Wiley: Packaging Technology and Science: Table of Contents

The Preservation Effects of Tannic Acid–Loaded Electrospun Cellulose Acetate Phthalate Film on Minced Beef in Vacuum Skin Packaging

Sat, 04 Apr 2026 02:36:52 -0700

In this study, electrospun cellulose acetate phthalate films were fabricated incorporating tannic acid. The films exhibited good antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The results revealed that the combination of electrospun film and vacuum skin packaging effectively preserved the quality of minced beef.

ABSTRACT

In this study, the cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) film loaded with tannic acid (TA) was prepared in the work using the electrospinning method. The addition of TA increased both the conductivity and the viscosity of the electrospinning solution, which resulted in a higher average fibre diameter (1.14 ± 0.30 to 1.32 ± 0.32 μm). The electrospun films exhibited antibacterial activity, with the highest inhibition zone diameter values of 8.3 mm against Escherichia coli and 8.5 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, as well as antioxidant activity with a maximum free radical scavenging rate at 41%. The combined benefits of TA-loaded electrospun CAP film and vacuum skin packaging on the quality of minced beef were investigated. It has been found that the microbial, physical and chemical deterioration of the minced beef was effectively retarded; hence, it extended its shelf life by an extra 2 days. In conclusion, the TA-loaded electrospun CAP film is highly effective in preserving the quality of minced beef using vacuum skin packaging.

Durian (Durio zibethinus) Quality, Cultivars, Volatile Compounds and Packaging Solutions for Global Markets: A Review

Tue, 24 Mar 2026 03:11:31 -0700

Durian (Durio zibethinus), the ‘King of Fruits,’ is economically important in Southeast Asia. Understanding postharvest quality changes in tree-cut and tree-dropped durians is essential for selecting appropriate packaging and transportation strategies for whole and fresh-cut products.

ABSTRACT

Durian (Durio zibethinus), often referred to as the ‘King of Fruits,’ is a culturally and economically important fruit in Southeast Asia. Major producing and exporting countries include Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam, with production also expanding in countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines. Durian is a rich source of essential nutrients beneficial to human health, with a recommended edible intake of approximately 200–300 g per day. The high diversity of durian clones in the region results in substantial variation in aroma and flavour among cultivars and production areas. Understanding fruit maturity and ripening behaviour, particularly the distinction between tree-cut and tree-dropped durians, is crucial for market segmentation and consumer preference. Differences in fruit type, together with changes in physicochemical properties and volatile compound profiles, are closely associated with postharvest handling practices and the use of both classical and innovative packaging systems tailored to specific market requirements. This review discusses packaging solutions for whole durian fruit and fresh-cut products, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations.

Investigating the Performance of Polytetrafluoroethylene and Polyoxymethylene Creasing Rules in the Package Conversion of Coated Paperboard

Roman Lev, Antti Pesonen, Johanna Lyytikäinen, Panu Tanninen, Ville Leminen — Wed, 18 Mar 2026 02:15:39 -0700

Two sets of creasing tools were designed and machined from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyoxymethylene (POM) in this study to improve the creasability of commercial dispersion-coated paperboard. Their performance was evaluated by measuring the oil and grease resistance of the samples before and after creasing/folding and comparing the results with those obtained using a conventional steel creasing rule. The plastic rules exhibited superior performance compared with the steel rule in maintaining the coated surface integrity.

ABSTRACT

Novel dispersion-coated paperboards offer a sustainable alternative to conventional plastic packaging but require modifications to traditional conversion methods. Although fibre-based substrates with plastic coatings can be creased using conventional tools without substantial loss of barrier properties, more brittle dispersion coatings can crack under applied loads. To address this issue, two sets of creasing tools were designed and machined from polytetrafluoroethylene and polyoxymethylene in this study. Round and flat rule tip types were used to examine the convertibility and oil and grease resistance (OGR) of a commercially available dispersion-coated paperboard MetsäBoard Prime FBB EB after creasing and folding. The performance of the round plastic rules was compared with that of an industrial-grade steel creasing rule with the same geometry. The results showed that creasing with round rules and subsequent folding of the samples required similar forces. The flat plastic rules required higher creasing forces; however, the foldability of the samples was comparable to that of the samples creased with the round rules. Creasing with the steel rule drastically reduced the material OGR, especially for the samples creased parallel to the cross-machine direction (CD). The materials creased with plastic rules did not encounter significant OGR reduction, except for the samples creased with flat rules parallel to the CD. After folding the samples, the maximum OGR time for all test points did not exceed 2 h, and the shortest minimum times were recorded for the steel-creased samples. Scanning electron microscopy results confirmed severe coating cracking after creasing with the steel rule, and less surface damage to the plastic-creased material was observed. Overall, the plastic rules demonstrated superior performance in the creasing process of the paperboard, facilitating their evaluation on a larger scale in future research.

Synergistically Antibacterial and Antioxidant Catechaldehyde‐Based Composite Bio‐Coating for Enhanced Strawberry Shelf Life

Jianfu Qiao, Biyang Ling, Kunning Wu, Xinyi Han, Yin Liu, Qi Wang — Fri, 13 Mar 2026 01:17:00 -0700

In this study, a gelatin–sodium hyaluronate composite coating incorporating catechaldehyde was developed to enhance the postharvest preservation of strawberries. Gelatin forms hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions with sodium hyaluronate, whereas catechin undergoes a cross-linking reaction with the amino groups of gelatin through its aldehyde group, endowing it with excellent antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The coating was also applied to strawberry preservation, and its preservation performance was evaluated based on the physicochemical properties of strawberries, aiming to provide application references for the development of new green packaging materials.

ABSTRACT

Developing safe, non-toxic and high-efficiency coating materials for food preservation has become a critical research focus in the field of food packaging. In this study, a catechaldehyde-cross-linked gelatin/sodium hyaluronate (GHAP) composite coating was engineered to improve the antibacterial and antioxidant functionalities of gelatin. By optimizing the cross-linking ratio, a GHAP4 film with superior overall properties was obtained. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed that the aldehyde groups of catechaldehyde participated in cross-linking reactions with the amino groups of the gelatin–sodium hyaluronate matrix. The GHAP4 film exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, achieving a DPPH radical scavenging rate of 96.8%, and showed strong antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, cytotoxicity tests suggested that all concentrations of GHAP4 solution exhibited cell viability exceeding 100%. Zebrafish toxicity tests showed that the GHAP film had no significant toxicity to zebrafish, with no deformities or deaths observed. Preservation experiments using strawberries as a model sample showed that the GHAP4 coating effectively slowed down changes in colour, titratable acidity and soluble solid content, extending the shelf life from 4 to 8 days. This study provides new ideas and a theoretical basis for the application of natural polymer-based functional coatings in fruit and vegetable preservation.

Development and Characterization of Smart, Biodegradable Gelatin‐Based Films With Graphene Oxide and Anthocyanins for Real‐Time Fish Freshness Monitoring

Thu, 12 Mar 2026 18:44:44 -0700

This research details the synthesis of intelligent, biodegradable composite films via solvent casting, utilizing fish-scale gelatin, wood-apple-derived graphene oxide, and jamun-extracted anthocyanins. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed successful molecular crosslinking. The optimized ternary composite exhibits enhanced physicochemical integrity and functions as a dynamic colorimetric sensor that detects proteinaceous food spoilage via pH-dependent halochromism.

ABSTRACT

This study focused on the development of a multifunctional, biodegradable and intelligent food packaging film based on fish scale–derived gelatin reinforced with bio-synthesized graphene oxide (GO) and pH-responsive anthocyanins for real-time fish freshness monitoring. Gelatin extracted from underutilized fish scales served as the primary biopolymer, while GO synthesized from wood apple shells was incorporated to overcome gelatin's inherent mechanical, thermal and barrier limitations. Anthocyanins isolated from jamun fruit were integrated as natural colourimetric indicators. Structural and physicochemical characterization using FT-IR, SEM–EDS, UV–Vis, TGA-DTG and mechanical analyses confirmed effective incorporation and homogeneous dispersion of GO and anthocyanins within the gelatin matrix. The incorporation of GO/anthocyanin increased tensile strength by 75.8% relative to the control film, improved thermal stability, reduced water vapour permeability and enhanced UV-blocking performance. Soil burial tests demonstrated rapid biodegradation of the nanocomposite films, with GO-containing formulations exhibiting ~97% weight loss within 7 days. The anthocyanin-containing film exhibited distinct pH-dependent colour transitions during fish storage at 25°C, correlating strongly with fish pH (6.9–8.4; R ² = 0.94) and TVB-N content (7.2–36.5 mg/100 g; R ² = 0.97). These findings demonstrate that the developed gelatin/GO/anthocyanin composite films function as mechanically reinforced, rapidly biodegradable packaging materials with reliable real-time freshness-sensing capability.

Biodegradable Sodium Alginate Films Incorporated With Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers Extract for Active Food Packaging

Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

Development of biodegradable sodium alginate films incorporated with J. palmata root extracts showing enhanced antioxidant and functional properties for active food packaging applications.

ABSTRACT

Biodegradable packaging helps reduce environmental impact by decomposing naturally and preventing plastic accumulation in ecosystems. This study developed sodium alginate films incorporating Jateorhiza palmata (Lam.) Miers root extract at 5%, 10% and 20% (w/w, relative to polymer mass) for active food packaging. Films were evaluated for physicochemical, mechanical, optical, thermal, barrier and antioxidant properties. Extract incorporation enhanced flexibility and thermal stability, particularly in the 20% film, which showed the highest elongation at break (23.86 ± 1.28%) and decomposition temperature (229.77°C). Water affinity decreased with extract addition (moisture: 12.09%–18.56%, swelling: 41.46%–70.00%, solubility: 30.58%–67.13%), while water vapour permeability (WVP) (0.153–0.194 g·mm/m²·h·kPa) remained stable. The 20% film maintained peroxide values below 5.0 mEq·kg⁻¹ in sunflower oil for 14 days, with values 3.6 and 11 lower than PET and unpackaged controls, respectively. Biodegradability increased with extract content, reaching 4.5% in 20% films after 20 days. These findings support the use of J. palmata enriched alginate films as sustainable alternatives to synthetic packaging and antioxidants for lipid-rich food products.

Development and Evaluation of Starch‐Based Intelligent Films Functioned by Nano‐SiO2 and Black Currant Extract for Real‐Time Monitoring of Beef Freshness

Siyu Wang, Gang Liu, Yufei Zou, Qian Zhang, Changxing Jiang — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

The intelligent films (WLS-NS-BCE) prepared using white lentil starch, nano-SiO₂ and black currant extract showed decreased water vapour permeability and increased tensile strength. The WLS-NS-BCE had good antioxidant activity, light-blocking property and pH sensitivity and showed great potential for application in intelligent food packaging.

ABSTRACT

There is a growing demand in developing intelligent packaging because of its role in enhancing food safety and reducing food loss. In this study, we firstly investigated the rheological property of film-forming solutions containing white lentil starch (WLS), nano-SiO₂ (NS) and black currant extract (BCE) and found that the solutions exhibited shear thinning behaviour. Intelligent films were then developed using the film-forming solutions, and their structural and functional properties were evaluated. Results showed that some intermolecular interactions between NS and BCE occurred in the WLS-NS-BCE films. The addition of NS could markedly decrease water vapour permeability (WVP) (1.75 to 1.54 × 10⁻¹³ g m⁻¹ s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹) and increase tensile strength (TS) (21.74 to 33.4 MPa) of the WLS film. Incorporation of BCE significantly decreased WVP (1.54 to 1.25 × 10⁻¹³ g m⁻¹ s⁻¹ Pa⁻¹) of the WLS-NS film. The WLS-NS-BCE films had good antioxidant activity, thermal stability, light-blocking property, pH sensitivity and visible colour change responsive to beef deterioration. The WLS-NS-BCE films showed great potential for application in active and intelligent food packaging.

Generating Random Vibration Targeting Acceleration Kurtosis and Probability Distribution by Combining Gaussian Vibrations

Daichi Nakai — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

This study focuses on non-Gaussian random vibration testing for packaging. Combining multiple Gaussian-distributed vibrations with different acceleration standard deviations and durations aids in generating vibrations with any standard deviation and kurtosis. The proposed method approximates the probability distribution of real vibrations measured on the truck bed.

ABSTRACT

Random vibration testing is essential for ensuring the safety of packaged products during distribution; however, conventional test methods that rely on only the power spectral density of acceleration differ from real vibrations measured on truck beds. These discrepancies lead to overpackaging or underpackaging, and they can be quantitatively evaluated using acceleration kurtosis. Thus far, numerous studies have proposed methods to control kurtosis during vibration testing to match real vibrations. Among these approaches, leptokurtotic vibration tests can be conducted using nonstationary methods, wherein Gaussian-distributed random vibrations are applied sequentially with varying acceleration standard deviations and durations. However, previous studies showed that vibrations synthesized through nonstationary methods often exhibit kurtosis values deviating from those of the vibrations. To address this issue, this study proposes a novel approach for generating vibrations with targeted kurtosis using a nonstationary method. Standard deviations and durations of each Gaussian random vibration are determined based on the definitions of standard deviation and kurtosis. From many possible combinations of standard deviation and duration, the ones that minimize the difference between the probability distribution of synthesized vibration and that of the real vibration are selected. The proposed method enables a more accurate implementation of vibration tests for packaging by achieving targeted kurtosis values.

Corn Starch/Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Film With pH‐Mediated Fluorescent Sensing: Carbon Quantum Dot Incorporation for Film Stability and Efficient Food Freshness Monitoring

Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

Carbon quantum dots (CDs) with an average particle size of 5.496 nm presented hydrogen bonding–dominated interactions with the film but did not affect the microstructure and crystal structure. They endowed the films with UV-shielding ability, excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability. The pH-mediated fluorescence sensing function of the film was verified by simulating pH changes in a high-protein food storage environment, showing a 62.91% increase in fluorescence intensity from pH 3.5 to 8.5.

ABSTRACT

There is an urgent need in the food packaging sector to develop smart packaging systems to cope with various scenarios, such as pH-indicating smart packaging systems. This study aims to explore the effect of incorporation of carbon quantum dots (CDs) into a corn starch/polyvinyl alcohol matrix to develop pH-mediated fluorescent sensing smart films. CDs with an average particle size of 5.496 nm were successfully prepared using a hydrothermal method incorporating citric acid and urea as raw materials, which are rich in hydrophilic groups, especially nitrogen-containing groups, and exhibit pH fluorescence response characteristics. The CDs presented hydrogen bonding–dominated interactions with the film while having no significant effect on the microstructure and crystal structure. They were uniformly dispersed in the films, and the loading of CDs endowed the films with UV-shielding ability, excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability. The pH-mediated fluorescence sensing function of the film was verified by simulating pH changes in a high-protein food storage environment using acetic acid and ammonia, showing a 62.91% increase in fluorescence intensity from pH 3.5 to 8.5. This work provided an idea for developing a new smart packaging system.

Development and Fruit Preservation Application of Bio‐Based Polylactic Acid/Wheat Gliadin Multifunctional Synergistic Bilayer Films

Yu Wu, Jie Liu, Hongyan Chen — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

In this study, a novel multi-material synergistic bilayer film was fabricated, in which the inner layer was toughened polylactic acid to enhance the barrier performance, and the outer layer was wheat gliadin–gelatin–salicylic acid with antibacterial property, which significantly improved the mechanical properties. The bilayer film can keep tomatoes fresh, and the components of the film are completely biodegradable and environmentally friendly. The bilayer film prepared successfully exhibits great application prospects in fruit preservation.

ABSTRACT

The promotion of degradable food packaging films contributes to alleviating the problem of white pollution and facilitating the reduction of environmental contamination. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a widely used biodegradable material, but its brittleness and single function limit its application in the field of food packaging. In this study, a bilayer film was developed based on the combination of blending and casting. The film was composed of an inner PLA layer and an outer wheat gliadin–gelatin–salicylic acid blend layer. PLA was toughened with polyethylene glycol 2000 and acetyl tributyl citrate. The toughened PLA film had a certain ultraviolet shielding function. In the outer layer, wheat gliadin, gelatin and salicylic acid could be compatible, forming a stable structure and exerting their respective properties. The problem of the high viscosity of single wheat gliadin film was improved by adding gelatin. The addition of salicylic acid as a bacteriostatic agent not only made the film have an antibacterial effect, but also greatly improved the mechanical properties of the film. This film was used in a sealed packaging preservation experiment for yellow cherry tomatoes. The results showed that the 9% salicylic acid bilayer film reduced the decay rate and weight loss rate of yellow cherry tomatoes during 15 days of storage. In the soil degradation experiment, the PLA bilayer film showed obvious structural degradation after 90 days. These results highlight the promising application potential of the prepared PLA bilayer film as a sustainable and environmentally friendly packaging alternative to extend the shelf life of fresh fruit.

Preparation and Characterization of Copper Oxide Nanoparticle‐Reinforced Bionanocomposite Films From Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) Starch and Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis (L.) Burm.f.) Gel Blend

Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

This study develops CuO-reinforced bio-nanocomposite films with taro starch and Aloe vera gel and investigates how the concentration of nanoparticles (CuO) affects the film with respect to the film's appearance, mechanical behavior, barrier properties, and thermal stability. The resulting films exhibit increased antimicrobial activity, which allows application in active biodegradable food packaging.

ABSTRACT

The current study investigated the effects of increasing CuO NP concentration on the performance of biocomposite films derived from taro starch and Aloe vera gel. The CuO NPs were synthesized through chemical co-precipitation, and calcification was mixed with taro starch and Aloe vera gel to obtain biodegradable bio-nanocomposite films. The glycerol, biopolymers and CuO NPs were combined to produce a homogenous film by solvent casting and oven drying. The bio-nanocomposite film was characterized by optical, mechanical, physical, chemical and morphological analysis as well as antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Results show that as the concentration of CuO NPs increases, the film's opacity also increases as the film absorbs more light. Although the optimum percentage of CuO NPs enhanced the film thickness, the tensile strength decreased at higher concentrations (1.5% and 2.0%) due to agglomeration. Moreover, adding the CuO NPs to the biopolymer matrix had no new chemical interaction. However, the agglomeration was caused by physical factors. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) increase to 65.75°C and 48.38°C, respectively, which establishes enhanced thermal stability and good CuO biopolymer interaction. The antimicrobial activity significantly increased with CuO loading, showing a zone of inhibition of 15.8 mm against E. coli and 17.3 mm against S. aureus at 2.0% CuO NP concentration. Nevertheless, there was no significant change in antioxidant properties (DPPH and FRAP). These results show that the addition of 1.5% of CuO NPs gives a balanced combination of mechanical, thermal and antimicrobial properties, and hence taro starch and A. vera gel blend bio-nanocomposite films could be a promising solution for active food packaging applications.

Optimization of Microfibrillated and Nanofibrillated Cellulose Coating to Improve Performance of Paperboard Intended for Food Packaging Applications

Andrea Feroce, Fabio Licciardello, Luciano Piergiovanni — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

This study aims to optimise the application methods of a biobased suspension of micro/nano cellulose fibrils from agro-biomass subjected to high-pressure homogenisation. Two methods were selected, bar coating (BC) and spray coating (SC), and were tested using an LF factorial design with 3 levels and 2 factors. Results showed that a rather low grammage coating (<10 g/m²) guarantees excellent resistance to grease and oil and a significant reduction of HVTR compared to uncoated and commercial lacquered coated paperboards.

ABSTRACT

Paper and paperboards represent about 31% of the global food packaging market. However, they show some limits and critical issues (migration of Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons-MOH, poor barrier towards gas, water and grease, no sealability). To overcome these limits, they are often coupled with synthetic polymers, but there is growing interest in the use of natural and biobased coatings. Given the interest in using sustainable processes and recyclable, biodegradable and/or compostable materials, this study aims to optimize the application method of a biobased coating made up of water suspension of micro/nano cellulose fibrils together with some natural functional ingredients. A cellulose-rich biomass was subjected to various high-pressure homogenization cycles and properly formulated. The coating suspension was characterized for pH, dynamic viscosity, dry matter content, ratio between micro and nano fibrils; moreover, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, FTIR and TEM observation were also carried out. The optimization of the paperboard coating process was based on a factorial design with three levels and two factors for each of the two coating methods selected (bar coating and spray coating). The coated paperboards were evaluated for coating grammage, grease resistance (Kit test) and heptane vapour transmission rate (HVTR). On the best conditions selected from both experimental designs water absorption (Cobb Test), water and castor oil contact angle, water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) and surface morphology (SEM and AFM observations) were tested. The results showed that low grammage (< 10 g m⁻²) guarantees excellent resistance to grease, achieving the highest Kit test rating, and a significantly reduced HVTR compared to uncoated and commercial samples. Moreover, the comparison between the results obtained showed that spray coating resulted in less use of suspension and faster process, leading to the best results in terms of barrier against contaminants and grease resistance.

Enhanced Active Packaging Properties Through the Incorporation of Pomegranate Seed Oil Micro‐ and Nanoparticles

Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

Biodegradable cassava starch films were developed incorporating micro- and nanoencapsulated pomegranate seed oil (PSO). The films exhibited enhanced mechanical flexibility, antioxidant activity and UV-barrier properties. Particle size influenced the functional behaviour, highlighting lipid encapsulation as a key strategy to stabilize bioactive compounds and extend shelf life in dry food applications.

ABSTRACT

Biodegradable cassava starch–based films incorporating micro- and nanoparticles of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) were developed to enhance active packaging performance. Films were prepared via casting and characterized for physical, optical, mechanical and antioxidant properties. Nanoparticles generated thicker (0.118 mm, FLN4:1), denser films with smooth (1.68 g/cm³), homogeneous surfaces, whereas microparticles produced thinner, more soluble (up to 46.62% for FLM4:1) and opaque films with surface irregularities and agglomerates. Both systems enhanced UV light barrier properties, crucial for protecting oxidation-sensitive foods. Importantly, FTIR analyses demonstrated the preservation of chemical integrity post-processing. Mechanical performance varied according to the type of particle incorporated. The nanoparticle-based film (Fb-LN) exhibited the highest tensile strength (8.42 MPa) and stiffness (129 MPa), whereas the microparticle-loaded films (FLM series) demonstrated superior flexibility, reaching elongation values up to 236.9%. Antioxidant assessments revealed that encapsulation preserved PSO bioactivity. Films with nanoparticles (FLN4:1) demonstrated faster release (19.9% DPPH inhibition at 0.26 mg/mL) and higher immediate antioxidant activity, whereas microparticle-loaded films (FLM1:1) provided superior retention and sustained release (20.4% at 0.65 mg/mL). Particle type and size were determinants in modulating film functionality and release behaviour. Overall, PSO micro- and nanoparticle-loaded starch films offer versatile solutions for active food packaging, combining biodegradability, improved barrier and mechanical properties and controlled antioxidant release. The approach enables tailored film design to meet specific shelf life and product preservation requirements.

Investigating the Three‐Dimensional Forming of Microfibrillated Cellulose‐Coated Paperboard With Full and Localised Coatings in Thermoforming, Hydroforming and Deep Drawing

Sanaz Afshariantorghabeh, Cédric Brunk, Peter Groche, Ville Leminen — Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

The 3D formability of paperboard was examined using full and localised microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) coatings in thermoforming, hydroforming and deep drawing, and the results were linked to bulge-test strain behaviour. Full-surface fluidised MFC coatings consistently improved strain capacity and 3D formability, achieving performance comparable to PET-coated paperboard in fixed-blank processes. Localised coatings affected the overall deformation field and offered directional advantages but increased the likelihood of delamination. Overall, the results show the potential of MFC coatings to improve paperboard formability.

ABSTRACT

The shift towards sustainable packaging has increased interest in fibre-based materials, such as paperboard, as alternatives to plastics. However, the limited formability of paperboard presents challenges in producing intricate three-dimensional (3D) geometries. This study examined the 3D forming capabilities of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)-coated paperboards in comparison with uncoated and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-coated paperboards using three forming processes: thermoforming, hydroforming and deep drawing. The influence of applying MFC as either full or localised coatings on formability and directional strain behaviour is systematically evaluated. Material strain behaviour is assessed using bulge testing and quantitative profile measurements during the forming process. The findings demonstrate that the studied MFC coatings enhance material formability, with full coatings of fluidised MFC providing the most consistent performance improvements across fixed-blank forming methods and different geometries. Under fixed-blank forming conditions, the formability of MFC-coated paperboard is comparable to that of PET-coated samples. Furthermore, the results indicate that localised coatings affect the overall deformation behaviour of the entire blank rather than producing purely local effects. However, placing the coating edges within the active-forming zones increases the risk of delamination. Thermoforming produces greater gains in formed area than hydroforming because of the combined effects of heat and pressure. Hydroforming is more sensitive to coating patterns than thermoforming, particularly in partially coated configurations. Conversely, deep drawing, which relies on a distinct forming process, exhibits the smallest yet still favourable impact of the coating, as evidenced by improved wrinkle formation.

Investigation of the Safety of Polyethylene Terephthalate/Aluminium Foil/Polyamide/Retort Cast Polypropylene Composite Film Packaging Pouches for Prepared Dishes

Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

This study designed migration tests to simulate the entire process of packaging pouches' contact with prepared dishes, followed by non-targeted analysis using UPLC-QTOF MS and GC-MS to identify unknown migrants. Finally, quantification and risk assessment were conducted based on domestic and international regulatory standards, aiming to ensure the food safety of packaging pouches for prepared dishes.

ABSTRACT

The full chain of prepared dishes involves hot filling into the package and high-temperature steaming with packaging, which may lead to more migrants from the package into the prepared dishes due to the high temperature. This study focused on the safety of the prepared dishes packaging. First, migration tests were designed to fully simulate the entire contact process between polyethylene terephthalate/aluminium foil/polyamide/retort cast polypropylene (PET/Al/PA/RCPP) composite films packaging pouches and prepared dishes throughout the full chain, based on GB 31604.1-2023. A comparison was made with room temperature simulation tests to investigate the effects of high temperature on migrants. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) were used for the non-target screening of the migrants. A total of 17 non-volatile compounds were identified in the full-chain simulation, while only seven were detected in the room temperature simulation. Especially, the oligomers of inner polyamide 6 (PA 6) migrated through the RCPP layer into the simulants. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were employed to visualize differences in migrants between the full-chain and room temperature simulation. Based on the quantitative analysis, risk assessment was conducted. Ethylene glycol adipate cyclic oligomers exceeded the toxicological concern threshold under full-chain simulation, necessitating more refined risk assessment approaches. These results confirm that high temperature promotes the migration of substances from the packaging, suggesting that prepared dishes should avoid hot filling in the future. If conditions allow, consumers had better not heat them in their packaging to minimize exposure to migrants.

Issue Information

Thu, 12 Mar 2026 08:09:31 -0700

Packaging Technology and Science, Volume 39, Issue 4, Page 333-334, April 2026.

Impact of Packaging and Recycling Systems on Material Recirculation: A Stage‐Decomposition Model

Diogo Figueirinhas, Daniel Hellström, Henrik Pålsson, Yulia Vakulenko — Mon, 09 Mar 2026 04:12:29 -0700

A system-level view emerges from decomposing recycling into four stages (participation, collection, sorting and process yield), diagnosing constraints and targeting interventions. Cumulative equivalent uses (CEUs) quantify long-term retention, revealing marginal improvements at high baselines generate disproportionately larger gains than low-baseline improvements.

ABSTRACT

The transition to a circular economy has placed growing pressure on packaging systems to enable effective material recovery across increasingly complex waste and recycling infrastructures. Focus on aggregate recycling rates obscure the stage-specific inefficiencies that determine whether packaging material re-enters production, making it difficult to target packaging design efforts, infrastructure investments and policy attention effectively. Grounded in material flow analysis principles, this study presents a diagnostic decomposition model that partitions the effective recycling rate into four stages: consumer participation, collection efficiency, sorting yield and recycling process yield. The model's multiplicative structure makes explicit that a deficiency at any single stage imposes a ceiling on overall system performance, regardless of excellence elsewhere. By coupling this decomposition with the cumulative equivalent use retention function, the analysis reveals non-linearities in long-term material retention: Because retention follows a convex function of the effective recycling rate, improvements at higher baseline performance yield disproportionately larger gains than equivalent improvements at lower baselines. Analysis shows that, beyond moderate baseline performance, interventions targeted at the limiting stage consistently outperform evenly distributed improvements across all stages. Illustrative applications demonstrate the model's diagnostic utility, showing that identical packaging designs can exhibit markedly different recycling performance depending on system context and that design choices can restructure which stage limits performance within a given infrastructure. From a system perspective, the model shows how effective recycling performance results from the interaction between packaging design and waste and recycling systems and that packaging circularity is a system-level outcome rather than a fixed material attribute.

Recent Advances in Anthocyanin‐Based Active and Intelligent Packaging Films for Preserving Aquatic Products: A Review

Shuyi Chen, Yutian Wang, Kai Fan — Sat, 07 Mar 2026 23:35:51 -0800

Anthocyanin-based smart packaging films for aquatic products.

ABSTRACT

Spoilage of aquatic products is hard to identify in daily scenarios, posing significant food safety risks. To address this issue, functional food packaging loaded with anthocyanins has become a potential solution for integrated freshness monitoring and preservation of aquatic products, thanks to its inherent pH-responsive property. This review systematically and comprehensively analyses the interaction mechanisms between anthocyanins and various biopolymers (such as chitosan, gelatine, starch). It uses characterization techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to verify the structure and interfacial compatibility of composite films. We established an innovative correlation between the colorimetric response of anthocyanin-based films and key aquatic product freshness indicators (total viable count ≤ 6.0 log CFU/g, total volatile basic nitrogen ≤ 20 mg/100 g), effectively extending the shelf life of aquatic products. Studies have confirmed that anthocyanin-based composite films can enhance antibacterial and antioxidant activities, effectively extending the shelf life of aquatic products by 2–3 times compared with traditional packaging. In summary, the proposed colorimetric monitoring technology combined with smartphone analysis enables non-destructive, standardized and low-cost detection of aquatic product freshness. It reduces errors in manual judgement and provides effective technical support for the full-chain freshness control of aquatic products. This study also boasts dual advantages of intelligent monitoring and green biodegradability and enriches the theoretical system of eco-friendly intelligent food packaging. It holds broad industrial application prospects in the aquatic product processing and circulation industry and contributes to the sustainable development of the food packaging industry.

Bacterial Cellulose Coatings for Improved Air and Moisture Barrier Properties of Kraft Paper

Sat, 07 Mar 2026 22:46:00 -0800

A systematic investigation on the coating of bacterial cellulose on kraft paper towards its use as packaging materials with an emphasis on wetting, mechanical and barrier properties. Comparisons of surface characteristics were made with kraft paper coated with chitosan, another widely used biodegradable polymer. The barrier properties and changes in surface wettability were either quantitatively similar or better than those when coated with chitosan.

ABSTRACT

This work presents an investigation on bacterial cellulose (BC) as coatings over kraft paper for improvement in the barrier properties. The 100-μ$$ \upmu $$m-thick papers were coated with 3 g/m2$$ {}^2 $$ of BC by wet casting. Comparisons of surface characteristics were made with kraft paper coated with chitosan, another widely used biodegradable polymer. Electron micrographs revealed that these coatings provided a conformal filling of the asperities on the surface and reduced the roughness. Coating with BC made the kraft paper more lyophobic. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and air permeability of the kraft paper were reduced by 387±11$$ 387\pm 11 $$ g/m2$$ {}^2 $$/day and 0.41±0.02$$ 0.41\pm 0.02 $$ μ$$ \upmu $$m/Pa s, upon coating with BC. These barrier properties and changes in surface wettability were either quantitatively similar or better than those when coated with chitosan and achieved with a thin coating (2 μ$$ \upmu $$m). Both these key characteristics were achieved while maintaining nearly the same chemical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of the coated and uncoated papers. These results suggest that BC can be explored as a biopolymer coating to improve the barrier properties of paper for packaging applications.

Multifunctional Biopolymeric Films Derived From Gelatin/Chitosan‐Lactate Reinforced With TEMPO‐Oxidised Cellulose Nanospheres and Activated With Nisin and Curcumin for Chicken Meat Packaging

Fri, 06 Mar 2026 03:44:39 -0800

The graphical abstract schematically depicts the materials employed in the fabrication of multifunctional biopolymeric films and their characterization. It further illustrates the proposed preservation mechanisms of the developed packaging system for enhancing the shelf life of chicken meat.

ABSTRACT

The widespread use of traditional plastic-based food packaging raises serious concerns about chemical leaching, environmental effects and microbial contamination, emphasising the urgent need for safer and more sustainable options. This study presents the fabrication of active food packaging films made from gelatin (G) and chitosan-lactate (ChL), strengthened with cellulose nanospheres (CNS), TEMPO-oxidised cellulose nanospheres (TCNS), nisin (N) and curcuma hydroethanolic extract (CEE). The TEMPO-oxidation process effectively converted primary hydroxyl groups (–OH) on CNS into carboxyl groups (–COO⁻) with a 42.95% degree of oxidation. It also reduced particle size (25.62 ± 2.15 and 66.59 ± 4.87 nm), enhanced surface charge (−39.42 ± 1.89 mV), improved dispersion stability and increased interfacial interaction with the polymer matrix. Rheological analysis of the film-forming solutions (FFSs) showed viscoelastic behaviour, and TCNS added extra elasticity. Films with TCNS demonstrated better structural integrity, tensile strength, thermal stability, morphology and hydrophobicity compared to those with untreated CNS. Adding CEE further enhanced UV shielding, water vapour barrier performance, tensile strength, heat resistance, cross-linking and antimicrobial activity. The G/ChL/TCNS/CEE films achieved the highest tensile strength (49.3 ± 2.12 MPa) and water contact angle (107.04 ± 4.27°). The combined incorporation of CEE and N resulted in a uniform dispersion of CNS and TCNS within the film matrix. This synergistic effect greatly improved antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, with inhibition zones measuring 14.65 ± 0.43 and 16.62 ± 0.28 mm, respectively. Applying these films to wrap fresh chicken stored at 4°C for up to 15 days showed their potential as a sustainable, multifunctional alternative to traditional plastic packaging.

A Review of Anthocyanin‐Based pH‐Sensitive Composite Films for Food Freshness Monitoring

Pingyu Ge, Huijing Chao, Jialin Wang, Xu Zhao — Thu, 19 Feb 2026 20:29:56 -0800

This study systematically reviews the application of anthocyanin-based pH-sensitive composite films in food freshness monitoring. By integrating anthocyanin sources, structural features, and extraction methods with intelligent packaging performance, it analyses the potential and challenges of these films in various food systems, offering a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for developing novel green intelligent packaging materials.

ABSTRACT

With the increasing global demand for food safety and quality, pH-responsive intelligent composite films have become a pivotal innovation in the packaging sector. Anthocyanins, as natural plant pigments, possess excellent biocompatibility and environmental friendliness and exhibit significant colour changes under different pH conditions: appearing red at pH < 3.0, purple at pH 4.0–6.0 and blue-green at pH > 7.0. This colour difference (ΔE > 3.0) enables anthocyanins to visually reflect changes in the acid–base environment of foods, making them widely applicable in pH-sensitive films. By combining anthocyanins with polysaccharides, proteins or lipid-based materials, pH-responsive intelligent films can be prepared for real-time monitoring of the freshness of perishable foods such as meat, seafood, dairy products, fruits and vegetables. When spoilage induces pH changes in food, the resulting colour difference in the film (typically ΔE > 5.0) becomes detectable by the naked eye. This article systematically reviews recent advances in anthocyanin-based pH-sensitive films, covering their botanical sources, physicochemical properties, extraction methods and applications in food quality detection. The preparation processes of relevant films are further analysed, and their effectiveness in freshness monitoring is evaluated. Finally, current technological limitations are summarized, and future development directions are discussed.

Cellulose‐Based Packaging From Agricultural Residues: Extraction Technologies, Functional Performance, Emerging Applications and Future Prospects

Sandeep Paudel, Sumi Regmi, Srinivas Janaswamy — Thu, 19 Feb 2026 19:45:21 -0800

Cellulose sourced from agricultural biowaste is emerging as a sustainable raw material for eco-friendly packaging films. Green extraction techniques, advanced manufacturing, and life-cycle and techno-economic assessments support the development of biodegradable, active, and smart packaging within the circular bioeconomy.

ABSTRACT

The growing environmental and health concerns associated with petroleum-based plastics have intensified global efforts to develop renewable, biodegradable and sustainable alternatives for food packaging. Among available biopolymers, cellulosic materials have emerged as particularly promising due to their natural abundance, renewability, biodegradability and excellent film-forming capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in cellulose extraction from agricultural biomass, covering traditional acidic, alkaline and solvent-based methods, as well as emerging green-assisted techniques—including microwave, ultrasound and enzymatic treatments—that efficiently remove lignin and hemicellulose while preserving cellulose integrity. The functional performance of cellulose-based packaging films is also discussed, highlighting key attributes such as mechanical strength, barrier efficiency, hydrophobicity, UV protection, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties. Films derived from agricultural residues often retain residual lignin and bioactive compounds, which impart enhanced UV-blocking and antioxidant functionalities, thereby expanding their applications in active food packaging. Future perspectives emphasize the design of cellulose-based composite films with enhanced mechanical and barrier properties, along with the integration of active and intelligent features for real-time monitoring of food quality. Transitioning from laboratory research to industrial production will require adopting green extraction technologies and scalable manufacturing methods that ensure both environmental and economic sustainability. Overall, cellulose-based packaging films represent a sustainable, functional and intelligent alternative to plastics, supporting circular bioeconomy principles and contributing to achieving several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Fabrication of Pullulan‐Shikonin Colorimetric Indicator for Visual Monitoring Chicken Freshness

Xiaoying Fan, Miaoqi Dai, Qian Xiao — Mon, 16 Feb 2026 23:08:16 -0800

This study developed a novel biodegradable colorimetric film by incorporating natural shikonin into a pullulan matrix. The film exhibited a clear and distinguishable visual color response to spoilage-related volatile compounds released from chicken breast, which closely correlated with microbial proliferation and increases in TVB-N at both 4°C and 25°C. This intelligent packaging system offers a real-time, non-estructive, and visual approach for monitoring meat freshness.

ABSTRACT

Chicken spoilage caused by microbial contamination during storage and distribution not only leads to significant food waste but also poses serious food safety risks. To address this issue, a novel colorimetric film was developed using pullulan as the matrix incorporated with shikonin extracted from Arnebia euchroma root for real-time monitoring of chicken breast freshness. Films were prepared by the casting method, where shikonin (3% or 10% w/w based on pullulan) was incorporated into a pullulan solution (4%, w/v) and dried to obtain pure pullulan and composite films. Increasing shikonin content enhanced the water barrier properties of the indicator while maintaining comparable mechanical properties of the films. Shikonin contains a pH-sensitive naphthoquinone structure. During chicken spoilage, the accumulation of volatile alkaline substances increases the pH of the film environment, leading to the deprotonation of shikonin and resulting in a colour change of the film. The pullulan films incorporating 3% shikonin (pullulan-shikonin3) shifted from pink to dusty rose at 4°C and changed from pink to greyish rose at 25°C. The developed pullulan-shikonin films are anticipated to provide a convenient, non-destructive and visually intuitive method for assessing chicken breast freshness during storage.

Comparison of Recycled Polypropylene Sourced From Food and Nonfood Applications for Direct Food Contact Use

Khairun Tumu, Keith Vorst, Greg Curtzwiler — Fri, 13 Feb 2026 05:19:37 -0800

Utilisation of postconsumer recycled (PCR) plastic for food contact has safety concerns due to the potential presence of unapproved intentionally/non-intentionally added substances, which can pose health and environmental risks if not removed during recycling. PCR plastic sourced from food and nonfood applications can indicate different contamination levels. This study applied simulated washing processes to understand decontamination efficiency and observed processing effects on the chemical profile and physical properties of PCR plastic sourced from the material recovery facility (MRF).

ABSTRACT

Polypropylene (PP) is a widely used polymer in packaging applications, which is often landfilled as part of #3–7 bales from material recovery facilities (MRFs). With rising demand for postconsumer PP, and its high composition in #3–7 bales, MRFs are increasing PP sorting capacity. Therefore, assessing chemical safety and physical quality becomes critical as design parameters for new products. Contamination emerges from various sources, for example, manufacturing, recycling and the original intended use (food compared with nonfood applications). Analysing the physical properties and contaminants/residual additives in postconsumer recycled (PCR) PP can provide guidance to improve cleaning, separation processes and quality reducing landfilling. PCR PP from #3–7 bale was sorted into two categories: food and nonfood applications. Each PCR PP type was exposed to a simulated recycling procedure and collected at each unit operation (washing, moulding, etc.) for analysis. It was determined nonfood-application PCR PP contained higher quantitative phthalates, bisphenols and qualitative IAS/NIAS with inconsistent contaminant removal during washing. Nonfood-application PCR PP possessed lower viscosity and molecular weight (Mw) across all categories except Mw in the unwashed sample compared with food-grade PCR PP, likely due to contamination, polymer degradation or additive levels. This research identifies potential contaminants and additives in food- and nonfood-application PCR PP from MRFs. These findings emphasise proper sorting for safe food-grade feedstocks from postconsumer sources. These data indicate careful sortation is required to reduce exposure to chemicals of concern and unapproved additives in food packaging that comprised PCR PP.

Development of Biodegradable Smart Packaging for Virgin Olive Oil Utilizing Cellulose Nanofiber, Methylene Blue and Vitamin C

Sina Sadeghi, Sajad Pirsa, Narmela Asefi, Mehdi Gharekhani — Thu, 12 Feb 2026 07:36:12 -0800

A composite packaging film (cellulose nanofiber with methylene blue and vitamin C) actively extends olive oil shelf life. It simultaneously preserves quality (significantly slows oxidative rancidity [acidity and peroxide value] and retains phenolics better than control packaging) and monitors freshness (its integrated colorimetric sensor [blue/white] changes predictably with oxidation, enabling visual or app-based shelf-life estimation via a strong mathematical model) (R2 = 0.997).

ABSTRACT

In this study, four types of cellulose (Cel) nanofiber films modified with methylene blue (MB) and vitamin C (VC) were prepared and examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study evaluated four packaging types for virgin olive oil (control; Cel/MB; Cel/VC; Cel/MB/VC) over 30 days. Packaging with MB and VC, alone or in combination, significantly mitigated increases in acidity and peroxide value (PV) and preserved total phenols compared with control (p < 0.05). Acidity (mg KOH/g): Control increased from 0.18 to 0.69; Cel/MB/VC delayed increase to 0.44 (p < 0.05 vs. control). PV (mEq O₂/kg): Control PV rose from 1.00 to 6.55; Cel/MB/VC packaging yielded significantly lower PV at Day 30 (4.20) (p < 0.05). Total phenols (mg GAE/kg): Retention was highest in Cel/MB/VC, with values differing significantly from control at Day 30 (4.95 vs. 3.80, p < 0.05). After 30 days, Cel/MB/VC showed the smallest deterioration in colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) and sensory scores. Also, the Cel/MB/VC kit in olive oil packaging with antioxidant properties can estimate the shelf life of the oil by changing its colour from white to blue due to oxidation. A strong linear relationship between storage time and the colorimetric sensor reading (b*) was observed (b* = −0.1367 × Days + 0.5506, R ² = 0.997), enabling shelf-life estimation from colour changes alone. The colour changes of the sensor are easily visible, and using colour software, the colour factor b can be recorded and the exact shelf life of the oil can be calculated.

Exploring the Effect of Microparticles in Enhancing the Functional Properties of Dairy Protein‐Based Coatings for Kraft Paper and Biodegradable Plates

Wed, 11 Feb 2026 21:55:07 -0800

This study demonstrates the potential of microparticle-reinforced dairy protein coatings as sustainable alternatives to plastic-based coatings. Optimized sodium caseinate–microcellulose and whey protein–casein microparticle formulations improved hydrophobicity, reduced water and oil absorption and enhanced flame resistance of kraft paper and biodegradable plates, while maintaining biodegradability. These findings highlight protein-based coatings as viable solutions for eco-friendly packaging applications.

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the potential of microparticle-reinforced dairy protein coatings for sustainable packaging applications, focusing on sodium caseinate and whey protein-based coatings. Initial experiments on handmade lotus-based paper identified optimal formulations: sodium caseinate with 1.5% microcellulose and whey protein with 1.5% casein microparticles. These coatings were then applied to biodegradable plates and kraft paper for comprehensive evaluation. Results showed significant improvements in key properties. For biodegradable plates, contact angles increased from 69.9° to over 90°, indicating enhanced hydrophobicity. Water absorption at room temperature decreased from 112.27% (uncoated) to 79.14% (casein coated) and 87.43% (whey coated). Oil absorption reduced from 15.05% to 10.69% and 14.66% for casein and whey coatings, respectively. Kraft paper samples demonstrated improved flame resistance, with burn rates decreasing from 5 (uncoated) to 2.027 (casein coated) and 1.923 mm/s (whey coated). Biodegradable plates showed excellent flame resistance, failing to propagate flames under standard testing conditions. Thermal analysis revealed slight alterations in degradation behaviour, while SEM imaging confirmed the formation of continuous coating layers. XRD analysis showed a reduction in crystallinity index from 77.996% to 73.415% (casein coated) and 72.582% (whey coated) for kraft paper. Importantly, soil burial tests demonstrated substantial biodegradation of all samples within 60 days, with kraft paper samples degrading to ~4%–5% of their original weight and biodegradable plates to ~15%–18%. This study highlights the potential of microparticle-reinforced protein coatings in developing sustainable packaging solutions with enhanced performance and maintained biodegradability.

Life Cycle Assessment of Closed‐Loop Opaque Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (rPET) Bottles for UHT Milk

Alessandra Garzoni, Roberta Stefanini, Giuseppe Vignali — Wed, 04 Feb 2026 16:55:35 -0800

The study quantifies environmental impacts of 1 L of ultra-high-temperature milk bottles, comparing a 50% recycled opaque PET (rPET) bottle with 100% virgin PET bottles under closed-loop and non-closed-loop recycling scenarios. Results show that 50% opaque rPET bottles outperform 100% virgin PET bottles across all impact categories, enabled by an innovative recycling process that achieves efficiency comparable to clear PET. This case study highlights the potential of recycled opaque PET to support more environmentally sustainable packaging choices.

ABSTRACT

Due to the presence of additives and mattifying pigments, the use of opaque PET bottles for the packaging of UHT milk was a challenge in terms of recycling. To overcome this limit, a new bottle made from opaque 50% recycled PET (rPET) has been recently introduced on the market by an important food company after the adoption of a closed-loop recycling. Aim of this study is then to compare the environmental impact of it with a 100% virgin opaque PET bottle by considering a closed-loop and a non-closed-loop recycling of the letter. To this purpose, a life cycle assessment (LCA) has been carried out through the Simapro software, with a cradle-to-grave approach. Primary data were retrieved from a leading dairy company, whereas secondary data were retrieved from the Ecoinvent database 3.10 and national consortia. The opaque 50% rPET bottle, compared to traditional ones, presented environmental advantages in 17 of the 27 impact categories considered in the EN 15804 + A2 methodology, with a 30% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and significant improvements in ozone depletion and resource use. This study is the first LCA related to recycled opaque PET bottles, and the results demonstrate how they can be considered, thanks to closed-loop recycling, a more sustainable packaging alternative for UHT milk. These findings highlight the environmental benefits of rPET and its relevance for sustainable packaging strategies in the dairy sector.

Chitosan/MXene Biodegradable Films for Sustainable UV‐Shielded Food Packaging Application

Wed, 28 Jan 2026 15:54:33 -0800

This study demonstrated a highly transparent, flexible chitosan/MXene (CSMX) biocomposite food packaging film through simple film casting solvent evaporation method. This composite film exhibited enhanced thermal, mechanical, antibacterial, biodegradability and other physicochemical properties comparatively with controlled sample. Moreover, the composite film highlighted potential active food packaging application.

ABSTRACT

Highly transparent, flexible and sustainable biocomposite films were synthesized by solvent mixing of chitosan (CS) with finely dispersed MXene (MX) nanosheets and subsequent solution casting. The fact that MXene was evenly dispersed all the way through CS was assured by the findings from FTIR, FESEM and XRD analyses, and MXene nanosheets had a strong hydrogen and static interaction. However, chitosan/MXene composite (CSMX) films' thermal stability was confirmed by the TGA and DTG results. The ultraviolet (UV) blocking performance of the CS films was significantly augmented by the addition of MXene (blocks nearly 100% of UV-C and UV-B radiation, and ∼99.5% of UV-A radiation for CSMX-0.04 film), which provided excellent transparency in the visible range. In addition, the CSMX film demonstrated superior film flexibility along with several developed mechanical aspects like young's modulus and tensile strength of 80.95 ± 1.32 MPa and 19.72 ± 1.032 MPa, respectively. The soil burial test (for biodegradability) of the composite showed that the CSMX-0.04 film exhibited almost compete degradation within just 7 weeks. Moreover, the addition of MXene (CSMX-0.005) into the CS film augmented the inhibition zone for both Staphylococcus aureus (8.317 ± 0.208) and Escherichia coli (8.269 ± 0.207). Furthermore, the fruit preservation study confirmed the increase of shelf life (ripening time) due to the incorporation of MXene within the chitosan film. The data demonstrated that these bio-based nanocomposites showed excellent antibacterial, UV shielding and mechanical properties, which offers perspectives for the replacement of currently used traditional plastic-based food packaging items.

Multilayer Cellulose Acetate–Viscose Films for Bio‐Based, Bio‐Degradable Packaging Applications

Florian Wurm, Anja Rosenzopf, Tung Pham, Thomas Bechtold — Fri, 16 Jan 2026 00:34:04 -0800

Cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose foils stick together comprehensively after mild cellulose sodium hydroxide treatment and heated compression. For combined foils, water barrier properties correlate with CA thickness. Oxygen permeation suffers due to the sodium hydroxide pre-treatment induced foil changes. The composite represents a biodegradable and bio-based packaging combination for circular material recycling.

ABSTRACT

In an attempt to produce bio-based and biodegradable packaging films, cellulose acetate (CA) and viscose films were combined to form a multilayer film structure. The viscose film was immersed in dilute sodium hydroxide solutions (0.1–0.5 mol/L) and then subjected to heated compression to improve adhesion to CA. Film adhesion was determined using a T-peel test, and the results suggest that the optimal conditions are 118 bar and 110°C for 10 min. Immersing the composite in a 0.25 mol/L dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution enables firm adhesion between the two films and results in balanced saponification of the CA without substantial degradation of the matrix. The water vapour barrier properties of the multilayer films increase as the CA thickness increases. Interestingly, facing the CA towards the water vapour-rich side results in decreased permeation compared to the inverse case. However, the oxygen barrier property of the multilayer film is significantly reduced due to the NaOH pre-treatment, and the oxygen barrier property of the viscose film is lost.

New Insights Into Pullulan‐Based Edible Film and Coating for Food Packaging Applications: A Review

Reshma Elizabath Reji, Swarup Roy — Wed, 14 Jan 2026 18:08:35 -0800

Pullulan is a biodegradable, nontoxic biopolymer that is effectively used to create films and coatings. Pullulan-based packaging exhibits high flexibility, oxygen barriers and support for multilayer smart packaging. The shelf life of fruits, vegetables and meats is increased with pullulan-based active packaging.

ABSTRACT

Pullulan, a microbial exopolysaccharide primarily produced by Aureobasidium pullulans, has drawn a lot of interest as a sustainable biopolymer for food packaging due to its biodegradability, nontoxicity and superior film-forming qualities. This review thoroughly discusses the sources, production methods using agro-industrial wastes, the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of pullulan, which makes it ideal for food packaging applications. Several kinds of fabrication techniques, such as solvent casting, electrospinning, dipping and layer-by-layer assembly, have been examined, with a focus on composite formulations that combine pullulan with other biopolymers and bioactive compounds to improve mechanical strength, water vapour resistance, oxygen barrier and antimicrobial properties. Natural extracts, essential oils and nanoparticles have been shown to provide active packaging properties to pullulan-based packaging that prolong shelf life and maintain quality in a variety of food such as fruits, vegetables, meats and seafood. Through chemical changes and multilayer structures, pullulan-based films exhibit flexibility despite issues with mechanical limits and moisture sensitivity. In order to address environmental issues associated with synthetic plastics, this review focuses on recent developments in functional pullulan packaging, establishing pullulan as a crucial component of environmentally friendly, biodegradable food packaging.

Ethylene Scavenging and Antioxidant Activity of Agro‐Waste‐Enriched Kappa‐Carrageenan Biofilms for Active Packaging of Fresh Broccoli

Fri, 09 Jan 2026 03:12:56 -0800

Multifunctional food packaging films were developed using κ-carrageenan, pumice stone powder and litchi shell powder for fresh produce applications. The films exhibited strong ethylene scavenging and antioxidant activity. Developed KC/PS/LSP-2 films successfully extended the shelf life of broccoli.

ABSTRACT

Ethylene and oxygen are major contributing factors for post-harvest losses of fresh produce. To reduce these losses, packaging materials are used to preserve the quality of fresh produce. This research study created a packaging material using κ-carrageenan (KC), pumice stone (PS) powder and litchi shell powder (LSP), demonstrating favourable ethylene scavenging and antioxidant activity. The solvent casting method was utilized to fabricate films, after which the prepared films' physical, mechanical, structural, ethylene scavenging and antioxidant characteristics were analysed. The KC/PS/LSP-2 film (containing 0.25% LSP) had the highest ethylene scavenging activity of 90.8% and 88.7% of antioxidant activity. The shelf-life analysis of broccoli showed that the broccoli florets packed in KC/PS/LSP-2 films have preserved freshness and quality compared to the control sample (without film). Overall, the results demonstrated that prepared films can be applied as ethylene scavengers and antioxidant carriers in food packaging.

Fully Sustainable Starch‐Based Food Packaging Incorporated With Tannic Acid—A Natural Polyphenol

Tue, 30 Dec 2025 19:50:54 -0800

This graphical abstract illustrates the development of a fully sustainable, starch-based biodegradable food packaging film using potato starch and glycerol, reinforced with tannic acid as a natural polyphenol additive. The process involves mixing and heating of natural raw materials, followed by gelation, casting, and oven drying to form flexible, transparent starch films. The incorporation of tannic acid enhances the functional performance of the films, making them suitable for eco-friendly food storage applications while promoting sustainability and recyclability.

ABSTRACT

The present article is centred on developing fully sustainable packaging using simple easily available substances, and the fabrication methodology can be upscaled to the micro-industry level. The study employs potato starch as the biodegradable polymer, considering its abundance and ease of extraction from agricultural waste. Film fabrication was accomplished by using glycerol as a plasticiser, and via thermal processing to enhance gelatinisation as well as to reduce time in preparing stock solutions. Furthermore, tannic acid, a natural polyphenol, was incorporated in the film to investigate its possible role in reinforcement of the mechanical characteristics and rendering antimicrobial properties. Additionally, the influence of tannic acid on the biodegradability of the films was investigated. Furthermore, the surface morphology, thermal characteristics, load-bearing ability, and packaging potential of the biodegradable film have been studied. The highest load-bearing capacity was found to be for the specimen containing 1.5 wt.% tannic acid, exhibiting tensile strength of 33 kg/cm². Antimicrobial characteristics evaluated in terms of the diameter of the zone of inhibition have been found to be higher for film incorporated with optimal loading of tannic acid, suggesting its contribution as food packaging in preserving the organic items from bacterial decay. Biodegradability of the prepared films was additionally tested using a soil burial test, where all film specimens has been found to display significant physical damage.

Optimization and Characterization of Turmeric Oleoresin Impregnated Biodegradable Packaging Film

P. V. Alfiya, E. Jayashree, K. Anees, P. Shahala, S. Avanthika — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 19:21:03 -0800

Turmeric oleoresin impregnated arrowroot starch films were developed. The concentration of arrowroot starch and turmeric oleoresin was standardized at 0.89% and 0.25%, respectively. Biodegradability and high water solubility of the turmeric oleoresin impregnated films prospect sustainable food applications.

ABSTRACT

Biodegradable packaging has evolved as a sustainable solution to mitigate plastic waste concerns. This study aimed to develop arrowroot starch based biodegradable film by impregnating turmeric oleoresin to develop a biodegradable and readily soluble food packaging. Optimization was done by RSM-FCCCD approach based on concentrations of arrowroot starch (0.75%, 1% and 1.25%) and turmeric oleoresin (0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75%). Arrowroot starch concentration of 0.89% and turmeric oleoresin concentration of 0.25% resulted in films with minimum WVP (5.22 gmm/m² day kPa) and maximum solubility (61.53%) with a desirability of 0.991. The characteristics of the prepared films, including weight, thickness, moisture content, swelling index, solubility, water vapour permeability, colour value, free fatty acid value, peroxide value, heat sealability and total plate count, were analysed. Moisture content, swelling degree, solubility and water vapour permeability of the films varied from 4.98–7.54, 19.33–23.5, 58%–63% and 5.24–7.86 g·mm·m⁻²·day⁻¹·k.Pa⁻¹, respectively. SEM pictograph showed a smooth, uniform and continuous structure with pores varying in the range of 0.37–0.69 μm. The simulated results demonstrated that the turmeric oleoresin-impregnated biodegradable packaging film rapidly releases curcumin in boiling water, achieving near-complete release within 10 min. The film is better suited for dry or low-moisture foods with low water activity (a _w < 0.6).

Polyphenol Enriched Plant Extract Infused Starch Chitosan Bilayer Films for Ultraviolet Shielding and Preservation of Sensitive Bioactive Compounds

E. Aswathy, Lisa Sreejith — Mon, 29 Dec 2025 14:54:12 -0800

An eco-friendly, UV-protective packaging film was developed by incorporating mango leaf and Lantana camara flower extracts (6:4) into a chitosan-citric acid coated starch matrix. The CS/6M/4L film showed enhanced mechanical strength, thermal stability, hydrophobicity and biocompatibility. Under UV-A exposure, it effectively preserved vitamin C by suppressing degradation and promoting reformation from its degradation product (DHA), confirming its potential as an active, bio-based UV-shielding material for sustainable food packaging applications.

ABSTRACT

An eco-friendly, UV-protective packaging material was developed by incorporating polyphenol-rich extracts of mango leaves (MLE) and yellow Lantana camara flowers (LCE) in the ratio 6:4 into a chitosan-citric acid gel coated starch film (CS/6M/4L) to preserve bioactive compounds in packaged foods. The resultant film demonstrated low crystallinity, reduced surface roughness, enhanced flexibility, biocompatibility (cell viability = 91.14 ± 1.17%) and thermal stability up to 110°C. Further, it exhibited commendable tensile strength (26.78 ± 2.37 MPa) and Young's modulus (12.74 ± 0.40 MPa), alongside low solubility (7.31 ± 0.63%), minimal water vapour permeability (1.83 ± 0.06 × 10⁻¹⁰ g/m.s.Pa) and a contact angle exceeding 90^o, at a thickness of 0.04 mm. When used as a protective cover over a glass vial containing vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA), the film exhibited a notable UV-A reflectance of 9.69 ± 0.92% and significantly enhanced the preservation of AA. The AA solution in the glass vial covered with CS/6M/4L exhibited a negative rate constant for AA degradation, k ₁ = −738.25 ± 62.63 s⁻¹ and a positive rate constant for AA reformation from dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), k ₂ = 404.08 ± 38.49 s⁻¹. These results corroborate the ability of the film to enhance AA preservation by promoting its reformation from DHA while simultaneously reducing its degradation.

Synergistic Enhancement of Oxygen Barrier and Antioxidant Properties in Polyethylene Films via Polyvinyl Alcohol Coating With Modified Layered Double Hydroxide and Tannic Acid for Advanced Food Preservation

Yanzhi Liu, Jin Liang, Yue Su, Mengxuan Cao, Jun Wang, Fang Duan — Mon, 22 Dec 2025 22:13:19 -0800

This study developed an innovative multifunctional coating by integrating polyvinyl alcohol, modified layered double hydroxide and tannic acid onto polyethylene films, synergistically endowing the substrate with excellent oxygen barrier and antioxidant properties. The coating also exhibited high transparency and efficient ultraviolet blocking capability. The coated film effectively delayed banana spoilage, demonstrating promising application prospects in the field of oxygen sensitive food preservation.

ABSTRACT

Polyethylene (PE) film, despite its dominant market presence in food packaging, is fundamentally limited by inadequate oxygen barrier performance and absence of intrinsic antioxidant activity, leading to accelerated oxidative spoilage of packaged foods. To overcome these constraints, this study introduces an innovative coating strategy that functionalizes PE films with a composite layer of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), silane-modified layered double hydroxide (ALDH) and tannic acid (TA). The optimized film (PE-PVA/ALDH/TA₁₀) demonstrates exceptional properties, achieving an ultra-low oxygen transmission rate of 0.033 cm³ m⁻² day⁻¹ atm⁻¹ and a high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals with a scavenging rate of 79.2%. Structural analysis confirms that ALDH and TA promote the formation of a dense hydrogen-bonded network within the PVA matrix, which significantly reduces oxygen permeability while imparting strong antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the coated film retains high visible-light transparency and exhibits exceptional UV-blocking efficiency, reaching 97.3% in the UVC–UVB range. Preservation tests using bananas validate the material's effectiveness in delaying ripening, minimizing weight loss and maintaining fruit quality. This work presents a scalable, multifunctional packaging solution that combines ultra-high barrier performance with antioxidant functionality for extended food preservation.

A Review of Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) Based Active Food Packaging: Materials Selection, Cellulose Matrices Current Advances, Synthesis and Characterizations

Belladini Lovely, Young‐Teck Kim, Haibo Huang, Novitri Hastuti, Su Jung Hong — Sun, 21 Dec 2025 18:39:59 -0800

Active packaging offers an effective approach to extending food shelf life. This review summarizes the past decade of progress in metal-organic framework (MOF)-based active food packaging, highlighting material selection, characterization, challenges, and future prospects. Emphasis is placed on integrating MOFs with acceptable recyclability and toxicity into cellulose-based matrices that provide excellent porosity and mechanical strength.

ABSTRACT

Food wastage is a major concern for health, agriculture, environment and beyond. The existing preservation techniques may still display shortcomings, especially on product and taste alteration. Thus, active packaging has been gaining interest as it involves the incorporation of active agents into the packaging material to extend shelf life while still maintaining pristine quality. Metal–organic framework (MOF) is among the emerging active packaging approaches involving a hybrid porous system made of metal ion and organic ligand. Usually loaded in a composite system due to self-quenching and aggregation/agglomeration tendency, the naturally renewable cellulose (derivative) made an excellent MOF carrier. However, a systematic/comprehensive review on the extensive prospects of MOF-doped cellulose on specifically active packaging—a topic of high importance in the food packaging field—is still lacking. This paper summarized an array of material selection of inorganic components, organic components, matrices and additives used in MOF-based active packaging of the past decade. Focusing on the recent development of cellulose-MOF active food packaging, the characterizations, challenges and prospective outlook were discussed afterwards. We highlighted the significance of the aforesaid aspects in accomplishing an ideal active food packaging based on MOF (with high loading yet an acceptable recyclability and toxicity limit) and cellulose-based matrix (with both excellent porosity and mechanical strengths). This critical review is hoped to contribute as one of the guidelines in designing MOF-cellulose active food packaging.

Valorization of Garcinia humilis Residues in Active Collagen/Starch Films for Biodegradable Packaging Applications

Thu, 18 Dec 2025 16:05:01 -0800

Residues from Garcinia humilis were used to obtain a phenolic-rich extract (GHRE) and incorporated into collagen–starch films. The addition of GHRE improved antioxidant activity, thermal stability and elasticity, while reducing water vapour permeability. These films exhibited rapid biodegradation (> 96% within 30 days), underscoring their strong potential for sustainable active packaging applications.

ABSTRACT

This study developed and characterized biodegradable films of collagen and starch of sweet potato incorporated with phenolic extract of Garcinia humilis residue extract (GHRE), aiming at their application as active packaging. GHRE showed a high content of total phenolics (543.69 mg GAE/g), with outstanding antioxidant activity (DPPH: 22.00 μmol TE/g, ABTS: 31.33 μmol TE/g, FRAP: 11.24 mmol FeSO₄/g), in addition to the identification of 18 phenolic compounds, with procyanidin A2 being the major compound. The films with 1.5% GHRE showed better appearance, greater elasticity and lower permeability to water vapour (2.09 × 10⁻⁸ gH₂O.mm/m².h.MPa), which favours moisture-sensitive foods. The FTIR and XRD analyses revealed that the incorporation of GHRE promoted intermolecular interactions without altering the semicrystalline structure of the films. Thermal stability increased with GHRE addition, whereas film luminosity decreased. In addition, these films demonstrated accelerated biodegradability (> 96% in 30 days), indicating strong potential for sustainability applications. These results confirm the potential of GHRE as a functional additive in antioxidant and biodegradable active packaging.

Experimental Validation of the Hilbert Envelope Road Vehicle Shock Detection Algorithm

V. Rouillard, M. J. Lamb — Wed, 17 Dec 2025 04:01:38 -0800

The study validates a new shock-detection algorithm using a specially built two-degree-of-freedom test rig and a computer-controlled road simulator. Results show consistent detection of significant shocks, confirming the algorithm’s reliability and sensitivity. Figure: Example of the algorithm’s output showing top: the ground elevation (road simulator displacement); centre: raw response acceleration (grey), filtered response acceleration (blue), Hilbert envelope (red) and detected shocks (black circles); bottom: local peak-to-mean ratio (ρ) of the detected shocks.

ABSTRACT

Accurate and reliable detection of the shocks that occasionally occur during road transport is important as these shocks are a likely cause of product damage. Access to a simple and reliable shock detection tool will improve the understanding of the nature of these shocks and, consequently, promote improvement in the design of protective packaging systems. This paper deals with the validation of an algorithm, first proposed by the authors, for detecting shocks and transients produced by road vehicles. It includes an overview of the original paper by the authors followed by the evaluation and validation of the algorithm. The algorithm was evaluated experimentally by using a specially built two degree-of-freedom (DoF) single wheeled vehicle placed on a computer-controlled road simulator. Several artificially generated road profiles of varying roughness levels were created onto which aberrations of varying length (effective frequencies) and diminishing amplitudes were superimposed. Results show that shocks of significant magnitudes (i.e., acceleration levels clearly distinguishable from the underlying acceleration levels) were consistently detected (no missed detections), especially for smooth to moderate roads, whereas smaller shocks were found to become increasingly drowned out by the vibration response as the underlying road roughness increased. The ability of the shock detection algorithm to consistently allocate shocks to the correct frequency band corresponding to the two natural frequencies of the vehicle was confirmed. The results verify the reliability and sensitivity of the algorithm originally obtained by the authors and pave the way for application on multiwheeled road vehicles travelling on real roads.

Biodegradable Hydroxyethyl Cellulose (HEC)–Chitosan (CS)–Lemon Peel Composite Films: A Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Food Packaging

Wed, 17 Dec 2025 01:30:59 -0800

The prepared HEC–chitosan (CS) and lemon peel powder–based biocomposite films were applied as packaging for blueberries. The films preserved the fruit's freshness over a 12-day shelf life, offering a natural and eco-friendly alternative. This study demonstrates the potential of HEC–CS–lemon peel films as sustainable food packaging.

ABSTRACT

The presence of petroleum-based polymers in food packaging is detrimental to the environment, and biodegradable films from dried lemon peel powder (LMP) were developed as a sustainable alternative. The films were prepared by incorporating 1- to 4-wt% LMP into a solution of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and chitosan (CS) using a solvent casting method. Lemon peel powder was analysed for its components including phenol, lipid, lignin, flavonoid, pectin and ash content. The physicochemical, mechanical and functional properties of the films were investigated. According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the interaction between the lemon peel and the polymer matrix was confirmed. As the amount of lemon peel powder increased, the film became more hydrophilic and its water solubility, thickness and vapour permeability increased. The contact angle value for HEC-CS and HEC-CS-LMP4 films slightly decreased from 88.39° to 54.39°, respectively. The tensile strength decreased from 107.30 ± 0.28 MPa (HEC-CS) to 58.13 ± 0.19 MPa (HEC-CS-LMP4), and elongation at break also declined. Incorporation of lemon peel powder enhanced antioxidant activity from 27.33 ± 3.47% in the lowest LMP film to 55.31 ± 0.65% in the highest while also improving antimicrobial properties. The 12-day packaging test on the blueberries showed that unwrapped blueberries lost 64.39 ± 1.20% of the weight, whereas HEC-CS-LMP4 film lost only 16.09 ± 0.12%. These findings support the use of this biomaterial in sustainable and bioactive packaging.