Parks and Reserves

Madu Ganga

2010-05-19T20:46:00.002+05:30

Between Colombo and Galle there exists a beautiful river called Madu Ganga in Balapitiya which offers a glimpse of how it has become a part of the life of the people in the area .

The Maduganga river is a shallow water body in south-west Sri Lanka, which enters the sea at Balapitiya.

The Buddhist Amarapura Nikaya sect had its first upasampada (higher ordination ceremony) on a fleet of boats anchored upon it in 1803. The Buddhist Kothduwa temple is situated on an isolated island in the lake.

Together with the smaller Randombe Lake, to which it is connected by two narrow channels, it forms the Madu Ganga wetland. Its estuary and the many mangrove islets on it constitute a complex coastal wetland ecosystem. It has high ecological, biological and aesthetic significance, being home to 303 species of plants belonging to 95 families and to 248 species of vertebrate animals. It might be one of the last remaining tracts of pristine mangrove forests in Sri Lanka.

In the outset Madu Ganga is considered as Sri Lanka's second largest wetland consisting of 28 islands including two main islands providing shelter to 215 families.
Over the past generations Madu Ganga has played an important role in providing food and shelter and of course providing easy access to the main land via small wooden boats.
During the pre colonization period Madu ganga was used as one of the main water ways connecting cities and ancient Sinhala Kingdoms.
The main treasure of Madu Ganga is its mangroves that act as a bio-lock to the area in giving protection to the variety of aquatic plants and animal life. They provide a home for different kinds of aquatic plants, crabs, shrimps, fish, various invertebrates and other animal life including crocodiles .
According to villagers the main secret of the Madu Ganga is the tide. On any given day during the low tide the sea water comes inland and mixes with fresh water and in the evening it is the other way around - the magic of nature .
Villagers say that many generations ago, the Madu Ganga flowed by peaceful villages . People had a very basic life style and everything was fulfilled through Madu Ganga by means of agriculture and fishing. Strangely despite the rapid development in the country most people living in and around the Madu Ganga still engage in traditional methods of catching fish such as use of yoth and other small nets. Shrimp farming is popular here. For that they make use of the traditional method of laying separators made out of bamboo. In the night the fishermen light kerosene lamps and place it in a trap box. According to fishermen the shrimp follow the light of the lamp and get trapped in the box. Today shrimp farming has become a good source of income, but is a dying profession in Madu Ganga.

The inhabitants of its islets produce peeled cinnamon and cinnamon oil.

Taking tourists on boat rides is a growing business in the Madu Ganga. Everyday local and foreign tourists come there to go on boat rides which take a couple of hours. Traveling by boat is a good way for tourists to witness and discover the real beauty of Madu Ganga.

The Maduganga Wetland was declared in 2003, in terms of the Ramsar convention.

Knuckles Range

2010-05-19T20:07:00.002+05:30

The Knuckles is situated in the Districts of Kandy and Matale and extends from Laggala to Urugala a distance about 19Km, covers an area of 160Km². The term Knuckles is used in three senses, namely, as the Knuckles Massif, the Knuckles Range, and the Knuckles Peaks. The Knuckles Massif about 90 square miles in extent, is a detached block of the central highlands, separated from the main highlands by the Dumbara valley. The Knuckles massif consists of the main north west trending offshoots from it. The knuckles range from the western part of the massif and extends northwards into Elahera and Matale areas and extends southwards as the Kobonilagala-Dotugala range upto the Nugatenna Gap. A group of five peaks that took like the Knuckles of a clenched fist. The highest point on the range is Gombaniya (1906m). the next highest point is the Knuckles (1864m). There are several other peaks in the range that rise over 5000ft. including Kirigalpotta (1648m), Dotugala (1575m) and Kobonilagala (1555m).

Access

Western boundaries of the massif – Teldeniya – Rangala – Madulkelle – Hulu ganga road

South eastern – Hunnasgiriya – Mahiyangana

Nothern flank – Rattota road

View points

Inner part of the massif you can see two view points;

Laggala patana (northern flank) – Rattota via Matale (Gombaniya peak in northern side)
Corbert’s Gap along Hunnasgiriya – Loolwatte road (can see Kehelpothdoruwegala range)

Importance of the Knuckles

The Knuckles is the source of several rivers, including the Heen river, Kalu river and Hulu river. The western and southern slopes and eastern and central slopes of this range is catchment for the Mahaweli river.

The Hulu river flows in the south eastwards, Maha oya and Heen river rising in the main range and flowing eastwards and joins the Mahaweli river. Teligam oya and Kalu river both flowing in north into the Amban river and joins the Mahaweli river.

Vegetation

The 1892Km² of forest lying above 970m (3500ft) in the Knuckles massif are considered to be a unique ecosystem not found anywhere else in the world. The main vegetation types are;

Tropical semi – evergreen forest

The lowland or foothill forests which is an immediate zone between wet and dry zones, contains a mixture of dry and evergreen forest species. The main species are milla (Vitex altissima), Mora (Euphoria longana), Welang (Pterospermum canescens), Badulla and Attamba (Mangifera zeylanica). It also contains species typical of the lowland humid evergreen forest; Malaboda, Kataboda and Keena, In addition at Laggala – Pallegama, large trees of Katu Keena have been recorde. The understory include Memycylon spp. and Glycosmis pentaphylla while Drynaria quercifilix (Benduru) is the common fern found in this forest type.

Sub Montane Evergreen Forest

This type occurs near Madugoda and in the drier areas as one descend from Midlands to Illukkumbura along the Rattota. Found in lower slope of the hills i.e. 460-1060m (1500-3000ft.). The immediate climatic zone, and dry evergreen and semi-evergreen species predominant. Keena (Calophyllum walker) Etamba (Mangifera zeylanica) Maranda (Syzygium spathulatum), Gal weralu (Elaeocarpus glandulifer) and Katukurundu (Scolpia schreberi) are the most common species in this forest habitats Euonymus walker and Ginidia spp. (Nha) include in the shrub layer and also orchids and ferns are common in this forest. Such as Asplenium spp., Begonia dipetala, Selaginella species. Much of this forest type has been cleared for cardamom cultivation.

Mid elevation Evergreen Montane Forest

This forest type occupies the zone between the lowland wet evergreen rain forest and the typical montane evergreen forest of the upper montane areas of Sri Lanka. Many locations in the Knuckles this type of forest is well developed, such as at the Kabaragala in the central montane massif. The dominant tree species are Golumora (Cryptocarya wightiana), Talan (Litsea gardneri), Pelan (Bhesa Montana) and Gal weralu (Elaeocarpus glandulifer). Patches of wild bamboo and bata (Ochanda strides) species also present in this area.

Montane Evergreen Forest (Cloud Forest)

Found on the upper slopes, ridges and summits of the Knuckles range (1070-1890m). Rich in epiphytic orchids, ferns, mosses and liverworts. Single storied canopy is characteristic and Calophyllum spp. and Syzygium spp. are the dominant tree species. Undergrowth of Strobilanthes spp. and bamboos are the dominant and rich in various species of Kudalu.

Montane Grasslands (patana)

The patanas more closely associated with the exposed rock faces found from about 900-1000m elevation and at somewhat lower elevation. The Pitawalapatana grassland is a edaphic climax type situated in the Nothern flank of the Knuckles range. This is a wet patana grassland habitat (about 75ha). Brachystelma lankana (patan ala) and Dipcada Montana have been recorded only from this locality.

Fauna

The knuckles massif abounds in a rich variety of plant and animal life. The mountain and their environs are the natural habitat of many species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians and winged insects. Several of these are endemic to Sri Lanka and some are confined to this region.

The mammalian fauna is not very rich in this region. Leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya), Sambar (Cervus unicolor), Mouse deer (Tragulus meminna), wild boar (Sus scrofa), Barking deer (Muntiacus munjak), Pangolin (Manis crassicandata), Purple-faced langur (Trachypithecus vetulus), Toque monkey (Macaca sinica), Dusky palm squirrel (Funambulus sublineatus) Giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura), Loris (Loris tardigradus) and Otter (Lutra lutra) are the recorded mammals in this range.

The reptile fauna is considerably higher than the other montane forests. Tennet’s horned lizard (Ceratophora tennenti) is endemic to Knuckles forest and not found anywhere else in the world. Flat nosed lizard (Ceratophora aspera) is confined to the Knuckles. The endemic Earless lizard (Octocryptis weigmanni) and Three banded green lizard (Calotes liocephalus), also present in this area. In addition to that Mukalan Palu Katussa (Lyriocephalus scutatus), Green pit viper, Cobra, Russels viper and Krait spp. recorded in this range.

The massif provide home for the large number of amphibian faunal species. Most of the amphibians are the Ranids (frogs), Microhylids and Rhacophorids (Tree and bush frogs). Marbled cliff frog (Nannophrys marmorata), is one of the confined species in this area.

Twenty eight species of fish fauna have been identified in the streams and water holes in the Knuckles massif, of which 9 are endemic to Sri Lanka. Phillip’s Gara (Garra phillipsi) Martenstyn’s barb (Puntius srilankensis are found only in the Knuckles.

This range is one of the most important and richest habitats in the hill country. Due to destruction of forest the number of bird species have declined in recent years. There are more than a hundred bird species present some of which are endemic to Sri Lanka. Of the 26 endemic bird species 18 have been recorded in the Knuckles region. Fourteen species have been recorded 18 migrants which can be observed here at different times of the year.

In addition, a large number of species of butterflies, spiders and insects have been found in the Knuckles and some are endemic to Sri Lanka.

Ritigala Natural Reserve

2010-05-17T22:40:00.003+05:30

Deep inside the Ritigala Strict Nature Reserve, off the Anuradhapura-Habarana road, are the partially restored ruins of an extensive monastic and cave complex. The ruins lie on a hill, which at 766m isn’t exactly high, but is nevertheless a striking feature in the flat, dry landscape surrounding it. The 24-hectare site is isolated and almost deserted.

The true meaning of the name Ritigala remains unclear – gala means rock in Sinhala, but riti may come from the Pali arittha,meaning ‘safety’. Thus Ritigala was probably a place of refuge, including for kings as long ago as the 4th century BC.

Ritigala also has a place in mythology. It’s claimed to be the spot from where Hanuman (the monkey king) leapt to India to tell Rama that he had discovered where Sita was being held by the king of Lanka. Mythology also offers an explanation for the abundance of healing herbs and plants found in Ritigala. It’s said that Hanuman, on his way back to Lanka with healing Himalayan herbs for Rama’s wounded brother, dropped some over Ritigala.

Monks found Ritigala’s caves ideal for a ascetic existence, and more than 70 such caves have been discovered. Royals proved generous patrons, especially King Sena I, who in the 9th century made an endowment of a monastery to the pamsukulika (rag robes) monks.

Ritigala was abandoned following the Chola invasions in the 10th and 11th centuries, after which it lay deserted and largely forgotten until it was rediscovered by British surveyors in the 19th century. It was explored and mapped by HCP Bell in 1893.

Access

Ritigala is 14km northwest of Habarana and 42km southeast of Anuradhapura. If you’re coming from Habarana, the turn-off is near the 14km post. It’s a further 9km to get to the Archaeology Department bungalow (which is 2km past the turn-off at the Wildlife Department bungalow). You need your own transport to get here and the road may be impassable in the wet season (October to January). As this is a very isolated area, you are advised to go in a group.

Muthurajawela Sanctuary

2010-05-17T22:18:00.004+05:30

The name Muthurajawela has been derived from Sinhalese language which the majority of Sri Lankans use to communicate. The meaning can be translated in to English simply as “Swamp of Royal Treasure”. Treasures of kings in olden days are believed to be buried in that area.
Muthurajawela Marsh is situated towards the southern part of Negombo. The boundaries span from Negombo lagoon which also helps to create a costal eco system, and Kelani River situated at the northern tip of Colombo. Muthurajawela is in close proximity to Colombo.
Muthurajawela Marsh is said to be the island’s largest saline peat bog. It is believed to have originated about 5000 years ago. There are some residuals which extend up to 500 years towards the history from now.

Muthurajawela bears staggering species of flora and fauna. Numerically 192 flora and 209 fauna, excluding 126 resident and 40 migratory species of birds have been recorded. Some indigenous floras and faunas have also been found in Muthurajawela marsh. Visitors may see water birds such as herons, egrets in abundance in the lagoon and the marsh. It is also a residence for 40 different species of fish, of which 15 falls under the category of indigenous fauna. The nocturnal animal, slender Loris, which is believed to be endangered, can be seen once in a blue moon.
Muthurajawela marsh has been declared as s sanctuary by the government in 1996 due to its vast bio diversity. Visitors may be assisted by the Muthurajawela marsh centre. The centre educates people about the importance of Muthurajawela. The staff at Muthurajawela marsh centre is available everyday except Monday; from 6.30 a.m to 6.30 p.m. Visitors may be given well trained guide. Also a boat ride will be given for visitors through the marsh and lagoon. Visitors will not only be able to travel on water, if they are interested, they can walk on the land and view the natural greenery. Early mornings or evenings are the best times to view, Muthurajawela. Late mornings and afternoons should be avoided in order to get rid of harsh sun rays.

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Kanneliya Forest Reserve

2010-05-02T12:30:00.000+05:30

The Kanneliya, Dediyagala and Nakiyadeniya forests makes a complex which is a very important part of the forest cover of the South-western part of Sri Lanka. These three forests form a single block of lowland rain forest, commonly known as the KDN Complex. Kanneliya forest reserve out-stands from all due to its uniqueness and is located 35Km North-east of Galle. It lies between 6⁰ 09’ – 6⁰ 18’ N and 80⁰ 19’ – 80⁰ 27’E in the first and second peneplains in the wet zone.
Kanneliya forest patch covers a total area of 5,305.9ha and comprises a dense forest cover of 5,108.2ha, sparse forest cover of 168.4ha and a plantation forest cover of 29.3ha. The area belongs to the Southern lowland floristic zone and the major natural vegetation type is wet evergreen forest, which is a climax forest formation.
The area receives an MAR of about 4,445mm mainly from the South-west monsoon. The MAT is around 27⁰C. Kanneliya forest plays a very important role as a watershed as it supports headwaters and leading streams of several tributaries (eg. Kanneliya ela, Nannkitha ela and Udugama dola) of the Gin ganga. The main peaks located within the reserve are Kondagala, Kabbale kanda, Katukithulgala kanda, Kospalaketiya kanda, Lawalwaruwa kanda and Thiruwana kanda.
This forest has been subjected to selective logging from 1940 to 1987. Therefore, the Forest Department has developed plans for management and development of the forest. Today, Kanneliya forest harbors a unique assemblage of flora and fauna, which includes many endemics and several relicts.
Access
If you are coming from Colombo you have to first come to Galle, from Galle, take the Udugama road B129 to Udugama.Continue towards Hiniduma and the turn-off to Kanneliya is after the 3Km post on the B429.
There is another route from Hikkaduwa, Baddegama, Nagoda to Udugama. If you are coming from Colombo this is much closer than going to Galle and return if you are using a private vehicle. entrance to KDN Complex is in Udugama-Hiniduma road. Either by getting to Udugama or Hiniduma you can easily come to KDN Complex.

Yala East (Kumana) National Park

2010-04-11T19:43:00.000+05:30

Together with Ruhunu National Park, Yala East National Park is renowned for the variety of its wildlife, largely characteristic of dry zone tropical thorn forest. In addition, the mangroves of Kumana provide particularly important habitat for birds.
Location
Lies on the south-east coast in Eastern province, 12Km south of Arugam Bay, and accessible from the Wellawaya-Pottuvil road. Contiguous to the south with Ruhunu (Yala) National Park/Yala Strict Natural Reserve (126,786ha), along the Kumbukkan Oya.
Acsees
There are two routes from Colombo. They fork off at Pelmadulla and meet again at Wellawaya. One going via Beragla, Koslanda and other via Thimbolketiya, Udawalawe and Thanamalwila. From Wellawaya the road goes through Moneragala, Pottuvil and Panama. There is only one entrance to the park from Panama through the Kudumbigala sanctuary. The park office is situated at Okande, where a permit and guide should be obtained before entering the park. From Colombo to Yala East National Park the distance is approximately 391Km.
Physical Features
The main feature is the world famous Kumana mangrove swamp (200ha), which is surrounded by plains and jungle. The flat terrain of the coast is broken by numerous, rocky outcrops. There are large saline lagoons along the coast, often surrounded by extensive plains. Its altitude ranges from sea level to 90m height rocky outcrops. Total area is 18,149ha, with 265ha in Block II and 17,863ha in Block III.
Climate
Conditions are similar to those experienced in the north of Ruhuna National Park.
Date and History of Establishment
Block II was established on 26th December 1969, followed by Block I on 2nd January 1970, having originally been reserved for shooting as in intermediate zone many years beforehand
Cultural Heritage
At the base of most rock outcrops are caves, some with rock inscriptions of the first and second century BC. A nine-meter statue of reclining Buddha, now ruined, as discovered in a large cave at Bambaragastalawa. Bowattagala is another ancient monastic site. Kudumbigala, just outside the park, is inhabited by a Buddhist monk. Both Kudumbigala and Lenama, also peripheral to the park, were once the hunting grounds of the Nittaewo, the legendary pygmies of Sri Lanka who were sworn enemies of the Veddhas.
Vegetation
Comprises semi arid thorn scrub with fairly large areas of dense forest.
Fauna
In general, the fauna is similar to that found in Ruhunu (Yala) National Park. Kumana is reputed for its avifauna. Large numbers of certain species congregate to nest in the mangroves in May-June.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities
There are two park bungalows, one at Okanda, near the park entrance, and the other by the waterhole at Thunmulla. Four campsites situated on the banks of the Kumbukkan Oya at Kumana. A boat is available for hire at Kumana villu. The closest town is Panama on your way to the park to buy last minute essentials and gas for your vehicles, but not anything for your high tech gear.

Somawathiya Chaitiya National Park

2010-04-11T19:37:00.000+05:30

Somawathiya National Park affords protection to a unique habitat i.e. riverine villus and flood plains, as well as to the largest concentration of elephants in the country, together with the adjacent Flood Plains National Park. Although the area has been heavily exploited, regeneration will be rapid once human activity is phased out because of the abundance of moisture and high carrying capacity of the villus. Both parks are also extremely important for migration and resident waterfowls.
Location
The park spans between East Province and North-central Province in the deltoid plain of the Mahaweli river.
Access
Visitors has to turn off at Polonnaruwa Hospital junction on the Polonnaruwa Habarana road and proceed via Sungavila up to Somawathiya Chaitiya National Park. The distance from Colombo to Somawathiya Chaitiya via Polonnaruwa is 262Km.
Physical Features
The 37,762ha National Park is contiguous with Flood Plains National Park to the south, and to Tirikonamadu Nature Reserve (25,019ha). The western arm of the national Park provides a link with Hurulu Forest reserve, part of which is protected as biosphere reserve.
Date and History of Establishment
Declared a National Park on 2nd September 1986, having been previously designated a sanctuary on 9th August 1966, and extended through addition of Block II on 12th May 1987.
Vegetation
The water filled basins in the central flood pleopardlains are characterized by the abundance and predominance of water-tolerant grasses and aquatic plants. The distribution of vegetation in the villus shows a characteristic pattern, which is related to the period of inundation and the depth of flooding. On the margins, where wet conditions are brief and the depth of flooding slight, and creeping grasses.
Fauna
The ecological importance of Somawathiya is due mainly to the abundance of elephants Elephas maximus estiimated at about 400 within the park and its immediate environs and rich bird life. Noteworthy mammals include jackal Canis aureus, fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus, rusty-spotted cat Felis rubiginosa, leopard Panthera pardus kotiya, wild boar Sus scrofa, sambur Cervus unicolor, water buffalo Bubalus bubalis, porcupine Hystrix indica, and black-napped hare Lepus nigricollis.
Typically the marshes of the flood plains have an interesting and abundant avifauna. Around 75 migrant species are known to winter in the marshes.
Visitors and Visitor Facilities
Available in Polonnaruwa, Giritale and Minneriya.

Sinharaja World Heritage Site

2010-04-10T11:52:00.000+05:30

Located in south-west Sri Lanka, Sinharaja is the country's last viable area of primary tropical rainforest. More than 60% of the trees are endemic and many of them are considered rare. There is much endemic wildlife, especially birds, but the reserve is also home to over 50% of Sri Lanka's endemic species of mammals and butterflies, as well as many kinds of insects, reptiles and rare amphibians.
Based on the numerous eco-geographical classifications of the island, the Sinharaja can be described either as a Tropical lowland rain forest or Tropical wet evergreen forest. However, the most recent classification by UNESCO identifies it as a Tropical Humid Ceylonese Rain Forest of Indo-Malayan realm.
At present, the Sinharaja Reserve covers an area of 8,800ha of natural and modified forests. It measures 21Km in length and is 7Km in width at its widest point and 3Km at its narrowest point. It consist of approximately 6,091ha of forest reserves and 2,773ha of proposed reserves.
The boundaries of the reserve consist of several rivers and streams - Napala dola and Koskulana ganga in the north; Kalukanda ela and Pitakele ganga in the west and Maha dola and Gin ganga on the south. The eastern boundary now encompasses the area of Morning-side.
Sinharaja belongs to the middle elevational range or the 'uplands' which has a height range of 270 to 1,060 meters and a slope range of 10⁰ to 35⁰ . It lies within a rainfall range of 3,000 to 6,000mm. Rainfall figures available for the last 60 years show values ranging from 3,614 to 5,006mm in places in and around the Sinharaja. The high annual temperature of the Sinharaja is typical of the tropics, recording little seasonal variation, but with marked daily ranges.
The elevation of the Sinharaja reserve ranges from 200m to 1300m. The peak of Hinipitigala is the tallest, rising up to about 1150m. Other important ridges in the reserve ranges between 550-800m in height, namely Moulawella (760m), Kosgulana (797m), Sinharaja (742m), Kohilearambe (575m), Dotalugala (769m) and Tibbottagala (904m).
As in most of the tropics, in Sri Lanka too, a rapidly increasing population is causing intense pressure on the island's natural resources. Steps were taken to secure its future in 1988 by declaring it a National Wilderness area. This was then followed by its inclusion in UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.
Access
There are four main routes of access Sinharaja. The Kalawana-Weddagala road from the north-west, the Rakwana Morning side estate road from the north-east, the Hiniduma-Neluwa road from the south-west and Deniyaya-Pallegama road from the south-east. Among these roads, the Kalawana-Weddagala road is shorter and more convenient for visitors travelling from Colombo.
Flora
The total vegetation density of the forest including trees, shrubs, herbs and seedlings has been estimated to be around 240,000 individuals per hectare, of which 95% comprises individuals of the ground layer.
The endemic flora of the Sinharaja occupies a unique status for it accounts for 64% to 75% of the total number of species recorded among the trees and lianes over 30 cm in girth. It is also interesting to note that out of the 25 genera endemic to Sri Lanka, 13 are represented in the Sinharaja, and several of these genera are monotypic. Studies show that 85% of all under story species fall into the categories of 'Rare', 'Vulnerable' and 'Endangered' as described by the International Union for Nature and Natural Resource conservation (IUCN) Red Data Book. Out of these endemic species, almost 25 species were restricted to a single forest site.
Fauna
The complex vegetation structure of the rain forest provides a variety of dwelling places or niches for animals. Thus, not surprisingly, there is a rich diversity of fauna within a rain forest. Unlike the flora, the fauna of the Sinharaja has received comparatively little attention, and descriptions of the fauna had been limited to the occasional report by enthusiasts. It was only as recently as 1981 that preliminary systematic investigations were initiated. These studies were confined to the western sector of the forest. Up to date, a check-list of 262 vertebrate species has been compiled which includes 61 species endemic to Sri Lanka.
Among mammals, the Purple-faced Leaf Monkey, Trachypithecus vetulus is perhaps the most observable of the mammals. These monkeys move in groups 10 to 14, high up in the forest canopy and their territorial calls echo for miles around the forest. The Toque Monkey Macaca sinica is rare inside the forest but is more more commonly observed in the peripheral areas. Several large mammals are characteristically terrestrial and feed off the forest floor. This group includes herbivores browsers and mixed feeders, such as Wild Pig Sus Scrofa the sambur Cervus unicolour Mouse Deer Tragulus meminna and Barking Deer Muntiacus munjak.
The major carnivore of the forest is the Leopard Panthera pardus. Leopards are seldom sighted but their presence is frequently confirmed by tracks and other signs. Genuinely rare are the Rusty-spotted Cat Prionailurus rubiginosa and Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrina, while Jackals Canis aureus have been occasionally seen in the periphery of the forest.
The two most commonly sighted nocturnal species are civets and mongooses. The small mammals recorded in Sinharaja are mainly rats, shrews and squirrels. The Bi-coloured Rat Srilankamis ohiensis and Spiny Rat Coelomys mayori pococki, both endemic genera were found here, as were the endemic species of shrews, the Long-tailed Shrew Crocidura miya
and the Horsefield's Shrew Crocidura horsefieldi.
The reptile fauna of Sinharaja is represented by 45 species, of which 21 are endemic. This includes snakes, lizards, tortoises and skinks. among the snakes, two very rare species, Rhinophis tricolorata and Haploceros ceylonensis have been recorded. Green-pit Viper Trimerasurus trigonocephalus Hump-nosed Viper Hypnale hypnale and Krait Bungarus ceylonicus represent the common venomous snake species in the forest. Several rare and endemic species of lizards are found in the forest. Among these are the Calotes liolepis and the Hump-nosed Lizard Lyriocephalus scutatus.
The rain forest is the habitat par excellence for amphibians. It is not surprising therefore that half of the total number of amphibian species in Sri Lanka and nearly half the endemic amphibia are represented in Sinharaja. These amphibians are mainly frogs and toads and a single limbless form. One of the commonest frogs is the Wrinkled frog Rana corrugata heard frequently from marshes and streams. Several species of tree frogs and the Reed frog Rana greeni has a call similar to that of a bird and can be heard distinctively at night.
The fish show little diversity with only three species commonly occurring in all forest streams. All these species are endemic to the island. The Comb-tail Belontia singnata is found in slow moving streams. The Stone sucker Gara lamata ceylonensis is found clinging to rocks which feeds on moss and the Striped loach Neomachilus notostigma is found among the leaf at the bottom of the streams.
The Sinharaja Reserve is rich in bird life with an impressive 147 species recorded to date. It is also the only locality where 18 out of 26 bird species endemic to Sri lanka may be viewed. Interestingly, a few endemic and other species thought to be confined to the hill-zone haave also been sighted at Sinharaja viz. Mixed species of bird flocks are one of the most interesting experience of the forest. Observations made on at least 100 such flocks at Sinharaja, reveal that over 40 such species of birds, including 12 endemic species participate in flocks. Bird flocks show a distribution pattern that corresponds closely with the stratified vegetation structure, and are usually accompanied by animals such as Giant Squirrel, the Jungle Squirrel, the Purple-faced Leaf Monkey and the Mouse Deer.

Vankalai Bird Sanctuary

2010-04-10T11:16:00.000+05:30

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Vankalai, in the Mannar district, with its numerous bird species has been declared a sanctuary by the Department of Wild Life Conservation (DWLC), a first in the area since the armed conflict erupted in the north several decades ago.

Vankalai or Vangalai or Vangkaalai (Tamil: வங்காலை vaṅkālai) is a predominantly fishing and farming village situated in Mannar District of the Nothern Province of Sri Lanka. It lies along the Naanaattan Road with the sea on its west connects to Indian Ocean. Its northern boundary is the historic Hindu shrine of Thiru Ketheeswaram.

This sanctuary, partly a Wetland, comprises Puliyantivu island, Thiru Ketheeswaram, Pallimunai, Vankalai and the strips of land on either side of the causeway connecting the island of Mannar to the mainland. Covering about 4,800 hectares, it consists of arid-zone thorn scrubland and pastures, waterholes and tanks, sand dunes, mangroves, salt marshes, lagoons and sea-grass beds and maritime grasslands.

The sanctuary declared through a Gazette notification dated September 9, 2008, follows recommendations of the Ceylon Bird Club which has worked tirelessly towards making this a reality. Many birds including the very rare migrants the Spot-billed Duck, the Comb Duck and the Gadwall; the rare migrant Long-toed Stint and the uncommon migrants the Peregrine Falcon, the Common-ringed Plover, Temminck’s Stint and the Red-necked Phalarope have been spotted at Vankalai.

Thousands of migrant birds arrive in Sri Lanka, making landfall in the Mannar region including Vankalai. Similarly when leaving the country at the end of the season, they use Vankalai as their last staging point.

Lunugamwehera National Park

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Lunugamwehera National Park is the immediate catchment of Lunugamwehera reservoir. The park serves as a link between the Yala Protected Area Complex on its east and Udawalawe National Park to its west and facilitates the ranging of elephants to and from areas such as Haldummulla and Koslanda in Uva and the southern region of Sri Lanka.

Location

This National Park falls within the divisional secretaries' (DS) divisions of Thanamalwila, Wellawaya, Kataragama and Buttala in Moneragala district and DS divisions of Lunugamwehera in Hambantota district.

Access

The park office is situated at Lunugamwehera on Wellawaya-Hambantota road. The other entrance on Buttala-Kataragama road at Galge Wildlife beat office point (entrance to Yala Block III & IV). There are two main access routesto the park Head quarters from Colombo.

Via Ratnapura, Udawalawe, Thanamalwila to Lunugamwehera (approximately 231Km)
Via Hambantota, Tissamaharama Thanamalwila to Lunugamwehera (approximately 265Km)

Physical Features

lying in the dry zone, conditions are characterized by an annual drought coinciding with the south-west monsoon. The physiography of the park is characterized by a vast featureless gently undulating plain with rock knob plains generally occupying the slightly elevated areas in south. The park is located at an average elevation of 91m with Sittarama being the highest peak of 290m.

The total extent of the park is 23,498ha. A significant area (14%) of the park is occupied by the Lunugamwehera reservoir. At full capacity the reservoir occupies 3,283ha and other small tanks within the park cover an area of 50ha. Thus the total dry land area of the park is 20,156ha.

Climate

The climate in the park is characterized by a bimodal seasonal rainfall pattern and uniform high temperature conditions. The average annual rainfall at Thanamalwila is about 1000mm and the rainfall in the park area decreases from north to south and west to east. The annual average temperature is about 30 C.

Date and Histry of Establishment

The park established on 08th December 1995.

Vegetation

The vegetation includes different types of forest succession along with scrub/grasslands mosaics. The shifting (chena) cultivation has caused degradation of the forest communities to open thorny shrub and grassland communities. The dense forest is dry mixed evergreen forest.

Fauna

Twenty one (21) fish species, 12 amphibians, 33 reptiles, 184 birds and 43 mammals were recorded. The teak plantations are frequented by the elephants Elephas maximus.

Visitors and Visitor Facilities

Currently no luxury facilities available close to the park proximity and visitors should either stay in Tissamaharama or Hambantota to access the park.

Hotels

Tissamaharama Priyankara Hotels (Pvt) Ltd.

Tissamaharama Rest House

Yala Safari Beach Hotel

Browns Safari Beach Hotel

Chandrika Guest House

Flamingo Bundala Safari Guest House

Hotel Tissa

Lakeside Tourist Inn

New Queens Rest House

Singha Tourist Inn

Tissa Inn

Tissa Village Inn

Hambantota Peacock Beach Hotel

The Oasis Hotel

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Bundala National Park

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This is the first Ramsar site in Sri Lanka and it is the most important wetland for birds in Sri Lanka outside the Northern Province. The lagoons of the park are among the most important wintering areas for migratory shore birds in the country, regularly accommodating over 15,000 shore birds at any one time. It is the last refuge of the Greater Flamingo in this part of the island, as well as being important for elephant and a variety of threatened reptiles. Dense thorny scrub provides a natural barrier to the winds that would otherwise accelerate desertification in this arid countryside.

Location

The park lies on the southeastern coast in Southern Province, about 274Km away from Colombo. This stretches from the vicinity of Bundala village in the east to the Hambantota township in the west. Part of the nothern boundary is contiguous with the A2 main road.

Access

There are two regular routes from Colombo. viz

Along the coast via Galle, Matara, Tangalle and Hambantota (Approximately 256Km)
via Ratnapura, Pelmadula, Embilipitiya, Hambantota (Approximately 245Km)

Physical Feature

The park contains five shallow, brackish lagoons with salt pans in three interconnecting channels and marshes including the adjacent coast. The five lagoons are namely, Bundala lewaya, Emilikala kalapu, Malala lagoon, Mahalewaya and Koholankala lewaya. This unique area of picturesque lagoons and their tidal mud flats where the wintering birds rest and feed, golden beaches and sand dunes frequented by nesting sea turtles and the thorny scrub jungle where elephant Elephas maximus spotted deer Axis axis ceylonensis and wild buffalo Bubalus bubalis are found. The park is also a paradise for 149 species of resident migratory birds. The area of the park is 6,216ha. Its altitude ranges from sea level to 10m.

Climate

Conditions are tropical and monsoonal, with a mean annual temperature of 27 C. annual rainfall ranges from 900mm to 1300mm, with an extensive dry period from May to September.

Date and History of Estabishment

Declared as a sanctuary on 5th December 1969. Designated a wetland of International Importance at the time of Sri lanka's ratification of the Ramsar Convention on 15th October 1990

Vegetation

The phytoplanktons in all the lagoons are dominated by blue-green alga, such as Microcystis, Nostoc and Oscillatoria, while Hydrilla is abound in Embilika and Malala Lagoons. Marshes and streams contains water hyacinth, water lilies and Typha javanica. The arid vegetation consists largely of grass flats and trees of scrub forests.

Fauna

The forest still harbours a few elephants Elephas maximus, and migratory herds of up to 80 animals have been recorded in the area. Other mammals include endemic toque macaque Macaca sinica, common langur Presbytis entllus, jackal Canis aureus, leopard panthera pardus kotiya fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus, rusty spotted cat Felis rubiginosa, mongoose Herpestes spp., wild boar Sus scrofa, mouse deer Moschiola meminna, barking deer Muntiacus muntjak, spotted deer Axis axis ceylonensis, sambar C. uniclor, black naped hare Lepus nigricollis, Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata and porcupine Hystrix indica.

Noteworthy amphibians include the endemic Bufo athukoralei. Among reptiles, mugger crocodile Crocodylus palustris, estuarine crocodile C. porosus, common monitor Varanus bengalensis and star tortoise geochelone elegans have been recoded. Reptiles also include python Python molurus, rat snake Pytas mucosus, endemic flying snake Chrysopelea taprobana, cat snakes Boiga spp., and whip snakes Dryophis spp. The beach along the coastal belt is a favourite nesting ground for sea turtle.

The park is the home for every species of water bird resident in the country and during the nothern winter, it is the final destination for countless numbers of waders of most species recorded in Sri Lanka. The rare black necked stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus is said to be a breeding resident in Sri Lanka. Vagrants turn up occasionally and among those reliably reported from the area are capion plover Charadrius asiaticus, ringed plover C. hiaticula tundrae, common redshank Tringa totanus, broad billed sandpiper Limicola falcinellus falcinellus, buff breasted sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis, red necked phalarope Phalaropus lobatus, spoon billed sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, common avocet Recurvirostra avosetta and Eurasian oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus. Both white bellied sea eagle haliaeetus leucogaster and brahminy kite Haliastur indus are breeding residents. Up to 2,000 greater flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber roseus have been seen during the north-east monsoon.

Visitor and Visitor Facilities

Accomodation is available outside the park at Tissamaharama, Weerawila and Hambantota, from where jeeps can be hired. There are several watch towers in the park. And also a visitor centre is at the park entrance.

Hotels

Hambantota Peacock Beach Hotel

The Oasis Hotel

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Ruhunu (Yala) National Park

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Yala is renowned for the variety of its wildlife, largely characteristic of dry zone tropical thorn forest, and its fine coastline and associated coral reefs. Large number of important cultural ruins bear testimony to earlier civilization and indicate that much of the area was populated and well developed, with irrigation system supplying water to the surrounding paddy fields, including those of Yala.
Location
The Ruhuna (Yala) National Park is located in the south eastern region of Sri Lanka and extends over two provinces and two administrative districts as follows;

Nothern, north western and western areas of the park lie in Monaragala district in Uva Province.
South western and southern areas in Hambantota district in Southern Province.
Part of the southern and the whole of the eastern and north eastern boundaries lie along the Indian Ocean.

Access
There are three regular routes from Colombo, viz

Along the coast via Galle, Matara, Hambantota and Tissamaharama(Approximately 293Km)
via Ratnapura, Pelmadulla, Embilipitiya, Hambantota and Tissamaharama (Approximately 284Km)
via Ratnapura, Pelmadulla Uda Walawe, Tanamalwila and Tissamaharama (Apprximately 235Km)

There is only one entrance to the park. The turn off being along the road between Tissamaharam and Kirinda. The park office is situated at Palatupana, 12Km from the turn off, where a permit and a guide should be obtained before enterning the park.
Physical Features
The park comprises coastal plain with a number of scattered inselbergs, associated with which are a number of caves and kema 9pools). There are also several fresh water lakes and brackish lagoons, described elsewhere. The eastern boundary, formed by the sea, is marked by sand dunes of up to 30m high and broad sandy beaches. Its altitude ranges from sea level to 90m high inselbergs. The area of the park is 97,881ha in entirely, but only 14,011ha (Block I) used for tourism.
Climate
The park lies in a transition zone between the single wet season experienced on the coast and the double peak of precipitation found along the south coast of the island. Mean annual rainfall varies between approximately 900mm in the south to 1300mm in the north, with an extensive period of drought from May to September. Mean annual temperature is 27 C.
Date and History of Establishment
Park consists of five blocks. Block I was established on 25th February 1938, Block II on 3rd September 1954, Block III on 28th April 1967 Block IV on 9th October 1969 and Block Von 5th October 1973.
Vegetation
Comprises secondary forest, possibly a few hundred years old at the most. It is predominantly semi-arid thorn scrub, interspersed with pockets of fairly dense forest.
Fauna
A total of 32 species of mammals has been recorde. Threatened species are sloth bear Melursus ursinus, leopard Panthera pardus kotiya, elephant Elephas maximus and water buffalo Bubalus bubalis. although the water buffalo is indigenous to Sri Lanka, it is likely the most populations contain some genetic input from domestic stock or are descended from feral stock. Wild boar Sus scrofa, spotted deer Axix axis ceylonensis, sambar Cervus unicolor and golden jackal Canis aureus are also present.
The avifauna comprised some 120-130 species. Raptors include Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela speliogaster and White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster. many water birds are attracted to the lagoons, including Lesser Flamingo Phoenicopterus minor, Pelican Pelecanus sp., spoonbill Platalea leucorodia leucorodia, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus asiaticus, of which there are perhaps only a dozen in the country Grey Heron Ardea cinera cinera, Purple heron A. purpurea manilensis, Night Heron Nycticorax sp., Egret sp., Purple Coot Porphyrio porphyrio poliocephalus and Darter Anhinga melanogaster. During the north-east monsoon the lagoons are visited by thousands of migrating waterfowl, including ducks, terns and gulls.
Notable reptiles are Mugger Crocodylus palustris, which is abundant in the anandoned tanks, estuarine crocodile C. porosus, found in the main rivers, and common monitor Varanus bengalensis. Other reptiles include Cobra Naja naja and Russel's Viper Daboia russellii. A variety of sea turtle Chelonia mydas, Olive Ridley Lepidochelys olivacea and Leatherback Dermochelys coricea, of which the Yala coatline is a major nesting ground.
The lagoon fauna includes various species of prawns, crabs and fishes.
Visitors and visitor facilities
In Block I the main area of visitors, there are six wildlife bungalows located at Mahasilawa, Buttuwa, Patanangala, Yala, Heenwewa and Talgasmankada. Two camp sites at Jamburagala and Kosgasmankada are available for visitors. There is a museum at the park office.
Hotels
Tissamaharama   Priyankara Hotels (Pvt) Ltd.
   Tissamaharama Rest House
   Yala Safari Beach Hotel
   Browns Safari Beach Hotel
   Chandrika Guest House
   Flamingo Bundala Safari Guest House
   Hotel Tissa
   Lakeside Tourist Inn
   New Queens Rest House
   Singha Tourist Inn
   Tissa Inn
   Tissa Village Inn
Hambantota   Peacock Beach Hotel
   The Oasis Hotel

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Maha Eliya (Horton Plains) National Park

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Maha Eliya, its surrounding forests and the adjoining Peak Wilderness, constitute Sri Lankas’ most important catchment area of almost all major rivers. The plains are also of outstanding scenic beauty and conservation importance, containing most of the habitats and endemic plants and animals representatives of the country’s wet and montane zones. The western slopes support the most extensive area of montane cloud forest surviving in the country.
Location
Lies about 32Km south of Nuwara Eliya in the Central Highlands of Central Province.
Access
Maha Eliya can be reached by any of these all roads;

Via Nuwara Eliya, Ambewela and Pattipola (32Km)
Via Haputale or Welimada, Boralanda, Ohiya (38Km)
Nuwara Eliya, Hakgala, Rendapola, Ambewela, Pattipola (38Km)

Adventurous visitors can trek into the park along the Thalawakele-Agarapatana-Diyagama and the Belihul Oya-Nagarak trails.
Maha Eliya plains comprises a gently undulating highland plateau at the southern end of the central mountain massif of Sri Lanka. It is dominated to the north by Mount Thotupalakanda (2,357m) and to the west by Mount Kirigalpotta (2,389m), Sri Lanka’s third and second largest peaks, respectively. Tributaries of three major rivers originate from within the reserve, the Mahaweli Ganga flowing to the north, the Kelani Ganga to the west and Walawe to the south.
Two escarpments falling from Maha Eliya have contributed immensely to its awe inspiring physiognomy, “the small worlds end” drops by 274m and the “big worlds end” by 884m. The altitude of the park ranges from about 1,800m to 2,389m at the top of Kirigalpotta. The plateau at, at 2,100m, is the highest tableland in Sri Lanka.
Annual rainfall in the region is about 2,540mm, but for Horton Plains it may exceed 5,000mm. Temperatures are low, with an annual mean temperature of 150C, and ground frost is common in December to February.
Cultural Heritage
Stone tools dating back to the Balangoda culture of prehistoric times have been found in the area.
Maha Eliya is well recognized for its rich biodiversity, its flora given to a high level of endemism. 5% of the species are found to be endemic to Sri Lanka. The plateau supports grassland fringed and interspersed with patches of dense a rich herbaceous flora flourishes on the patanas with numerous species of both temperate and tropical origin. A vast extent of the patanas was broken and brought under potato cultivation a few decades ago.
Elephant (Elephas maximus) disappeared from the region some 70 years ago, or earlier. Large mammals could seldom be seen at Horton Plains. Sambar is common sight at dusk and in the early morning hours. Maha Eliya National Park harbours 12 species of endemic birds. This park is a paradise for butterflies too. Amphibians, reptiles and freshwater fishes also can be seen in the park.
Visitors and Visitor facilities
The overnight park accommodation, though limited, caters to different preferences. Ginihiriya (Anderson) bungalow having well appointed four rooms is in an existing forest setting. In addition there is another circuit bungalow called “Mahaeliya” found in the park. Two separate dormitories (Wana Nivahana) also set in tranquil nature, serve visitors coming in groups. Nature lovers can occupy camp sites.
This is the only National Park in Sri Lanka where visitors are allowed to walk on their own in the designated tracks. Protecting and preserving this nature’s own paradise along with its unique physical environment, is a call of duty for all.

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Maduru Oya National Park

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This new park is designed to protect the immediate catchments of five reservoir, developed under the accelerated Mahaweli Development Programme. Conservation of these catchments is crucial to the success of the project. The park area provides refuge for wildlife, particularly elephants.
Locations
Lies between the Polonnaruwa-Batticaloa road and Mahiyangana-Padiyatalawa road in the districts of Ampara, Badulla and Polonnaruwa and spans the border between Eastern and Uva provinces. It is surrounded on the west and north by Mahaweli development areas and on the south and east by tea plantations and jungle, which are subjected to repeated slash and burn practices. Main access, from the north is 25Km by road from Manampitiya, located in the Polonnaruwa-Batticaloa highway.
Access
The easiest and most practical route from Colombo is via Kurunegala, Dambulla, Habarana, Polonnaruwa and Manampitiya. It is approximately 265Km from Colombo.
The dominant topographic feature is the 8Km long range of rocky mountains in the south-west of the park. Water bodies, constituting over 15% of the park, include the Maduru Oya, Ulhitiya, Ratkinda, NDK and Henanigala reservoirs and tributes of Mahaweli and Maduru Oya river systems. The area of the park is 58,850ha. It is proposed to link the park with Gal Oya National Park(25,000ha) in the south via Nilgala jungle corridor (10,360ha). Major part of the park area lies between 30m and 150m. Maximum altitude is 685m.
The park is located entirely within Sri Lanka’s dry zone, although its southern edge borders on the intermediate zone. The climax community of the area is tropical dry mixed evergreen forest. However, a major part of the forest within the park had been heavily exploited in the past for shifting cultivation. This has resulted in areas of secondary vegetation and vast stretches of open plains, dominated by the grasses.
The park is important for its rich wildlife, which includes a variety of endemic species. Threatened species of mammals include elephant (Elephas maximus) of which there were 150-250 prior to the park’s establishment, sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The rich aquatic avifauna gives additional beauty to this environment with forest species which doubles it. Other species like reptiles, fishes, amphibians and butterflies also can be seen during a visit.
Visitors and Visitor facilities
There are two circuit bungalows and one dormitory at park office in front of Maduru Oya reservoir. Ulhitiya camp site is available for nature lovers.

Lahugala-Kitulana National Park

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The park is one of Sri Lanka’s smallest but most valuable conservation areas for elephants and endemic birds.
Location
Lies in the basin of the Heda Oya, 16Km inland from the coastal town of Pottuvil in Eastern Province. The Pottuvil Moneragla trunk road runs through the south eastern sector of the park.
Access
The route would be the same as the approach to Yala East National Park from Colombo. The routes fork off at Pelmadulla and meet again at Wellawaya, one going via Beragala, Koslanda and the other via Thimbolketiya, Udawalawe and Thanmalwila. From Wellawaya the route would be via Moneragala. It is approximately 318Km from Colombo. The park office is situated at Lahugala.
The terrain is flat with occasional rock outcrops. The park features three tanks, Lahugala (243ha), Kitulana and Sengamuwa, which ultimately drain into the Heda Oya. These tanks are largely silted up and support an abundance of beru grass. The area of the park is 1,554ha.
Mean annual rainfall is 1650mm.
Nearby is the historic site of Magulmahavihara, built for the occasion of King Kavantissa’s marriage to Viharamaha Devi.
Lying in the dry zone, the vegetation surrounding the tanks is dry mixed evergreen forest with scrubs.
Lahugala is traditionally used as a feeding ground by elephants (Elephas maximus). Herds up to 150, attracted by the beru grass, were a common sight at Lahugala tank during the period of July to August. Other mammals also can be seen in the park. The avifauna is diverse and includes a variety of waterfowl, and the usual dry zone forest birds. Amphibians include frogs such as the endemic Bufo athukoralei, Rana limnocharis, Rhacophorus maculate, Kaloula pulchra and Microphyla rubra.
Visitors and Visitor facilities
At present, accommodation can be found at Pottuvil, 23Km away from park.

Gal Oya National Park

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This park is established to protect the catchment area of the Senanayake Samudra, constructed as part of a development scheme to open up some 162,000ha of forest for agriculture and industrial purposes. It is considered to be among the most scenically beautiful landscapes in Sri Lanka. Senanayake Samudra reservoir supports an important fishery, and a valuable source of water for irrigation.
Location
East of the central hills of the island, it lies in Badulla district with a part of it stretching into the Ampara District. It totally encompasses the great Senanayake Samudra reservoir, which is not a part of the park.
Access
The only practical routes from Colombo would be via Ratnapura, Pelmadulla, Uda Walawe, Thanamalwila, Wellawaya, Moneragla and then north from Siyambalanduwa to Inginiyagala. It is approximately 300Km from Colombo
The area comprises the catchment of the Senanayake Samudra, a large water body with an impressive backdrop of rocky, forested hills. The Gal Oya basin consists of the Gal Oya and three lesser streams which flow eastwards. The Gal Oya was dammed at Inginiyagala in 1948 to form Senanayake Samudra, and the other two streams have since been dammed. Senananyake Samudra has a maximum depth of 33.5m and a catchment area of about 100,000ha. The area of the park is 25,900ha. Annual rainfall for Gal Oya National Park is 1,766mm.
The national park was established mainly to protect the catchment area of Senanayake Samudra Reservoir.
Cultural Heritage
Gal Oya is the only valley in Sri Lanka which can claim to have given shelter to Sinhala kings in three different locations; namely to King Tissa to Digha Vapi in the 2nd century BC, to King Buvanekabahu on the summit of Govindahela in the 13th century, and to the self proclaimed King Dore Swamy at Nilgala in the 19th century. The Digha Vapi Dagoba, built in the 2nd century BC to mark the spot where the Lord Buddha is supposed to have sat during his last visit to Sri Lanka, attracts thousands of pilgrims. The hilly country in the west was one of the last strongholds of the veddas. Henebedde cave near Vadinagala has a drip ledge and contains a Brahmi inscription. Near the cave are moonstone, guard stone and balustrade stone. Ruins of an ancient structure are close by.
About 45% of Gal Oya National Park is forest, 33% savanna, 9% grassland and 2% chena (forest disturbed by shifting agriculture). The rest (10%) consists of water bodies. The forest is generally evergreen, of medium stature (30-40m)
With a dense closed canopy layer. The savanna is found mainly in the west.
A total of 32 species of terrestrial mammals has been recorded in the Gal Oya region. Of more than 334 species of birds which occur regularly in Sri Lanka, 150 have been observed in the Gal Oya region. Two ecological categories of birds could be found. First are the large numbers of fish eating birds which occur in and around the tanks. The second group consists of frugivorous birds such as hornbills (Ocyceros griseus) and (Anthracoceros coronatus), pigeons (Ducula aeneapusiila) and Treron spp. Among the reptiles present, mugger (Crocodylus palustris) is locally common in tanks and irrigation ditches and common monitor (Varanus bengalensis) is abundant in drier areas. Amphibians and fish fauna also can be observed within the park area.
Visitors and Visitor facilities
The park is largely undeveloped for tourism. Accommodation is not available inside the park, but there is a circuit bungalow at Ekgal Aru, approximately 23Km from the park office. Rest houses are available outside the park at Inginiyagala and Ampara. Boats can be hired on Senanayake Samudra.

Minneriya National Park

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The core of this National Park is in an uninhabited area of the country’s most diverse natural systems, with intermediate forest, bamboo stands, patanas and talawas. Nowhere else does it seem that such diversity is represented within a single protected area, particularly in such an intact state. The tank supports a variety of waterfowl, while being of immense socio-economic value.
Location
Situated 20Km north – west of Polonnaruwa, Polonnaruwa district, and North Central Province. The boundaries of National Park on north, west and east are outlined by roads, Habarana-Polonnaruwa highway, Sigiriya-Moragaswewa and Katukeliyawa-Diyabeduma roads respectively. The southern boundary lies along Polonnaruwa district boundary.
Access
The practical access from Colombo would be via Habarana-Polonnaruwa road (182Km). The park office and entrance are located at Ambagaswewa, where one obtains a permit and a guide. The closest town is Polonnaruwa 24Km away from park entrance.

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Flood Plains National Park

2010-04-09T18:04:00.000+05:30

This park is central to the integrity of the Mahaweli system of protected areas, both for its unique “villus” and as a corridor for wildlife migration between grazing lands in Wasgomuwa and Somawathiya chaitiya National Parks. It is particularly important for the long term survival of elephants within the Mahaweli catchment. Together with the adjacent Somawathiya Chaitiya National Park, Flood Plains National Park provides a refuge for a wide variety of resident and migratory waterfowl species.
Location
The area spans the Mahaweli Ganga in Polonnaruwa district in North Central Province. The township of Manampitiya lies just outside the eastern boundary of the park, a stopover on the Batticaloa-Polonnaruwa road and on the railway which pass through the park.
Access
The simplest approach from Colombo would be via Kurunegala, Dambulla, Habarana and Polonnaruwa. The range office is in Polonnaruwa town. This park is 233Km away from Colombo.
The Mahaweli Ganga flows from south to North through the centre of the park. The flood plains of rich alluvial soil flanking the river are characterized by numerous shallow marshy depressions known as “villus”. The prolonged periods of inundation of these low-lying areas, together with nutrients carried in by the water, are largely responsible for the exceptionally high level of net primary productivity. Covering 17,035ha and lying in the Mahaweli protected area complex, the Flood Plains National Park links Wasgomuwa National Park (37,063ha) to the south with Somawathiya Chaitiya National Park (37,762ha) to the north.
There is no special evidence of historical ruins. This section of Mahaweli Ganga was connected to the ancient irrigation network in the vicinity. On the right bank of the river, at the edge of the Mutugala villu, there are ruins of an ancient cave monastery with inscriptions dating back to between the 2nd and 7th century BC.
Saturated soils and flooding prevent tree growth and enhance the growth of water tolerant grasses and aquatic plants. The vegetation of the “villus” shows definite patterns of zonation, with creeping grasses.
The rich vegetation in the “villu” attracts large number of grazing animals and birds and supports a higher annual biomass than any other type of habitat within the Mahaweli Development Project area. The flood plains, with their abundant supply of water and grasslands, are an important habitat for elephant (Elephas maximus) as well as an access providing a corridor for elephants ranging between Somawathiya Chaitiya and Wasgomuwa National Parks. The flood pains are particularly important for the diversity and abundance of their avifauna, particularly migrant birds. It is estimated that around 75 migrant species spent their winter time in the marshes of the flood plains.

Wasgomuwa National Park

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Wasgomuwa is unusual in its virtual lack of contemporary human disturbance and infrastructure, and its importance as a centre of ancient Sri Lankan culture. Being isolated by large rivers on all but its southern side is a major advantage for management. The park probably contains more wildlife, in terms of both diversity of wild fauna and flora.

Location

Approximately 50Km northeast of Kandy in Polonnaruwa and Matale Districts, the park spans North Central and Central Provinces. The eastern boundary is defined by the Mahaweli ganga, the western and northern boundaries by the Amban ganga and southern boundary is formed, for the most part by the Duniwila Oya. The nearest large town is Polonnaruwa.

Access

Turn off at Hasalaka on the Kandy-Mahiyangana road and proceed via Wilgamuwa upto Wasgomuwa. Visitors from Matale and Polonnaruwa areas can reach Wasgomuwa via Laggala and Wilgamuwa. The distance from Colombo to Wasgomuwa is 225Km.

The area ranges from about 76m along the Mahaweli ganga to 535m at the top of Sudukanda range. Total area is over 39,322ha. The park is contiguous to the Riverine Nature Reserve (920.6ha) on the right bank of the Mahaweli ganga. Climatic conditions are fairly typical of the dry zone. Inter monsoon rains occur in March-May.

The most important cultural site is Buduruwayaya in the south west corner, near the confluence of the Amban and Kalu rivers. These ruins, estimated to be 1800 years old, feature a statue of Buddha reclining and stone pillars. Another reclining Buddha statue is found immediately across Amban ganga, outside the western park boundary. The canal known as Kalinga Yodha Ela was constructed by King Parakrama in the twelfth century shows an evidence of an ancient irrigation system. A ruined place with stone pillars, located on an island in Kalinga river, is particularly important cultural site.

The known fauna comprises 23 species of mammals, 143 species of birds (of which five are of endemic to Sri Lanka), 35 species of reptiles (of which seven are endemic), 15 species of amphibians, 17 species of fish and 52 species of butterflies. A population of around 150 elephants (Elephas maximus), leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), slender loris (Loris tardigradus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), spotted deer (Axis axis ceylonensis), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), sambar (Cervus unicolor), black-naped hare (Lepus nigricollis), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus).

Visitors and Visitor facilities

There are three wildlife bungalows within the park. They are Kadurupitiya, Mahaweli and Wawul Ebe, and two bungalows outside the park i.e. Gale Bungalow and Angammedille. There are five camp sites for nature lovers to enjoy the natural environment i.e. Mahaweli ganga I & II, Medapitiya, Ulpath Hatha and Wawul Ebe. Adequate facilities for accommodation are available outside the park, with guesthouses and hotels in Polonnaruwa, Giritale and Habarana and economical rest houses in Mahiyangana and Pallegama.

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Wilpattu National Park

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Wilpattu National Park is among the oldest and most important of protected areas in Sri Lanka. Its flora and fauna are representative of the dry lowland zone. It also contains a number of cultural sites.

Location

Lies on the northwest coast, 30Km due west of Anuradhapura, and spans the border between North Western Province and North Central Province.

Access

Access from Colombo would be via Negombo, chilaw and Puttalam. The turn off is at the little hamlet of Thimbiriwewa on the 28th mile post along the Puttalam-Anuradhapura road. The park office, where one obtains permit and a guide is at Hunuwilagama, 8Km from the turn off.

The main topographical feature in this park is the concentration of “villus” or “lakes” within it. The western sector of the park with deeply forested areas and thorny bushes in reminiscent of Yala National Park in the southern Sri Lanka. Wilpattu National Park ranges from sea level to 152m and area of the park is 131,693ha.

Mean annual temperature is 27.2oC and total annual precipitation is approximately 1,000mm.

Much legend and history is associated with the park and its immediate surroundings. Vijaya landed at Kudiramalai in 543 BC and founded the Sinhalese race. Vijaya married Kuveni, the jungle princess, whose place lies in ruins at Kali villu. Some 2000 years ago Prince Saliya, son of King Dutugemunu, have lived with his forest bride of low caste, Asoka mala. Kudiramalai, or Horse Point, was visited by a subject of Emperor Cladius in 47 AD. The place of Queen Alirani, or Aliserrani is reputed toile buried at Kudiramalai. Pomparippu is an archaeological site where sealed urns containing human remains have been found. These burials were probably in pre-Vijayan times. There are engraved stone boundary posts from ancient Sinhalese times at Konwetiya and elsewhere. Between Palagaturai and Kollankanatte are the remains of an old harbour. The ruins of an ancient Hindu temple site on the top of Kudiramalai point. Nearby, on the beach lies the grave of a Muslim saint. The old Catholic church at Pallakandal is visited by several thousand pilgrims for the annual festival. In the eastern part there are remnants of breached tanks left over from the agricultural systems of ancient Sinhalese civilizations.

Some 73% of the park is dense forest or scrub and the rest is more open habitat. Mammalian diversity and ecological densities are highest in such ecotones as the interface between forest, scrub and grasslands converge in the west and the “villus” and drainage systems in the center of the park. A total of 31 species of mammals have been recorded. The “villus” supports a variety of resident and migratory waterfowl, including large breeding populations of painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala) and open bill (Anastomus oscitans). Other water birds also can be seen easily and specially in migratory season lot of migratory birds abundant in water bodies and forested areas. Few species of raptors around and nesting sites also can be observed during a visit. Among the most conspicuous reptiles are common monitor (Varanus bengalensis), mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), common cobra (Naja naja), rat snake (Ptyas mucosus) an Indian python (Python molurus).

Visitors and Visitor facilities

There are seven lodges/circuit bungalows; Maradamaduwa, Pannikar villu, Kalli villu, Mena vila, Thala vila, Manikapola Uttu and Kokmottai. All overlook villus except the last which is by the Modaragam Aru. Most of these are closed toward the end of dry season in August-September. There is a good network of gravel roads, particularly between water holes. A museum is situated Hunuwilagama. Good hotel facilities are available in Anuradhapura 30Km away from Wilpattu National Park.

Wasgomuwa National Park

Location

Access

Visitors and Visitor facilities

Udawalawe National Park

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Park is renowned for its outstanding scenic beauty and wealth of fauna species, particularly mammals and birds. It has become a tourist attraction throughout the year as it is blessed with unique fauna and flora while the possibility to view the elephants at close range had become another main attraction. The park serves the dual purpose of enduring a perennial supply of silt free water to the reservoir and providing a refuge for wildlife displaced by the opening up of land for agriculture and other purpose in the lower reaches of the Walawe river.
Location
Lies both in Sabaragamuwa and Uva Provinces and includes the Udawalawe Reservoir.
Access
The main entrance to the park is located at the 7th milepost on Udawalawe-Thanamalwila road. It can be reached from Colombo via Ratnapura, Pelmadulla and Colombage Ara junction along Pelmadulla-Embilipitiya road and approximately three to four hours from Colombo.
This park situated in the dry zone and conditions of the physical features are characterized by an annual drought coinciding with the south west monsoon, commencing in May. Mean annual rainfall is about 1524mm and mean day and night temperatures are 29oC and 24oC, respectively.
The area of the park is 30,821ha. The predominant ecosystem of the park area is the forest area with scattered grasslands and thorny-shrubs.
There are heards of elephants (Elephas maximus), while populations sambar (Cervus uniclor), spotted deer (Axis axis ceylonensis), barking deer (Muntiacus muntjak), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are gradually re-establishing themselves. Other mammals include: toque macaque (Macaca sinica) E, common langur (Presbytis entellus), jackal (Canis aureus), sloth bear (Melursus ursinus), toddy cat (Paradoxurus hermaphroditis), leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya) and black napped hare (Lepus nigricollis; and small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), endemic golden palm civet (Paradoxurus Zeylonensis), three species of mongoose (Herpestes fuscus, H. vitticollis and H.vitticollis ). The avifauna includes large number of warblers (Prinia sp.), together with the usual low country birds in forested areas, and a variety of raptors. Water birds found on the reservoir and migrants can be spotted specially in migrating season.
Visitors and Visitor facilities
Visitors require a permit to enter the park obtainable from the entrance at the 7th milepost on Udawalawe-Thanamalwila road, and must be accompanied by a tracker. There are four wildlife bungalows inside the Udawalawe National Park. They are located at Thimbirigasmankada, Veheragolla, Sinuggala and Gonaviddagala. All these bungalows are located near major water sources and this provides better opportunities for the visitors to view elephants. Each of the bungalows can accommodate up to ten persons. Two camp sites, at Pansadhara and Aliwadiya are available for occupation.
Further Information : Park Warden, Udawalawe National Park, Telephone/Fax: +94472233292

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National Parks under the Department of Wildlife Conservation

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