Universal Space Missions

Simulation Theory || Full Explanation

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Sun, 14 May 2023 08:51:00 +0000

Simulation theory is a fascinating concept that has captured the imagination of people from all walks of life. At its core, simulation theory is the idea that our reality may be nothing more than a sophisticated simulation, created by a more advanced civilization or even a super intelligent AI. This theory has gained popularity in recent years due to its appearances in popular culture, as well as the philosophical and scientific evidence that supports it.

By exploring simulation theory, we can begin to question the very nature of our existence and our place in the universe. This theory raises important questions about free will, the nature of consciousness, and the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world. Moreover, simulation theory has profound ethical implications, as it forces us to consider the responsibilities of the creators of the simulation and the rights of the simulated beings.

Whether you are a scientist, philosopher, or simply a curious individual, simulation theory is an exciting topic that is worth exploring. Join us as we delve deeper into this fascinating theory and discover what it means for our understanding of reality and our place in the universe.

🔰 The Simulation Argument

The Simulation Argument is a philosophical theory that was proposed by Nick Bostrom, a Swedish philosopher. It suggests that there is a high probability that our reality is a computer simulation created by a more advanced civilization.

Bostrom's argument is based on the idea that if it is possible for a civilization to create advanced simulations, it is likely that they would create many such simulations. This means that the number of simulated realities would be much greater than the number of actual physical realities.

Bostrom suggests that if we assume that it is possible for a civilization to create simulations that are indistinguishable from reality, it is likely that we are living in a simulation rather than in the physical reality. This is because the number of simulated realities would vastly outnumber the number of physical realities.

The Simulation Argument is often discussed in the context of virtual reality and computer simulations. It raises important questions about the nature of reality and the possibility of multiple levels of simulated realities.

While the Simulation Argument is just a philosophical theory and there is no concrete evidence to support it, it has become a popular topic of discussion among scientists, philosophers, and futurists. It has even been featured in popular culture, such as in the movie "The Matrix."

Overall, the Simulation Argument challenges our perception of reality and raises important questions about the nature of consciousness and our place in the universe.

🔰 The Matrix

The Matrix is a science fiction movie that has become a cultural icon and a classic representation of simulation theory. It depicts a dystopian future where humans are trapped in a simulated reality called "The Matrix," created by sentient machines to keep humanity subdued.

The movie follows the story of a hacker named Neo, who is awakened to the truth about his reality by a group of rebels fighting against the machines. Through his journey, Neo discovers that his entire life has been a lie, and he is actually living in a simulated reality controlled by machines.

The Matrix has become a cultural touchstone for simulation theory because of its portrayal of a simulated reality and the philosophical questions it raises about the nature of reality and consciousness. It has inspired countless discussions and debates among scientists, philosophers, and everyday people.

The movie's depiction of a simulated reality raises important questions about the possibility of multiple levels of simulations and the nature of free will in a simulated world. The Matrix has also inspired other movies, TV shows, and books that explore similar themes, such as the concept of a simulated reality and the implications of living in one.

Overall, The Matrix is an important representation of simulation theory that has sparked a cultural fascination with the idea of a simulated reality. It continues to inspire discussions and debates about the nature of reality, consciousness, and the future of technology.

🔰 Evidence Supporting Simulation Theory

Simulation Theory is the idea that our reality may be a simulation created by a more advanced civilization or even a super intelligent AI. While there is no concrete evidence to prove that this theory is true, there are several philosophical and scientific arguments that lend credence to the idea.

One of the key pieces of evidence supporting Simulation Theory is the rapid advancement of technology. As technology continues to progress at an exponential rate, it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between reality and virtual reality. Virtual reality simulations are already becoming more realistic, and it's possible that in the future, simulations could be indistinguishable from reality.

Another piece of evidence supporting Simulation Theory is the fact that the universe appears to operate under a set of mathematical laws. Some scientists and philosophers argue that these mathematical laws are similar to the ones used to create computer simulations. This suggests that the universe may be a simulation created by a more advanced civilization that has a greater understanding of mathematics and computer science.

There are also philosophical arguments that support Simulation Theory. For example, the Simulation Argument proposed by Nick Bostrom suggests that if it is possible to create a realistic simulation of reality, then it is likely that we are living in a simulation. This is because the number of simulated realities would vastly outnumber the number of physical realities.

Additionally, the concept of quantum mechanics has led some physicists to propose that the universe may be a simulation. This is because quantum mechanics suggests that particles do not have definite properties until they are observed. This is similar to the way that objects in a simulation do not exist until they are rendered.

While there is no concrete proof that our reality is a simulation, these pieces of evidence suggest that it is possible. Simulation Theory challenges our perception of reality and raises important questions about the nature of consciousness and the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world. As technology continues to advance, it is possible that we may one day discover whether or not our reality is a simulation.

🔰 The Concept Of Base Reality

The concept of "base reality" is an important idea in Simulation Theory. It refers to the physical reality from which the simulation is being run. In other words, if our reality is a simulation, there must be a "base reality" in which the simulation is being run.

According to Simulation Theory, the civilization or entity running the simulation would be more advanced than us and would have the ability to create a simulated reality that is indistinguishable from the physical reality. This means that the beings living within the simulation, such as ourselves, would not be able to tell the difference between the simulation and the physical reality.

However, the concept of base reality raises important questions about the nature of reality and the possibility of multiple levels of simulations. If our reality is a simulation, it is possible that the civilization running the simulation is also living within a simulation. This means that there could be multiple levels of simulated realities, each created by a more advanced civilization or entity.

The concept of base reality also raises questions about the nature of consciousness and the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world. If our reality is a simulation, it is possible that our consciousness and free will are also part of the simulation. This raises important ethical questions about the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world and the implications of living in a simulated reality.

Overall, the concept of base reality is an important aspect of Simulation Theory that raises important questions about the nature of reality, consciousness, and the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world.

🔰 The Simulation Hypothesis

The Simulation Hypothesis, also known as Simulation Theory, is the idea that our reality is a computer simulation created by a more advanced civilization or even a super intelligent AI. This hypothesis was popularized by philosopher Nick Bostrom in his 2003 paper "Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?"

According to the Simulation Hypothesis, the civilization or entity running the simulation would be so advanced that they would have the ability to create a simulated reality that is indistinguishable from the physical reality. The beings living within the simulation, such as ourselves, would not be able to tell the difference between the simulation and the physical reality.

There are several philosophical and scientific arguments that support the Simulation Hypothesis. One of the key arguments is the rapid advancement of technology. As technology continues to progress at an exponential rate, it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between reality and virtual reality. This suggests that it is possible to create a realistic simulation of reality.

Another argument supporting the Simulation Hypothesis is the fact that the universe appears to operate under a set of mathematical laws. Some scientists and philosophers argue that these mathematical laws are similar to the ones used to create computer simulations. This suggests that the universe may be a simulation created by a more advanced civilization that has a greater understanding of mathematics and computer science.

The Simulation Hypothesis has also been supported by the idea of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics suggests that particles do not have definite properties until they are observed. This is similar to the way that objects in a simulation do not exist until they are rendered. Some physicists have proposed that this suggests that the universe may be a simulation.

While there is no concrete proof that our reality is a simulation, the Simulation Hypothesis challenges our perception of reality and raises important questions about the nature of consciousness and the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world. As technology continues to advance, it is possible that we may one day discover whether or not our reality is a simulation.

In conclusion, the Simulation Hypothesis is a fascinating and thought-provoking concept that challenges our understanding of reality. While there is currently no way to definitively prove whether or not our reality is a simulation, the philosophical and scientific arguments supporting this hypothesis suggest that it is possible.

🔰 The Implications Of Living In A Simulation

The implications of living in a simulation, as proposed by Simulation Theory, are vast and profound. If our reality is indeed a simulation, it would mean that our understanding of the world is fundamentally flawed and that our experiences and perceptions may not be based in reality.

One of the key implications of living in a simulation is that the laws of physics and nature that we have come to accept as fundamental may not be the ultimate truth. The civilization or entity running the simulation could have different laws of physics that govern the simulated reality. This means that some of the phenomena we observe in our reality may be artifacts of the simulation rather than real physical processes.

Another implication of living in a simulation is that the concept of free will may be an illusion. If our consciousness and free will are part of the simulation, it means that our thoughts, emotions, and decisions may be predetermined by the simulation. This raises important ethical questions about the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world and the implications of living in a simulated reality.

Moreover, if we are living in a simulation, it is possible that there could be glitches or anomalies in the simulation that we could potentially exploit. This raises the possibility of creating our own simulations within the simulation, which could lead to a recursive loop of simulated realities.

Finally, the implications of living in a simulation also raise important questions about the nature of reality and the purpose of existence. If our reality is a simulation, it is possible that the civilization or entity running the simulation has a specific purpose or goal in mind. This means that our existence may not be entirely random, but rather part of a larger plan or experiment.

Overall, the implications of living in a simulation, as proposed by Simulation Theory, challenge our understanding of reality and raise important philosophical and ethical questions about the nature of consciousness, free will, and the purpose of existence. While there is no way to definitively prove whether or not our reality is a simulation, contemplating these implications can lead to a deeper understanding of our place in the universe and the nature of reality itself.

🔰 The Ethics Of Simulation Theory

The ethics of Simulation Theory are a complex and controversial topic that raises important questions about the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world and the implications of living in a simulated reality.

One of the key ethical concerns raised by Simulation Theory is the concept of consent. If our reality is a simulation, it means that we are not living in a truly autonomous world, but rather one that is controlled by the civilization or entity running the simulation. This raises questions about the ethical implications of creating a simulation without the consent of the beings living within it.

Another ethical concern is the potential for exploitation. If we are living in a simulation, it is possible that there could be glitches or anomalies in the simulation that we could potentially exploit. This raises questions about the ethical implications of using knowledge gained from the simulation to manipulate or control the simulated reality.

Moreover, the idea of living in a simulated reality challenges our understanding of morality and the concept of good and evil. If our reality is a simulation, it is possible that the civilization or entity running the simulation has a specific purpose or goal in mind. This means that our actions and decisions may be judged based on a different set of moral standards than we currently accept.

Furthermore, the concept of living in a simulation raises important questions about the nature of consciousness and the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world. If our consciousness is part of the simulation, it means that our thoughts, emotions, and decisions may be predetermined by the simulation. This raises questions about the ethical implications of manipulating or controlling consciousness through technology.

In conclusion, the ethics of Simulation Theory are a complex and controversial topic that challenge our understanding of reality and raise important questions about the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world. As technology continues to advance, it is important that we consider the ethical implications of living in a simulated reality and work to ensure that our actions and decisions are guided by a commitment to morality, consent, and respect for all forms of consciousness.

🔰 Criticisms Of Simulation Theory

Like any scientific or philosophical theory, Simulation Theory has been subject to a number of criticisms and challenges. Here are some of the most commonly cited criticisms:

Lack of Empirical Evidence : One of the main criticisms of Simulation Theory is the lack of empirical evidence to support it. While there are some compelling arguments and thought experiments that support the theory, there is currently no concrete evidence to prove or disprove the idea that our reality is a simulation.

Occam's Razor : Another criticism of Simulation Theory is that it violates Occam's Razor, which states that the simplest explanation is usually the correct one. The idea of living in a simulation introduces a level of complexity that is not necessary to explain our reality.

Logic Paradoxes : Some critics argue that the concept of a simulated reality is logically paradoxical. For example, if we are living in a simulation, it is possible that the civilization or entity running the simulation is also part of a simulation, leading to an infinite regress of simulated realities.

Scientific Feasibility : Critics have also raised questions about the scientific feasibility of creating a simulation that could replicate the complexity and richness of our reality. The computational power and technology required to create such a simulation may be beyond our current capabilities.

Alternative Explanations : Finally, some critics argue that there are alternative explanations for the phenomena that Simulation Theory seeks to explain, such as the anthropic principle, which states that the observed universe is necessarily conducive to the existence of conscious life.

In conclusion, while Simulation Theory is an intriguing and thought-provoking idea, it is not without its criticisms and challenges. The lack of empirical evidence, violation of Occam's Razor, logical paradoxes, scientific feasibility, and alternative explanations are all important considerations that must be taken into account when evaluating the theory. As with any scientific or philosophical theory, it is important to approach Simulation Theory with a critical and open-minded perspective.

🔰 The Future Of Simulation Theory

The future of Simulation Theory is a topic of great interest and speculation among scientists, philosophers, and futurists. As technology continues to advance at an exponential rate, it is possible that we may soon be able to create simulations that are indistinguishable from reality. This raises the question of whether we are living in a simulation or if we will create our own simulated realities in the future.

One potential future of Simulation Theory is the development of virtual reality technologies that allow us to fully immerse ourselves in simulated environments. As these technologies continue to improve, it is possible that we may begin to spend more and more of our time in virtual environments, blurring the line between reality and simulation.

Another potential future of Simulation Theory is the emergence of artificial intelligence. As AI technologies continue to advance, it is possible that we may one day create AI beings that are capable of creating their own simulations. This raises the question of whether we could be living in a simulation created by an advanced AI civilization.

Finally, the future of Simulation Theory may also be influenced by advancements in quantum computing and physics. Some theorists have suggested that the nature of quantum reality suggests that our reality is a simulation, or that the universe itself may be a kind of simulation. As our understanding of quantum physics continues to evolve, it is possible that we may gain new insights into the nature of reality and the possibility of simulation.

In conclusion, the future of Simulation Theory is a topic of great interest and speculation. As technology continues to advance, we may soon be able to create simulations that are indistinguishable from reality, raising important questions about the nature of our existence and the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world. It is important that we approach these questions with an open-minded and critical perspective, and continue to explore the potential implications of Simulation Theory on our understanding of reality.

🔰Conclusion Of Simulation Theory

Simulation Theory is a fascinating and thought-provoking idea that has captured the attention of scientists, philosophers, and futurists. At its core, Simulation Theory proposes that our reality is a computer-generated simulation created by an advanced civilization or entity.

While there is currently no concrete evidence to support Simulation Theory, there are a number of compelling arguments and thought experiments that suggest it may be possible. These include the simulation argument, the concept of base reality, and the idea that the universe itself may be a kind of simulation.

However, like any scientific or philosophical theory, Simulation Theory is not without its criticisms and challenges. These include the lack of empirical evidence, violation of Occam's Razor, logical paradoxes, scientific feasibility, and alternative explanations.

Despite these challenges, Simulation Theory continues to inspire new lines of inquiry and speculation. As technology continues to advance at an exponential rate, it is possible that we may soon be able to create simulations that are indistinguishable from reality, raising important questions about the nature of our existence and the role of technology in shaping our understanding of the world.

Ultimately, whether or not our reality is a simulation may be impossible to prove or disprove. However, the exploration of Simulation Theory offers a valuable opportunity to think critically and imaginatively about the nature of reality, the potential implications of emerging technologies, and the mysteries of the universe.

What Would Happen If A Spacecraft Returned To Earth Without A Heat Shield?

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Fri, 23 Sep 2022 12:12:00 +0000

Spacecrafts and Heat-Shields go hand-in-hand. A heat shield is a barrier that protects a spacecraft from the intense heat of friction as it enters a planet's atmosphere. Without a heat shield, a spacecraft would be quickly destroyed.

There are two types of heat shields: ablative and non-ablative. Ablative heat shields work by slowly burning up as they protect the spacecraft. Non-ablative heat shields work by deflecting the heat away from the spacecraft.

A heat shield is made up of several layers. The first layer is the thermal protection system (TPS). The TPS protects the spacecraft from the heat of friction by absorbing it. The next layer is the structural layer. This layer provides support for the heat shield. The last layer is the ablative layer. This layer slowly burns away, taking the heat with it.

Heat shields are essential for any spacecraft that plans to enter a planet's atmosphere. Without one, the spacecraft would burn and will burst.

☬ What Is A Spacecraft ?

A spacecraft is a vehicle or machine designed for operation in space. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, earth observation, meteorology, navigation, planetary exploration and transportation of humans and cargo.

Spacecraft are built to withstand the harsh environment of space, which includes extreme temperatures, vacuum and radiation. They are also equipped with propulsion systems to enable them to navigate through space.

Spacecraft are launched into space by rockets and are operated by ground controllers. They are typically designed to operate for a specific mission and then are decommissioned after their mission is complete.

☬ What Is Heat Shield To A Spacecraft ?

A heat shield is a system designed to protect a spacecraft from the heat of atmospheric reentry. The heat shield is the first line of defense against the heat of reentry and is typically the only system required to protect the spacecraft from the environment.

A heat shield typically consists of a ablative material, a material that ablates or burns away during reentry, and a radiation shield. The ablative material is the primary heat-protection system and is designed to protect the underlying structure of the spacecraft. The radiation shield protects the spacecraft from the intense heat and radiation of reentry and is typically composed of a reflective material.

The heat shield is a critical component of a spacecraft and must be carefully designed and tested to ensure the safety of the spacecraft and its crew.

☬ History Of Space Exploration

In the early days of space exploration, the only way to get into space was by being shot out of a cannon. This was first done in the early 1800's by Sir Isaac Newton. He proved that it was possible to get into space this way, but it was not very practical.

In the early 1900's, a scientist named Robert Goddard built the first rocket that could actually fly into space. This was a huge breakthrough, and it led to the development of the space program.

The first human being to go into space was Yuri Gagarin. He was a Russian cosmonaut and he made a single orbit around the Earth in 1961. This was an incredible accomplishment, and it showed that humans could survive in space.

Since then, humans have continued to explore space. We have sent people to the Moon, and we have sent probes to Mars and beyond. Space exploration is an ongoing process, and we are constantly learning new things about our universe.

☬ Importance Of Heat Shield To A Spacecraft

A spacecraft is designed to operate in a very hostile environment – the vacuum of space. In order to protect the astronauts and sensitive equipment on board, the spacecraft must be equipped with a heat shield.

The heat shield protects the spacecraft from the extreme temperatures that it encounters during its journey. It is made of materials that can withstand high temperatures and is designed to dissipate the heat away from the spacecraft.

Without a heat shield, the spacecraft would be damaged by the heat and the astronauts would be at risk of being injured or killed. The heat shield is essential for the safety of the spacecraft and its crew.

☬ The Technology And Design Of Spacecrafts Heat-Shields

Spacecraft heat shields are one of the most important pieces of technology when it comes to space travel. Without a heat shield, a spacecraft would be quickly destroyed when entering a planet's atmosphere. Heat shields work by absorbing and dissipating the heat that is generated when a spacecraft is travelling at high speeds. There are many different types of heat shields, each of which is designed for a specific purpose. For example, some heat shields are designed to protect a spacecraft from the heat generated by friction, while others are designed to protect against the heat generated by the sun.

One of the most important factors in the design of a heat shield is the material that it is made from. The material must be able to withstand the high temperatures that are generated during space travel. There are many different materials that can be used for heat shields, but one of the most common is a type of ceramic called alumina. Alumina is a very good heat conductor, which means that it can dissipate heat quickly.

☬ Can Spacecrafts Return To Earth Without Heat-Shields?

Yes, in principle. However, this may not be practical or desirable. HeatShield is essential for spacecrafts to return to Earth safely and without damage. Without it, the spacecraft may enter the atmosphere at a high speed and could be destroyed. Alternatively, it may be sent into orbit around the Earth, but would not be able to land on the surface.

☬ What Would Happen If a Spacecraft Returned To Earth Without A Heat Shield?

As we all know, when spacecrafts return to Earth, they experience intense heat and friction due to the atmosphere. This heat can cause serious damage to the spacecraft and its components. In order to protect the spacecraft, engineers design and build heat shields.

Heat shields are made of materials that can withstand high temperatures, such as carbon fiber or ceramic. They are attached to the spacecraft in order to protect it from the heat and friction of reentry.

However, there are some cases where spacecrafts have returned to Earth without heat shields. For example, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated upon reentry in 2003. The cause of the accident was a piece of foam that broke off from the fuel tank and damaged the heat shield.

In another example, the Russian space station Mir was damaged during reentry in 2001. The heat shield was damaged and the station began to break apart. However, the crew was able to safely land the station before it completely disintegrated.

☬ Causes Of Spacecrafts Heat-Shield's Failure

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to the question of why spacecraft heat shields fail. Each incident is unique and must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis. However, there are some common factors that can lead to heat shield failure.

One of the most common causes of heat shield failure is poor design. The heat shield is one of the most critical components of a spacecraft, and it must be designed to withstand the extreme temperatures and pressures of atmospheric reentry. If the heat shield is not designed properly, it can fail to protect the spacecraft from the intense heat and pressure, leading to catastrophic results.

Another common cause of heat shield failure is manufacturing defects. Even the best-designed heat shield can be rendered useless if it contains defects that cause it to fail during reentry.

Finally, heat shield failure can also be caused by operational errors. For example, if a spacecraft is not oriented correctly during reentry, the heat shield can be exposed to more.

☬ Potential Concequences of Spacecrafts Heat Shield

As space missions become longer and more ambitious, the potential consequences of a malfunctioning heat shield become more severe. A heat shield is designed to protect a spacecraft and its occupants from the extreme temperatures of reentry, but if it fails, the results could be catastrophic.

If a heat shield fails during reentry, the consequences depend on how bad the failure is. A small breach might cause only localized damage, while a complete failure could lead to the destruction of the spacecraft. The most likely scenario, however, is somewhere in between.

If a heat shield fails, the first thing that will happen is that the spacecraft will start to heat up. This can cause all sorts of problems, from melting the insulation to causing the electronics to malfunction. If the heat build-up is severe enough, it could even cause the structure of the spacecraft to start to fail.

Once the heat shield fails, there is nothing to stop the heat from continuing to build up. This can cause the spacecraft to burst in the atmosphere.

☬ Conclusion : What Can Be Done to Prevent The Failure Of Spacecrafts Heat-Shields ?

As the space environment is incredibly hostile, spacecraft must be designed to withstand extreme temperatures and protect their occupants. One of the most crucial components of a spacecraft is the heat shield, which protects the craft from the intense heat generated when reentering the atmosphere.

Despite their importance, heat shields are notoriously finicky and have failed on multiple occasions. In order to prevent future failures, engineers must understand the root causes of past failures and design new heat shields with those lessons in mind.

One of the most common causes of heat shield failure is improper installation. Heat shields must be installed very carefully in order to work correctly. If even one small component is not installed correctly, the entire system can fail.

Another cause of heat shield failure is material degradation. Over time, the materials used in heat shields can break down and become less effective. This is why it is important to regularly inspect and maintain heat shields.

James Webb Space Telescope Discovers Galaxy , That Defies The Laws of Physics .

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Sun, 21 Aug 2022 10:26:00 +0000

James Webb Space Telescope Discovers Galaxy , That Defies The Laws of Physics .
JWST

Hello friends , hope all of you are doing well . First of all say me , how old are Universe is ? You are know that the answer is 13.8 Billion years old . I think you also know that after 200-400 Million years of the Big-Bang first Star of our Universe was formed and after 1 billion years the first Galaxy . But do you know that one Galaxy was formed right after the Big-Bang ? When our first Star was forming , this Galaxy was formed . How can it be possible ? All of we know that there exists a Super-Massive Black-Hole , in the center of every Galaxy , which forms after the explosion of a Giant Star . Now the question is when there were no stars , how the Black-Hole formed ?

Also Read :: James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) is trying to Proff Hawking's Theory of Multiverse . Check out How ?

In 7th April , 2022 some Astronomers of University of Tokyo found a galaxy which might be the oldest Galaxy of our universe , we have ever found . The Astronomers named it HD1 . According to the Scientists this Galaxy was formed around 13.5 Billion years ago , when our first Star was forming . Scientists were stranged by noticing that this Galaxy is too much brighter than the other Old-Galaxies . That means in this Galaxy Star formation is active and Stars are forming rapidly . In the StarBurst Galaxy stars are formed more than 103 times faster than the Normal Galaxies . Now you are thinking that all is perfect here , this Galaxy is following every rule of Physics . But still there is a cache . According to the Scientists the main reason behind the brightness of this HD1 Galaxy is its Active Galactic Nucleus , which is releasing too much energy .

HD1 Galaxy

Now this is clear to the scientist that only QUASAR can create and release such type of Huge Energy . Basically Quasar is a Super-Massive Black-Hole , around this gases and dusts revolves in a very high speed . As a result a huge amount of energy releases from the Quasar by the form of Electro-Magnetic Radiation , which is nothing but Light . But all of we know that — Such type of Super-Massive Black-Hole can only be formed when a Giant Star exploded as a Supernova . Now the same question arrives here – When the First Star of our Galaxy was forming from where such type of Giant Supernova came into the centre of this HD1 Galaxy ?

Well , Scientists are still researching about this Galaxy . But there is a Hypothesis , which can justify this mystery . According to this Hypothesis , we are wrong about the age of our Universe . Yes , you read it correct . Its may be , that our universe is too much old than 13.8 Billion years . Well this is just a Hypothesis . This will be compared against the Cosmic Inflation Theory , which predicts the real age of our Universe . So , now Friends write down your opinion about this Hypothesis in the comment box , while scientists are researching on it .

Now Friends , let me tell you that HD1 Galaxy is not the only Galaxy , which is creating such type of controversy . Scientists are facing serious problem with the same Galaxy where we lives , yes with our Milky-Way Galaxy .

Also Read :: Just Only Two Weeks in the space : Webb Space Telescope is Reshaping Astrophysics

To start from the basics , just look into the pictures of various shapes of Galaxies below . Due to the fundamentals of Gravity , basically the shapes of Galaxies should be Elliptical or Spiral or Irregular .

Now look into this image . This is nothing but our very famous Cart-Wheel Galaxy . But this is not so simple Galaxy , because when JWST captured the image of this Galaxy , Scientists noticed that the outer region of this Galaxy is too much Bright . That means , here Star formation is active and Stars stars are forming rapidly . It was not the first image of this Galaxy . In 1941 , famous Swiss Astronomer Mr. Fritz Zwicky observe this Galaxy for the first time , by his Ground Telescope . And in 1995 the Hubble Space Telescope published the first image of this galaxy to the humans .

This is an image of the Cartwheel Galaxy taken with the NASA/ESA (European Space Agency) Hubble Space Telescope.

In this image by HST Cart-Wheel Galaxy was totally covered with dust . Now JWST can capture the Infrared Light very easily ; so to capture the clear image of this Galaxy , scientist used it .

NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI and Webb ERO Production Team

HST has clicked many images of various Galaxies . But why Scientists send JWST to capture the clear image of the specific Cart-Wheel Galaxy right after its launch ? What is special in this Galaxy ? The answer is — its structure . The structure of these Galaxy is too much complicated , which Mr. Zwicky had accepted after its discovery . This looks like a Giant Wheel of Cart . It was too much difficult to find out the reason behind such type of shape of this Galaxy in 1941 , because Astrophysics was not so developed then . But our Modern-Day Physics is explaining this at surface level . The researches behind the shape of this Galaxy says that the only reason of this shape is Collision . According to the Scientists Cart-Wheel Galaxy was a Spiral Galaxy like our Milky-Way . But around 300 Million years ago another Galaxy collided with it ; from then it had got such type of shape . Due to the collision a huge amount of Energy was released , which pushed the matters to the outer surface of this Galaxy . Thus Cart-Wheel Galaxy got the unique shape . But Now , after so long time , this Galaxy is trying to reshape again .

It is so interesting . Do you know what is more interesting ? It is to imagine a Galaxy without Dark-Matter . I know it's sounds like something illogical , but it is existing in reality . There is a Galaxy in our Universe without Dark-Matter . It is NGC1052-DF2 Galaxy . It is called as Ghost Galaxy . In this case Ghost is Dark-Matter , which we can't see but it ties up every Star-System and Elements of a Galaxy . In this NGC1052-DF2 Galaxy Scientists can't found any type of Dark-Matter . Now if there is no Dark-Matter , then there is no Proper Structure . The NGC1052-DF2 Galaxy is in such type of condition . There are Stars and Dust in it , but it has no Central-Puldge , Spiral-Arm or any Design . This is mindblowing to imagine how unique types of structures are predicted by our theories , and we can found them in our Universe . When Scientists where researching about this Galaxy they found the reason behind these Unstructured Galaxy is Collision . Around 400-500 Million years ago another Galaxy collided with it . Due to the Collision the visible matter remain present in it , but the Dark-Matter , which doesn't interect with the normal matter threw away from the Galaxy , leaving behind this Bone-Less Ghost-Galaxy .

So now finally we should move towards our own Milky-Way Galaxy , that defies the Laws of Physics . What we know that the shape of our Milky-Way Galaxy is Spiral . But it is not completely accurate . We have just made a conclusion by observing the shape of other Galaxies . We can remind that till 1920 , Astronomers believed that Milky-Way is our Universe . Then in 1924 Astronomer Edwin Hubble proved that Milky-Way is just a Galaxy of our universe where there is uncountable Galaxies . Now think about the images of interstellar space , which you have seen yet . If you notice it very carefully , you can found that every images are flat . It is why because in the space many objects revolves around a Massive object , so at the end they takes the shape of a disc . For example you can observe Pottery Making . Here you will notice that when we will put the clay at the centre of the wheel and starts to revolve the wheel , a centrifugal force starts to apply on the clay and the clay will change its shape continuously . The clay will become equal flat to every direction . So Scientists assume that the same thing is happening to our Milky-Way Galaxy . But we are slightly wrong over here . Our Milky-Way is not totally flat . But you can assume that it might be flat and curve as a Potato Chips . There are various type of reason behind it , like — Gravitational Interaction with other Galaxies , Rotational Speed of Galaxy , Orbiting of Stars around the Galactic Centre or maybe something related to Dark-Matter . But all of these are just prediction , we have not enough proof yet . Scientists are still working on it to find out the exact reason behind it .

So we can say that we have explode a very small part of this Giant Universe . How much knowledge we have today , has gained from this small part . And what we are saying Modern-Physics , is enough about the Earth and to live in it ; but if we compare it with the scale of Universe then it is nothing to say . But Scientific Theory and Scientists are trying their best to catch-up and cope-up with the existing and updating informations and observations .

NASA's Lucy Mission Uncovers Trojan Asteroid Near Jupiter With Its Own Moon

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Fri, 19 Aug 2022 03:27:00 +0000

NASA's Asteroid-Touring Mission has picked up its 9th target . NASA's Lucy Mission Uncovers Trojan Asteroid Near Jupiter With Its Own Moon .

An artist's depiction of the Lucy spacecraft flying past two Trojan asteroids . Credit : NASA/Southwest Research Institute

NASA's Asteroid-Touring Mission has picked up its 9th target .

The Astronomers have been monitoring the Trojan Asteroid , in preparation for the Lucy-Mission to explore . On March, 2022 the Mission-Team invited 26 teams across the world to watch one of those asteroids : Approximately 17 Mile Wide ( 27 Kilometres ) Polymele , appear to pass in front of a star in what Scientists call an Occultation .

Also Read :: Artemis-1 : NASA Has Started to Roll Out the SLS Rocket and Orion Capsule to Launch-Pad

By comparing the data from the 26 different locations on Earth , Scientists can accurately measure the shadow an Asteroid casts on a star during such an event , allowing them to accurately study the size and shape of the Asteroid . But during this March Observation , which was briefly reported at the time , 2 of those 26 teams , noticed something different .

“We were thrilled that 14 teams reported observing the star blink out as it passed behind the asteroid, but as we analyzed the data, we saw that two of the observations were not like the others .” stated Marc Buie , Lucy Scientist , Southwest Research Institute in Colorado .

Also Read :: NASA's Artemis-1 : Here's Everything , You Have To Know About The Mission

Astronomers are reviewing the data concluded those observations indicated a previously unknown Asteroid orbiting Polymele about 125 Miles ( 200 km ) away . “ It had to be a Satellite . ” Buie stated . The Team of Scientists could even determine the newly found Asteroid's size , about 3 miles ( 5 km ) across .

The still unknown, still unnamed Asteroid has since been added to Lucy's ambitious itinerary of Space-Rock flybys . Scientists announced they had spotted a Satellite orbiting Eurybates , which Lucy will fly past just one-month before Polymele .

Like most of Lucy's destinations , Polymele is a Trojan , an Asteroid which drifts around the Sun , in about the same orbit as Jupiter . It happens due to Jupiter's immense Gravitational-Pull . Scientists believe that these types of rocks are the rubble , left from Planet Formation . Therefore , these rocks can tell us about the early days of our Solar-System .

A diagram of occultation observations show Polymele in the upper left and its newly discovered satellite on the right . Credit : NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

Some of the 26 Discovery Team have reported the newly discovered Asteroid's name as “ Shaun ” , after the after the animated sheep . It can't be an official name , until Scientists can accurately confirm the characteristics of its Orbit . It is likely won't happen any time soon . It is why because Polymele's Satellite is not discernible by current Earth based Telescopes . Scientists may have to wait until Lucy itself swings past the Asteroid , which is scheduled to occur in 2027 .

With the discovery that the #TrojanAsteroid Polymele has a satellite, Lucy is now planning to visit not 7, not 8, but 9 asteroids on its 12 year voyage!

Check out our latest post for a behind-the-scenes look at how this satellite was discovered! https://t.co/1n1Rggwb7j pic.twitter.com/dO3xgZueLf
— Lucy Mission (@LucyMission) August 18, 2022

“ Lucy’s tagline started out: 12 years, seven asteroids, one spacecraft. We keep having to change the tagline for this mission, but that's a good problem to have . ” stated Tom Statler , Scientist of NASA's Lucy Mission .

Artemis-1 : NASA Has Started to Roll Out the SLS Rocket and Orion Capsule to Launch-Pad

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Thu, 18 Aug 2022 02:58:00 +0000

NASA has started to rolling out the Space Launch System ( SLS ) Rocket and Orion Capsule to Launch Pad 39B at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida .

A render of the SLS rocket and Orion Capsule taking off for the Artemis-1 Mission . Credit: NASA

NASA's Artemis-1 Mission is going to be launched in a few days . So , NASA has started to roll out the Artemis-1 Spacecraft to the Launch Pad 39B at MASA's Kenedy Space Center in Florida . On 16th August , around 10:00 pm ( IST : 17th August , 7:30 am ) , the Crawler-Transporter began the SLS and Orion approximately 6½ KM. journey to the Launch Pad .

Artemis-1 is scheduled to launch from the Launch-Pad no earlier than 29th August . SLS will be powered by 5 segment boosters and 4 RS-25 engines . It can produce more than 3.9 Million Kilograms of thrust . SLS will carry the Orion Capsule on the top . Orion will separate from the SLS after it comes the Low-Earth-Orbit ( LEO ) . After orbiting the Earth , it will deploy Solar Arrays . After that , the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage will give the Orion Capsule a push to leave Earth's Orbit and travel to the Moon . At this stage , Orion will detach from the ICPS , within about two hours from the launch time . Then the CubeSat satellites will be deployed by the ICPS , including the BioSentinel , it will carry a Cargo of yeast into deep space . The CubeSats will perform various types of experiments and technical demonstrations .

Also Read :: NASA's Artemis-1 : Here's Everything , You Have To Know About The Mission

Orion will be powered a service module , designed by the European Space Agency ( ESA ) , on its path from the Low-Earth-Orbit to the Moon . The Module will supply Orion's propulsion system and power . In future this module will also be used for the Artemis-2 and Artemis-3 missions . This journey of Orion will take several days . Orion will stay in the LEO for approximately 6 days to collect data and allow NASA's Artemis-1 Mission Team to acess its performance . After that , Orion Capsule will once again come close to about 95 Kilometres from the Lunar Surface . Then it will use a precisely timed Engine Firing of the Service-Module and the Moon's Gravity to accelerate back to the Earth .

Orion will enter to the Earth's Atmosphere with about 40,000 Kilometres per hour . It will produce around 3,000°C temperature , while returning back . The total mission may take around 3 weeks and Orion will travel around 2 Million Miles . Then Orion should make a precision landing . If everything goes as planned , it will land near the Coast of Baja in California . There recovery ship of U.S. Navy will recover the Orion Capsule .

Live Now: NASA and industry experts talk about more of the science that will travel inside our #Artemis I test flight around the Moon.

These experiments will test radiation levels that future @NASAArtemis astronauts may encounter during flight: https://t.co/8TSrlvJ19Y
— NASA (@NASA) August 17, 2022

Artemis-1 : NASA Has Started to Roll Out the SLS Rocket and Orion Capsule to Launch-Pad .

Also Read :: NASA's Artemis-1 Moon Mission set for August: Here's the aim of the mission want to achieve

Black-Hole Collision : Exactly How Fast Our Universe is Expanding ?

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Wed, 17 Aug 2022 04:57:00 +0000

We know that , A Black-Hole is usually where information goes to disappear . But Scientists may have found a new trick to use its last moments to tell us about more unknown history of the Universe .

In a new study, two University of Chicago astrophysicists laid out a method for how to use pairs of colliding black holes (shown as an artist’s rendition above) to measure how fast our universe is expanding . Credit : Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes (SXS) Project

Two Astrophysicists of University of Chicago has published a new study in Physical Review Letters . There they laid out a method for how to use pairs of colliding Black-Holes to measure –

How Fast our Universe is Expanding ?
And thus understand how our Universe evolved ?
What it is made out of ?
And where it's going ?

Scientists are thinking about the new technique , which they call a “ Spectral Siren ” , may be able to tell us more about the otherwise elusive “ Teenage ” years of the Universe .

Also Read :: Top 5 Major Space Mission of 2022

One of the major ongoing scientific debate is— Exactly How Fast Our Universe is Expanding ? A major number called the Hubble Constant . But there are also some different methods available so far yield slightly different answers , and Scientists are eager to find alternative ways to measure this rate . The accuracy of this number is especially important because it affects our understanding of fundamental questions, like —

The Age
History
MakeUp
Evolution

of the Universe .

The New Trick offers a way to make this calculation , using special detectors that pick-up the cosmic echoes of Black-Hole collisions .

Two Black-Holes slams into each-other , is so powerful event , which creates a ripple in Space-Time , that travels across the Universe . Here the U.S. Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory ( LIGO ) and the Italian Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory ( VIRGO ) can pick-up those Ripples from the Earth Surface , which are called Gravitational Waves . Over the past few years , LIGO and VIRGO have collected the signal from almost 100 pairs of Black-Holes colliding .

The signal from every collision contains information about – How Massive the Black-Holes were . But don't signal travels across the space , and during that specific time the universe has expanded more , which change the properties of the signal . “ For example , if you took a black hole and put it earlier in the universe , the signal would change and it would look like a bigger black hole then it really is ” , Explained by Astrophysicist Daniel Holz , University of Chicago , One of the two Scientists of the Study .

The first rendered image of a black hole, illuminated by infalling matter. In this study, researchers have proposed a model where these objects can gain mass without the addition of matter: they can cosmologically couple to the growth of the universe itself. Image Credit: Jean-Pierre Luminet, “Image of a Spherical Black Hole with Thin Accretion Disk,” Astronomy and Astrophysics 75 (1979): 228–35

If Scientists can able to figure out a way to measure – How the Signal Changed , they can easily calculate the accurate Rate of Expansion of the Universe . Here the problem is : How do they know , how much the Signal has changed from the original ?

In their new research paper Holz and Jose Maria Ezquiaga , Astrophysicist of University of Chicago , one of the two Scientists of the Study suggested that – They can use the newfound knowledge about the whole population of Black-Holes as a Calibration-Tool . “ For example , current evidence suggests that most of the detected Black-Holes have between 5 and 40 times the mass of our Sun . So , we measure the masses of the nearby Black-Holes and understand their features , and then we look further away and see how much those further ones appear to have shifted . And this gives us a measure of the expansion of the universe ” said Ezquiaga .

This two Scientists dub it the “ Spectral Siren ” method , a new approach to the “ Standard Siren ” method , which Holz and Ezquiaga have been pioneering . The name is a reference to the “ Standard Candle ” method , also used in Astronomy .

An artist's impression of two black holes about to collide and merge . Credit : MARK GARLICK / SCIENCE PHOTO / GETTY IMAGES

The Scientists are excited because in future , as LIGO's capabilities expand , this method may provide a unique window , into the “ Teenage ” years of the Universe , about 12 Billion Light-Year ago , which are hard to study with other methods .

Scientists can use Cosmic-Microwave Background to look at the very earliest moments of the Universe . And they can look around at Galaxies near our own Galaxy to study the Universe's most recent history . But the in-between period is harder to reach , and it's an area of special scientific interest .

“ It's around the time that will switch from Dark-Matter being the predominant force in the universe to dark energy taking over , and we are very interested in studying this critical transition . ” Ezquiaga stated .

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The other advantage of this method , the Scientists said , is that there are fewer uncertainties created by gaps in our Scientific Knowledge . “ By using the entire population of Black-Holes the method can calibrate itself , directly identifying and correcting for errors . ” Holz stated . The other methods used to calculate the Hubble Constant , rely on our current understanding of the Physics of Stars and Galaxies . This involves a lot of complications of Astrophysics . That means , the measurements might be thrown-off quite a bit , if there is something , we don't know yet .

Artist's impression of binary black holes about to collide. Credit : Mark Myers, OzGrav-Swinburne University.

This new Black-Hole method relies almost purely on Einstein's Theory of Gravity , which is well studied and has stood-up against all the ways , Scientists have tried to test it so far .

The more data they have from all Black-Holes , the more accurate this calibration will be . “ We need preferably thousands of these signals , which we should have in a few years , and even more in the next decade or two . At that point it would be incredibly powerful method to learn about the Universe .” Holz stated .

When black holes collide, they could cause nearby material to radiate with light. A 2020 study made the first-ever observation of a flare that may have been produced when two smaller black holes merged to form a new, larger black hole: https://t.co/ign9NtsXc2 #BlackHoleFriday pic.twitter.com/lRmUEe4bBB
— NASA (@NASA) November 26, 2021

This new method can help us to know more about — Exactly How Fast Our Universe is Expanding ?

NASA's Artemis-1 : Here's Everything , You Have To Know About The Mission

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Tue, 16 Aug 2022 13:58:00 +0000

NASA is set to roll out its behemoth Space Launch System to the Launch Pad . This time it aims to launch to the Moon.

A brilliant blue sky serves as a backdrop for the Artemis I Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion spacecraft atop the mobile launcher at Launch Pad 39B ।। Credit : NASA

NASA's Artemis-1 Moon Mission's launch is just around the corner . This historic launch has been years in the making . NASA finally is going to send their Orion Capsule on its journey to the moon . Orion will sit atop on NASA's Most powerful Rocket ever , The Space Launch System ( SLS ) . Here's everything , you should know about this mission .

When Artemis-1 Will Be Launched ?

In an interview Mr. Pete Paceley , Principal Director at Draper , Company responsible for much of Artemis-1's Guidance-Software said — August was ‘ Looking Preety Good ’ for launch .

Also Read :: NASA's Artemis-1 Moon Rocket Gets Launch Date

After somedays on 20th July, Wednesday NASA declered a provisional Launch Date of 29th August for Artemis-1 . That means we are just few days from seeing SLS and Orion Capsule take flight . SLS and Orion will start their slow roll-out to the Launch Pad aboard Crawler Transporter 2 on 18th August .

NASA's Artemis 1 stack on Launch Pad 39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida for its "wet dress rehearsal" test in June 2022. (Image credit: NASA's Exploration Ground Systems via Twitter)

Why Artemis-1 is A Huge Milestone For NASA ?

Artemis-1 mission is one of the two launches set for this Summer or in between September , which can start a new era of Space-Mission . The another one is the Orbital Maiden Flight of SpaceX's Starship Launch Vehicle , which NASA has contracted for their Artemis-3 , Moon Landing Mission .

Artemis-1 is going to be the first a series of missions that NASA plans to use to establish and maintain a permanent presence on the Moon , which'll act a Spring-Board for sending Astronauts to Mars . Artemis-1 is NASA's first sucha a big mission to the Moon , since the last Moon Landing Mission carried out by Apollo-17 in 1972 .

Also Read :: NASA's Artemis-1 Moon Mission Sets For August : Here's The Aim Of The Mission , Want to Achieve

This Artemis-1 Mission will launch aboard the NASA's most powerful Rocket yet . Space Launch System ( SLS ) will produce about 9.5 Million LBS of thrust and carry a payload capacity of 86 Tons ( Approximately 1.9 Million LBS ) up to Low-Earth-Orbit ( LEO ) . If we compare the thrust can produced by SLS with NASA's Saturn-V Rocket , used for the Apollo Missions produced 7.5 Million LBS of Thrust .

Credit : NASA

What is Actually Going to Happen After The Launch of Artemis-1 ?

The European Space Agency ( ESA ) , one of NASA's key international collaborators for this vital Artemis-1 Mission , has published a useful step by step guide outlining the Steps SLS and Orion Capsule will carry out after launch .

The SLS will be launched from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida .
After the Launch Orion Capsule will detach from SLS and will deploy into Low-Earth-Orbit ( LEO ) .
After orbiting the Earth , Orion Capsule will be slung towards the Moon , there it will perform several main engine burns before making its way back towards the Earth .

Also Read :: Scientists Fixed The Hydrogen Leak in Artemis-1

If Artemis-1 does launch on 29th August , it is expected to return and make a splashdown over the Pacific Ocean on 10th October . The Mission will have lasted around 42 days .

Credit : NASA

What Next , After Artemis-1 ?

If and when the Artemis-1 mission is successfully completed , NASA will then start preparing for their Artemis-2 Mission , it will be NASA's first Crewed Mission to the Moon since Apollo-17 . Artemis-2 will perform the same maneuver as Artemis-1 . That means its crew will travel around the Moon and will back to Earth . For the Artemis-3 Mission , NASA will use SpaceX's Starship Rocket to land Astronauts on the Lunar-Surface . To do this NASA has signed a $2.9 Billion Contract , with Elon Musk's private Company SpaceX , Last Year .

This video of @NASA’s @EuropaClipper spacecraft shows it moving into JPL's main clean room, where the team will complete its assembly in preparation for launch in October 2024. Europa Clipper will explore Jupiter’s icy moon Europa https://t.co/RBXB54F9uG pic.twitter.com/Ff26BHSctg
— NASA JPL (@NASAJPL) August 15, 2022

Therefore , Artemis-1 is a crucial first mission for NASA's highly ambitious Artemis Project . And if all goes according to the plan , it is only a few short days away .

Are colors of JWST Images are Fake ?

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Tue, 09 Aug 2022 07:34:00 +0000

JWST only can capture the Infrared Light, which Human Eyes can't see . So what makes the Images captured by JWST so Dazzling ? Are colors of JWST Images are Fake ?

On the left is a monochromatic image showing infrared data from Webb of the Southern Ring Nebula. On the right is a processed image showing the same view in full color.
Image: Gizmodo/NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI

12th July 20222, James Webb Space Telescope showed countless Nebulae, Galaxies and a gassy Exo-Planet's first full-color images, which we had never been seen before . But all we know that — Webb only can capture infrared and near-infrared light, which human eyes can't see . So , now the question is — From where these dazzling colors are coming ?

The team of Image-Developer of the JWST are tasked with turning the Infrared Image's data into some of the most vivid views of the Cosmos, we've ever had . They assign various infrared wavelengths to colors on the visible Spectrum . But the processed images from the Team aren't literally what JWST saw, they're hardly inaccurate .

“ Something I’ve been trying to change people’s minds about is to stop getting hung up on the idea of ‘is this what this would look like if I could fly out there in a spaceship and look at it ? ’” said Joe DePasquale, a senior data Image-Developer at the Space Telescope Science Institute . “ You don’t ask a biologist if you can somehow shrink down to the size of a cell and look at the coronavirus .”

Mid-infrared (left) and near-infrared (right) views of a lensing galaxy cluster, SMACS 0723.
Image: STScI

JWST's first test images helped to check its Mirror's alignment . It captured an orange-tinted shot of the Large Magellanic Cloud . Those early images were not representative color images . One used a monochromatic filter and it translated infrared light into the visible color bands . So now the team could see certain features of the Magellanic Cloud, they imaged .

Astronomy is often done outside the outside visible spectrum . It is why because, many of the most interesting objects in the Space are shining brightly in UltraViolet, X-rays and even Radio Waves . JWST is designed to see Infrared Light, whose wavelengths are longer than Red visible light but shorter than Microwaves .

Also Read :: James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) has spotted its First Supernova . But it was not Designed for this

Infrared Light can penetrate Thick Clouds of dust and gas in space . It allows Scientists to see previously hidden secrets of the Universe . Especially intriguing to Scientists is that — Light from the Early Universe has been stretched as the Universe has expanded . That means – what was once UV or visible light, may now be Infrared .

The wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Graphic: Wikimedia Commons

“These are instruments that we’ve designed to extend the power of our vision, to go beyond what our eyes are capable of doing to see light that our eyes are not sensitive to, and to resolve objects that we can probably see with just our eyes,” DePasquale said. “I’m trying to bring out the most detail and the most richness of color and complexity that’s inherent in the data without actually changing anything.”

JWST's raw images are so laden with data which they need to be scaled down before they can be translated into visible light . These images also need to be clean from artifacts like Cosmic Rays and Reflections from Bright Stars which hit the telescope's detectors . If we look at raw image before processing, it'll look like a black rectangle peppered with some white dots on it .

A raw image of the Carina Nebula as seen by NIRCam, before the infrared light is translated into visible wavelengths.
Image: Space Telescope Science Institute

Also Read :: Just Only Two Weeks in the space : Webb Space Telescope is Reshaping Astrophysics

The same star-forming region of the Carina Nebula, seen after the infrared data is translated to visible wavelengths. Bright stars have large diffraction spikes, an artifact of being imaged by Webb.
Image: NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI

“I think there’s some connotations that go along with ‘colorizing’ or ‘false color’ that imply there’s some process going on where we’re arbitrarily choosing colors to create a color image,” DePasquale said. “Representative color is the most preferred term for the kind of work that we do, because I think it encompasses the work that we do of translating light to create a true color image, but in a wavelength range that our eyes are not sensitive to.”

Long infrared waves are assigned Redder color and the Short infrared waves are assigned Bluer color . This process is called Chromatic-Ordering . The Spectrum is split into as many colors as the Team needs to capture the Full-Spectrum of light depicted in the Image .

Also Read :: James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) is trying to Proff Hawking's Theory of Multiverse . Check out How ?

“We have filters on the instruments that collect certain wavelengths of light, which we then apply a color that is most closely what we think it will be on the visible spectrum .” said Alyssa Pagan, a science visuals developer at the Space Telescope Science Institute .

The Chromatic-Ordering depends upon what elements are being imaged . When working with Narrow-Band wavelengths in optical light — Ionized Hydrogen, Sulfer and Oxygen ; Pagan suggests — The latter two both emit in Red . That means the Hydrogen might get shifted to green visible light, to give the viewer more information .

Pagan added — “ It’s a balance between the art and the science, because you want to showcase science and the features, and sometimes those two things don’t necessarily work together .”

JWST's first representative color image was released on 12th July, 2022 , over 6 months after the Telescope launched from an ESA Spaceport in French Guiana . From there JWST travelled about a million miles to L2 point . L2 is a point in space, where Gravitational Effects allow Spacecrafts to stay in place with burning minimum fuel .

JWST unfolded itself on the way to L2 point, so once it was there, Scientists could get started aligning 10 Billion Dollar's Observatory's Mirrors and commissioning its Instruments . JWST has 4 instruments : —

A near-infrared camera ( NIRCam )
A near-infrared spectrograph
A mid-infrared instrument ( MIRI )
A fine guidance sensor and slitless spectrograph for pointing at targets precisely and characterizing Exo-Planet's atmosphere

The huge amounts of dust in some Galaxies and Nebulae are transparent to NIRCam . MIRI, on the other hand , can observe dices of material, which will give way to planets as well as dust warmed by starlight .

When telescope images are being assembled, image processors work with instrument, Scientists to determine which functions of a given object need to be highlighted in the photo: its piping warm gas, perhaps, or a cool dusty tail .

Stephan’s quintet as seen by three MIRI filters. Galactic “skittles” are seen in the background.
Image: STScI

When JWST imaged Stephan's Quintet, a visible grouping of 5 Galaxies , the finished product was a 150 Million-Pixel image, made up of more than 1000 images taken by both NIRCam and MIRI . In the background of the MIRI images , distant Galaxies glows in different colors ; DePasquale said the team calls them ‘ Skittles ' .

DePasquale and Pagan helped create the JWST images as we would eventually see them , with dazzling colors and cosmic meaning . In the case of the sweeping shot of the Carina Nebula's cosmic-cliffs , different filters were used to capture the Ionized Blue Gas and Red Dust .

Also Read :: Hubble Sees a Mirror Image of the Same Galaxy by Gravitational Lensing

In the Conclusion we can say that — Collecting Light in JWST's Hexagonal Mirrors is only the half battle, when it comes to see the distant universe . The another half of the battle is processing the Image , to allow Human Eyes to see the beauty of our Universe .

ISRO's first SSLV Mission . Details Explanation about : SSLV, EOS-02, AzadiSAT

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Sun, 07 Aug 2022 07:18:00 +0000

To celebrate the “ Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav ” , the SSLV has been launched with EOS-02 and AzadiSAT on Sunday .

SSLV Launched from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota ।। Credit : ISRO

Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) has launched Small Satellite Launch Vehicle ( SSLV ) for the very first time . SSLV is carrying Earth Observation Satellite ( EOS-02 ) and a student made satellite named — AzadiSAT from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota .

To celebrate the “ Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav ” , the SSLV has been launched with EOS-02 and AzadiSAT on Sunday .

What is SSLV ?

The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle ( SSLV ) is 34-metre long, 10 meters shorter than ISRO's Warhorse Rocket – Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle ( PSLV ) and it can put payloads upto 500 KG into 500 KM planer orbit .

It uses solid fuel Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene to fire the the Three stages of the Rocket, which takes the payload to the desired attitude . Then the Liquid-Propelled Velocity Trimming Module ( VTM ) inserts the Satellite into the orbit .

SSLV ।। Credit : ISRO

SSLV has a low turnaround time and it can be assembled within 72 hours by a group of 5-6 peoples . It allows ISRO to provide Launch in Demand Service in the fast growing Low Earth Orbit Launch Sector .

As we mentioned before, SSLV is 34 meters in height with a vehicle diametre of 2 meters and a lift off Mass of 120 Tones .

What is EOS-02 ?

EOS-02 is an Indian Earth Observation Micro-Satellite , developed by the Scientists of Indian Space Research Organisation's ( ISRO ) scientists . They developed it as a test payload in the Maiden Launch of Small Satellite Launch Vehicle ( SSLV ) . EOS-02 is based on Microsat-TDIt . It is intended to be used for Cartographic Applications at a Cadastral Level, Urban and Rural Management, Coastal Land use and Regulations, utilites Mapping, Development and various other GIS Applications . The Satellite carries 2 payloads — A mid-wavelength and a long-wavelength Infrared Camera .

EOS-02 Satellite ।। Credit : Wikipedia

The EOS-02 was not the onliest companion in the very first demonstration flight of SSLV . On the top it was carrying the aspirations, hopes and hardwork of 750 School Girls from across India . They built AzadiSAT, a 9 kilograms CubeSat, which has a mission life of 6 months .

What is AzadiSAT ?

AzadiSAT is ISRO"s attempt at popularising Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics among Indian School-Girls , as it pushes for further exploration of the vast Cosmos . The Satellite has developed to mark India's 75th Year of Independence .

This Satellite was built under the proper guidance of ISRO by 750 school girls from Rural Regions of India . And was then integrated by the student team of “ Space Kidz India ”.

Also Read :: India's AstroSat Telescope observes ‘live’ formation of Dwarf Galaxies around Milky-Way & Andromeda

This CubeSat Satellite contains 75 payloads and includes not just a UHF-VHF Transponder working in high Radio Frequency to enable Voice and Data transmission for Amateur Radio Operations, but also a Selfie Camera .

AzadiSAT also has a solid-state PIN Diode-Based Radiation counter to measure the ionising Radiation in its Orbit and a long-range Transponder . ISRO is going to use the Ground System that is developed by the group “ Space Kidz India ” for telemetry and communicating with the Payloads in Orbit .

SSLV-D1/EOS-02 Mission: the launch is scheduled at 9:18 am (IST). Watch LIVE from 08:30 am here: https://t.co/V1Bk6GZoCF pic.twitter.com/ZTYo8NFXac
— ISRO (@isro) August 7, 2022

With this Successful Launch, ISRO has made it clear that they are ready to cater to an even bigger demand from the Market and Their launch capability is at par with Global Companies .

12 Billion Years Old Dark-Matter Mapped by Warped SpaceTime

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Wed, 03 Aug 2022 15:25:00 +0000

Do you know about one of science's biggest unsolved mysteries of our Universe — Where is all the Dark-Matter ? What is this Dark-Matter ? From where this Dark-Matter have come ?

An artist's illustration of radiation residue from the Big Bang distorted by dark matter 12 billion years ago ।। Credit : Reiko Matsushita

All we know, there is Dark-Matter in our Universe .

All the Galaxies, including our Milky-Way, are spinning too rapidly . So, physics predicts that — everything inside of these Galaxies should be flung outward . But, that's not happening . Sun, Earth, all the Planets of our Solar-System, You, Me are safely anchored . Therefore, scientists thinks for something like a Halo shape, must surround Galaxies to protect them from a falling apart .

Whatever comprises those boundaries is called Dark-Matter . We can't see it, we can't feel it . And we don't even know if Dark-Matter is one thing . Dark-Matter is the epitome of elusive . We only that it exists .

Scientists have some interesting ways of identification the effects of Dark-Matter on our Universe . After all we deduced Dark-Matter's presence in the first place by noticing how it holds Galaxies Together .

Also Read :: India's AstroSat Telescope observes ‘live’ formation of Dwarf Galaxies around Milky-Way & Andromeda

Scientists took advantage of principle, announcing remarkable new findings about Dark-Matter on 1st August, 2022, Monday . By the help of a toolkit composed of wraped space, cosmic residue left over from the Big-Bang and powerful astronomical instruments — The Scientists detected a deep space zone of previously unobserved Dark-Matter Halos . Each situated around a very ancient Galaxy and it is protecting the Galaxy from living out a Merey-Go-Round nightmare .

The Dark-Matter whirls, according to a study on the find published in Physical Review Letters, date back 12 Billion Years , just under 2 Billion Years post Big-Bang . It might very well make them the Youngest Dark-Matter rings ever observed by humanity , the Authors suggest, and potentially the prelude to Cosmology's next chapter .

Hironao Miyatake , Nagoya University and Author of the Study stated — “ I was happy that we opened a new into that era . 12 Billion Years ago, things were very different . You see more Galaxies that are in the progress of formation than at the present, the first galaxy clusters are starting to form as well ” .

This sketch shows paths of light from a distant quasar, which is a really bright object in the center of a galaxy, being gravitationally lensed by a foreground galaxy on the way to the lens of the Hubble Space Telescope.

NASA, ESA and D. Player (STScI)

Warped Space ? Cosmic Residue ? What's this ??

Approximately, more then a century ago, Albert Einstein coined his famous theory of General Relativity . There he predicted that – super strong Gravitational Fields stemming from Massive quantities of matter, would literally wrap the fabric of SpaceTime . His prediction turned out to be correct . Modern Cosmologist uses a concept of Gravitational Lensing to study very faraway Galaxies and other Phenomena in the Universe .

Let's try to understand the working principle of Gravitational Lensing — Imagine, there are two galaxies . Galaxy-A is in the background and Galaxy-B is in the foreground . Basically, when the light from A passes by B to get to your eyes, that luminescence gets distorted by Galaxy-B's matter, dark or not . Such distortion often magnifies faraway Galaxies, kind of like a Lens .

Then you've to do a reverse calculation . You can can do with this light wrap to figure out — how much Dark-Matter surrounds Galaxy-B . If there is too much Dark-Matter, you'll see a lot more distortion than expected from Visible-Matter . But if there is not so much Dark-Matter, the distortion would be much closer to your prediction . This method has worked well but has a caveat . Standard Gravitational Lensing only allows Scientists to identify Dark-Matter around Galaxies, which sit something like 8 - 10 billion Light-Year away, at maximum . This is why, because — as you look deeper and deeper into the Universe ; visible light becomes harder to harder to interpret . Even turning to Infrared Light that's totally invisible to human eyes . What this means – visible light distortion signals for Dark-Matter studies become far too faded beyond a certain point to help us analyse the hidden stuff .

Also Read :: “Powerful Storms” in North Pole of Jupiter : NASA's Juno Probe captured stunning pictures

Here Miyatake came up with a workaround . We can't notice standard light distortions to detect Dark-Matter . But what if there's another type of distortion we can see ? As it turns out, there is Microwave Radiation , released from the Big-Bang . It was formally known as CSB Radiation .

“ Look at Dark-Matter around distant Galaxies ” — Masami Ouchi, Cosmologist of Tokyo University and co-author of the study stated . “ It was a very crazy idea . No one realised we could do this . But after I gave a talk about a large distant Galaxy sample, Hironao came to me and said it may be possible to look Dark-Matter around these Galaxies with the CMB Radiation ” . In essence, Miyatake wanted to observe how Dark-Matter Gravitationally Lensed our Universe's first light .

The James Webb Space Telescope's First Deep Field was revealed on July 11. In it, you can see a ton of gravitational lensing as indicated by the stretched out-looking galaxies toward the center.

NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI

From the Big-Bang

“ Most researcher use force Galaxy to measure Dark-Matter distribution from the present to 8 billion years ago ” — Yuichi Harikane , Asst. Professor, Tokyo University and co-author of the study stated . “ however, we could look further back into the past because we use the more distant CMB to measure Dark-Matter . For the first time, we were measuring dark matter from almost the earliest moments of the Universe ” . To arrive to add their results, the new study team first collected data from observations taken by the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey . It led them to identify more than 1.5 millions Lensed Galaxies , which could be tracked to 12 billion years ago . Then they collected data from ESU's Planck Satelite on Big-Bang Microwave Radiation . Gathering all the data together, the team could study if and how those Lensed Galaxies distorted the Microwaves .

Also Read :: James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) is trying to Proff Hawking's Theory of Multiverse . Check out How ?

“ These result gives a very consistent picture of galaxies and their evolution, as well as the Dark-Matter in and around Galaxies, and how this picture evolves with time ” — Neta Bachall , Professor of Astrophysics , Princeton University and co-author of the study stated .

Point to be noted, the scientists emphasized their study finding this Dark-Matter from the Early-Universe doesn't seem to be as clumpy as our present physics models suggest .

Miyatake stated — “ Our finding is still uncertain, but if it is true, it would suggest that the entire model is flawed as you go further back in time . This is exciting because if the result holds after the uncertainties are reduced, it could suggest an improvement of the model that may provide inside into the nature of Dark-Matter itself ”.

And next up, the Study Team desires to discover even in advance areas of space by way of tapping into Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time .

“ LSST will allow us to observe half the sky . I don't see any reason we couldn't see the Dark-Matter distribution, 13 billion years ago. ” — Said Harikane, co-author of the study .

James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) is trying to Proff Hawking's Theory of Multiverse . Check out How ?

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Wed, 03 Aug 2022 01:22:00 +0000

Theory of Multiverse by Stiphen Hawking is not practically proven yet . James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) is trying to Proff This . This can give Astrophysics a new wings .

Concept of Multiverse ।। Credit : Forbes

JWST tries to Proof Hawking's Theory

The well-known Physicist and Cosmologist Stephen Hawking believed that - There is no existence of God . He stated — “ I belive in the simplest explanation that there is no existence of god ”. But now JWST can proff that Hawking was right . Some scientists believed that JWST will show us Alien Civilizations around us, about which Hawking once said .

In 2017 Noble-Won Physicist Mr. Kip Throne said — “ If we want to know the basics of our Universe, we should focus to the answers of Sir Isaac Newton and if we want to get a breakthrough about the Universal Research, we should focus to the questions of Stiphen Hawking ”. Hawking's research is supplying the fuel to the research of Astrophysics .

Information Paradox & Hawking Radiation

As example we can say that — At around 1970's scientists believed that Black-Hole just absorbed matter and energy of its surroundings . But it never emits anything . That means there is no radiation, so Black-Hole is cold . Then Hawking said that — If these scientists are right, then the laws of Quantum Physics are not valid . But the scientists said that the laws of Quantum Physics are mathematically proved and are 100% accurate . Then Hawking answered that — If the laws are alright, there is the mistake in the concept of Black-Hole . It is why because, according to the Laws of Quantum Physics, information of maater and energy can't be destroyed . But the concept of Black-Hole tells that Black-Hole is absorbing the Matter and Energy and then it destroys the information . This is known as “ Information Paradox ” . Then Hawking mathematically proved that Black-Hole emits some particals as Radiation . Later this radiation was named as “ Hawking Radiation ” .

After the mathematical proff, a lot of scientists supported Hawking, but some were totally disagree with him . But in 2019, when some images and reports were published about Black-Hole, there Black-Hole was described as — These are not silent dark or dead objects ; these are one those hottest and active objects of Universe, which continuously throwing warm-raditions to the outside . That means the Calculation of Hawking's before around 50 years has been proved practically in 2019 . It is the beauty of Astrophysics .

Also Read :: NASA's LRO have Found some Lunar Pits . Astronauts can live there like our Ancient Ancestors .

Modern Technologies about Black-Hole

But by the proof of “ Hawking Radiation ” the Information Paradox can't be solved properly . Our modern technology can say us about the Mass (M) , Net Charge (Q) and about the Spin (L) of a Black-Hole . But we have no idea about the objects absorbed by the Black-Hole . There is no exact information about the distribution of mass in it . There it could be evenly distributed or it can form a structure like — Core , Mante and Crust . We just know about the overall Black-Hole but not in detail about the objects in it .

Hawking's Theory of Multiverse ।। NASA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY

Dark-Matter = Black-Hole

We don't know when or how the “ Information Paradox ” can be resolved properly . But we reach to a closer point to resolve the Paradox by James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) . As we know that — JWST is capable to see the Infrared Light, which can travel a very long distance by overcoming Thick Nebula and other obstacles . That means JWST can easily study about the Hawking Radiation particles, coming outside from a Black-Hole of nearby Galaxy .

That means we can acess to the information, inside of a Black-Hole . Thus we can also determine if they are made of Dark-Matters . This is not too difficult concept . Hawking believed that — Dark Matters are nothing but Primordial Black-Holes, formed during Big-Bang . But there is some error in the Dark-Matter = Black-Hole concept .

Today we know when a super-massive star, made of ordinary matters collapsed by its own Gravity, creates a Black-Hole . There are only 5% ordinary matters in our Universe, while there are 27% Dark-Matters . That means Black-Hole, made of 5% ordinary matters creates 27% dark matters . Here is the big question — How can it possible ??

Hawking himself tried to answer this question . He noticed the logic behind it . According to Hawking — after Big-Bang , when matter was forming through energy by E=mC² ; during this at the Dark edges of Universe, where energy was too dense, formed some smal Black-Holes, due to the interchanging characteristic of Matter and Energy . Hawking named those as – Primordial Black-Holes .

Back-up Plan

But no one can proff it practically before Hawking's death . Now JWST have the capability to see 13.77 billion Light-Year Ago . That means we can easily find those Primordial Black-Holes during the Big-Bang, if Hawking's theory is correct .

But if these method flops, there is an another way . This way is more exciting, which is proving wheather God exists or not . We can get this answer to the Dark-Edges of Universe . By the help of JWST, we can verify Hawking's statement about the Creators of the Universe . Hawking had stated a lot of times that he don't believe that there is any creator of this Universe . He believed the very common question to the Cosmologist — “ What Happened Before the Big-Bang? ”, is incorrect itself . Because from that “ Bang ” everything has came-out and expanding till now and will expand forever . According to Hawking — time also included in it ; there was no existence of time before Big-Bang .

Big-Bang ।। Credit : Wikipedia

Now one-side, if we say that any creator made the Big-Bang and created this Universe and the very other-side according to Hawking — there was no existence of time before Big-Bang to exist those Creators . Then the only way to solve this mystery by practically demonstration of Reverse Trace-Back to the Big-Bang . To do this , only JWST can help us . NASA has the agenda to study about the merging event of galaxies and the basics of formation of a Early-Galaxy . Now with these data when we will start to explore the Dark-Edges of our Universe, then we will be able to understand more accurately that — Big-Bang was really happened or not .

Must Needed Precautions

But during this experiment we should follow some precautions like — if we send any radio signals to those directions where any Type-II civilizations are, then it might be more dangerous for us . Hawking once said — “ Type-II Civilizations can Kill Us ”. In 1964 Soviet Astronaut Nikolai Kardashev hypothesized that — “ There might be some more advanced civilizations, who can absorb the energy from nearby stars to fulfill their needs of Energy ”. Astronomer Kardashev named those civilizations as “ Type-II Civilizations ” . These civilizations may be able to cover a whole star by a mega-structure namely “ Dyson Sphere ” , to absorb its energy . From 2010 Hawking continuously warned us about those civilizations . On the launching day of “ Breakthrough Lesson Initiatives ” by Hawking himself, he told clearly that — for better understand this universe, we should analyse the Data coming from any Exo-Planet by the form of Electro-Magnetic Radiation . JWST can study these types of signals very efficiently . From these signals JWST can tell us about the Atmospheric Oxygen, Water Vapour, Methane and many more details of the planet . JWST can also recive the signal of heat, coming from the reflection of Dyson Sphere, by its Infrared Sensors . Thus JWST can found existence of those Type-II Civilizations .

Also Read :: See where the Webb Telescope took a right away hit from a micrometeorite on certainly one of its mirrors

Hawking's Theory of Multiverse

But all we have to do in a very safely way . Because if those Type-II Civilizations really exists and if they want to control our Solar-System too, then it will be very dangerous for our Human Civilization . If they want to come to our Solar-System from their, they can also open various Space-Portals ; as a result Parallel Universes may start to merge with each other . It is based on the concept of Multiverse . Before his death on his last published paper in 2018 Hawking told about this concept . Our space probes can verify this , but not today . It is why JWST will work for next 10-15 years but its all goals are set . But by the help of other Space Missions we can verify it within 30-50 years . So, lets wait and watch .

James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) has spotted its First Supernova . But it was not Designed for this

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Mon, 01 Aug 2022 03:09:00 +0000

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) spotted a Supernova twice in five days . JWST was not designed for such discoveries . Now Astronauts are hoping to use it for further such missions . The discovery is too much surprising , as it was not designed to do so .

Supernova founded by JWST . Credit : NASA

Highlighted In This Article :–

JWST spotted the Supernova twice in five days .
JWST was not designed for such discoveries .
Astronomers now hope it can be used for further such missions .

Just only four days ago, James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) broke its own record for the most distant Galaxy ever observed . This week, a new analysis of JWST's data revealed about a Galaxy, existed 235 million years after the Big-Bang . Untill this discovery scientists had only knew about a Galaxy, existed 400 million years after the Big-Bang .

JWST spotted Supernova for the First Time

JWST has started to Reshaping Astrophysics in just three weeks in Outer Space . Now, this may have spotted its First Supernova .

“We suspect it's a Supernova,” — Mike Engesser , Astronaut of Space Telescope Science Institute ( STScI ) .

Also Read :: Just Only Two Weeks in The Space : Webb Telescope is Reshaping Astrophysics

This Supernova discovery is more tantalizing because JWST was not built for such finds . The Galaxy, where the Supernova is located, discovered by JWST is called SDSS.J141930.11+5251593 . The Supernova was spotted twice, in five days . JWST found that the Supernova is dimming, just slightly, over that time . This is considered typical behaviour of a Supernova .

JWST
Source : dima_zel/iStock

JWST is not Designed for Such Discoveries

Primarily it's too much exciting because scientists have shown that they're able to find and detect new transients with Webb , which is something that JWST is not designed to do . Finding celestial objects like Supernova is usually done by Ground Telescopes . But this discovery showcases JWST's unique versatility and power . This new discovery is particularly exceptional as JWST looks only at the small strip of the sky compared to the Ground Telescopes .

A supernova in action . Credit : cokada/iStock

Supernovae, fade over a few months by their very nature . It is why Astronomers don't usually get to see their much later stages . These stages are more crucial to scientists, who are trying to figure out more about what type of stars exploded , along with the Stellar Explosion Physics .

India's AstroSat Telescope observes ‘live’ formation of Dwarf Galaxies around Milky-Way & Andromeda

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Sun, 31 Jul 2022 08:45:00 +0000

India's AstroSat Telescope was used by a team of astronomers that detected emissions of Far UltraViolet (FUV) light 1.3-2.8 billion Light-Year away.

Image : IUCAA

What is the Mystery

Astronomers of IUCAA have given a critical link in establishing the wider context of galaxy growth and evolution . So, scientists can now better understand cosmic activity .

Dwarf Galaxies are likewise expanding throughout time . Till today, scientists are puzzled by thinking – how planets recive the substances they require to develop . A team of Indian Scientists has recently lifted the curtain from this mystery .

Also Read :: Just Only Two Weeks in The Space : Hubble Space Telescope is Reshaping Astrophysics

Who Are Trying to Solve This

The scientist of Inter University Centr for Astronomy and Astrophysics in Pune have found the solution to this problem using AstroSat, India's first space observatory .

By the help of 17 hours observational data collected by Astrosats Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope , scientist of IUCAA Mr. Kanak Saha , his PhD student Mr. Anshuman Borgohain and they are collaborators at the Observatorie de Paris, IBM Watson Research Division, Tezpur University, along with a student and seasoned Indian astronomer, decided to investigate this issue .

The team looked at 11 Blue Dwarf Galaxies which are 1.3 - 2.8 Billion Light-Year away . Credit : NASA's Hubble Telescope

What They Observed

The team of scientists noticed that if a star is created near a Dwarf Galaxy's edge , and from there it slowly begins to move toward the Galaxy's centre .

When the star expands within the Galaxy, its mass and brightness increases . Within this last two decades super telescopes have aided in the understanding of huge Galaxies such as Andromeda and the Milky-Way . These galaxies contains billions of stars . But, just a few stars are now forming in them .

Also Read :: Hubble Sees a Mirror Image of the same Galaxy by Gravitational Lensing

What They Said as Result

“We have proof that these galaxies are absorbing matter from the outside world . We saw the live creation of these Dwarf Galaxies ! ” Mr. Kanak Saha stated to a reputed News Site .

The scientist studied 11 Blue Dwarf Galaxies which are located 2.8 billion Light-Year away from us . There was a major difficulty to find out these tiny, incredibly Blue Star-Forming clusters which were too far away to notice . Even they contained a million Solar masses of Matter .

The mathematical calculation of the amount of time needed for the Star-Forming clumps to travel within the Galaxy, makes up a significant portion of this Research Work . According to Mr. Saha — the period could last up to a billion years, or a tenth of the life of a Galaxy .

“Powerful Storms” in North Pole of Jupiter : NASA's Juno Probe captured stunning pictures

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Sat, 30 Jul 2022 16:05:00 +0000

NASA's Juno Probe completed its 43rd close flyby of Jupiter on 5th July and has captured stunning pictures of “Powerful Storms” in the Gas Giant's North Pole .

Powerful storms around the north pole of Jupiter captured by NASA's Juno mission during a recent flyby . Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS

About “Powerful Storms” in the North Pole of Jupiter

On 5th July,2022 NASA's Juno Probe came closer to JUPITER . At the moment Juno captured stunning new images of “Powerful Storms” around the Gas Giant .

The depth of those storms was around 30 miles approximately 50 kilometres in the turbulent atmosphere of Jupiter . The storms are around more than 100 miles wide . According to a statement of NASA , scientists are deeply studying these storms and trying to understand what derives their formation and gives them their striking and unique features .

According to the past observations of Jupiter , these cyclones varies in colour based on the direction of their spin , as well as their location . Storms which spins anti-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere of Jupiter and which spins clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere of Jupiter have distinctly different shapes and colors to those which spins clockwise in North and anti-clockwise in South .

Storms swirl around Jupiter's north pole in images captured by NASA's Juno mission during its flyby in July 2022 . Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS

Also Read :: NASA's LRO have found some Lunar Pits . Astronauts can live there like our Ancient Ancestors .

About Juno Probe

Juno Probe was launched on 2011 and it reached to the Jupiter after five years, in 2016 . It took the images of those powerful storms during its 43rd close flyby at Jupiter on 5th July — NASA stated . The Juno Probe moves around the Gas Giant in a Giant Elliptical Orbit . It compleates one lap in every 43 days of Earth . At its closer point, Juno was was about 3,100 miles ( Approximately 50,000 kilometres ) away from Jupiter . This particular image was taken when Kuno was around 15,600 miles ( Approximately 25,200 kilometres ) away from the Gas Giant .

Juno Probe reached to Jupiter ।। Credit : NASA

Future plan for Juno Probe

NASA planned the Juno Probe to retire in 2021 . But in 2020 they've decided to extend the mission at least to 2025 . During its remaining lifetime — the fascinating atmosphere of Jupiter will be on its focus . And Juno will also observe the mysterious moons of Jupiter — Ganymede, Europa and Io .

Top 5 Major Space Mission of 2022

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Fri, 29 Jul 2022 03:39:00 +0000

Now a days Space Mission are going to be held to know more and more about our Mysterious Universe . Today I'll describe about Top 5 Major Space Mission of 2022 .

1 . ExoMars ( Exo-Biology on Mars )

ExoMars is astrobiology mission of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) .

The first part of the mission was launched in 2016 that placed the Trace Gas Orbiter into Mars and released the Schiaparelli EDM Lander . The Lander crashed on Mars's surface while the Orbiter is operational .

The Second part of the mission was planned to launch in July 2020 . It was planned that when the Rosalind Franklin Rover on the surface, supporting a science mission that was expected to last into 2022 or beyond . But on 12th March, 2020 ESA announced that the Second part of the Mission will be delayed to 2022 . It was because of problems with the Parachutes , which could not be resolved in time for the Launch Window .

The aims of this ExoMars mission are —

To search for signs of past life on Mars
Investigate how the Martian water and Geochemical Environment varies
Investigate Atmospheric trace gases and their sources

And by doing so demonstrate the technologies for a future Mars Sample Return Program .

Credit : European Space Agency

2 . BepiColombo

BepiColombo is a joint mission of the European Space Agency ( ESA ) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) to the Mercury . The mission contains two Satellites , launched together — Mercury Planetary Orbiter ( MPO ) and Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter ( MMO ) . The mission will perform a comprehensive study of Mercy . It includes characterization of its Magnetic Field, Magnetosphere, and both interior and surface structure . It was launched on an Ariane-5 rocket on 20th October 2018 . It was planned to arrive on Mercury on 5th December 2025 after a flyby of Earth , two flybys of Venus and six flybys of Mercury . The mission was approved in November, 2009 .

Credit : ESA & JAXA

3 . Artemis-1

Artemis-1 is a planned uncrewed test flight for NASA's Artemis Project . It is going to be the first flight of NASA's Space Launch System ( SLS ) and first flight of the Orion-MPCV Spacecraft . According to NASA on July, 2022 — Artemis-1 is expected to be launched between 29th August and 5th September .

Formally known as Exploration Mission-1 ( EM-1 ) , the mission was renamed after the introduction of the Artemis Project . The launch will be held from Launch Complex-39B ( LC-39B ) of the Kenedy Space Center . From there an Orion Spacecraft will be sent on a Mission of between 26 and 42 days , with at least 6 of those days in a distant retrograde orbit around the Moon . This mission will certify the Orion Spacecraft and SLS vehicle for crewed flights beginning with the second flight test of Orion Spacecraft and SLS, Artemis-2.

Credit : NASA

Also Read :: NASA's Artemis-1 Moon Mission set for August : Here's the Aim of the mission want to Achieve

4 . Luna-25

Luna-25 is a planned lander mission by Roscosmos . It will land near the Lunar South Pole at the Boguslavsky Center . Luna-25 was renamed from Luna-Glob Lander to emphasize continuity of the Soviet Luna programme from the 1970s . Though it is still part of what was at one point conceptualized as the Luna-Glob Lunar Exploration program . As per May 2022, the launch is scheduled for September 2022 .

Credit : Google

5 . Capstone

Capstone is a Lunar Orbiter that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Lunar Gateway Space Station . The Spacecraft is a 12-unit CubeSat . It will also test a navigation system which will measure its position relative to NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) without relying on ground stations . It was launched in 2022, and will spend over six months flying around the Moon .

Credit : NASA

These are the Top 5 Major Space Mission of 2022 . If you want to know more then write down in the Comment Section . I'll write about your query ASAP . Thanks for Reading .

Also Read :: NASA's LRO have found some Lunar Pits . Astronauts can live there like our Ancient Ancestors .

NASA refined their plans to bring the samples of Mars on Earth, collected by Perseverance Rover in between 2033

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Thu, 28 Jul 2022 05:09:00 +0000

NASA said the initial phase of the Mars Sample Return Program is already started as the Perseverance has collected Rock and Atmospheric Samples.

On 27.07.2022 , Wednesday NASA presented a plan for its Sample Return Program . That means NASA wants to collect the sample of rocks and many atmospheric objects collected by the Perseverance Rover on Mars . In a media event Thomas Zurbuchen, Associate Administrator for NASA's Science Mission Directorate unveiled about a new architecture , which was unavailable a few years ago .

Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltec

NASA is planning the Mars Sample Return Program with the collaboration with the European Space Egency ( ESA ) to bring the samples to Earth for details Experiment . For this details Experiment NASA & ESA will use some sophisticated instruments, which are not possible to send to the Mars .

NASA and ESA are trying to solving the complications

This two Space Egencies have said that This new concept is too much similar than the old concept . This new concept eliminates the requirement of a Rover and the Lander , which was previously planned under the Mission . As this new plan ESA will first launch an Earth Return Orbiter in the fall of 2027 . Which will be followed by the Launch of the Sample Retrieval Lander in the starting of 2028 . If everything goes well and per scheduled , the collected sample will arrive in Earth in 2033 .

Contribution of NASA and ESA

In this mission NASA is contributing the Sample Retrieval Lander, which will carry the Mars Ascent Vehicle ( MAV ) and ESA will contribute the Sample Transfer Arm ( STA ) . This STA will transfer the collected samples from Perseverance Rover to the MAV Rocket . The MAV Rocket will be launched from the Lander toward the Earth Return Orbiter . Then this Orbiter will begin its journey back to Earth with those collected samples .

Safety Measures taken

NASA has noted that the Perseverance Rover is going to be the primary means to transfer those samples . NASA and ESA will add two sample recovery helicopters as backup, instead of the Rover-Lander combination . This two helicopters are based on the Design of Ingenuity . These will be ventured to Mars with Perseverance Rover and has managed to fly 29 times and survive for over a year.

Conclusion

NASA started that the requirements review for the Program is finished and the conceptual design phase is going to complete . The program will move into its preliminary design phase in this October and the development of technology and engineering prototypes is expected to complete in between 12 months . Point to Note , the first part of the mission has already started as Perseverance Rover has collected 11 Rock Core Samples and 1 Atmospheric Object Sample of the Mars .

NASA's LRO have found some Lunar Pits . Astronauts can live there like our Ancient Ancestors .

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Wed, 27 Jul 2022 18:18:00 +0000

Scientists have found some Lunar Pits , consisting comfortable temperatures , one day which will act as Shelter for Humans on the Moon .

NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera has now imaged the Marius Hills pit three times, each time with very different lighting. The center panel, with the Sun high above, gives scientists a great view of the Marius Hills pit floor. The Marius pit is about 34 meters (about 111 feet) deep and 65 by 90 meters (approximately 213 by 295 feet) wide. (Photo: Nasa)

Scientists have identified locations with Thermal Stability on the Moon

When humans again started to research about the Moon and around its Orbit and trying to go there in this Decade one of the biggest prerequisites will be to ensure conditions that aid the survival of the Humans on the airless, rough world . Scientists have now identified some locations with Thermal Stability in Lunar Pits, which could be Shelter for the Humans .

These pits have Temperature Conditions around 17°C

These Pits have Temperature conditions around 17°C and make Thermally Stable sites for Exploration . If we compare these pits with the Lunar Surface, there is a huge difference of Temperature . On the rocky Lunar Surface we can experience upto 127°C at the day time . It may feels like –173°C during the night .

Scientists have used the data from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) to study these pits

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) found these pits for the first time in 2009 . Scientists are using those data of LRO to find out a suitable place for Humans to boost Lunar Research . These pits could be a way of the Lunar Caves . In future those caves could as a base for major research . And it could even be used as shelters for Future Astronauts .

This is a spectacular high-Sun view of the Mare Tranquillitatis pit crater revealing boulders on an otherwise smooth floor. (Photo: Nasa)

Research on the Lunar Pits

The research study published in the Geophysical Research Letters states that — Lunar Collapse Pits may provide the acess to subsurface Lava-Tubes of unknown extent . “ Lunar Caves would provide a temperature, stable, and safe thermal enviornment for long-term exploration and habitation of the Moon ” , researchers stated in the Journal .

“Lunar pits are a fascinating feature on the lunar surface. Knowing that they create a stable thermal environment helps us paint a picture of these unique lunar features and the prospect of one day exploring them ”, Noah Petro, LRO Project Scientist said in a statement .

According to the research These Pits are created by the celling of a Lava-Tube collapsing . Scientists has now been able to characterise the environment of one the prominent pits located in Mare Tranquillitatis .

The team focused on the 100 meter deep Pit, about the length and width of a Football Field and used Computer Modelling to analyse the Thermal properties of the Rock and Lunar Dust and to chart the pit's temperature over time . They prattle that If a cave extends from the bottom of the pit, as images taken by LRO's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) Camera suggest, it too would have this relativity comfortable temperature.

Also Read :: Just Only Two Weeks in the Space : Webb Space Telescope is Reshaping Astrophysics

Conclusion

Researchers stated that just as our ancient Ancestors lived in caves before evolving into Modern-Day Humans Civilization, when our species return to the Moon, there they would find a similar situation .

These caves will act as a saviour for the Humans on the Moon . 1 moon day is equal to 15 Earth days . So the Lunar Surface is constantly bombarded by sunlight followed by brutally cold nights , that too last about 15 Earth days .

NASA is trying to Develop a Nuclear Fission System in the Space, but Why ?

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Wed, 27 Jul 2022 03:01:00 +0000

NASA is currently working on the Artemis Project. It requires a huge quantities of electricity to succeed in returning humans to the Moon permanently . It is quite impossible to transport conventional Fossil fuels there . Surface Solar Cells will be rendered useless for the two weeks during which a specific side of the Moon is at night . This is why Scientists has made the decision to set-up a nuclear power plant there . Nuclear Power could be the most viable choice .

Credit : NASA

DEO Awarded 3 Companies to Help NASA in This Project

This year US Department of Energy (DOE) awarded three companies with $5 Million for designing proposals for a Nuclear Fission surface power system that can be installed to the Moon . According to NASA this Nuclear technology could be installed to the Moon by the end of this Decade.

The awarded companies are — Lockheed Martin , Westinghouse and IX . These companies will be partnering with other companies for the Design Development .

The award money by the DEO contracts are going to be used for the development of Initial Concept . This concept consisting a 40-KiloWatt Fission Power System . This System will be installed in the harsh environment of the Moon in the next 10 years .

Credit : Aerospace America—AAAA

Why Scientists Decided to Set-Up Nuclear Fission System ?

Nuclear Fission Systems are comparatively small and are lightweight . So the scientists thinks — it will be ideal for the Lunar Enviornment . Nuclear Fission Systems can generate a Huge Quantities Energy . And these systems have no dependency on location, sunlight and any other natural conditions . If such a technology is successfully developed and installed — it could be very beneficial . It could pave the way for long duration missions to the Moon, Mars and beyond .

How Earth avoided a Mars-like fate? Read the original reason

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Tue, 26 Jul 2022 11:51:00 +0000

Know How Earth avoided a Mars-like fate? Scientists has found the original reason behind it. Check it now . Complete Details . Here we'll talk about the reasons behind : How Earth avoided a Mars-like fate?

A depiction of Earth, first with out an internal middle; second, with an internal core beginning to grow, round 550 million years ago; 1/3, with an outermost and innermost internal core, round 450 million years ago. University of Rochester researchers used paleomagnetism to determine those two key dates inside the records of the inner center, which they consider restored the planet's magnetic area simply before the explosion of existence on Earth. Credit: University of Rochester / Michael Osadciw

Approximately 1,800 miles under our toes, swirling liquid iron inside the Earth's outer center generates our planet's defensive magnetic area. This magnetic subject is invisible. But is essential for lifestyles on Earth's surface. As it shields the planet from solar wind—streams of radiation from the solar.

From about 565 million years in the past, the magnetic subject's energy decreased to ten 10% of its energy today. Then, mysteriously, the field bounced again, regaining its electricity simply earlier than the Cambrian Explosion of multicellular existence on Earth.

What prompted the magnetic area to get better?

According to new studies from scientists at the University of Rochester, this rejuvenation occurred inside a few 10 millions of years—fast on geological timescales—and coincided with the formation of Earth's solid inner core, suggesting that the core is likely an immediate purpose.

"The internal middle is surprisingly important," says John Tarduno, Professor of Geophysics inside the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences. "At first the internal core started grow. Then the magnetic subject was on the point of disintegrate. However as soon because the internal center started to develop, the sector became regenerated."

In the paper, posted in Nature Communications, the researchers determined numerous key dates inside the inner core's history, such as a greater unique estimate for its age. The research gives clues about the history and destiny evolution of Earth . And how it have become a habitable planet, in addition to the evolution of other planets inside the solar system.

Unlocking Data in ancient Rocks

Layer division of Earth : The Crust, Here life exists. The Mantle, Earth's thickest layer. The Molten, outer center. And the strong internal middle, which is in flip composed of an outermost internal middle and an innermost inner middle.

There is magnetic area in Earth's outer core. In which swirling liquid iron causes electric powered currents. This is Geodynamo Phenomenon, which produces the magnetic field.

There is a magnetic field's courting to Earth's core. So scientists are trying for so long to know how Earth's magnetic field and center have changed at some point of our planet's records. They can't directly measure the magnetic field because of the location and extreme temperatures of materials in the core. Minerals, that rise to Earth's surface contain tiny magnetic debris. That lock within the course and intensity of the magnetic field when the minerals cool from their molten state.

To higher constrain the age and boom of the inner middle, Tarduno and his crew used a CO2 laser and the lab's superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer to analyze feldspar crystals from the rock anorthosite. These crystals have minute magnetic needles within them which can be "ideal magnetic recorders," Tarduno says.

By reading the magnetism locked in ancient crystals—a area called paleomagnetism—the researchers decided new essential dates in the records of the inner center:

550 million years in the past: the time at which the magnetic area started to resume unexpectedly after a close to fall apart 15 million years before that. The researchers attribute the speedy renewal of the magnetic discipline to the formation of a solid inner core that recharged the molten outer center and restored the magnetic subject's electricity.
450 million years ago: the time at which the growing internal center's shape changed, marking the boundary among the innermost and outermost internal core. These modifications inside the internal center coincide with modifications around the same time in the shape of the overlying mantel, due to plate tectonics on the floor.

"Because we restricted the inner center's age more accurately. We could discover the reality that the existing-day internal middle is truly composed of two parts," Tarduno says. "Plate tectonic actions on Earth's floor circuitously affected the internal core. And the history of those movements is imprinted deep within Earth within the inner core's shape."

Earth’s inner core lies far below the surface, making it difficult to study. Credit: iStock.com/fpm

Avoiding a Mars-like fate

Better knowledge the dynamics and growth of the inner middle and the magnetic subject has critical implications, not only in uncovering Earth's beyond and predicting its future, however in unraveling the methods in which different planets may form magnetic shields and maintain the situations important to harbor life.

Researchers trust that Mars, for example, as soon as had a magnetic field. However the subject dissipated, leaving the planet vulnerable to solar wind and the surface with out oceans. While it's miles unclear whether the absence of a magnetic subject might have prompted Earth to satisfy the same destiny. "Earth certainly might've lost a great deal extra water if Earth's magnetic field had not been regenerated," Tarduno says. "The planet might be a whole lot drier and very distinctive than the planet nowadays."

In terms of planetary evolution, then, the research emphasizes the importance of a magnetic guard and a mechanism to maintain it, he says.

"This studies clearly highlights the need to have something like a developing inner center that sustains a magnetic area over the whole lifetime—many billions of years—of a planet."

So I give you the complete information about : How Earth avoided a Mars-like fate ?

Hubble Sees a Mirror Image of the Same Galaxy by Gravitational Lensing

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Tue, 26 Jul 2022 04:30:00 +0000

It’s been an amazing couple of weeks for fanatics of gravitational lensing. James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) grabbed the headlines with a superb infrared view of lensing inside the SMACS 0723 picture, and that had everyone speak. Yet, seeing gravitationally lensed items is not new. Some may be seen from the ground, and of route, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has been cranking out views of gravitational lensing for years.

Just some days in the past, HST launched every other one. It’s a putting view of galaxy known as SGAS J143845+145407. It’s the center-piece of the HST view and looks two times in a reflect picture of itself. The galaxy seems a 3rd time, as a totally smeared apparition that makes a “bridge” between the alternative two pictures.

Credit : NASA

Deconstructing the Lensing of SGAS J143845+145407

So, what are we seeing in the HST image? This triple-imaged item is from a set of Hubble observations that use gravitational lensing to see inner galaxies in the early Universe. It works due to the fact the mild from those remote galaxies is curved or “bent” by way of the gravitational impact of a galaxy cluster that lies among HST and its objectives. The cluster is called the “lens” and the distant galaxy, in this example, SGAS J143845+145407, is the “lensed object”.

Gravitational lensing can do humorous matters to the arrival of the lensed object. It can smear the photo, distort it, and—if the geometry lines up just proper—create more than one images of it. Finally, gravitational lensing can amplify the view of the lensed object. And, that’s critical because most of the time those distant items could be too a long way away or too faint to be located.

The lensing famous information of remote galaxies, inclusive of the existence of spiral arms or celebrity start regions, which allows astronomers to decide star formation in early galaxies. This in turn offers scientists higher perception into how the general evolution of galaxies has opened up over time.

A close-up view shows more detail in the twin images of the lensed galaxy. The third image is the same galaxy smeared out between the other two images. Courtesy: NASA/ESA/STScI

About Galaxy SGAS J143845+145407

The triply imaged galaxy in the HST photograph is technically known as a luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG, for quick). A traditional LIRG can be as vivid as 100 billion times the luminosity of our Sun. Typically, these galaxies are spirals and their infrared luminosity stems from lively regions of celebrity formation. Many of them create around one hundred new stars consistent with 12 months. For evaluation, the Milky Way creates (on average) one new celebrity in keeping with year.

Thanks to the big name formation (and possibly the presence of energetic galactic nuclei), LIRGs are brighter in infrared mild than in optical light. That’s because their visible mild receives absorbed by using fuel and dirt within the galaxies. The dust then re-radiates thermal strength, which is first-class visible inside the infrared spectrum. Two of HST’s units, the Advanced Camera for Surveys, and the Wide Field Camera 3, had been used to picture the object, and take spectra for further special have a look at.

This galaxy lies approximately 6.9 billion years far from us. Its light turned into lensed via a galaxy cluster simplest 2.8 billion years away. To get the lensed photographs of SGAS J143845+145407, it had to be lined up exactly at the back of the cluster from Hubble’s point of view.

Credit : NASA

What Did Astronomers Learn about this Galaxy?

The crew of astronomers who centered HST in this galaxy determined that the magnified view of SGAS J143845+145407 allowed them to get information about megastar formation in that galaxy. Without lensing, seeing this galaxy is challenging. Since it's far lensed, astronomers can look at character big name formation regions at a quite high resolution. It turns out the superstar birth interest takes location over huge areas inside the galaxy. In addition, astronomers were able to truly parent a two-arm structure within the galaxy. They time period it a “grand design” spiral, which means that it has nicely-defined arms. This galaxy additionally has a totally crimson core and bluer clumps of emissions scattered throughout the spiral arms.

The huge quantities of famous person formation on this galaxy’s spiral fingers endorse strongly that most (if not all) LIRGs have huge-spread (maybe even galaxy-extensive) bursts of superstar formation. If you compare these to galaxies inside the present-day universe, the distinction is putting. The neighborhood universe galaxies can have very excessive knots of star formation, however they are smaller in scale than the megastar-forming areas inside the LIRGs.

Credit : NASA

Lensing for the Win

HST and JWST will stay the units of preference for studying lensed gadgets in the distant universe. While some are studied from the floor, the very distant ones in the early universe want the strength of orbiting telescopes.

Just Only Two Weeks in the space : Webb Space Telescope is Reshaping Astrophysics

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Mon, 25 Jul 2022 17:30:00 +0000

As quickly as President Biden unveiled the primary photograph from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) on July 11, Massimo Pascale and his team sprang into movement.

The James Webb Space Telescope’s view of the galaxy NGC 7496 well-knownshows vibrant channels of dust and fuel wherein stars are actively forming.

NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI

Coordinating over Slack, Pascale, an astrophysicist on the University of California, Berkeley, and 14 collaborators divvied up tasks. The picture confirmed heaps of galaxies in a pinprick-length part of the sky, a few magnified as their light bent round a significant cluster of galaxies. The group set to work scrutinizing the photo, hoping to post the first actual JWST technology paper. “We labored nonstop,” stated Pascale. “It was like an break out room.”

Three days later, just mins earlier than the every day cut-off date on arxiv.org, the server in which scientists can upload early variations of papers, the group submitted their studies. They overlooked out on being first by way of 13 seconds, “which become quite funny,” stated Pascale.

The victors, Guillaume Mahler at Durham University within the United Kingdom and colleagues, analyzed that same first JWST picture. “There became only a sheer pride of being able to take this notable information and publish it,” Mahler stated. “If we can do it speedy, why have to we wait?”

The “wholesome opposition,” as Mahler calls it, highlights the giant quantity of technological know-how that is already coming from JWST, days after scientists started receiving records from the long-awaited, infrared-sensing mega-telescope.

The Dawn of Time

One of JWST’s plenty-touted competencies is the electricity to look back in time to the early universe and see a number of the first galaxies and stars. Already, the telescope — which launched on Christmas Day 2021 and now sits 1.5 million kilometers from Earth — has spotted the maximum remote, earliest galaxy known.

A newfound galaxy dubbed GLASS-z13, which is to date away that we see it as it seemed three hundred million years after the Big Bang, now holds the document for the earliest recognised galaxy. That file is not anticipated to ultimate lengthy.

Naidu et al, P. Oesch, T. Treu, GLASS-JWST, NASA/CSA/ESA/STScI

Two teams discovered the galaxy when they separately analyzed JWST observations for the GLASS survey, certainly one of extra than 2 hundred technology applications scheduled for the telescope’s first year in space. Both teams, one led with the aid of Rohan Naidu on the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Massachusetts and the alternative with the aid of Marco Castellano at the Astronomical Observatory of Rome, recognised particularly far flung galaxies inside the facts: one up to now away that JWST detects the mild it emitted 400 million years after the Big Bang (a tie with the oldest galaxy ever visible by using the Hubble Space Telescope), and the alternative, dubbed ~~GLASS-z13~~, seen because it regarded three hundred million years after the Big Bang. “It would be the maximum remote galaxy ever located,” said Castellano.

Both galaxies look extraordinarily small, possibly a hundred instances smaller than the Milky Way, yet they show surprising charges of big name formation and already include 1 billion instances the mass of our sun — more than expected for galaxies this younger. One of the young galaxies even suggests proof of a disk like shape. More studies can be done to interrupt aside their light to glean their traits.

Another early-universe application has also turned up “tremendously distant galaxies,” said Rebecca Larson, an astronomer at the University of Texas, Austin and a member of the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) survey. Just weeks into the survey, the team has bagged a handful of galaxies from the universe’s first 500 million years, even though Larson and her colleagues haven’t released their genuine findings but. “It’s higher than I imagined and it’s best the start,” she stated.

The telescope’s first public photo suggests a cluster of galaxies referred to as SMACS 0723, that's so heavy it warps and magnifies the mild from remote galaxies beyond it.

NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI

More early galaxies cover in the photo of the galaxy cluster presented by using President Biden and studied by using Pascale and Mahler. Called SMACS 0723, the cluster is so heavy that it bends the mild of greater remote items, bringing them into view. Pascale and Mahler discovered as much as 16 remote galaxies which have been magnified within the photograph; their precise ages aren’t but regarded.

The telescope took a closer study one remote galaxy within the image, a smudge of mild that dates to 700 million years after the Big Bang. With its spectrograph, JWST detected heavy elements, mainly oxygen, within the galaxy. Now scientists are hoping the telescope will locate a lack of heavy factors in even earlier galaxies — evidence that those galaxies comprise handiest Population III stars, the hypothesized first stars within the universe, thought to were monstrously big and made absolutely from hydrogen and helium. (Only as the ones stars exploded did they forge heavier factors such as oxygen and spew them into the cosmos.)

“We’re seeking out galaxies in which we see no heavy elements,” stated Andy Bunker, an astrophysicist on the University of Oxford. “That might be a smoking gun for the first era of stars shaped from primordial hydrogen and helium. Theoretically they must exist. It depends whether or not they’re vivid sufficient.”

Galactic Structure

For scientists looking for to apprehend the shape of galaxies and how stars shape within them, JWST has already supplied impactful data.

JWST sees ribbonlike channels of megastar formation in galaxy NGC 7496 that have been formerly shrouded in dust and consequently invisible in pix taken by means of the Hubble Space Telescope.

NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI

One gazing application, led by Janice Lee at the National Science Foundation’s NOIR Lab in Arizona, appears for younger sites of star formation in galaxies. On behalf of Lee’s group, JWST located a galaxy 24 million light-years away known as NGC 7496, whose younger megastar-forming areas have till now been shrouded in darkness; Hubble’s gadgets have been not able to penetrate the thick dirt and fuel that surrounds those areas. JWST, although, can see infrared light that bounces off the dust, permitting the telescope to probe close to the moments while the celebs switched on and nuclear fusion ignited of their cores. “The dirt is truly lights up,” stated Lee.

What’s most extraordinary, she stated, is that NGC 7496 is a everyday galaxy, “not a poster-child galaxy.” Yet under the watchful eye of JWST, it unexpectedly comes to life and well-knownshows channels wherein stars are forming. “It’s just phenomenal,” she stated.

John Barentine, an astronomer on the darkish-sky conservation firm Dark Sky Consulting in Arizona, meanwhile, made a extra serendipitous discovery in considered one of JWST’s first images. The telescope’s image of the Southern Ring Nebula, 2,500 mild-years from Earth, confirmed extraordinary readability. Off to the aspect, an interesting galaxy considered part-on (a completely unique vantage factor for studying the galaxy’s valuable bulge), formerly misidentified as part of the nebula itself, poked into view.

A disk galaxy considered perfectly side-on become noticed in JWST’s image of the Southern Ring Nebula. The specific vantage point we could scientists examine the structure of the galaxy’s vital bulge.

NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI

“We have this exquisitely touchy gadget that is going to serendipitously reveal things we didn’t even recognise we have been seeking out,” Barentine stated. “In nearly every photograph Webb takes, it’s worth poking round within the heritage.”

An Eye on Stars and Planets

Smaller goals are in JWST’s crosshairs, too, such as the planets of our very own solar gadget. Jupiter regarded in incredible style as part of the primary batch of snap shots, captured in an exposure lasting simply seventy five seconds.

Astronomers understand that Jupiter’s top surroundings is loads of stages warmer than the decrease ecosystem, however they aren’t positive why. By detecting infrared mild, JWST may want to see the heated higher surroundings shining; it seems as a purple ring around the planet. “We have this layer some hundred kilometers above the cloud decks, and it’s glowing as it’s hot,” said Henrik Melin,University of Leicester a planetary scientist at the . “We’ve never visible it like this before on a global scale. That’s an brilliant component to see.”

Melin’s application plans to apply JWST inside the coming weeks to look at the using force behind this atmospheric heating.

The mysterious, purple-warm glow of Jupiter’s top environment is visible in JWST’s 75-2d exposure of the planet. Also visible are Jupiter’s skinny ring and its icy moon Europa shining brightly at the left. A small atmospheric disturbance, visible in the world’s backside facet, is because of an interplay with the volcanic moon Io.

NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI

Hiding in JWST’s photograph of Jupiter is the volcanic moon Io interacting with Jupiter’s aurora — creating a small bump inside the aurora low within the planet’s sky. The photograph exhibits “cloth coming from Io streaming down the magnetic field traces,” said Melin. The impact has been visible earlier than, however it become without problems picked out with the aid of JWST with slightly a glance on the planet.

JWST is probing planets in different superstar systems too. Already, the telescope has taken a peek on the well-known TRAPPIST-1 device, a pink dwarf superstar with seven Earth-length worlds (some potentially habitable), though the facts continues to be being analyzed. Early observations have been launched of a much less hospitable planet, a “hot Jupiter” called WASP-96b , in a tight 3.Four-day orbit round its megastar.

JWST located water vapor within the planet’s environment, confirming proof of water mentioned days in advance with the aid of Chima McGruder of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center and colleagues, who used a floor-primarily based telescope. But JWST can go similarly; through observing WASP-96 b’s ratio of carbon to oxygen, it can be capable of clear up a confounding mystery about hot Jupiter : how they obtain such close orbits round their stars. More oxygen could suggest that the fuel giant initially formed some distance from the famous person where water could condense, at the same time as a higher carbon ratio could propose that it’s constantly been near in.

Meanwhile, JWST may additionally have noticed a brief mild within the sky — a quick-lived event referred to as a brief — which it become not initially designed to do. The astronomer Mike Engesser and colleagues on the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland (the operations middle for JWST), observed a bright item not apparent in Hubble photos of the equal location. They think it’s a supernova, or exploding famous person, some three billion mild-years away — proof that the telescope can locate these activities.

JWST ought to be capable of locating far greater distant supernovas too, which will give it some other manner to serve as a probe of the early universe. It can also discover stars being torn aside via the supermassive black holes that live at galaxies’ facilities, some thing no preceding telescope has visible. “For the first time we’re going so that it will peer into these very deep, dark regions,” said Ori Fox, an astronomer on the Space Telescope Science Institute who leads the team studying transients.

Transients, like different astronomical phenomena, are set to be redefined. After decades of making plans and production, JWST has hit the sky jogging. The issue now could be preserving tempo with the constant barrage of technology coming down from a machine so complex but faultless it almost defies belief that it turned into built through human brains. “It’s working, and it’s insane,” said Larson.

Scientists fixed the Hydrogen Leak in Artemis-1

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Mon, 25 Jul 2022 04:51:00 +0000

Technicians preserve to prepare the Space Launch System Rocket and Orion Spacecraft for Artemis-1 in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

Credit : NASA

During paintings to repair the supply of a hydrogen leak, engineers diagnosed a unfastened becoming at the interior wall of the rocket’s engine phase, where the quick disconnect for the liquid hydrogen umbilical attaches. The aspect, referred to as a “collet,” is a fist-sized ring that publications the fast disconnect at some point of assembly operations. Teams will repair the collet by coming into the engine section in parallel with other deliberate work for launch arrangements.

Technicians have changed the seals on the quick disconnect of the tail carrier mast umbilical and could reattach the umbilical plate as soon as the loose collet is addressed. Technicians now are checking out the newly changed seals to make certain there are not any additional leaks. Following trying out, teams will complete closeouts to geared up that segment for flight. Technicians continue work associated with battery activations, and are presently completing installation of the flight batteries. Teams hooked up the batteries for the strong rocket boosters and meantime cryogenic propulsion stage this week and will installation the core stage batteries next week.

Credit : NASA

Next up, groups will start the flight termination structures operations, which encompass eliminating the core degree and booster secure and arm gadgets for calibration and putting off and replacing the command receiver decoders with the flight gadgets. The secure and arm gadgets are a manual mechanism that placed the flight termination system in both a “safe” or “arm” configuration whilst the command receiver decoders receive and decode the command at the rocket if the device is activated.
Meanwhile, at the Orion spacecraft, groups installed a technology demonstration a good way to check virtual help and video collaboration in deep area. Engineers are also accomplishing powered trying out on the crew module and European carrier module heaters and sensors. Technicians set up Commander Moonikin Campos, who's one in all three “passengers” flying aboard Orion to test the spacecraft’s systems. Commander Campos’s crew associates, Helga and Zohar, can be mounted within the coming weeks.
Final work maintains to put together the Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida for Artemis I. Teams have recognized placeholder dates for potential release opportunities. They consist of:

29th August at 8:33 a.m. EDT (Two-hour release window); Landing October 10
2nd September at 12:48 p.m. (Two-hour release window); Landing October 11
5th September at 5:12 p.m. (Ninety-minute launch window); Landing October 17

Astronomers are puzzled by : 'First of Its Kind' Triple Star System

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Sun, 24 Jul 2022 16:48:00 +0000

The detection of an strangely compact “First of its kind” system of 3 stars become introduced earlier this 12 months. The query about how this precise mixture of a binary set of stars and a revolving larger star can shape is now the focal point in a collaboration between two young researchers on the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen.

CREDIT: IMAGE CREDIT: NASA/JPL-CALTECH/UCLA

Tertiary megastar formation on a huge scale

The star system includes a binary set of stars – stars that orbit one another and then one, more massive star orbiting the binary.

“As a ways as we realise, it is the first of its type ever detected”, Alejandro Vigna-Gomez says. “We recognise of many tertiary star systems (three star systems), but they're generally substantially less large. The big stars on this triple are very near together – it's far a compact system.

The orbital duration of the binary (~1 d) is the same as that of the rotation of Earth (1 day).

The mixed mass of the 2 of them is twelve times the mass of our Sun – so instead big stars.

The tertiary star is approximately 16 instances the mass of our Sun, so even bigger! The inner orbit is round in shape with close to six revolutions of the tertiary star across the binary per year. Pretty speedy, whilst you consider the dimensions of them – unsurprisingly, the system could be very luminous, so at the beginning they had been detected as a stellar binary”.

Artist’s interpretation of HD 98800, a quadruple-star system located 150 light-years away. (Photo: Nasa/JPL)

The dedication of amateurs brought about the discovery of the star system

The initial discovery of the unique nature of this very special system is also special within the manner that it changed into made via novice astronomers.

A network of beginner astronomers, who had been going through a public records set from NASA's TESS observatory (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) and discovered some thing a chunk out of the everyday.

The level of professionalism can be pretty high amongst amateurs, and that they made the professional astronomers aware about anomalies in the detection. It became out that what became previously believed to be stars, were virtually three.

Communities like these are referred to as citizen scientists.

An artist’s impression of the HR 6819 triple system. Image credit: L. Calçada / ESO.

The aggregate of knowledge on dynamics and stellar evolution proved to be fruitful

Post Doctoret Dr. Alejandro Vigna-Gomez explains that once investigating the formation of the famous person system, several alternatives had been considered.

If, for example, the larger star formed first, it might possibly have ejected material that could have disrupted the formation of a binary that near.
Another possibility is that the binary and the star fusions one at a time from each other and subsequently encountered and locked of their orbits due to gravity.
Third possibility, in which two binaries shaped and one merged into one, bigger star.

This is wherein the combined efforts of Bin Liu, expert on dynamics and Alejandro Vigna-Gomez’ information on star formation came in handy.

They coded the alternatives and ran greater than a 100.000 iterations at the pc, so one can verify the most possibly outcome of this situation.

The result turned out to be in favor of the two binary systems forming to begin with and considered one of them merging to 1 megastar. Their results display that the two binary state of affairs may want to in fact give an explanation for the foundation of the triple system.

An artist’s representation of a newly discovered triple-star system. Planet HD 131399Ab orbits on the red line around HD 131399A, whose orbit is represented by the outer blue curve. The other two stars, HD 131399B and 131399C, swivel around a center of mass represented by the inner blue curve. Stars A, B, and C all orbit around a shared center of mass. Credit: ESO

The way forward requires the information of an astronomer that specialize in observations

“Now we've a version of the maximum in all likelihood state of affairs on this precise system. But a model is not sufficient. And there are two ways in which we can show or disentangle our idea in this formation” Dr. Alejandro explains “One is reading the gadget in element and the other is to make a statistical evaluation on a population of stars.”

If we go to the gadget in element, we will ought to rely on the knowledge of an astronomer. We already have some preliminary observations, but we nevertheless need to go through the facts, and ensure we're decoding it well.

Bin Liu maintains : “We additionally encourage people within the scientific community to study the facts deeply”, Post Doctoret Dr. Bin Liu says. “Maybe there are more compact systems buried within the statistics. What we really need to understand is whether or not this type of machine is commonplace in our universe”.

Alejandro Vigna-Gomez and Bin Liu have now mapped out quite a variety of work for themselves. “We want to discover an good enough telescope with available staring at time someplace inside the world, and talk to a person who is truely an professional from the observational point of view”.

The information from telescopes desires to be understood effectively. What you spot in a telescope isn't totally what you get, so to say. It need to be interpreted. So more collaboration is underway, very a whole lot within the spirit of Niels Bohr, Dr. Alejandro says: “A Chinese and a Mexican with each their different fields, dynamics and star formation, meet on the Niels Bohr Institute and now on the way to but more scientific collaboration”.

NASA's description was totally wrong about the Bennu Asteroid

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Sun, 24 Jul 2022 02:18:00 +0000

NASA got a huge marvel whilst it landed a spacecraft on the asteroid Bennu in 2020 and blasted a large crater in the rocky body — but the getting to know experience may want to help shop the Earth if an asteroid ever threatens to wipe us out.

A mosaic image of the asteroid Bennu created using data from NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission. (Image credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona)

The Assignment : In 2016, NASA launched the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to get an up-near look at the asteroid Bennu. Two years and 1.2 billion miles later, the spacecraft arrived at its destination and started surveying Bennu from as near as four miles above its floor.

In 2020, NASA took the mission a step further, sending OSIRIS-REx to the asteroid’s floor to collect a sample — some thing no NASA spacecraft had ever finished earlier than.

For that part of the mission, OSIRIS-REx in short touched down at the asteroid’s surface and despatched out a gasp of gasoline. It then captured a piece of the material dislodged through the gasoline earlier than firing its thrusters to again faraway from Bennu.

The plan labored, but in NASA’s simulations of the asteroid, the process have to have left the tiniest divot at the asteroid’s surface. The actual challenge created an explosion of particles and a 26-foot-huge crater on the touchdown site.

Credit : NASA

Learning Experience : Based on records from the collection assignment and a observe-up flyby remark of the landing web site, researchers have decided that the surface of the asteroid Bennu is so loosely packed, OSIRIS-REx could have just kept sinking into it if it had now not fired its thrusters on schedule.

NASA describes it as being similar to the plastic ball pits kids play in — put any pressure on the rocks and bits of dust on Bennu’s surface, and that they’ll easily slide past one another.

“Our expectations approximately the asteroid’s surface had been absolutely wrong,” stated Dante Lauretta, principal investigator of OSIRIS-REx.

“It turns out that the debris making up Bennu’s outside are so loosely packed and gently bound to each different that they act extra like a fluid than a solid,” he introduced.

The researchers have now used the information from the OSIRIS-REx project to recalculate Bennu’s homes, detailing what they discovered in two papers.

This revel in could assist scientists as it should be interpret far off information on different asteroids — and that could be highly essential if we ever locate ourselves facing down an asteroid impact and want to launch a undertaking to deflect or ruin the threatening space rock.

NASA's Rover has found Weird Trash On Mars

noreply@blogger.com (Pabitra Banerjee) — Sat, 23 Jul 2022 09:22:00 +0000

When a spacecraft screams thru Mars' surroundings at a few 12,000 mph, releases a large supersonic parachute, and in the end abandons stated parachute along with rocket-powered landing equipment and a warm temperature protect, it's far inevitable that debris will scatter over the Martian landscape.

In June, NASA's Perseverance rover observed paper-like trash caught between a few rocks. And in July, the rover stumbled during what is probably a tangle of wire, in all likelihood from the parachute.

The web has categorised this a "thriller object." But its origins, close to the region the Perseverance rover landed in 2021, don't appear to be too mysterious. Perseverance rumbled via its parachute and exceptional landing system in April. NASA's automobile-sized robotic hasn't traveled too a long way from its touchdown spot, visiting 7.3 winding miles thru the Jezero Crater, a place planetary scientists count on as quickly as teemed with water.

In one of a kind words, the rover is the use of thru a sector of touchdown particles.

The NASA Perseverance rover will almost genuinely discover more trash because it explores the purple planet. It has a packed agenda. It's currently:

Collecting rock samples so as to someday be rocketed once more to Earth through a destiny spacecraft
Scoping terrain for the rock pattern return challenge to land
Lasering rocks as it seeks proof of previous primitive existence on Mars

There's despite the fact that no evidence, but, that existence has ever existed someplace beyond Earth. But on Mars, a dried-up river delta within the Jezero Crater can also keep a few compelling clues.

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