulo 1: Inicios del Diálogo entre el M-19 y el Gobierno Colombiano&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El primer capítulo detalla los inicios del &lt;strong&gt;diálogo&lt;/strong&gt; entre el &lt;strong&gt;M-19&lt;/strong&gt; y el &lt;strong&gt;gobierno colombiano&lt;/strong&gt;, comenzando con la &lt;strong&gt;Toma de la Embajada Dominicana&lt;/strong&gt;, que buscaba la &lt;strong&gt;liberación de prisioneros políticos&lt;/strong&gt; y denunciaba la &lt;strong&gt;represión gubernamental&lt;/strong&gt;. Este evento permitió al M-19 establecer un canal de &lt;strong&gt;comunicación&lt;/strong&gt; con el gobierno, lo que llevó al inicio de &lt;strong&gt;negociaciones&lt;/strong&gt; el 2 de marzo de 1980. Aunque el M-19 no logró todos sus objetivos y rechazó la &lt;strong&gt;amnistía&lt;/strong&gt; propuesta, estos intentos de diálogo fueron fundamentales en la búsqueda de la &lt;strong&gt;paz&lt;/strong&gt; en un contexto de &lt;strong&gt;conflicto armado&lt;/strong&gt;. Sin embargo, a medida que se acercaba el final del mandato de &lt;strong&gt;Belisario Betancur&lt;/strong&gt;, la tensión y desconfianza entre las partes aumentaron, complicando aún más el &lt;strong&gt;proceso de paz&lt;/strong&gt;. El capítulo también menciona la situación del &lt;strong&gt;E.P.L.&lt;/strong&gt;, que, aunque en crisis, buscaba mantener su relevancia en el contexto de la &lt;strong&gt;lucha armada&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Capítulo 2: Influencia Internacional en la Desmovilización del M-19 y el E.P.L.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El segundo capítulo analiza la influencia de la &lt;strong&gt;situación internacional&lt;/strong&gt; en la decisión de &lt;strong&gt;desmovilización&lt;/strong&gt; del M-19 y el E.P.L. Comienza con la disminución del &lt;strong&gt;apoyo cubano&lt;/strong&gt;, que, aunque crucial en las primeras décadas, perdió relevancia ante el cambio de contexto. Se reflexiona sobre las lecciones de &lt;strong&gt;Nicaragua&lt;/strong&gt; y &lt;strong&gt;El Salvador&lt;/strong&gt;, donde las guerrillas enfrentaron prolongadas guerras que llevaron a cuestionar la viabilidad de un triunfo revolucionario. La crisis de la izquierda en &lt;strong&gt;Europa del Este&lt;/strong&gt;, especialmente tras la caída del &lt;strong&gt;Muro de Berlín&lt;/strong&gt;, también impactó la moral de los movimientos guerrilleros en Colombia, generando una reevaluación de sus estrategias. A medida que el M-19 y el E.P.L. se acercaban a la desmovilización, la percepción de que el modelo socialista estaba en crisis y que la lucha armada ya no era sostenible se volvió predominante, influyendo decisivamente en sus decisiones y objetivos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Capítulo 3: Capacidad Militar y Percepción de Derrota del M-19 y el E.P.L.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El siguiente capítulo aborda la compleja situación del M-19 y el E.P.L. en relación con su &lt;strong&gt;capacidad militar&lt;/strong&gt; y la percepción de &lt;strong&gt;derrota&lt;/strong&gt;. Se argumenta que, aunque ambos grupos enfrentaron serias dificultades y pérdidas, no se puede afirmar que estuvieran completamente derrotados. El M-19 experimentó un desgaste significativo debido a la presión militar del ejército, que había adoptado nuevas tácticas desde 1986, limitando su capacidad de mantener la iniciativa en el conflicto. Sin embargo, la falta de apoyo popular y la imposibilidad de movilizar a las masas para una insurrección efectiva llevaron a la reflexión sobre la necesidad de buscar una salida política. Este contexto de debilidad militar y la falta de un respaldo popular sólido contribuyeron a la decisión del M-19 y el E.P.L. de desmovilizarse, reconociendo que la lucha armada ya no era viable en el nuevo escenario político colombiano.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Capítulo 4:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;&quot;La Guerra &#39;Régimen&#39; vs &#39;Los Extraditables&#39;&quot;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Analiza la interrelación entre la narco-guerra y el proceso de negociación en Colombia durante finales de los años 80, destacando cómo el M-19 y el EPL intentan establecer diálogos de paz en medio de un contexto de creciente violencia, incluyendo masacres y secuestros. A pesar de las propuestas de tregua y la búsqueda de desmovilización, el gobierno enfrenta desafíos significativos debido a la presión de los narcotraficantes y la violencia política, ejemplificada por el asesinato de figuras clave como Luis Carlos Galán. El capítulo concluye con la firma de acuerdos de paz y la dejación de armas por parte del EPL, aunque subraya que la lucha contra el narcotráfico y la violencia continúan afectando el proceso de paz en el país.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Capítulo 5: Replanteamiento Ideológico del M-19 y el E.P.L.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El último capítulo se centra en el replanteamiento ideológico que ocurrió dentro del M-19 y el E.P.L. tras la experiencia de la lucha armada. A pesar de sus diferencias organizativas, ambos grupos comenzaron a cuestionar la efectividad de la vía militar y a explorar alternativas políticas. El M-19 adoptó un enfoque que enfatizaba la necesidad de &lt;strong&gt;democracia&lt;/strong&gt; y la &lt;strong&gt;participación popular&lt;/strong&gt;, reflejando su consigna de “ser gobierno”. Este cambio ideológico se intensificó después de la &lt;strong&gt;Toma del Palacio de Justicia&lt;/strong&gt; y se tradujo en un discurso que buscaba unir a la población en torno a la paz y la democracia. A medida que se acercaba la desmovilización, el M-19 y el E.P.L. reconocieron que la lucha armada no podía ser la única vía para alcanzar sus objetivos políticos, lo que llevó a una reevaluación de sus estrategias y a la búsqueda de una salida negociada al conflicto.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div aria-description=&quot;&quot; aria-label=&quot;Enviado por Copilot: Claro, aquí tienes el texto ajustado:

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**Ensayo Final: &amp;quot;La Paz... Es Posible&amp;quot;**

En el ensayo final, &amp;quot;La Paz... Es Posible&amp;quot;, se explora la viabilidad de alcanzar la paz en Colombia a través de la experiencia del **M-19** y el **E.P.L.**. El autor argumenta que, a pesar de la historia de violencia en el país, existen precedentes que demuestran que es posible salir de ciclos de conflicto. Se enfatiza la importancia de la **tolerancia** y la **comprensión** entre diferentes visiones del mundo, especialmente entre grupos armados y el gobierno. A lo largo del texto, se analizan los procesos de **negociación** y **desmovilización** que han tenido lugar en Colombia, destacando que la paz no solo es un objetivo, sino un proceso que requiere la participación activa de todos los sectores de la sociedad. El autor concluye que, a través del **diálogo** y la **reconciliación**, es posible construir un futuro más pacífico y justo, aprendiendo de las lecciones del pasado y reconociendo la necesidad de un **pacto democrático** que incluya a todas las voces del país.

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Espero que esta versión sea de tu agrado. ¿Hay algo más en lo que pueda asistirte?&quot; class=&quot;content user-select-text&quot; tabindex=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ac-container ac-adaptiveCard has-image&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ac-textBlock&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ensayo Final: “La Paz… Es Posible”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En el ensayo final, “La Paz… Es Posible”, se explora la viabilidad de alcanzar la paz en Colombia a través de la experiencia del &lt;strong&gt;M-19&lt;/strong&gt; y el &lt;strong&gt;E.P.L.&lt;/strong&gt;. El autor argumenta que, a pesar de la historia de violencia en el país, existen precedentes que demuestran que es posible salir de ciclos de conflicto. Se enfatiza la importancia de la &lt;strong&gt;tolerancia&lt;/strong&gt; y la &lt;strong&gt;comprensión&lt;/strong&gt; entre diferentes visiones del mundo, especialmente entre grupos armados y el gobierno. A lo largo del texto, se analizan los procesos de &lt;strong&gt;negociación&lt;/strong&gt; y &lt;strong&gt;desmovilización&lt;/strong&gt; que han tenido lugar en Colombia, destacando que la paz no solo es un objetivo, sino un proceso que requiere la participación activa de todos los sectores de la sociedad. El autor concluye que, a través del &lt;strong&gt;diálogo&lt;/strong&gt; y la &lt;strong&gt;reconciliación&lt;/strong&gt;, es posible construir un futuro más pacífico y justo, aprendiendo de las lecciones del pasado y reconociendo la necesidad de un &lt;strong&gt;pacto democrático&lt;/strong&gt; que incluya a todas las voces del país.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Orlando Parra G (1996)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pronto aquí, si te interesa recibir copia digital escribe a&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;mailto:ciberplural@gmail.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;ciberplural@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;DESCARGA:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/items/37ef3160-737b-43f7-98c6-d0b8e9b4f1ca&quot;&gt;https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/items/37ef3160-737b-43f7-98c6-d0b8e9b4f1ca&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;....&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjqQ5UAkuMCTmtLTJ3Znf3QQKoC5dtbt9TkyHpCAsNAwnhZfZe4SAQzb3w7CFIszLWGo2Equkm2YPLTZLIF5TAxuqtHj2Fc_vPLcBIFi6RcVitCsDrJzVFkH0tfjbAB8LQnaUytX-NUnuizON7YKjyIAXc95RjLj9iluD6WIJc1n04yUg-1PJbWpA&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;400&quot; data-original-width=&quot;620&quot; height=&quot;258&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjqQ5UAkuMCTmtLTJ3Znf3QQKoC5dtbt9TkyHpCAsNAwnhZfZe4SAQzb3w7CFIszLWGo2Equkm2YPLTZLIF5TAxuqtHj2Fc_vPLcBIFi6RcVitCsDrJzVFkH0tfjbAB8LQnaUytX-NUnuizON7YKjyIAXc95RjLj9iluD6WIJc1n04yUg-1PJbWpA=w400-h258&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Foto de:&amp;nbsp;https://verdadabierta.com/participacion-politica-del-epl-modelo-exitoso/&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Why the M-19 and why the EPL? Historical bases to understand more about the first modern experiences in the search for a peaceful solution to our political conflicts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;SUMMARY&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;-download link below-&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;#M- 19 (Guerrilla movement) #Popular Liberation Army (EPL) #Colombian armed conflict #demobilization #dialogue #negotiation #peace #tolerance #comprehension #government repression #release of political prisoners #peace process #Belisario Betancur #armed struggle #Cuban support #Nicaragua #El Salvador #Eastern Europe #Berlin Wall #military capacity #perception of defeat #takeover of the Dominican Embassy #takeover of the Palace of Justice #democracy #popular participation #reconciliation #democratic pact #democratic pact&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapter 1: Beginnings of the Dialogue between the M-19 and the Colombian Government&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first chapter details the beginnings of the dialogue between the M-19 and the Colombian government, starting with the Seizure of the Dominican Embassy, which sought the release of political prisoners and denounced government repression. This event allowed the M-19 to establish a channel of communication with the government, which led to the beginning of negotiations on March 2, 1980. Although the M-19 did not achieve all its objectives and rejected the proposed amnesty, these attempts at dialogue were fundamental in the search for peace in a context of armed conflict. However, as the end of Belisario Betancur&#39;s term approached, tension and mistrust between the parties increased, further complicating the peace process. The chapter also mentions the situation of the E.P.L., which, although in crisis, sought to maintain its relevance in the context of the armed struggle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapter 2: International Influence on the Demobilization of the M-19 and the E.P.L.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The second chapter analyzes the influence of the international situation on the decision to demobilize the M-19 and the E.P.L. It begins with the decline of Cuban support, which, although crucial in the first decades, lost relevance in the face of the change of context. It reflects on the lessons of Nicaragua and El Salvador, where the guerrillas faced prolonged wars that led to question the viability of a revolutionary triumph. The crisis of the left in Eastern Europe, especially after the fall of the Berlin Wall, also impacted the morale of the guerrilla movements in Colombia, generating a re-evaluation of their strategies. As the M-19 and the E.P.L. approached demobilization, the perception that the socialist model was in crisis and that the armed struggle was no longer sustainable became predominant, decisively influencing their decisions and objectives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapter 3: Military Capacity and Perception of Defeat of the M-19 and the E.P.L.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The following chapter addresses the complex situation of the M-19 and the E.P.L. in relation to their military capacity and perception of defeat. It is argued that, although both groups faced serious difficulties and losses, it cannot be said that they were completely defeated. The M-19 experienced significant attrition due to military pressure from the army, which had adopted new tactics since 1986, limiting its ability to maintain the initiative in the conflict. However, the lack of popular support and the impossibility of mobilizing the masses for an effective insurrection led to reflection on the need to seek a political way out. This context of military weakness and the lack of solid popular support contributed to the decision of the M-19 and the EPL to demobilize, recognizing that the armed struggle was no longer viable in the new Colombian political scenario.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapter 4: “The ‘Regime’ vs. ‘Extraditable’ War”.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Analyzes the interrelationship between the narco-war and the negotiation process in Colombia during the late 1980s, highlighting how the M-19 and the EPL attempt to establish peace dialogues amidst a context of increasing violence, including massacres and kidnappings. Despite truce proposals and the quest for demobilization, the government faces significant challenges due to pressure from drug traffickers and political violence, exemplified by the assassination of key figures such as Luis Carlos Galán. The chapter concludes with the signing of peace accords and the laying down of arms by the EPL, although it stresses that the fight against drug trafficking and violence continue to affect the peace process in the country.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapter 5: Ideological Rethinking of the M-19 and the E.P.L.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The last chapter focuses on the ideological rethinking that occurred within the M-19 and the EPL after the experience of the armed struggle. Despite their organizational differences, both groups began to question the effectiveness of the military route and to explore political alternatives. The M-19 adopted an approach that emphasized the need for democracy and popular participation, reflecting its slogan of “being government”. This ideological shift intensified after the taking of the Palace of Justice and translated into a discourse that sought to unite the population around peace and democracy. As demobilization approached, the M-19 and the EPL recognized that the armed struggle could not be the only way to achieve their political objectives, which led to a re-evaluation of their strategies and the search for a negotiated solution to the conflict.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Final Essay: “Peace... Is Possible”.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The final essay, “Peace...Is Possible,” explores the feasibility of achieving peace in Colombia through the experience of the M-19 and the E.P.L.. The author argues that, despite the country&#39;s history of violence, there are precedents that demonstrate that it is possible to break out of cycles of conflict. The importance of tolerance and understanding between different worldviews, especially between armed groups and the government, is emphasized. Throughout the text, the negotiation and demobilization processes that have taken place in Colombia are analyzed, emphasizing that peace is not only an objective, but a process that requires the active participation of all sectors of society. The author concludes that, through dialogue and reconciliation, it is possible to build a more peaceful and just future, learning from the lessons of the past and recognizing the need for a democratic pact that includes all voices in the country.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Orlando Parra G (1996)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soon here, if you are interested in receiving a digital copy write to &lt;a href=&quot;mailto:ciberplural@gmail.com&quot;&gt;ciberplural@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;RÉSUMÉ&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pourquoi le M-19 et pourquoi l&#39;EPL ? Des bases historiques pour mieux comprendre les premières expériences modernes de recherche d&#39;une solution pacifique à nos conflits politiques.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;#M- 19 (mouvement de guérilla) #Armée Populaire de Libération (EPL) #Conflit armé colombien #démobilisation #dialogue #négociation #paix #tolérance #compréhension #répression gouvernementale #libération de prisonniers politiques #processus de paix #Belisario Betancur #lutte armée #soutien cubain #Nicaragua #El Salvador #Europe de l&#39;Est #Mur de Berlin #capacité militaire #perception de la défaite #prise de l&#39;ambassade dominicaine #prise du Palais de Justice #démocratie #participation populaire #réconciliation #pacte démocratique #pacte démocratique&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapitre 1 : Les débuts du dialogue entre le M-19 et le gouvernement colombien&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le premier chapitre détaille les débuts du dialogue entre le M-19 et le gouvernement colombien, en commençant par la prise d&#39;assaut de l&#39;ambassade dominicaine, qui demandait la libération des prisonniers politiques et dénonçait la répression gouvernementale. Cet événement a permis au M-19 d&#39;établir un canal de communication avec le gouvernement, ce qui a conduit à l&#39;ouverture de négociations le 2 mars 1980. Bien que le M-19 n&#39;ait pas atteint tous ses objectifs et qu&#39;il ait rejeté la proposition d&#39;amnistie, ces tentatives de dialogue ont été fondamentales dans la recherche de la paix dans un contexte de conflit armé. Cependant, à mesure que le mandat de Belisario Betancur touchait à sa fin, la tension et la méfiance entre les parties se sont accrues, compliquant encore le processus de paix. Le chapitre mentionne également la situation de l&#39;EPL qui, bien qu&#39;en crise, a cherché à maintenir sa pertinence dans le contexte de la lutte armée.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapitre 2 : L&#39;influence internationale sur la démobilisation du M-19 et de l&#39;EPL&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le deuxième chapitre analyse l&#39;influence de la situation internationale sur la décision de démobiliser le M-19 et l&#39;EPL. Il commence par le déclin du soutien cubain, qui, bien que crucial au cours des premières décennies, a perdu de son importance dans le nouveau contexte. Il tire les leçons du Nicaragua et du Salvador, où les guérillas ont été confrontées à des guerres prolongées qui ont conduit à s&#39;interroger sur la viabilité d&#39;un triomphe révolutionnaire. La crise de la gauche en Europe de l&#39;Est, en particulier après la chute du mur de Berlin, a également eu un impact sur le moral des mouvements de guérilla en Colombie, entraînant une réévaluation de leurs stratégies. Alors que le M-19 et l&#39;EPL approchaient de la démobilisation, la perception que le modèle socialiste était en crise et que la lutte armée n&#39;était plus viable est devenue prédominante, influençant de manière décisive leurs décisions et leurs objectifs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapitre 3 : Capacité militaire et perception de la défaite du M-19 et de l&#39;E.P.L.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le chapitre suivant aborde la situation complexe du M-19 et de l&#39;EPL sous l&#39;angle de leur capacité militaire et de leur perception de la défaite. Il affirme que, bien que les deux groupes aient été confrontés à de graves difficultés et aient subi des pertes importantes, on ne peut pas dire qu&#39;ils aient été complètement vaincus. Le M-19 a subi une attrition importante en raison de la pression militaire exercée par l&#39;armée, qui a adopté de nouvelles tactiques depuis 1986, ce qui a limité sa capacité à conserver l&#39;initiative dans le conflit. Cependant, le manque de soutien populaire et l&#39;impossibilité de mobiliser les masses pour une insurrection efficace ont conduit à une réflexion sur la nécessité de chercher une issue politique. Ce contexte de faiblesse militaire et d&#39;absence de soutien populaire solide a contribué à la décision du M-19 et de l&#39;EPL de se démobiliser, reconnaissant que la lutte armée n&#39;était plus viable dans le nouveau scénario politique colombien.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapitre 4 : « The “Regime” vs “Extraditable” War ».&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Analyse la relation entre la narco-guerre et le processus de négociation en Colombie à la fin des années 1980, en soulignant comment le M-19 et l&#39;EPL tentent d&#39;établir des pourparlers de paix dans un contexte de violence croissante, y compris des massacres et des enlèvements. Malgré les propositions de trêve et la poursuite de la démobilisation, le gouvernement est confronté à des défis importants en raison de la pression exercée par les trafiquants de drogue et de la violence politique, illustrée par l&#39;assassinat de personnalités clés telles que Luis Carlos Galán. Le chapitre se termine par la signature d&#39;accords de paix et le dépôt des armes par l&#39;EPL, tout en soulignant que la lutte contre le trafic de drogue et la violence continuent d&#39;affecter le processus de paix dans le pays.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapitre 5 : Repenser l&#39;idéologie du M-19 et de l&#39;EPL&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le dernier chapitre se concentre sur la refonte idéologique qui a eu lieu au sein du M-19 et de l&#39;EPL après l&#39;expérience de la lutte armée. Malgré leurs différences organisationnelles, les deux groupes ont commencé à remettre en question l&#39;efficacité de la voie militaire et à explorer des alternatives politiques. Le M-19 a adopté une approche qui mettait l&#39;accent sur la nécessité de la démocratie et de la participation populaire, reflétant son slogan « être gouvernement ». Ce changement idéologique s&#39;est intensifié après la prise du Palais de Justice et s&#39;est traduit par un discours visant à unir la population autour de la paix et de la démocratie. À l&#39;approche de la démobilisation, le M-19 et l&#39;EPL ont reconnu que la lutte armée ne pouvait être le seul moyen d&#39;atteindre leurs objectifs politiques, ce qui a conduit à une réévaluation de leurs stratégies et à la recherche d&#39;une solution négociée au conflit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Essai final : « La paix... est possible ».&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Le dernier essai, « La paix... est possible », explore la faisabilité de la paix en Colombie à travers l&#39;expérience du M-19 et de l&#39;E.P.L.. L&#39;auteur affirme que, malgré l&#39;histoire de violence du pays, il existe des précédents qui démontrent qu&#39;il est possible de sortir des cycles de conflit. Il souligne l&#39;importance de la tolérance et de la compréhension entre les différentes visions du monde, en particulier entre les groupes armés et le gouvernement. Tout au long du texte, les processus de négociation et de démobilisation qui ont eu lieu en Colombie sont analysés, soulignant que la paix n&#39;est pas seulement un objectif, mais un processus qui requiert la participation active de tous les secteurs de la société. L&#39;auteur conclut que, par le dialogue et la réconciliation, il est possible de construire un avenir plus pacifique et plus juste, en tirant les leçons du passé et en reconnaissant la nécessité d&#39;un pacte démocratique qui inclue toutes les voix du pays.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Orlando Parra G (1996)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Bientôt ici, si vous souhaitez recevoir une copie numérique, écrivez à&lt;a href=&quot; ciberplural@gmail.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; ciberplural@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;DOWNLOAD:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/items/37ef3160-737b-43f7-98c6-d0b8e9b4f1ca&quot;&gt;https://repositorio.utp.edu.co/items/37ef&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;cib-overlay&gt;&lt;/cib-overlay&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/5674073197743326298/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/5674073197743326298' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/5674073197743326298'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/5674073197743326298'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/09/por-que-el-m-19-y-porque-el-epl-bases.html' title='¿Por qué el M-19 y por qué el EPL? : Bases históricas para comprender más de las primeras experiencias modernas buscando el trámite pacífico de nuestros conflictos políticos'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimo1zDnN0hCvw8S2JVCcgMBqm3oCB-9Te5e0-UBeqvasIrI1NbZkWF1QHyj9gmD-y7TEEts5T1cbO_VIDwOCZSRTKnEZKGhedTbxRjJwwXg0nwiv-orPQbciN1DbQwAD7vBC4DNJIeayaK775imt6b0ZXZjqNZZ3b49UVrPPkGFgcdJ1lf8mMAow/s72-w358-h640-c/Carlos_Pizarro_Le%C3%B3ngom%C3%A9z.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-259949693599551192</id><published>2024-08-14T15:07:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-08-14T15:07:15.776-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="desequilibrada campaña"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="elecciones"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fraude"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="presidenciales. Venezuela 28 de julio de 2024"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="votación:  organizada"/><title type='text'>Elecciones presidenciales venezolanas 28 de julio de 2024: desequilibrada campaña, votación:  organizada y ... fraude </title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgL8aL8XXeWX3Ol1AuG-uGOMhII6Coq0-3qY5WCljGbgxu7DVUlzpFLyztFQfOXR6fvpRr5997AFn2ua7FlLw96Iv5cNfTUdEBKW230mfK5a7Jm5w7d3OBIUBu66u-cgp2tTinl_uCytvQDnRA6zATjvL44qLUj31oGYXy5d8BCY8R_9pEp1iqgKw&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;768&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1366&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgL8aL8XXeWX3Ol1AuG-uGOMhII6Coq0-3qY5WCljGbgxu7DVUlzpFLyztFQfOXR6fvpRr5997AFn2ua7FlLw96Iv5cNfTUdEBKW230mfK5a7Jm5w7d3OBIUBu66u-cgp2tTinl_uCytvQDnRA6zATjvL44qLUj31oGYXy5d8BCY8R_9pEp1iqgKw=w640-h360&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;INFORME INTERMEDIO&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Panel de Expertos de la ONU – Elecciones presidenciales venezolanas 28 de julio de 2024&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por invitación del Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE) de Venezuela, y en el marco del Acuerdo de Barbados de octubre de 2023, el Panel de Expertos de la ONU ­compuesto por cuatro expertos electorales­ se desplegó en Venezuela, desde finales de junio hasta el 2 de agosto de 2024, para seguir las elecciones presidenciales celebradas el 28 de julio de 2024. Su objetivo era seguir e informar internamente al Secretario General de la ONU sobre el proceso electoral y hacer recomendaciones para futuras mejoras. El Panel no era una misión de observación y, a diferencia de las misiones de observación electoral, no fue creado para emitir un juicio público sobre el resultado de las elecciones.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El Panel presenta aquí algunas de sus conclusiones preliminares, centrándose en la jornada electoral y la gestión y anuncio de resultados. El Panel continúa siguiendo y analizando remotamente el proceso, específicamente el manejo de quejas y apelaciones electorales. El informe completo del Panel también abordará el marco legal para las elecciones, el registro de votantes, el registro de candidatos, el entorno de campaña, la administración electoral y la participación política de las mujeres.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;La elección estuvo dominada por la contienda entre el candidato en ejercicio, el presidente Nicolás Maduro, y el candidato de la opositora Plataforma Unitaria Democrática, Edmundo González Urrutia. No hubo ninguna candidata en la papeleta.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El período preelectoral estuvo marcado por continuas restricciones al espacio cívico y político. La campaña del gobierno dominó los medios de comunicación estatales, con un acceso muy limitado para los candidatos de la oposición. Varias figuras políticas destacadas seguían vigentes una serie de restricciones al derecho a presentarse como candidatos a cargos públicos. A pesar de la ausencia de igualdad de condiciones, el período preelectoral se desarrolló en general pacíficamente, en medio de un entusiasmo renovado.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El Panel también señaló otras características que moldearon el contexto de las elecciones y cómo sus contendientes percibieron lo que estaba en juego. Por ejemplo, el candidato en ejercicio y la campaña del partido gobernante enfatizaron las sanciones económicas y financieras impuestas a Venezuela y describieron las elecciones como una carrera injusta en la que el Presidente estaba en desventaja.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;La jornada electoral del domingo 28 de julio de 2024 se desarrolló en un ambiente mayoritariamente pacífico. y estaba logísticamente bien organizado. El CNE pudo detectar y resolver rápidamente una gran mayoría de pequeños fallos técnicos reportados durante el día. Los electores en general parecieron pacientes y entusiasmados con su participación, a pesar de los largos tiempos de espera y de los informes de cambios de última hora en cuanto a la mesa electoral a la que fueron asignados.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El CNE reportó una participación del 59,97% de los electores registrados. Los partidos de oposición informaron cifras de participación similares. Se trata de un marcado aumento con respecto a las elecciones presidenciales de 2018 (45,74%). Si sólo se tuvieran en cuenta los votantes registrados presentes en el país, el nivel de participación sería aún mayor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Como reconocieron todos los contendientes, el sistema de votación electrónica estaba bien diseñado y era confiable, y estaba previsto que funcionara en combinación con importantes procedimientos de auditoría. y la difusión de protocolos de resultados en la mesa de votación. El CNE también había implementado un mecanismo sólido para el proceso de transmisión de resultados (la transmisión digital de los resultados desde cada máquina de votación al principal centro de tabulación del CNE) con varias capas de protección contra conexiones no autorizadas y ataques cibernéticos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Al parecer , la transmisión electrónica de los resultados funcionó bien inicialmente, pero 9. se detuvo abruptamente en las horas posteriores al cierre de los colegios electorales, sin que se proporcionara ninguna información o explicación a los candidatos en ese momento ni al Panel. Al momento de anunciar los resultados, el presidente del CNE declaró que un ciberataque terrorista afectó la transmisión y provocó un retraso en el proceso de cómputo. Sin embargo, el CNE pospuso y posteriormente canceló tres auditorías postelectorales clave, incluida una sobre el sistema de comunicación que podría haber arrojado luz sobre la ocurrencia de ataques externos a la infraestructura de transmisión.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En la madrugada del 29 de julio de 2024, el presidente del CNE anunció oralmente que el presidente Nicolás Maduro había ganado las elecciones con 5.150.092 votos (51,2%), seguido de Edmundo González con 4.445.978 votos (44,2%), afirmando que el 80% de las encuestas Se habían recibido los resultados de la estación. El 2 de agosto, el CNE confirmó al presidente Maduro como ganador con 6.408.844 votos (51,95%), seguido de González con 5.326.104 votos (43,18%), basándose en lo que dijo era el 96,97% de los resultados de las encuestas. Los anuncios de resultados consistieron en orales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Comunicaciones sin soporte infográfico. El CNE no publicó, y aún no ha publicado, ningún resultado (o resultados desglosados por mesa electoral), para respaldar sus anuncios orales según lo previsto en el marco legal para las elecciones.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El CNE había adoptado disposiciones para la producción de protocolos de resultados impresos a nivel de las mesas electorales. Se trataba de una salvaguarda de transparencia clave (es decir, un rastro en papel), con varias características de seguridad, como códigos QR y hash con firmas únicas, así como firmas físicas de funcionarios y agentes. Estas características de seguridad, en su conjunto,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Parece muy difícil de fabricar. El marco legal estipulaba que cada protocolo impreso original debía ser sellado y custodiado por personal militar. Se distribuirían copias a los funcionarios electorales, representantes del partido y observadores acreditados. Sin embargo, el Grupo recibió varios informes de que se había impedido a agentes de partidos de oposición obtener esa copia. Además, a pesar de las seguridades de que así lo haría, el CNE no ha publicado estos protocolos de resultados.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El Panel examinó una pequeña muestra de los documentos que actualmente son de dominio público (incluidos los publicados en línea por la oposición) y que se reportan como resultados protocolos de diversas mesas electorales. Todos los revisados exhiben todas las características de seguridad de los protocolos de resultados originales. Esto sugiere que puede estar disponible una salvaguardia clave de transparencia, como se pretende, con respecto a cualquier resultado publicado oficialmente. (El Panel no se propuso determinar ni revisar los totales de votos).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En resumen, el proceso de gestión de resultados del CNE no alcanzó las medidas básicas de transparencia e integridad que son esenciales para celebrar elecciones creíbles. No siguió las disposiciones legales y reglamentarias nacionales y no cumplió con todos los plazos estipulados.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Según la experiencia del Panel, el anuncio del resultado de una elección sin la publicación de sus detalles o la entrega de los resultados tabulados a los candidatos no tiene precedentes en las elecciones democráticas contemporáneas. Esto tuvo un impacto negativo en la confianza de gran parte del electorado venezolano en el resultado anunciado por el CNE.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El 31 de julio de 2024, el Presidente Maduro presentó una denuncia ante la Sala Electoral de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, supuestamente solicitando una revisión del proceso y una verificación de los resultados. El 6 de agosto de 2024, la Cámara Electoral confirmó haber recibido del CNE las actas de resultados y demás documentación solicitada. Anunció que procedería a un proceso de verificación pericial de la documentación presentada por la CNE. No hay información detallada disponible hasta la fecha sobre cómo se llevará a cabo esta evaluación.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Si bien las cifras procedentes de fuentes nacionales varían y el Grupo no intentó determinar su exactitud, tomó nota de informes que afirmaban que más de 20 personas, incluido un soldado, fueron asesinadas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Murieron y más de 1.000 personas fueron detenidas entre el 29 de julio y el 2 de agosto de 2024 como resultado de las protestas tras el anuncio de los resultados. Estas cifras reportadas tienen siguió aumentando. El Panel también escuchó informes de amenazas e intimidación contra agentes del partido y funcionarios electorales.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Las autoridades venezolanas cooperaron y apoyaron el despliegue del Panel. El Panel pudo interactuar con una amplia gama de interlocutores y seguir las principales etapas del proceso electoral. También mantuvo un diálogo constructivo e intercambios positivos con el CNE hasta el cierre de las urnas el 28 de julio. Después de ese momento, lamentablemente el Panel –y a pesar de una solicitud enviada por nota verbal– no pudo reunirse con el Directorio de la CNE antes de la partida del Panel.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;9 de agosto de 2024&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Original en ingles:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://news.un.org/en/sites/news.un.org.en/files/atoms/files/Interim_Report_PoE_Venezuela_090824.pdf&quot;&gt;https://news.un.org/en/sites/news.un.org.en/files/atoms/files/Interim_Report_PoE_Venezuela_090824.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;INTERIM REPORT&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;UN Panel of Experts – Venezuelan Presidential Elections 28 July 2024&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. At the invitation of the National Electoral Council (CNE) of Venezuela, and within the&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;framework of the Barbados Agreement of October 2023, theUN Panel of Experts – consisting&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;of four electoral experts – deployed to Venezuela, from late June through 2 August 2024, to&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;follow the Presidential election held on 28 July 2024. Its objective was to follow and report&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;internally to the UN Secretary-General on the election process, and make recommendations&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;for future improvements. The Panel was not an observation mission, and – in contrast to&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;electoral observation missions – was not established to make a public judgement on the&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;outcome of the election.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2. The Panel hereby presents some of its preliminary conclusions, focusing on&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;election day and the management and announcement of results. The Panel continues to&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;follow and analyze remotely the process, specifically the handling of electoral complaints&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;and appeals. The Panel’s full report will also address the legal framework for elections, voter&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;registration, candidate registration, the campaign environment, the electoral administration,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;and women’s political participation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3. The election was dominated by the contest between the incumbent candidate,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;President Nicolás Maduro, and the opposition Democratic Unitary Platform’s candidate,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edmundo González Urrutia. There were no female candidates on the ballot.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;4. The pre-electoral period was marked by continuous restrictions on civic and&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;political space. The government campaign dominated state-owned media outlets, with very&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;limited access for opposition candidates. A number of restrictions to the right to stand for&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;office remained in place for several prominent political figures. Despite the absence of a&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;level playing field, the pre-electoral period unfolded peacefully overall, amongst renewed&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;enthusiasm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;5. The Panel also noted other features which shaped the context of the election and&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;how its contenders perceived its stakes. For example, the incumbent candidate and the&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;ruling party’s campaign emphasized the economic and financial sanctions imposed on&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Venezuela, and described the election as an unfair race in which the President was at a&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;disadvantage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;6. Election day on Sunday, 28 July 2024, took place in a largely peaceful environment&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;and was logistically well organized. The CNE was able to detect and swiftly resolve a large&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;majority of small technical glitches that were reported during the day. Voters in general&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;appeared to be patient and enthusiastic about participating, despite long waiting times and&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;reports of last-minute changes as to the polling station to which they were allocated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;7. The CNE reported a turnout of 59.97% of registered voters. Opposition parties&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;reported similar turnout figures. This is a marked increase from the 2018 presidential&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;elections (45.74%). If only registered voters present in-country are taken into account, the&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;level of participation would be even higher.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;8. As acknowledged by all contenders, the electronic voting system was well designed&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;and trusted, and was scheduled to function in combination with significant audit procedures&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;and the dissemination of results protocols at the polling station. The CNE had also put in&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;place a robust mechanism for the results transmission process – the digital transmission of&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;results from each voting machine to the CNE’s main tabulation centre – with several layers&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;of protection against unauthorized connections and cyberattacks.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;9. The actual electronic results transmission reportedly worked well initially, but was&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;abruptly stopped in the hours after the closing of polling stations, without any information or&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;explanation provided to candidates at the time, orto the Panel. At the moment of announcing&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;the results, the President of the CNE declared that a terrorist cyber-attack had affected the&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;transmission and caused a delay in the tabulation process. The CNE, however, postponed&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;and subsequently cancelled three key post-electoral audits, including one on the&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;communication system that could have shed light on the occurrence of external attacks on&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;the transmission infrastructure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;10. In the early hours of 29 July 2024, the President of the CNE orally announced that&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;President Nicolás Maduro had won the election with 5,150,092 votes (51.2%), followed by&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Edmundo González with 4,445,978 votes (44.2%), stating that 80% of polling station results&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;had been received. On 2 August, the CNE confirmed President Maduro as the winner with&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;6,408,844 votes (51.95%), followed by González with 5,326,104 votes (43.18%), based on&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;what it said were 96.97% of polling results. The results announcements consisted of oral&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;communications with no infographic support. The CNE did not publish, and still has not&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;published, any results (or results broken down by polling station), to support their oral&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;announcements as envisaged in the legal framework for elections.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;11. The CNE had put in place arrangements for the production of printed results&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;protocols, at the polling station level. This was a key transparency safeguard (i.e., a paper&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;trail), with several security features such as QR and hash codes with unique signatures, as&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;well as physical signatures of officials and agents. These security features, as a whole,&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;appear to be very difficult to be fabricated. The legal framework stipulated that each original&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;printed protocol was to be sealed and safeguarded by military personnel. Copies were to be&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;distributed to polling officials, party agents, and accredited observers. However, the Panel&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;received several reports that agents of opposition parties had been prevented from obtaining&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;such a copy. Moreover, despite assurances that it would do so, the CNE has not published&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;these results protocols.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;12. The Panel reviewed a small sample of the documents that are currently in the public&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;domain (including those posted online by the opposition) and that are reported to be results&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;protocols from various polling stations. All of those reviewed exhibit all the security&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;features of the original result protocols. This suggests that a key transparency safeguard&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;may be available, as intended, with respect to any officially released results. (The Panel did&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;not set out to ascertain or review the vote totals).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;13. In sum, the results management process of the CNE fell short of the basic&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;transparency and integrity measures that are essential to holding credible elections. It did&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;not follow national legal and regulatory provisions, and all stipulated deadlines were missed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the experience of the Panel, the announcement of an election outcome without the&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;publication of its details or the release of tabulated results to candidates has no precedent&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;in contemporary democratic elections. This had a negative impact on confidence in the&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;outcome announced by the CNE among a large part of the Venezuelan electorate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;14. On 31 July 2024, President Maduro submitted a complaint to the Electoral Chamber&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;of the Supreme Court of Justice, reportedly seeking a review of the process and a verification&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;of the results. On 6 August 2024, the Electoral Chamber confirmed that it had received from&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;the CNE the results protocols and other requested documentation. It announced that it&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;would proceed to an expert verification process of the documentation submitted by the&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;CNE. There is no detailed information available to date on how this appraisal is to be&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;conducted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;15. While the numbers from domestic sources vary and the Panel did not try to ascertain&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;their accuracy, it noted reports stating that over 20 people – including one soldier – were&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;killed and more than 1,000 people were detained between 29 July and 2 August 2024 as a&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;result of protests following the announcement of results. These reported numbers have&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;continued to rise. The Panel also heard reports of threats and intimidation against party&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;agents and polling officials.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;16. Venezuelan authorities cooperated and supported the Panel’s deployment. The Panel&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;was able to interact with a wide range of interlocutors and follow the main stages of the&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;electoral process. It also had a constructive dialogue and positive exchanges with the CNE&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;until the closing of polls on 28 July. After that moment, the Panel was regrettably – and&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;despite a request sent by Note Verbale – not able to meet the CNE Board before the Panel’s&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;departure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;9 August 2024&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/259949693599551192/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/259949693599551192' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/259949693599551192'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/259949693599551192'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/08/elecciones-presidenciales-venezolanas.html' title='Elecciones presidenciales venezolanas 28 de julio de 2024: desequilibrada campaña, votación:  organizada y ... fraude '/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgL8aL8XXeWX3Ol1AuG-uGOMhII6Coq0-3qY5WCljGbgxu7DVUlzpFLyztFQfOXR6fvpRr5997AFn2ua7FlLw96Iv5cNfTUdEBKW230mfK5a7Jm5w7d3OBIUBu66u-cgp2tTinl_uCytvQDnRA6zATjvL44qLUj31oGYXy5d8BCY8R_9pEp1iqgKw=s72-w640-h360-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-2078001433434413900</id><published>2024-06-18T08:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-06-18T16:23:53.432-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="columnistas"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="evolución histórica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="influencia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="mass media"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="medios"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="opinión"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="prensa"/><title type='text'>La evolución histórica de la influencia de los columnistas </title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Clic aquí&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://youtu.be/sjvna9xGis4?si=YJk8GE0LR1yGdT0e&amp;amp;t=1457&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;https://youtu.be/sjvna9xGis4?si=YJk8GE0LR1yGdT0e&amp;amp;t=1457&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;BLOG_video_class&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/sjvna9xGis4&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; youtube-src-id=&quot;sjvna9xGis4&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/2078001433434413900/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/2078001433434413900' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/2078001433434413900'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/2078001433434413900'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/06/la-evolucion-historica-de-la-influencia.html' title='La evolución histórica de la influencia de los columnistas '/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/sjvna9xGis4/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-4478558475813273037</id><published>2024-05-09T09:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-05-09T09:43:49.671-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Colombia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Hechos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Nación"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="relatos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Unimedios"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Universidad Nacional"/><title type='text'>Hechos y relatos de Nación</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width=&quot;480&quot; 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height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://youtube.com/embed/dcoKi1joeHc?list=PLgmtc0UtagPXCTvY3ktHRDEvEBktwC_x0&amp;amp;si=--r244sx7cB5OhwN&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/7372798258146489938/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/7372798258146489938' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/7372798258146489938'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/7372798258146489938'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/05/cine-con-historia.html' title='Cine con historia'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/dcoKi1joeHc/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-8675036939048419612</id><published>2024-05-09T09:40:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-05-09T09:40:30.467-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Capitán Venganza"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Colombia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="colombiano"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="El caldero del diablo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Francia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="historia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="historiador"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="pasado y presente"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Paz"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Quinchía"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Santiago Giraldo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="tierra"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Violencia"/><title type='text'>Santiago Giraldo publica en Francia ‘Capitán Venganza’</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;270&quot; src=&quot;https://youtube.com/embed/aULvIgvpupM?si=x-oAjmPWmohDnWlZ&quot; width=&quot;480&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;div&gt;Aquí se encuentra mi tesis de maestria, citada en éste libro:&amp;nbsp;h&lt;a href=&quot;ttps://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/45214?locale-attribute=fr&quot;&gt;ttps://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/45214?locale-attribute=fr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/8675036939048419612/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/8675036939048419612' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/8675036939048419612'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/8675036939048419612'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/05/santiago-giraldo-publica-en-francia.html' title='Santiago Giraldo publica en Francia ‘Capitán Venganza’'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/aULvIgvpupM/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-3834235725562261831</id><published>2024-05-09T09:36:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-05-09T09:36:04.602-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Colombia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dinosaurios"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Presidentes"/><title type='text'>Presidentes en Colombia: ¿Promesas de dinosaurios? | Hagamos Memoria | E...</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;270&quot; src=&quot;https://youtube.com/embed/e5ZJoxU0cKk?si=bfU9nxOLoWXrtrLV&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/3834235725562261831/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/3834235725562261831' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/3834235725562261831'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/3834235725562261831'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/05/presidentes-en-colombia-promesas-de.html' title='Presidentes en Colombia: ¿Promesas de dinosaurios? | Hagamos Memoria | E...'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/e5ZJoxU0cKk/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-8351343585192089442</id><published>2024-05-09T09:35:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-05-09T09:35:15.244-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Colombia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="familias"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="gobiernan"/><title type='text'>¿Cuáles son las familias que gobiernan a Colombia? | Hagamos Memoria | E...</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;270&quot; src=&quot;https://youtube.com/embed/vRxeug8n7PI?si=mYe0L5HYuSIAk-N8&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/8351343585192089442/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/8351343585192089442' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/8351343585192089442'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/8351343585192089442'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/05/cuales-son-las-familias-que-gobiernan.html' title='¿Cuáles son las familias que gobiernan a Colombia? | Hagamos Memoria | E...'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/vRxeug8n7PI/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-4552306284615466874</id><published>2024-05-09T09:34:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-05-09T09:34:20.167-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="dosis mínima"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="drogas:"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Populismo"/><title type='text'>Decomisar la dosis mínima de drogas: ¿Populismo o necesidad? | Hagamos M...</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;270&quot; src=&quot;https://youtube.com/embed/suxlRcbRRQo?si=3Vl-9HjGDFNw58IQ&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/4552306284615466874/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/4552306284615466874' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/4552306284615466874'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/4552306284615466874'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/05/decomisar-la-dosis-minima-de-drogas.html' title='Decomisar la dosis mínima de drogas: ¿Populismo o necesidad? | Hagamos M...'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/suxlRcbRRQo/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-8676415303871937389</id><published>2024-05-09T09:32:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-05-09T09:32:45.169-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="falsos positivos"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="prensa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="The New York Times"/><title type='text'>The New York Times y los falsos positivos: ¿A quién le sirve la prensa? ...</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;270&quot; src=&quot;https://youtube.com/embed/_DHHz--m2X8?si=Y0ve_Z4dZWcxrPvN&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/8676415303871937389/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/8676415303871937389' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/8676415303871937389'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/8676415303871937389'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/05/the-new-york-times-y-los-falsos.html' title='The New York Times y los falsos positivos: ¿A quién le sirve la prensa? ...'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/_DHHz--m2X8/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-7185988763767113474</id><published>2024-05-09T09:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2024-05-09T09:31:32.699-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Colombia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="delito"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ESTADOS UNIDOS"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="negro"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Racismo"/><title type='text'>Racismo en Colombia y en Estados Unidos: ser negro no es delito | Hagamo...</title><content type='html'>&lt;iframe width=&quot;480&quot; height=&quot;270&quot; src=&quot;https://youtube.com/embed/_N3DOLUBnBw?si=g3IHW013X5E3bTY_&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/7185988763767113474/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/7185988763767113474' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/7185988763767113474'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/7185988763767113474'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2024/05/racismo-en-colombia-y-en-estados-unidos.html' title='Racismo en Colombia y en Estados Unidos: ser negro no es delito | Hagamo...'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/_N3DOLUBnBw/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15079749.post-7520109178730535882</id><published>2022-10-20T10:00:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2022-10-20T10:00:21.188-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="ideologías totalitarias"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Memoria"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="nazismo y el estalinismo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="totalitarismo"/><title type='text'>la importancia de la memoria, condena a ideologías totalitarias, nazismo y el estalinismo</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Resolución sobre la importancia de la memoria europea para el futuro de Europa&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgR_qgJ6pgDy4NghkJHYyVxXBe7OvgbtuzppMTsVc9VsjyNGndKmyIBol-85bYI27byEtVNZ7Oh2LzTJLz9n88Zf1JQd2m4DPuG7KjTZYMA3mEqjEokZEZfmv9hO8LBBBwjJjFyw6cZoTOIFmEzMZoNVWLsc7Er-dsxpbNUcgO5eF2JBPg3-3I&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;168&quot; data-original-width=&quot;299&quot; height=&quot;360&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgR_qgJ6pgDy4NghkJHYyVxXBe7OvgbtuzppMTsVc9VsjyNGndKmyIBol-85bYI27byEtVNZ7Oh2LzTJLz9n88Zf1JQd2m4DPuG7KjTZYMA3mEqjEokZEZfmv9hO8LBBBwjJjFyw6cZoTOIFmEzMZoNVWLsc7Er-dsxpbNUcgO5eF2JBPg3-3I=w640-h360&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #6c757d; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;17.9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, &amp;quot;Segoe UI&amp;quot;, Roboto, &amp;quot;Apple Color Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Emoji&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Segoe UI Symbol&amp;quot;; font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;.&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;2019&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;El Parlamento Europeo ha aprobado una resolución sobre la importancia de la memoria europea para el futuro de Europa. La resolución fue presentada por los grupos PPE, S&amp;amp;D, Renew, Verdes/EFA y ECR.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;En 2019 se cumple el 80º aniversario del inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que causó un sufrimiento humano sin precedentes y condujo a la ocupación de Europa. y llevó a la ocupación de los países europeos durante muchas décadas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;La resolución destacó que hace 80 años, el 23 de agosto de 1939, la Unión Comunista Soviética y la Alemania nazi firmaron un pacto de no agresión, conocido como el Pacto de no agresión, conocido como Pacto germano-soviético o Pacto Molotov-Ribbentrop, cuyos protocolos secretos repartieron Europa y los territorios de los estados independientes entre los dos regímenes totalitarios según las esferas de influencia, preparando el camino para el estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;El Parlamento condenó toda manifestación y propagación de ideologías totalitarias, como el nazismo y el estalinismo, en la Unión Europea, así como el revisionismo histórico&lt;/span&gt; y la glorificación de los colaboradores nazis en algunos Estados miembros de la UE.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Expresó su alarma por la creciente aceptación de ideologías radicales y la regresión hacia el fascismo, el racismo, la xenofobia y otras formas de intolerancia en la Unión Europea.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;El Parlamento pidió a los Estados miembros :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- hacer una evaluación clara y basada en principios de los crímenes y actos de agresión cometidos por los regímenes comunistas totalitarios y el régimen nazi;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- celebrar el 23 de agosto como Día Europeo del Recuerdo de las víctimas de los regímenes totalitarios, tanto a nivel de la UE como a nivel nacional&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- &lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;sensibilizar a las nuevas generaciones sobre estas cuestiones, incorporando la historia de los regímenes totalitarios en los planes de estudio y los libros de texto de todos los centros escolares de la Unión Europea.&amp;nbsp;la historia de los regímenes totalitarios y el análisis de su legado;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- condenar y combatir la negación del Holocausto en todas sus formas, incluyendo la trivialización y minimización de los crímenes cometidos por los nazis y sus colaboradores, y para garantizar que el discurso político y mediático esté libre de esa trivialización.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;En general, la UE pidió :&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #fcff01;&quot;&gt;- una cultura compartida de la memoria, que denuncie los crímenes cometidos en el pasado por los regímenes fascistas, estalinistas y otros regímenes autoritarios, con el fin de que la generación más joven, en particular, adquiera la capacidad de resistencia necesaria para hacer frente a las amenazas a las que se enfrenta la democracia hoy en dí&lt;/span&gt;a;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- que el 25 de mayo (aniversario de la ejecución del héroe de Auschwitz Witold Pilecki) sea declarado Día Mundial de los Héroes de la Lucha contra el Totalitarismo&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- la asignación de recursos financieros suficientes, en el marco del programa &quot;Europa con los ciudadanos&quot;, para apoyar la conmemoración y el recuerdo de las víctimas del totalitarismo, como se pide en la posición del Parlamento sobre el programa &quot;Derechos y Valores 2021-2027&quot;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Por último, el Parlamento reiteró que Rusia sigue siendo la mayor víctima del totalitarismo comunista y que su transformación en un Estado democrático se verá obstaculizado mientras el gobierno, la élite política y la propaganda política sigan blanqueando los crímenes comunistas y glorificar el régimen totalitario soviético. Por ello, pidió a la sociedad rusa que aceptara su trágico pasado.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Traducción de:&lt;a href=&quot;https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/printficheglobal.pdf?id=705769&amp;amp;l=fr&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/printficheglobal.pdf?id=705769&amp;amp;l=fr&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg37S9qCeGoUZJQuSHmfsq2vrmTIGkeDexGevFWkCJ931Hx-opYhj8Aey5S1kMehXL626pGubvxDtiWy9uj5tCLXBLihxG6afhNHK9DQrvbk3m4i8k2scRAwoFoiZAWlBCnodER6sMhkIYLySnjhm-mO_0beRuHyCL61vdSveVED6V25kee-fA&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;168&quot; data-original-width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;358&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg37S9qCeGoUZJQuSHmfsq2vrmTIGkeDexGevFWkCJ931Hx-opYhj8Aey5S1kMehXL626pGubvxDtiWy9uj5tCLXBLihxG6afhNHK9DQrvbk3m4i8k2scRAwoFoiZAWlBCnodER6sMhkIYLySnjhm-mO_0beRuHyCL61vdSveVED6V25kee-fA=w640-h358&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Resolución 1481 &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(2006)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Necesidad de condena internacional de los crímenes de los regímenes comunistas totalitarios&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;p&gt;Autor(es): Asamblea Parlamentaria&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Origen - Debate de la Asamblea el 25 de enero de 2006 (5ª sesión) (véase doc. 10765 , informe de la Comisión de Asuntos Políticos, ponente: Sr. Lindblad). Texto aprobado por la Asamblea el 25 de enero de 2006 (5ª Sesión).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1. La Asamblea Parlamentaria se remite a su Resolución 1096 &lt;span style=&quot;color: red;&quot;&gt;(1996)&lt;/span&gt; sobre medidas para desmantelar el patrimonio de los antiguos sistemas totalitarios comunistas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: #04ff00;&quot;&gt;2. Los regímenes comunistas totalitarios que gobernaron en Europa central y oriental en el siglo pasado, y que aún están en el poder en varios países del mundo, se han caracterizado, sin excepción, por violaciones masivas de los derechos humanos. Las violaciones han variado según la cultura, el país y el período histórico y han incluido asesinatos y ejecuciones individuales y colectivas, muerte en campos de concentración, hambre, deportaciones, tortura, trabajo esclavo y otras formas de terror físico masivo, persecución por motivos étnicos o religiosos. causales, vulneración de la libertad de conciencia, pensamiento y expresión, de la libertad de prensa, y también falta de pluralismo político&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;3. Los crímenes fueron justificados en nombre de la teoría de la lucha de clases y del principio de la dictadura del proletariado. La interpretación de ambos principios legitimaba la “eliminación” de personas que eran consideradas perjudiciales para la construcción de una nueva sociedad y, como tales, enemigas de los regímenes comunistas totalitarios. Un gran número de víctimas en cada país en cuestión eran sus propios nacionales. Fue el caso particular de los pueblos de la antigua URSS que superaron con creces a otros pueblos en cuanto al número de víctimas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;4. La Asamblea reconoce que, a pesar de los crímenes de los regímenes comunistas totalitarios, algunos partidos comunistas europeos han hecho contribuciones al logro de la democracia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;5. La caída de los regímenes comunistas totalitarios en Europa central y oriental no ha sido seguida en todos los casos por una investigación internacional de los crímenes cometidos por ellos. Además, los autores de estos crímenes no han sido juzgados por la comunidad internacional, como sucedió con los horribles crímenes cometidos por el nacionalsocialismo (nazismo).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;6. En consecuencia, la conciencia pública de los crímenes cometidos por los regímenes comunistas totalitarios es muy pobre. Los partidos comunistas son legales y activos en algunos países, aunque en algunos casos no se han distanciado de los crímenes cometidos por regímenes comunistas totalitarios en el pasado.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;7. La Asamblea está convencida de que el conocimiento de la historia es una de las condiciones previas para evitar crímenes similares en el futuro. Además, la valoración moral y la condena de los delitos cometidos juegan un papel importante en la educación de las jóvenes generaciones. La posición clara de la comunidad internacional sobre el pasado puede ser una referencia para sus acciones futuras.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;8. Además, la Asamblea cree que aquellas víctimas de los crímenes cometidos por los regímenes comunistas totalitarios que aún están vivas o sus familias, merecen simpatía, comprensión y reconocimiento por sus sufrimientos.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;9. Los regímenes comunistas totalitarios siguen activos en algunos países del mundo y se siguen cometiendo crímenes. Las percepciones de interés nacional no deben impedir que los países critiquen adecuadamente los regímenes comunistas totalitarios actuales. La Asamblea condena enérgicamente todas esas violaciones de los derechos humanos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;10. Los debates y condenas que se han producido hasta ahora a nivel nacional en algunos estados miembros del Consejo de Europa no pueden dispensar a la comunidad internacional de tomar una posición clara sobre los crímenes cometidos por los regímenes comunistas totalitarios. Tiene la obligación moral de hacerlo sin más dilación.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;11. El Consejo de Europa está bien situado para un debate de este tipo a nivel internacional. Todos los antiguos países comunistas europeos, con la excepción de Bielorrusia, ahora son miembros, y la protección de los derechos humanos y el estado de derecho son valores básicos que defiende.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;12. Por lo tanto, la Asamblea condena enérgicamente las violaciones masivas de derechos humanos cometidas por los regímenes comunistas totalitarios y expresa simpatía, comprensión y reconocimiento a las víctimas de estos crímenes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;13. Además, hace un llamado a todos los partidos comunistas o poscomunistas de sus estados miembros que aún no lo hayan hecho a reevaluar la historia del comunismo y su propio pasado, distanciarse claramente de los crímenes cometidos por los regímenes comunistas totalitarios y condenarlos sin reservas. cualquier ambigüedad.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;14. La Asamblea cree que esta clara posición de la comunidad internacional allanará el camino para una mayor reconciliación. Además, se espera que anime a los historiadores de todo el mundo a continuar con sus investigaciones encaminadas a la determinación y verificación objetiva de lo que ocurrió.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;de&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17403&amp;amp;lang=en&quot;&gt;http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17403&amp;amp;lang=en&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/feeds/7520109178730535882/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment/fullpage/post/15079749/7520109178730535882' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/7520109178730535882'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/15079749/posts/default/7520109178730535882'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://oparrahistoria.blogspot.com/2022/10/la-importancia-de-la-memoria-condena.html' title='la importancia de la memoria, condena a ideologías totalitarias, nazismo y el estalinismo'/><author><name>OrlandoParraG.</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17549318551905243829</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='21' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM09S_1AN9YVJ6aGRL74JVyFC6aTUjPYjs40_kscRNiRovUGkHJkUAVQa_RX98q0oKxkZ10Mhjk_MLlE3eIYx6Wzj3SLiwbc5zDU8UQ3fMfDrVL5QdJ9XBeClBZdZTqWE-DpJSes9M6q17_Y2QSaRlxMOUimM2mD59po1mqw9pj1PH/s220/yo%202021.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgR_qgJ6pgDy4NghkJHYyVxXBe7OvgbtuzppMTsVc9VsjyNGndKmyIBol-85bYI27byEtVNZ7Oh2LzTJLz9n88Zf1JQd2m4DPuG7KjTZYMA3mEqjEokZEZfmv9hO8LBBBwjJjFyw6cZoTOIFmEzMZoNVWLsc7Er-dsxpbNUcgO5eF2JBPg3-3I=s72-w640-h360-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>