<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><rss xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xmlns:openSearch="http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/" xmlns:blogger="http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008" xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr="http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0" version="2.0"><channel><atom:id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430</atom:id><lastBuildDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 06:04:09 +0000</lastBuildDate><title>Pensando desde América</title><description></description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/</link><managingEditor>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</managingEditor><generator>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>744</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-5442187763568260294</guid><pubDate>Mon, 06 Apr 2015 14:27:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-04-06T11:27:37.269-03:00</atom:updated><title></title><description></description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/04/blog-post.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-5867614764408205144</guid><pubDate>Mon, 23 Mar 2015 20:24:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-04-06T11:28:18.391-03:00</atom:updated><title></title><description>&lt;h2&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;   &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;  &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;A partir de esta semana las próximas notas se publicarán en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;   &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;  &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;La
Doctora Paula Stephan, profesora de economía de la Universidad Estatal de
Georgia, especializada en Economía de la Ciencia, ha investigado sobre el papel
de los científicos en las Universidades. Para certificar la calidad y seriedad
de sus conclusiones veamos qué dice de ella la revista Harvard University
Press, en su número de enero de 2012:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Los intereses de
investigación de Stephan se centran en las carreras de los científicos e
ingenieros y en el proceso por el cual el conocimiento se mueve a través de las
fronteras institucionales de la economía. Actualmente Stephan es miembro de la &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Junta del Consejo de Investigación Nacional
sobre la Educación Superior&lt;/i&gt; y de la &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Fuerza
Laboral&lt;/i&gt;. Ha sido miembro del Consejo Consultivo Nacional de Ciencias
Médicas Generales, y de Institutos Nacionales de Salud, trabajó para el Comité
Consultivo de la Conducta Social, y en el Programa de Economía de la Fundación
Nacional de Ciencias. Fue miembro del Grupo de Expertos de Alto Nivel de la
Comisión Europea y autora del informe &quot;Frontier Investigación: El reto
europeo&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;La
Doctora Paula Stephan, ha calificado el modelo académico de piramidal por lo
que da origen a la discrepancia resultante entre los posdoctorados y adjuntos
mal pagados y carentes prácticamente de toda perspectiva de promoción
profesional por un lado, y el número cada vez menor de puestos de investigación
fijos y bien pagados, ocupados por científicos famosos, por otro, se asemeja a
una especie de torneo en torno a la investigación científica. En la misma línea
de lo afirmado antes. Sostiene: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Impera un clima
enrarecido de todos contra todos que resulta en problemas de la ciencia que se
lleva a cabo. Hace falta publicar cada vez más estudios deslumbrantes de
científicos famosos en prestigiosas revistas para llamar la atención y atraer
las subvenciones que se precisan para mantener las apariencias y las luces
encendidas en el laboratorio. Se confunde &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;más&lt;/i&gt;
con &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;mejor&lt;/i&gt;: más financiación, más
artículos, más citaciones y más becarios, al margen de si el mercado requiere
ese tipo de investigador. El resultado final es la necesidad no solo de
publicar a toda costa, sino de publicar en revistas de prestigio nuevos cambios
sustanciales y espectaculares de nuestra comprensión del mundo que nos rodea y
que exigen seguir investigando a toda costa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;La
doctora apela a la palabra del Doctor Stephen Quake, cuya autoridad es avalada
por su curriculum: obtuvo su Licenciatura en Física y Maestría en Ciencias
Matemáticas en Stanford y su D.Phil. en Física en la Universidad de Oxford; ha
sido elegido miembro de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias, la Academia Nacional
de Ingeniería, del Instituto de Medicina, de la Sociedad Americana de Física y del
Instituto Americano de Ingeniería Médica y Biológica. Ese aval académico es
necesario para aceptar su dura definición: “financiación o hambruna” en las
carreras académicas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Dentro de esta matriz
de decisiones resulta ventajoso falsificar hallazgos, tomar atajos y
seleccionar los datos convenientemente, todo lo que haga falta para que salgan
artículos y entren subvenciones. Se ha llegado hasta el punto en que hay
académicos que afirman que “el costo de equivocarse es nulo; el costo es que no
se publique”. En un metaanálisis de estudios publicados, realizado para la
Public Library of Science (PLOS, Biblioteca Pública de Ciencias), John P.A.
Ioannidis criticó específicamente la financiación privada de la investigación,
señalando que “cuanto más fuertes sean los intereses financieros y de otro tipo
y los prejuicios en un campo científico, tanto menos probabilidades hay de que los
resultados de la investigación sean ciertos”.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Los resultados saltan
a la vista. El gran número de retractaciones debidas a una metodología
incorrecta, a un enfoque inadecuado o a una mala gestión de los estudios a lo
largo de la última década es pasmoso. En casi todos los campos científicos se
ha producido una verdadera epidemia de imprecisiones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/03/el-negocio-de-las-investigaciones_15.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-8992508990311224811</guid><pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2015 20:08:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-03-13T10:05:12.657-03:00</atom:updated><title>Mirando el mundo II: Del golpe militar al golpe blando</title><description>&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;100&quot; scrolling=&quot;no&quot; src=&quot;http://www.ivoox.com/player_ej_4195724_2_1.html?data=lZaml5yWeI6ZmKiak5eJd6KnmpKSmaiRdo6ZmKiakpKJe6ShkZKSmaiRkcrmwtPR0ZDJsIzh1tPR0YqXhYy4xtGYydTQtMafzs7Zy9nFtozVzZDU0dHUqYzWzcbbxtSRaZi3jrfWxcbWqNCft5OYroqnd4a2lNXS3JKJe6ShlQ%3D%3D&amp;amp;&quot; width=&quot;238&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;11-2-15&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; lang=&quot;es-ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;Después de haber sufrido América Latina, durante gran parte del siglo XX, golpes militares contra los gobiernos democráticos, en los centros de elaboración de políticas de los Estados Unidos comenzó una nueva tesis. Aparece, entre algunos de sus mejores intelectuales, la iniciativa de un nuevo concepto: el &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;poder blando.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; Comprenderlo abre una puerta para comenzar a ver la nueva cara del poder internacional. Con ese objetivo, apelaremos a las opiniones de investigadores que han dedicado a ello su actividad profesional y han denunciado esos manejos encubiertos. Todos estos trabajos se aceleraron ante el cambio de la situación política, económica y social en América del Sur desde comienzos del siglo XXI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;Apareció entonces como un nuevo concepto para conmover los gobiernos democráticos: el &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;golpe blando&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;. ¿Cómo se define este concepto? Stella Calloni, periodista y escritora argentina, Premio Latinoamericano de Periodismo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;José Martí&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;, fue corresponsal de guerra en América Central y se especializó en política internacional. En un artículo publicado en el diario La Jornada de México&lt;a class=&quot;sdfootnoteanc&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#sdfootnote1sym&quot; name=&quot;sdfootnote1anc&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (6-10-2012), en el que analiza la relación entre los Estados Unidos y América Latina, dice:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0.11cm; margin-left: 1cm; margin-top: 0.11cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;Golpe blando es el nuevo nombre que se utiliza en los Estados Unidos para mencionar las acciones desestabilizadoras utilizadas por el poder económico, con apoyo extranjero, y de los viejos elementos de las dictaduras militares y policiales. Ya no resulta imprescindible sacar las Fuerzas Armadas a la calle: se van minando lentamente las bases de un gobierno popular, cuando se ha logrado controlar la mayoría de los medios de comunicación. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;El intelectual francés, investigador de la política exterior de los Estados Unidos, Thierry Meyssan, presidente fundador de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Red Voltaire&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; y de la conferencia &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Axis for Peace&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Eje por la Paz&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;), denuncia a uno de los creadores de la estrategia del &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;poder blando&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;. Se refiere a Gene Sharp&lt;a class=&quot;sdfootnoteanc&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#sdfootnote2sym&quot; name=&quot;sdfootnote2anc&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (1928), quien propone en 1983 el &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Programa sobre las Sanciones No Violentas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; en el &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Centro de Asuntos Internacionales &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;de la&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;Universidad de Harvard. Allí desarrolla sus investigaciones, en el marco de las ciencias sociales, sobre las posibilidades que ofrece la utilización de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;desobediencia civil&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; por parte de la población de Europa occidental, a partir de una  hipótesis de invasión de las tropas del &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pacto de Varsovia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; (Unión Soviética y aliados). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;En esa misma época, funda en Boston el &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Albert Einstein Institution&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; con la doble misión de financiar sus investigaciones universitarias y de aplicar sus modelos a situaciones concretas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cómo comenzar una revolución&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt; (2011) es una película, ganadora del concurso de documentales británicos que tiene como personaje central al teórico político Gene Sharp, presentado allí como el erudito más importante del mundo en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;revolución no-violenta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;. La película describe las ideas de Sharp, y su influencia en los levantamientos populares de todo el mundo. También aparece el Coronel retirado del ejército de los Estados Unidos, veterano de Vietnam, Robert &quot;Bob&quot; Helvey, de donde volvió bastante deprimido por la derrota. Cuenta que invitado a participar en una conferencia dictada por el Profesor Sharp, de la cual salió entusiasmado con la propuesta de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;subversión no-violenta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;. A partir de allí el coronel se incorporó a tareas subversivas de la CIA en medio oriente. Puede verse en la versión subida a youtube: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;western&quot; href=&quot;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHezFksIM68&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHezFksIM68&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;. El profesor se presenta de este modo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0.11cm; margin-left: 1cm; margin-top: 0.11cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;“&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;Me llamo Gene Sharp y éste es mi trabajo&quot;: así comienza el documental How to Start a Revolution (Cómo empezar una revolución), que en el 2011 dirigió el escocés Ruaridh Arrow, producido por Lion Television, británica, en asociación con Big Indy Production, donde se expone de manera estructural el papel de este personaje y su instituto en procesos de desestabilización de gobiernos democráticos en diversos países del mundo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; lang=&quot;es-ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;La democracia en manos de los halcones&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; lang=&quot;es-ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;En la década de los ochenta Gene Sharp publica una obra titulada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cómo Hacer que Europa sea &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;Inconquistable (1985)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; cuya edición europea incluye un prefacio de George F. Kennan&lt;a class=&quot;sdfootnoteanc&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#sdfootnote3sym&quot; name=&quot;sdfootnote3anc&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (1904-2005). En 1987, la asociación cuenta con subvenciones del Instituto de los Estados Unidos por la Paz (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;U.S. Institute for&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Peace&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;) y organiza seminarios para adiestrar a los aliados en la defensa mediante la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;desobediencia civil&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; ante un posible ocupante comunista. El general francés, Georges Fricaud-Chagnaud&lt;a class=&quot;sdfootnoteanc&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#sdfootnote4sym&quot; name=&quot;sdfootnote4anc&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (1923-1999), siguiendo esta nueva concepción, convertida en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;doctrina de guerra&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; en la cátedra de Gene Sharp, introduce el concepto de «disuasión civil» en la Fundación de Estudios de la Defensa Nacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;Thierry Meyssan, en su artículo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;La Albert Einstein Institution: no violencia según la CIA&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; (10-2-2005), denunciaba el origen de esta doctrina:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0.11cm; margin-left: 1cm; margin-top: 0.11cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;Desconocido para el público, Gene Sharp elaboró una teoría sobre la no violencia como arma política. Por cuenta de la OTAN y más tarde de la CIA, formó a los líderes de los golpes de Estado suave de los últimos quince años. Desde los años 50, Gene Sharp estudió la teoría de la desobediencia civil de Henry D. Thoreau y Mohandas K. Gandhi. Para estos autores, la obediencia y la desobediencia son cuestiones morales o religiosas antes que políticas. Ambos oponen una ley superior a un orden civil. Sin embargo, la práctica de sus convicciones tuvo consecuencias políticas, de manera que lo que consideraban como un fin en sí puede ser percibido como un medio. La desobediencia civil puede ser considerada entonces como una técnica de acción política, incluso militar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;El profesor Sharp había comenzado a pensar en los setenta la posibilidad de una Europa invadida por el Ejército Rojo, pero la implosión de la Unión Soviética (1989) lo dejaba sin un enemigo cierto, objeto de sus investigaciones. A partir de los noventa, reformula su hipótesis con variantes, hasta que el ataque contra las Torres Gemelas (11-9-2001) le ofrece un nuevo enemigo, definido por George W. Bush como el &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;terrorismo fundamentalista islámico&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;El periodista e investigador cubano Manuel E. Yepe, especializado en política internacional, profundo conocedor de la política y de la economía de Latinoamérica, encuentra el &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Manual de Capacitación de Fuerzas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Especiales del Ejército de los Estados Unidos en Guerra No Convencional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;U.S. Army Special Forces&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Unconventional Warfare Training Manual),&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; publicado en noviembre de 2010. Su lectura le permite una visión más clara de la política exterior estadounidense, que vuelca en una nota del 15-3-14:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0.11cm; margin-left: 1cm; margin-top: 0.11cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;En el capítulo I de este manual del ejército norteamericano se definen las actividades que están orientadas al &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Comando de Operaciones Especiales de los Estados Unidos&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; (USSOCOM), para promover movimientos de resistencia o de insurgencia llamadas a coaccionar, interrumpir o derrocar a un gobierno legítimo operando a través de fuerzas clandestinas, auxiliares y guerrilleras. En él se definen los conceptos de guerra generalizada, guerra de guerrillas, guerra limitada, insurgencia, movimientos de resistencia y subversión. Se fundamenta el papel de la guerra no convencional en la estrategia nacional de Estados Unidos y sobre la viabilidad del patrocinio norteamericano. El manual sostiene &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;la necesidad de crear las condiciones que dividan o debiliten los mecanismos de organización de que disponga el gobierno que se pretende derrocar para mantener su control sobre la población civil y organizar un núcleo mínimo de dirección de las actividades clandestinas de la resistencia.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; (Subrayados RVL)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;El &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;ciudadano de a pie,&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt; acostumbrado a pensar según la lógica de los medios internacionales, está preparado para entender la política, por un lado; por otro, la guerra como un fenómeno excepcional que se presenta en condiciones extremas poco habituales. Siguiendo el viejo principio militar enunciado por Carl Philipp von Clausewitz&lt;a class=&quot;sdfootnoteanc&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#sdfootnote5sym&quot; name=&quot;sdfootnote5anc&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (1780-1831) —&quot;la guerra es la continuación de la política, por otros medios&quot;—, debemos aprender a no separar una cosa de otra, y pensar el profundo entramado que conectan ambas actividades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;Sigamos leyendo las reflexiones de Manuel E. Yepe, sobre su lectura del manual citado:   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0.11cm; margin-left: 1cm; margin-top: 0.11cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;Esta Guerra sin Límites consiste en ataques contra todas las áreas de vulnerabilidad: Guerra Cultural, influenciando los puntos de vista culturales de la nación adversaria; Guerra de las Drogas, invadiendo a la nación adversaria con drogas ilegales; Guerra de la Ayuda Económica, empleando la dependencia a la ayuda financiera para controlar al adversario; Guerra Ambiental, destruyendo los recursos ambientales de la nación adversaria; Guerra Financiera, subvirtiendo o dominando el sistema bancario del adversario y su mercado de valores; Guerra Legal Internacional, subvirtiendo o dominando las políticas de las organizaciones internacionales o multinacionales; Guerra Mediática, manipulando los medios de prensa extranjeros; Guerra en Internet, mediante el dominio o destrucción de los sistemas informáticos transnacionales; Guerra Psicológica, dominando la percepción de las capacidades de la nación adversaria; Guerra de Recursos, controlando el acceso a los recursos naturales escasos o manipulando su valor en el mercado; Guerra de Contrabando, invadiendo el mercado del adversario con productos ilegales; Guerra Tecnológica, ganando ventaja en el control de tecnologías civiles y militares claves, y la Guerra Terrorista contra de la población civil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Técnicas para la aplicación del golpe blando&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;Gene Sharp publica su último libro &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;De la dictadura a la democracia &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;(2013), en el que desarrolla sus últimas investigaciones sobre la utilización de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;no violencia&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt; como lucha contra el poder de los gobiernos democráticos resistentes a la aceptación de las políticas del imperio. En el afirma:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0.11cm; margin-left: 1cm; margin-top: 0.11cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;La acción no violenta es una técnica para conducir conflictos, tal como la guerra militar, el gobierno parlamentario y la guerra de guerrillas. Esta técnica usa métodos psicológicos, sociales, económicos y políticos. Ha sido utilizada para una variedad de objetivos, ‘buenos’ y ‘malos’. Ha sido utilizada tanto para cambiar gobiernos como para sostenerlos contra ciertos ataques.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;En este libro avanza en sus tesis políticas. Afirma que &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;el poder no es monolítico&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;; eso significa que no deriva de una cualidad personal de los individuos que están en el poder, entonces el poder político, dentro de cualquier estado, proviene de los ciudadanos. Por lo tanto, toda estructura de poder se sostiene en la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;obediencia de los sujetos a las órdenes de los dirigentes&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;. De esa forma, si el sujeto &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;no obedece&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;, los líderes no tienen poder. Postula, de este modo, la eficacia de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;desobediencia civil&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Una síntesis de su propuesta&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Primer paso&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;: se busca la promoción de acciones para generar un clima de malestar social en el país, desarrollando matrices de opinión sobre problemas reales o potenciales, mediante los medios de comunicación. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Segundo paso&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;: hacer denuncias, fundadas o no –ejemplo: falta de libertad de prensa, desconocimiento de los derechos humanos, etc.--, que comienzan a &quot;erosionar la base de apoyo  del gobierno, apuntando a crear un  descontento social creciente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tercer paso&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;: promoción de la &quot;lucha activa callejera&quot;, que bajo reivindicaciones políticas y sociales debe confrontar de forma directa con el gobierno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cuarto paso&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;: movilizaciones con la combinación de diversas formas de lucha − tomas de instituciones emblemáticas, con el objeto de coparlas y convertirlas en plataforma publicitaria− creando un clima de ingobernabilidad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Quinto paso&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-AR&quot;&gt;: si es necesario, fractura institucional, sobre la base de las acciones callejeras, tomas de instituciones y pronunciamientos militares, hasta obligar a la renuncia del presidente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;justify&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0.75cm; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;sdfootnote1&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sdfootnote&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;sdfootnotesym&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#sdfootnote1anc&quot; name=&quot;sdfootnote1sym&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;  Es uno de los principales periódicos mexicanos de circulación  nacional, pertenece a la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;sdfootnote2&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sdfootnote&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;sdfootnotesym&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#sdfootnote2anc&quot; name=&quot;sdfootnote2sym&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;  Politólogo estadounidense,  filósofo, profesor y escritor  anticomunista. Licenciado en Ciencias Sociales por la Universidad de  Ohio, cursó un Master en Sociología y un Doctorado en Filosofía  por la Universidad de Oxford;  Profesor Emérito de la Universidad  de Massachusetts Dartmouth. Reside en Boston, Massachusetts, Estados  Unidos, en un primer piso donde también funciona el Instituto  Albert Einstein (Albert Einstein Institution - AEI), organización  &quot;sin fines de lucro&quot; fundada en 1983 para promover &quot;la  defensa de la libertad, la democracia y la reducción de la  violencia política mediante el uso de acciones no violentas&quot;.  Su página web: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;western&quot; href=&quot;http://www.aeinstein.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;www.aeinstein.org&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;  se reproduce en 40 idiomas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;sdfootnote3&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sdfootnote&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;sdfootnotesym&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#sdfootnote3anc&quot; name=&quot;sdfootnote3sym&quot;&gt;3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;  Diplomático, escritor y consejero gubernamental estadounidense,  autor de la doctrina de la contención y figura clave de la Guerra  Fría.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;sdfootnote4&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sdfootnote&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;sdfootnotesym&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#sdfootnote4anc&quot; name=&quot;sdfootnote4sym&quot;&gt;4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;  Oficial superior brillante en las postrimerías de la Segunda Guerra  Mundial, se convirtió en consejero del emperador Bao Dai en  Indochina y el presidente Senghor en Senegal. Asesoró a varios  comandos y ocupó importantes cargos a la OTAN, antes de la creación  de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fuerza  de Intervención Rápida&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;sdfootnote5&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sdfootnote&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;sdfootnotesym&quot; href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#sdfootnote5anc&quot; name=&quot;sdfootnote5sym&quot;&gt;5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;  Militar prusiano, uno de los más influyentes historiadores y  teóricos de la ciencia militar moderna. Es conocido principalmente  por su tratado &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;De  la guerra&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;es-ES&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/03/mirando-el-mundo-ii-del-golpe-militar.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-6896976822723283818</guid><pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2015 19:23:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-03-13T09:54:32.969-03:00</atom:updated><title>Mirar el mundo I: Saber o comprender en el siglo XXI</title><description>&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 0cm; orphans: 2; widows: 2;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Tahoma, serif;&quot;&gt;Bajo el título MIRAR EL MUNDO comienzo una serie de columnas radiales que vengo presentando en el programa Ballotage, conducido por Carlos Quiroga, todos los miércoles a las 18 horas en Radio Universal, FM 95.5 de Bahía Blanca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Tahoma, serif;&quot;&gt;En el encabezado se puede escuchar la grabación de las notas y, más abajo, leer un resumen de la misma.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Saber o comprender en el
siglo XXI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Ricardo
Vicente López – 4-2-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Creo que afirmar que nos ha
tocado vivir en un mundo muy injusto, en el cual más de las dos terceras partes
viven más que mal, y en el otro polo un puñado de familias se queda con más del
50% de las riquezas, puede ser compartido por mucha gente. Sin embargo, una
gran mayoría acepta mansamente este estado de cosas convencida de que es muy
poco, si es que hay algo, que se pueda hacer. ¿Cómo explicar esta terrible
ecuación? La intención de esta columna es hacer una invitación a reflexionar
sobre lo que contiene la pregunta, sobre las posibilidades de encontrar una
gama amplia de respuestas. Con la convicción de que aprender a preguntar es
comenzar a abrir el camino. Somos el resultado de una educación que nos llevó
por el camino de respuestas ya elaboradas de las cuales hemos tenido muy pocas
posibilidades de repreguntar. Bueno, de ello se trata.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Diagnóstico de estos tiempos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Debemos enfrentarnos a una
época que nos muestra, entre tanta incertidumbre, que la única constante&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;comprobable es el cambio. Un cambio que, si
bien no sabemos si adquirirá una mayor velocidad, percibimos por momentos su
aceleración. Sin embargo, la &lt;i&gt;hora &lt;/i&gt;sigue teniendo los mismos &lt;i&gt;sesenta
minutos &lt;/i&gt;y &lt;i&gt;el día &lt;/i&gt;no ha agregado ni ha quitado nada a sus &lt;i&gt;veinticuatro
horas&lt;/i&gt;. ¿Dónde radica, entonces, esta percepción del aumento de la velocidad
del tiempo? Solamente en nuestras consciencias. Pero, a pesar de ello, pareciera,
que no es mucho lo que podemos innovar para domeñar este tiempo que se presenta
tan esquivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;El saber de las ciencias tradicionales
se demuestra insuficiente para encontrar las respuestas que nos permitan
aferrarnos a verdades sólidas. Han desaparecido las &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;viejas certezas&lt;/i&gt; con que nuestros predecesores construían sus
futuros. Miramos hacia adelante y nos invade una sensación de perplejidad,
carencias y de inhabilidad para la tarea que debemos enfrentar si nuestra
intención es comprender este mundo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;El gran
físico Albert Einstein (1879-1955)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;afirmaba con palabras terminantes: «Cada día
sabemos más y&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;entendemos menos».&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Si bien es cierto que no
debe haber sido muy diferente para las mujeres y hombres que debieron afrontar
el derrumbe del Imperio Romano o los cambios del siglo &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;XVIII&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt; en
la Europa occidental, no nos alcanza con saber que ellos también padecieron
situaciones semejantes. Lo que nos sumerge en una cierta zozobra es la
percepción de que la dinámica de los cambios que se avecinan escapa a nuestras
previsiones. Se agrega a ello el saber qué expresa esa frase tantas veces
escuchada, pero no siempre comprendida en toda su dimensión: «Esta no es una
época de cambios, sino un cambio de época». Lo que nos está diciendo es que
gran parte de lo sabido corre el riesgo de ser inútil, pero todavía no estamos
totalmente en condiciones de poder discernir &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;qué sirve y qué no&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Pedro Luis Barcia nos
advertía no hace mucho: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;La vertiginosidad que nos
envuelve en lo cotidiano da la tónica de los tiempos. Estamos realizando
nuestra tarea educativa en el seno del vértice de cambios en todos los niveles.
Esto obliga a una doble atención: a lo que debemos consolidar en medio del
cambio a través de nuestra labor pedagógica y a lo que debemos atender de estos
cambios, para apelar de continuo al contexto móvil en que estamos insertos
docentes y alumnos&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;A pesar de ello, son
evidentes las carencias del sistema educativo, en todos sus niveles, para
encontrar respuestas posibles con las cuales procesar las características de
este tiempo, ello impide encontrar los nuevos caminos. Se da vueltas en torno a
cuestiones técnicas, administrativas, didácticas, suponiendo que algunas
modificaciones circunstanciales, poco analizadas e implementadas por las
exigencias de los tiempos políticos, más aún los electorales, puedan resolver
el problema. Así es que en las últimas décadas hemos observado y padecido
cambios educativos que pretendieron ser estructurales y que nos colocaron en
esta intemperie. Éste, no es un problema sólo nuestro, es una de las
consecuencias de una globalización achatante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;UNESCO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;
publicó en 1999 un estudio que fue redactado por Edgar Morin&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (1921),
y que contó con la colaboración de intelectuales pertenecientes a una
importante cantidad de universidades de todos los continentes: &lt;i&gt;Los siete
saberes necesarios para la educación del futuro&lt;/i&gt;. En él podemos comenzar a
vislumbrar lo profundo y complejo del tema: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Cuando miramos hacia el
futuro, vemos numerosas incertidumbres sobre lo que será el mundo de nuestros
hijos, de nuestros nietos y de los hijos de nuestros nietos. Pero, al menos, de
algo podemos estar seguros: si queremos que la Tierra pueda satisfacer las
necesidades de los seres humanos que la habitan, entonces la sociedad humana
deberá transformarse. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Es altamente iluminador,
pero sorprendente, percibir que coloca la cuestión en todos y cada uno de
nosotros. Es habitual que intentemos pensar en términos de los cambios
estructurales, lo cual nos desculpabiliza al quedar fuera del asunto. Por ello,
la condición de posibilidad para ese logro no parece ser sencilla. ¿Cómo lograr
ese cambio? ¿Dónde encontrar los mecanismos adecuados para ese logro? La
respuesta no es demasiado misteriosa, y a nadie escapa que debe ser &lt;i&gt;la
educación&lt;/i&gt; la encargada de producir esos cambios fundamentales. «La
educación es “la fuerza del futuro”, porque ella constituye uno de los
instrumentos más poderosos», sostiene Morin. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Sin embargo, por lo dicho
antes, no es la educación que conocemos la que está en condiciones de hacerlo.
¿No es, en parte, lo que aprendimos con ella lo que nos ha colocado en esta
situación? Einstein nos advertía sobre nuestra situación de personas viviendo
el &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;tiempo de cambio&lt;/i&gt;: «Si buscas
resultados distintos, no hagas siempre lo mismo». &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;En esa misma línea de
pensamiento el Doctor Federico Mayor (1934); Director General de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;UNESCO,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;
escribió en el prefacio:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Uno de los desafíos más
difíciles será el de modificar nuestro pensamiento de manera que enfrente la
complejidad creciente, la rapidez y lo imprevisible que caracterizan nuestro
mundo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES-TRAD&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES-TRAD; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Para dimensionar la magnitud
de la tarea que debemos enfrentar debemos pensar una educación acorde a las
exigencias de los tiempos futuros; debemos aceptar que nos es difícil
comprender la enorme dificultad de la tarea. Más difícil aún en cuanto el
problema lo presenta la educación que hemos recibido. La paradoja se presenta
así: pensar una educación para enfrentar toda esta problemática, debe comenzar
en cambiar la estructura de nuestro pensamiento e incluir a todos los docentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Barcia,
Pedro Luis, &lt;i&gt;Educación y Cambio&lt;/i&gt;, en&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Cuestiones Educativas&lt;/i&gt;,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;Editorial Magisterio del&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Río de
la Plata, 1997,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pág. 11.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Profesor
en la Universidad de La Sorbona en Nanterre, fundó la revista Argumentos y fue
director del Centro para el estudio de la Comunicación de Masa.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/03/mirar-el-mundo-i-saber-o-comprender-en.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-2439400856399650207</guid><pubDate>Tue, 10 Mar 2015 13:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-03-10T10:00:12.199-03:00</atom:updated><title>El negocio de las investigaciones medicinales  VI</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt;   &lt;o:AllowPNG/&gt;  &lt;/o:OfficeDocumentSettings&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;El investigador Hinkes-Jones da más ejemplos de la relación comercial (¿legal?) entre los laboratorios y las empresas farmacéuticas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;En el caso de la empresa farmacéutica estadounidense Pfizer, su producto Neurontin contra las convulsiones, diversos académicos recibieron 1.000 dólares por suscribir artículos de prensa escritos por empleados desconocidos y por hablar en conferencias en las que se ensalzaron las virtudes de un producto –que estaba destinado inicialmente a los epilépticos–. La extensión de sus aplicaciones en el tratamiento de afecciones tan diversas como el trastorno bipolar, el estrés postraumático, el insomnio, el síndrome de las piernas inquietas, sofocos, migrañas y cefaleas tensionales, son avalados por los investigadores. Los consumidores no solo no reciben información correcta sobre la seguridad y la eficacia de los medicamentos que les recetan, sino que pagan tres veces por ellos: por la financiación pública de la investigación académica encaminada a descubrir esos medicamentos (impuestos), el sobrecosto de los fármacos patentados (publicidad) y la desgravación fiscal con que se benefician las compañías farmacéuticas por su patrocinio de las universidades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Es evidente que la escasez de la financiación pública al sistema académico, sobre todo a los laboratorios de investigación, está íntimamente ligada al proyecto político de privatización de todo aquello que pueda ser rentable. Entonces, debido a esa mayor dependencia de la financiación privada, las universidades no han habían podido invertir regularmente en nuevas instalaciones. Esa financiación no debe ser vista con ojos ingenuos, hay detrás de ello un sometimiento a las políticas comerciales de las empresas. Sigamos leyendo a nuestro investigador que nos muestra el avance en construcciones de laboratorios:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Un estudio de McGraw-Hill&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; sobre el sector de la construcción revela que entre 2010 y 2012 las instituciones de enseñanza superior se gastaron más de 11.000 millones de dólares en nuevas instalaciones. Al emitir gran cantidad de obligaciones para financiar nuevos laboratorios de investigación biomédica y modernos gimnasios, las facultades esperan atraer a estudiantes y científicos de renombre, además de patrocinadores que les ayuden a pagar todo esto. Sin embargo, estas facultades se han endeudado hasta el cuello, de manera que ahora se hallan inmersas en el círculo vicioso de una carrera competitiva por las subvenciones. Invierten masivamente en investigación para atraer subvenciones y ofrecen los derechos de propiedad intelectual al mejor postor para poder sufragar los inmensos costes administrativos y las enormes deudas que han contraído.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Nos muestra, además, cómo y quienes terminan, en parte, pagando esos costos financieros que generan esas carreras de negocios, encubiertos por la aureola de prestigio que da la investigación biomédica:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La carga de esta carrera por el dinero y la fama recae en los estudiantes. En los últimos treinta años, el costo de las tutorías se ha multiplicado por seis. Hay cada vez menos ofertas de posgrado, incluso en ese mundo de la investigación académica en que se gasta tanto dinero. El flujo de dinero privado que inunda el sistema de investigación científica no ha contribuido a ampliar la gama de carreras académicas. En vez de emplear a más científicos de plantilla, las universidades contratan a estudiantes de posdoctorado y los dedican a investigaciones llamativas con el fin de atraer subvenciones. Estos estudiantes se gradúan entonces en especialidades científicas ocupadas por posdoctorados que compiten entre sí por un número cada vez menor de puestos de investigación disponibles. El resultado es un mercado de trabajo muy reñido en que hay demasiadas personas luchando por ocupar cada vez menos puestos. En todo el ámbito universitario, la presión por reducir costos conlleva la sustitución de los puestos fijos por la contratación de adjuntos peor pagados y carentes de toda seguridad de empleo, mientras que los salarios de los administradores y los rectores aumentan sin cesar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Puede sorprender al lector descubrir esta otra faceta del medio académico de los EEUU, que se ha ido extendiendo a los países centrales. Pero no es más que una de las tantas consecuencias de mercantilizar la educación y la investigación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;McGraw-Hill es una editorial estadounidense, con sede en Nueva York, fundada por James H. McGraw y John A. Hill en 1909. Publica obras científicas y técnicas, de economía empresarial, gestión, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/03/el-negocio-de-las-investigaciones_10.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-3971307972256049722</guid><pubDate>Sun, 01 Mar 2015 11:05:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-03-01T08:05:15.770-03:00</atom:updated><title>El negocio de las investigaciones medicinales  V</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;La
ola ideológica que se derramó sobre el planeta, denominada neoliberalismo, no
es más que una cobertura con pretensiones filosóficas que intenta disimular la
codicia del gran capital. Retomemos la lectura de la investigación de Llewellyn
Hinkes-Jones. El predominio del lucro como objetivo excluyente de la
investigación médica alteró las reglas que predicaban que el logro de un
medicamento para ayudar a personas enfermas era recompensa suficiente. Por ello
dice:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;El afán de lucro que
ha invadido el sistema de investigación científica actual ha hecho que este ya
casi no tenga nada que ver con el que rodeaba a Jonas Salk cuando descubrió el
remedio para la poliomielitis. En efecto, su descubrimiento, que ayudó a
millones de personas que sufrían esta enfermedad incapacitante, fue cedido
gratuitamente. Mientras Salk se preguntaba retóricamente si era aceptable
“patentar el sol” para hacer negocio, la carrera actual por patentar
descubrimientos se acerca rápidamente a esa proposición absurda. Aunque la
inversión en la enseñanza pública y el impulso del desarrollo de nuevas
tecnologías han de estar al servicio del bien público, la influencia del
capital privado tiene un efecto en gran medida corruptor. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;En
los Estados Unidos, con el inicio de la era Reagan, la ola privatista avanzó
sobre diversas áreas de la actividad socio-económica. Toda posibilidad de ganar
dinero era apetecible para presionar por su privatización. Latinoamérica y, por
supuesto, nuestra Argentina no fue excluida de esas políticas. Los ochenta, y
con mayor intensidad los noventa, fueron transfiriendo a la esfera privada gran
parte de la actividad más importante. Una muestra más de ello nos la comenta
nuestro investigador:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Combinada con el
fuerte declive de la financiación estatal de la enseñanza, la ley Bayh-Dole ha
contribuido a privatizar el sistema universitario público. Al escasear los
fondos públicos, las universidades han pasado a depender cada vez más de la
inversión privada a base de subvenciones y donativos. Y ese dinero produce
efectos corrosivos en las academias. En ningún otro sector este conflicto de
intereses es tan evidente como en el farmacéutico y el biotecnológico. Ocurre a
menudo que profesores de esas especialidades reciben dinero por firmar
artículos de prensa escritos por empleados de empresas privadas, para
promocionar medicamentos y por desarrollar fármacos más en función de su
potencial de mercado que del bien público. A cambio de su colaboración ganan
enormes honorarios de asesoramiento y gozan de lucrativos contratos para hablar
en conferencias financiadas por la industria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Para
conocer qué aportaba al negocio la ley Bayh-Dole recurro a una investigación
del Doctor Mario Cervantes, Economista de la &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;División de Política Científica y Tecnológica del Directorado de
Ciencia, Tecnología e Industria&lt;/i&gt; de la &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Organización
para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos&lt;/i&gt; (OCDE) quien escribe lo
siguiente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;En 1980 se promulgó
en los Estados Unidos lo que todos convienen en considerar una ley que ha
sentado jurisprudencia a saber, la Ley Bayh-Dole, en cuya virtud, los
beneficiarios de fondos federales para actividades de Investigación y
Desarrollo tienen derecho a patentar invenciones y conceder licencias a
empresas. La finalidad primordial de esa ley era promover la explotación de los
resultados de las investigaciones financiadas por el Estado mediante la
transferencia de la titularidad de los mismos del Gobierno a las Universidades
y a otros contratistas a fin de que, a su vez, puedan conceder licencias sobre
los activos de Propiedad Intelectual (PI) a empresas. Aunque ya antes de
promulgarse la Ley Bayh-Dole se realizaban actividades de patentamiento en las
universidades estadounidenses, en modo alguno era algo sistemático. A finales
de los años 90, y siguiendo el ejemplo normativo de los Estados Unidos, muchos
otros países de la OCDE procedieron a reformar sus normativas de financiación
de investigaciones y/o legislación laboral de modo que las instituciones de
investigación pudieran presentar solicitudes, pasar a ser titulares y conceder
licencias sobre la P.I. generada a partir de fondos públicos para
investigación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/03/el-negocio-de-las-investigaciones.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-2861150131960868918</guid><pubDate>Sat, 14 Feb 2015 12:56:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-02-14T09:56:49.471-03:00</atom:updated><title>El negocio de las investigaciones medicinales  IV</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;El
concepto de libertad ha sufrido varias mutaciones en sus interpretaciones. Una
rápida recorrida por las propuestas de definición nos pondrá frente a un amplio
cuadro dentro del cual se ha debatido en los últimos tres siglos. Por ejemplo,
la Real Academia nos dice:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;El liberalismo es una
corriente filosófica, económica y política que promueve las libertades civiles
y se opone a cualquier forma de despotismo. Constituye la corriente en la que
se fundamentan tanto el Estado de derecho, como la democracia representativa y
la división de poderes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;En
esta definición se puede percibir el resabio de las luchas contra los Estados
despóticos, propios de las monarquías anteriores al siglo XVIII, de allí su
énfasis en la dualidad despotismo vs. democracia representativa. En la
siguiente&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;aparece un rasgo jurídico que
resalta la libertad civil:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Se trata de un
sistema filosófico y político que promueve las libertades civiles y que se
opone al despotismo. La democracia representativa y los principios republicanos
se basan en las doctrinas liberales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Debemos
tener en cuenta que al mencionar el liberalismo no debe pasar desapercibido que
no es una corriente de pensamiento uniforme, que dentro de ella es posible
distinguir distintos tipos de liberalismo. El liberalismo político es el que
predominaba hasta principios del siglo XX época en la que comenzó a hablarse de
liberalismo económico&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;hasta la crisis de
1929. Reapareció con fuerza en los comienzos de los setenta, etapa en la cual
adquirió el prefijo &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;neo&lt;/i&gt; intentando
borrar la memoria de los terribles años treinta. Este neoliberalismo adquirió
un poder global con la firma del Consenso de Washington a fines de los ochenta.
Esta versión es la más difundida en las últimas décadas sobre todo por las &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;grandes corporaciones&lt;/i&gt; y los grupos
económicos más fuertes. Su ideario central sostiene limitar la intromisión
estatal en las relaciones comerciales, promulgando la reducción de los
impuestos y eliminando las regulaciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Esta
introducción tiene por objeto comprender el marco ideológico imperante que da
sustento a los debates que hemos venido analizando. La mención reciente de las &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;grandes corporaciones&lt;/i&gt; debe permitirnos
pensar en la actitud de los laboratorios como parte integrante y muy gravitante
de este juego de guerra del capitalismo global actual. Además, la aparente
solidez argumental que parece defender las posiciones de estas grandes empresas
está sustentada en las doctrinas que se enseñan en gran parte de las
universidades, por lo menos del mundo occidental.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;El
investigador Hinkes-Jones, al que vengo siguiendo en estas notas, no expresa
taxativamente este entramado ideológico en el que se desarrollan todos estos
debates, pero lo supone. Así se puede entender por qué defiende la no
exclusividad de las licencias dado que abren las investigaciones a un número
mayor de participantes lo cual democratiza el negocio, impidiendo la
monopolización de las patentes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La no exclusividad de
las licencias públicas protegía de hecho a la investigación académica de caer
en una “fiebre del oro” en busca de patentes. Al suprimir esta restricción, ha
abierto las compuertas a una avalancha de capitales privados deseosos de
hacerse con el monopolio sobre la investigación científica más avanzada. Ahora,
entidades privadas ayudan a financiar los centros académicos a cambio de la
prioridad en el proceso de “transferencia tecnológica”, es decir, de la cesión
en exclusiva de los resultados de la investigación financiada con dinero
público a empresas privadas. Los grandes conglomerados farmacéuticos, como
Merck y GlaxoSmithKline, financian colaboraciones con universidades privadas y
públicas en torno a proyectos de investigación sobre enfermedades actualmente
incurables, con la condición expresa de que esas compañías puedan explotar
cualquier descubrimiento futuro al amparo de una licencia exclusiva. Dichos
descubrimientos, tengan que ver o no con la finalidad original del
proyecto,&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;se convierten entonces en
productos farmacéuticos de marca que se venden a precios desorbitados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/02/el-negocio-de-las-investigaciones_14.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-6847508114031407478</guid><pubDate>Sun, 08 Feb 2015 14:10:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-02-08T11:10:30.313-03:00</atom:updated><title>El negocio de las investigaciones medicinales  III   </title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; line-height: 125%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Si ponemos en contexto la
ley Bayh-Dole (1980), una ley que corresponde a la etapa más liberal –o dicho
con más precisión: neoliberal− de los EEUU, durante el gobierno de Ronald
Reagan (1981-1989), podríamos observar que en esa misma época se estaba presionando
por la total desregulación de la economía. ¿Qué se entiende por desregular?:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Liberalización económica es un término
de sentido muy amplio que por lo general hace referencia a un modelo económico
que se distingue por contar con un número reducido de regulaciones y
restricciones gubernamentales sobre la economía a cambio de una mayor
participación de los actores económicos privados; la doctrina se encuentra
relacionada con el liberalismo clásico. Por ello, la liberalización se refiere
a la &quot;eliminación de controles&quot;, bajo la oferta de promover el
desarrollo económico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;A fines de los ’90 el
reconocido economista estadounidense Jeffrey Sachs&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(1954) afirmaba enfáticamente, como un epitafio a las políticas de la década de
los ochenta: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La era del Reaganismo se ha acabado. La
filosofía de la no-regulación e impuestos bajos ha roto la espina dorsal de nuestra
economía.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esa misma filosofía respecto
del funcionamiento de la economía – los mercados – penetró en los ámbitos
universitarios. Sobre eso se sostiene los fundamentos de la Bayh-Dole. El
investigador Hinkes-Jones analiza esos argumentos:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Los defensores de la ley Bayh-Dole
sostuvieron que la perspectiva de ganar más dinero llevaría a la investigación
científica en las universidades a realizar más descubrimientos y estimularía al
sector privado a comercializar en mayor medida esos descubrimientos. No mucho
tiempo después de su promulgación ya empezaron a notarse los efectos
económicos: investigadores de la Universidad de Columbia solicitaron patentes
relativas al proceso de co-transformación del ADN, las llamadas patentes Axel,
que supondrían finalmente el ingreso de cientos de millones para la Universidad
en concepto de cánones de licencia. La patente Cohen-Boyer sobre el ADN
recombinante generaría unas ganancias de más de doscientos millones para la
Universidad de Stanford. A partir de la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de 1980
en el caso Diamond contra Chakrabarty, que autorizó las patentes sobre material
biomédico, se desató el boom de la biotecnología. Las universidades se
apresuraron a instalar laboratorios de investigación avanzados con vistas a obtener
nuevos derechos de propiedad intelectual sobre programas informáticos de
secuenciación del ADN que pudieran patentarse y venderse al público.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;El lenguaje utilizado por
nuestro investigador tiene el propósito de sacudir nuestra conciencia para que
nos preguntemos: ¿Están hablando de investigaciones científicas o de
inversiones financieras? La confusión ideológica que produce el cruce de
lenguajes no es casual: intenta arrastrarnos hacia la utilización de una lógica
de mercado: “ganar más dinero”, “comercializar en mayor medida esos
descubrimientos”,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; line-height: 125%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt; “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;ingreso de cientos de
millones para la Universidad”, “pudieran patentarse y venderse al público”,
etc. Esta contaminación de lenguajes y cruces de lógicas diferentes como:
“ganar dinero” vs “salud de la población” define con claridad el peso de la
ideología neoliberal para pensar un tema tan delicado como la salud de “todos”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 125%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;&quot;&gt;Continúa Hinkes-Jones:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Antes, los descubrimientos científicos
realizados por las universidades públicas solo podían cederse al&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;sector privado mediante licencias no
exclusivas. Cualquier empresa privada podía desarrollar nuevos medicamentos y
nuevas invenciones sobre la base de los resultados de investigaciones pioneras.
Los defensores de la ley Bayh-Dole alegaron que este sistema desincentivaba la
innovación, pues si una empresa no tenía la exclusiva sobre una invención, poco
negocio iba a hacer desarrollándola. ¿Por qué molestarse en innovar si la
competencia podía hacer lo mismo, en detrimento del margen de beneficio
potencial? Las invenciones acabarían en la papelera. Sin embargo, lo que parece
una simple minucia legal en materia de propiedad intelectual constituye un
factor determinante del declive del sistema de investigación científica de las
universidades. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Economista estadounidense, estudió
en la Universidad de Harvard, donde obtuvo su Licenciatura, una Maestría y un &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Doctorado. Fue luego Profesor de Harvard.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/02/el-negocio-de-las-investigaciones_8.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-5945416617112201847</guid><pubDate>Sun, 01 Feb 2015 12:33:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-02-01T09:33:54.751-03:00</atom:updated><title>El negocio de las investigaciones medicinales  II</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;El
investigador Hinkes-Jones está mostrando que la mercantilización de la
investigación científica, es decir convertir todo tipo de conocimiento
científico que puede modificar, mejorar la posibilidad de sobrevivencia de la
población en una mercancía más es un hecho comprobable. De modo tal que se
comportará en el mercado de acuerdo a las reglas que imponen sus &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;supuestas leyes&lt;/i&gt; –la oferta y la demanda−.
Por tal razón, la posibilidad de su utilización por un paciente dependerá de
los ingresos económicos de él. Leamos sus palabras: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Sin embargo, a pesar
de la importancia del descubrimiento por su potencial para salvar vidas, el
costo de las pruebas BRCA1 y BRCA2 resulta prohibitivo. Con 4.000 dólares por
prueba, es cuatro veces más caro que una secuenciación genética completa. El
hecho de que el precio de una evaluación que puede prevenir una enfermedad
mortal sea tan desorbitado se debe única y exclusivamente a la voluntad de una
empresa, Myriad Genetics. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;La
utilización de la palabra &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;empresa&lt;/i&gt;
para referirse Myriad Genetics debe entenderse como un subrayado con el cual
denuncia que el único y fundamental propósito de ella es ganar todo el dinero
posible, sin importar que muchos queden excluidos de su posible utilización por
no estar en condiciones de comprarlo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Aunque el Tribunal
Supremo de EE UU acaba de denegar la pretensión de Myriad de patentar los genes
BRCA1 y BRCA2, declarando que los genes humanos no son patentables, Myriad
sigue ejerciendo su monopolio sobre la prueba de susceptibilidad al cáncer de
mama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Debemos
enfrentarnos ahora con dos conceptos que para sorpresa de aquel ciudadano ingenuo,
del que hablé antes, pueden no comprenderse: el &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Tribunal Supremo de los EEUU&lt;/i&gt; y una &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;empresa comercial&lt;/i&gt;. Dice el supuesto compartido por todo ciudadano
medianamente informado que lo que &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;dice la
ley debe cumplirse&lt;/i&gt;, mucho más aún si ella es el resultado de la &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;instancia superior&lt;/i&gt; de ese país, país que
tiene fama de lo riguroso que es ante cualquier tipo de incumplimiento. Ese
mismo supuesto nos hace pensar que una &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;empresa
comercial&lt;/i&gt; es una persona jurídica que no puede sustraerse a ningún tipo de
fallo judicial. Pues bien la empresa sigue actuando como si ese fallo no se
hubiera producido. Nuestro investigador agrega:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Lo peor de esta
política de precios de Myriad es que gran parte de los costos de desarrollo de
las pruebas BRCA1 y BRCA2 ya han sido sufragados por el público. La
investigación encaminada a identificar esos genes como desencadenantes de
procesos cancerosos se financió con dinero público a través de la facultad de
medicina de la Universidad de Utah. Myriad Genetics no es otra cosa que una
empresa creada por científicos de la universidad con miras a apropiarse de la
patente tras el descubrimiento de la prueba. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Este
último paso de su investigación nos coloca ante una denuncia que debería ser un
hecho inaceptable, algo impensable para el ámbito científico: el costo de toda
la investigación ha sido &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;financiado por
el erario público&lt;/i&gt;, razón por la cual deberíamos suponer que no puede ser
incluido dentro de los costos de producción del medicamento cuando éste se
convierte en un &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;bien comercial&lt;/i&gt;. ¿Cómo
es posible que esto se haya hecho?: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Esto es posible al
amparo de la ley Bayh-Dole. En 1980, cuando fue promulgada, esta ley pretendía
impulsar la innovación en la investigación académica. Dando vía libre a las
universidades a la explotación de sus descubrimientos científicos, el sistema
universitario podría así recaudar más dinero para financiarse. Para remunerar
su trabajo, los centros académicos de investigación científica podían a partir
entonces de&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;vender sus patentes o
conceder licencias exclusivas a la industria privada. Con el monopolio sobre la
propiedad intelectual que le otorgaba la patente, el sector privado se vería
incentivado para desarrollar rápidamente esas patentes y crear productos de
consumo y servicios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/02/el-negocio-de-las-investigaciones.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-5677948014450639860</guid><pubDate>Sun, 25 Jan 2015 15:14:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-01-25T12:14:10.621-03:00</atom:updated><title>El negocio de las investigaciones medicinales I</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;En la serie de
notas publicadas anteriormente bajo el título “La guerra de los laboratorios en
el mundo global”, fue apareciendo una cantidad de informaciones que el
ciudadano de a pie pudo no haber encontrado antes en los medios concentrados
–tanto nacionales como internacionales−. Preguntarse, es decir convertir en un
interrogante aquello que aparece como una sencilla afirmación, es parte de un
ejercicio pedagógico que ese ciudadano debería ir incorporando a su lectura
habitual para indagar: qué no se dice detrás de lo que se dice. Si esto puede
parecer sólo un ingenioso juego de palabras es porque este ciudadano lector,
aun aquel entrenado en ese ejercicio diario de recepción informaciones por la
prensa escrita, radial o televisiva, todavía no ha incorporado la sospecha
sobre la veracidad de lo que recibe. Otra porción, no menos importante, de los
ciudadanos de a pie ya han caído en el descreimiento respecto de la información
pública por haber sido víctimas de un perverso juego informativo. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Sin embargo,
tanto unos como otros, podrían decidir convertirse desde simples lectores,
ingenuos o desconfiados de lo que les ofrecen, en una especie de investigadores
que no se satisfacen con el servicio actual. Esta trasformación requiere, como
señalé antes, comenzar a sospechar respecto de lo que el mundo de la
información distribuye como la verdad de los hechos. A su vez, este paso supone
aceptar que es una falacia la posible la objetividad de la información. Las
carreras de Ciencias de la Comunicación de cualquiera de las universidades
nacionales enseñan que la información es siempre el resultado de
interpretaciones construidas a partir de una selección de los datos recogidos.
Esto es necesariamente así, es parte de la condición humana interpretar la
realidad a partir de una serie de condicionamientos sociales. Esta sencilla verdad
debe ir acompañada, en este camino del ejercicio de la sospecha en un mundo
mercantilizado, de grandes posibilidades de existencia de intereses
particulares que condicionen esas interpretaciones. &lt;/div&gt;
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Aparece
entonces una primera explicación de los porqués se produce una falta de
información de temas como el ya publicado en notas anteriores y sobre el cual
avanzaremos ahora desde otra óptica. Ese&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;otro ángulo desde el cual investigar el multimillonario negocio de las medicinas
es el que aparece como la costosa inversión necesaria en las investigaciones de
los laboratorios. Para aportar una mirada seria sobre este tema voy a citar a
un periodista prestigioso por su tarea en este tipo de negocios: Llewellyn
Hinkes-Jones. Publicó tiempo atrás los resultados de sus investigaciones acerca
de cómo hacen negocios los empresarios de los medicamentos. El artículo que
llevó por título La investigación médica privada fomenta el fraude científico
(7-7-14) fue corriendo telones que cubren habitualmente ese mundo protegido por
el prestigio científico que ha ganado este tipo de informaciones. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Comienza
diciendo que hay un entramado de relaciones entre lo científico y los manejos
que la libertad de mercado ofrece a los negocios:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La política de investigación académica
de mercado libre ha favorecido la proliferación de la&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;charlatanería médica y del fraude científico,
obligando a los consumidores a pagar por descubrimientos que ya habían
financiado como contribuyentes. El enfoque de la investigación médica que
mantiene el sistema sanitario de EE UU, que persigue fines lucrativos, se
fundamenta en la cruda verdad de que solamente el dinero puede prolongar la
vida. Citemos por ejemplo el tipo de genes llamados “supresores tumorales”.
Dada su capacidad de regular el crecimiento celular, los supresores tumorales
se sitúan en la primera línea de la investigación para la prevención del
cáncer. Un resultado positivo en la prueba de mutación de un gen supresor
tumoral como BRCA1 o BRCA2 es una clara indicación del riesgo de padecer cáncer
de mama o de ovario.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/01/el-negocio-de-las-investigaciones.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-7342729574793850181</guid><pubDate>Sun, 18 Jan 2015 10:00:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-01-18T07:00:29.124-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  XI</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;Se han tomado
medidas y se han realizado investigaciones en este terreno (noviembre de 2009),
pero no parece suficiente, según el Doctor Ávila Vázquez: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Se aprobó una ley que intenta regular la
actividad, es un paso adelante pero insuficiente. Es preciso defender los
derechos ciudadanos de los pacientes cuando la ciencia neoliberal los manipula
con fines estrictamente comerciales. Con ese objetivo la UNESCO emitió la
Declaración Universal de Bioética y Derechos Humanos en 2005, formulando
lineamientos que promueven la defensa de los grupos vulnerables; propendiendo
al beneficio de la comunidad que pone su cuerpo; protegiendo a las personas de
los daños a su salud; justificando las investigaciones transnacionales
solamente en la necesidad del país anfitrión; exigiendo la independencia de los
comités de ética de evaluación, respecto de los laboratorios y comités locales,
entre otros aspectos. El avance del conocimiento humano es importante para
mejorar las condiciones de vida de la humanidad, pero no su única condición. La
Comisión de Determinantes Sociales de la OMS publicó que los avances en
medicamentos y tecnología, entre 1991 y 2000, evitaron 176.633 muertes en EEUU,
pero si la tasa de mortalidad en afro-americanos fuera igual a la de los
blancos se hubieran evitado 886.202 muertes, demostrando que el problema no
está en que nos falten conocimientos sino que las herramientas para cuidar y
recuperar la salud no están al alcance de todos por la gran inequidad del
sistema&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Desde 1970 en
la India la producción de genéricos podía ser comercializada en otros países
pobres que, como en ese país, cuentan con una proporción de gente muy
vulnerable al SIDA, como es la mayoría de los países del África subsahariana.
En estas zonas se puede calcular una población infectada que supera los
cincuenta millones de personas. La falta de estos medicamentos
antirretrovirales produce una mortandad de más de tres millones de personas por
año. Dice la Dra. Teresa Forcades i Vila: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La industria farmacéutica india de
genéricos ha sido hasta el momento fundamental para asegurar el acceso a los
medicamentos a un porcentaje ínfimo pero creciente de la población de los
países pobres. Especialmente el acceso a los medicamentos antirretrovirales
necesarios para tratar la infección por HIV. Gracias a esta libre competencia
que eliminaba el sistema de patentes, el precio del tratamiento se había
reducido hasta el año 2004 de 1.500 a 150 dólares anuales por persona. Además,
dado que no tenían que respetarse las patentes que obligaban a producir cada
medicamento por separado, los laboratorios indios podían combinar los
tratamientos múltiples en una sola pastilla.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Esta
posibilidad de combinar tres principios activos en una única pastilla
posibilitó una baja de los costos que abrió la posibilidad de acceso a millones
de personas que, de otro modo, hubieran encontrado una muerte segura en el
corto plazo. Al mismo tiempo esta industria ocupaba hasta 2003 a 500.000
personas en más de 20.000 empresas. Éstas mediante trabajos a terceros
incorporaban otros 2,5 millones de puestos de trabajo. Pero este proceso de
crecimiento industrial farmacéutico fue fuertemente presionado por los
laboratorios internacionales. La Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) hizo
sentir todo su peso. Como resultado de ello el gobierno de la India derogó la
ley de 1970 y aceptó la imposición de las patentes de los grandes laboratorios.
Lo cual produjo una decuplicación de los precios. A partir de 1995 la pequeña y
mediana industria medicinal de la India soportó 8.926 demandas judiciales cuya
consecuencia fue la pérdida de más de 7.000 patentes que ahora deberán afrontar
el pago de los honorarios internacionales.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
El laboratorio
Pfizer, que ye hemos nombrado en estas notas, es hoy la mayor compañía
farmacéutica, y uno de los conglomerados principales de los EEUU en el mundo.
Su poder logró doblegar al gobierno francés ante la amenaza de retirarse de ese
país si persistía con sus demandas contra este laboratorio.&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/01/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el_18.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-6168663444775313170</guid><pubDate>Sun, 11 Jan 2015 11:44:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-01-11T08:44:04.132-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  X</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Las cosas que
han ido apareciendo en las notas anteriores nos coloca frente a un nuevo
problema, otro más: el que generan las prácticas comerciales de las
multinacionales. Son problemas que por momentos nos sorprenden porque nos
cuesta aceptar que no existan impedimentos de ninguna especie en el ámbito
empresarial de los grandes negocios. Muchas veces nos damos cuenta que nuestra
ingenuidad, aun apelando a la imaginación, denuncia nuestra debilidad frente a
la perversa creatividad de este tipo de empresas. Una película inglesa de hace
un tiempo atrás, El jardinero fiel (2005), denuncia en su trama las prácticas
que venimos leyendo basada en hechos reales que se produjeron en Kenia. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Asalta nuestra
mente una vieja afirmación: «la realidad supera a la ficción» que encaja a la
perfección en este caso. Parte de lo que denuncia el Dr. Ávila Vázquez aparece
como una demostración de lo que la trama de la película cuenta. Actualizado hoy
con la aparición pública del virus del Ébola que nos remite a la idea de que en
África se puede hacer cualquier cosa, puesto que quienes saquean ese continente
se preocupan muy poco por los efectos que traen apareados sus andanzas. Razón
demás para hacernos cargo de la denuncia de este médico: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Los costos de las investigaciones son crecientes,
los innumerables abusos cometidos contra los pacientes han ido generando
mecanismos de protección del público en los países centrales y, como
consecuencia de ello, se incrementa el desplazamiento de los ensayos hacia
países de desarrollo bajo o intermedio, donde se puedan encontrar médicos bien
formados que puedan cumplir con eficiencia los pasos instrumentales de los
protocolos, sobre todo cuando llegan a percibir como pago hasta U$S 12.000 por
cada paciente sometido a ensayos. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Una vez más el &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;dinero&lt;/i&gt; sometiendo a la &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;ética&lt;/i&gt;. Aguzando el oído se pude oír la
voz de Discepolín advirtiéndonos: «No hay ninguna verdad que se resista frente
a dos pesos moneda nacional», cuánto menos ante doce mil dólares. Todo ello nos
va preparando para aceptar lo siguiente: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La Red Latinoamericana de Ética y
Medicamentos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
(2007) confirma que el número de ensayos clínicos está aumentando
exponencialmente en nuestra región y que el incremento se debe entre otras
causas a la facilidad de reclutar pacientes sobre todo entre los grupos más
vulnerables, es decir entre los pobres. Los ensayos consisten, básicamente, en
probar en un grupo de pacientes una nueva droga y compararla contra una ya
conocida y de probados efectos o a veces contra placebo (nada); se busca
mejorar los efectos terapéuticos y disminuir los tóxicos; la mayoría de los
estudios tienen resultados negativos o no superiores a los preexistentes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
América Latina
responde a las exigencias de los laboratorios: tenemos pobres, médicos muy bien
formados y dispuestos a transgredir la ética profesional por dinero. Habiendo
cubierto estas exigencias nos dice: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Actualmente entre nosotros se llevan
adelante cientos de pruebas, sobre miles de pacientes, experimentando muy
diversas drogas como antidepresivos, antiepilépticos, anticoagulantes, drogas
neurológicas, inmunológicas, etc. (no hay para chagas ni dengue, porque no son
redituables). Los efectos perjudiciales a corto y largo plazo son desconocidos
y la prensa “científica” generalmente los esconde. Simultáneamente los costos
de cuidado de esos pacientes siguen a cargo de la Salud Pública o de la obra
social (si la tiene) del paciente reclutado para el ensayo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; La Red
Latinoamericana de Ética y Medicamentos (RELEM) se creó en Abril 2007 y se ha
ido ampliando. Reúne a un grupo multidisciplinario de profesionales que
trabajan por mejorar la disponibilidad y el uso de los medicamentos en América
Latina desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos y la ética. Entre los
miembros de la red se encuentran profesionales de la salud (farmacéuticos,
médicos, enfermeras), sociólogos, filósofos, especialistas en salud pública,
abogados, promotores de desarrollo comunitario y miembros de la comunidad que
participan en comités de bioética.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/01/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el_11.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-4969462332129501316</guid><pubDate>Sun, 04 Jan 2015 11:36:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2015-01-04T08:36:46.710-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  IX</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Veamos como
todos estos manejos se han dado en nuestro país. Para ello recurro a una nota
que escribió el neonatólogo y ex subsecretario de salud de la ciudad de
Córdoba, el Dr. Medardo Ávila Vázquez&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
actualmente es Coordinador de la Red Universitaria de Ambiente y Salud –
Médicos de Pueblos Fumigados para la investigación de las consecuencias de las
fumigaciones tóxicas. En su publicación nos cuenta una historia que comienza en
la década pasada: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;El embajador estadounidense James Check
(1993-1996) declaró al llegar a Buenos Aires que tenía dos grandes áreas de
negocios bilaterales para desarrollar en su gestión, una la introducción de
transgénicos, principalmente soja, en la producción agropecuaria argentina, y
la otra el desarrollo de los ensayos clínicos de nuevos fármacos para la gran
industria de laboratorios farmacéuticos. Después de más de 15 años todos
conocemos el crecimiento en la producción de transgénicos, sus
&quot;ventajas&quot; económicas y el perjuicio ambiental y sanitario que esta
producción acarrea&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
El Doctor Ávila
Vázquez avanza en su denuncia:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Es menos conocido el crecimiento del
negocio de los ensayos clínicos. En 10 años éste pasó de utilizar 10.000 a
45.000 argentinos que &quot;prestan&quot;, anualmente, su cuerpo a los
laboratorios para prueba de drogas. Un mercado que movió 50.000 millones de
dólares a nivel mundial, crecerá un 11% por año, al 2018. El gran desarrollo de
esta actividad ocurre junto a la instauración del paradigma de ciencia
neoliberal en EEUU. Con la modificación de la ley de patentes, fortalecen el
concepto de que los científicos no &quot;descubren&quot; la cura de una
enfermedad, sino que la &quot;inventan&quot;, y por lo tanto ese descubrimiento
ya no integra el conocimiento general de la humanidad, sino que esa invención
es propiedad privada de una persona o grupo económico que financia la
investigación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Nos volvemos a
encontrar con la invención de enfermedades. Se podría pensar que es una nueva
versión de una mutación que se fue dando en la producción capitalista. La
ciencia económica afirmó durante décadas que la producción de mercancías
respondía a la demanda del consumo. En consecuencia con este concepto aparece
la necesidad de estudiar las características de esa demanda: calidad, cantidad,
tipos, etc. Ello dio lugar a la aparición de una supuesta “ciencia nueva”: el
marketing. En la presentación, investigación y publicitación, colaboraron
especialistas de las ciencias sociales (psicólogos sociales, psicoanalistas,
antropólogos, sociólogos, etc.) cuya tarea apuntaba al conocimiento de las
conductas del hombre masa. Erich Fromm decía en la década del sesenta lo
siguiente: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La creciente complejidad de las empresas
y del capital, hacen que sea de la mayor importancia conocer por adelantado los
deseos del consumidor y no sólo conocerlos, sino también influir sobre ellos y
manejarlos. Las inversiones de capital en las gigantescas empresas modernas no
se hacen por presentimientos, sino después de un amplio manipuleo y una
investigación concienzuda del consumidor y de todo el mercado&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Es evidente que
los laboratorios entran en esa categoría «gigantescas empresas modernas» y se
mueven a nivel mundial con las mismas técnicas e instrumentos que las demás
empresas capitalistas. La particularidad de producir medicamentos o
instrumental médico las ha revestido de una aureola de “gente de ciencia” que
encubre que en realidad son “gente del capital” y, como tal, toda su actividad
tiene como objetivo fundamental: el mayor lucro posible por cualquier medio. Si
todavía esto puede sonar demasiado duro, es necesario modificar nuestro
imaginario y colocar estas empresas dentro del cuadro general del&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mercado capitalista. Así se pueden entender
mejor las cosas que venimos leyendo. Propongo seguir las palabras del Dr. Ávila
Vázquez para avanzar en este tema:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Los científicos y hasta las
universidades pasaron a tener participación económica directa en las empresas
biotecnológicas; la figura del investigador-empresario forma parte de la vida
normal de la comunidad científica universitaria, los más exitosos y
prestigiosos son los que tienen la mayor cantidad de patentes registradas,
dando forma a lo que se llamó Capitalismo Académico. Pero los laboratorios necesitan
rápidamente presentar nuevos y exclusivos productos, por lo que actualmente el
75% de las investigaciones son realizadas directamente por “organizaciones que
investigan por contrato” (CRO en inglés), que constituyen grupos privados
dedicados al reclutamiento de pacientes y desarrollo de pruebas en el marco de
los protocolos establecidos a nivel central. Estos CRO se han reproducido en
nuestro país, comenzando en Córdoba. El vínculo entre ciencia y mercado en el
área de salud se da en el marco del sistema de salud estadounidense sometido a
prácticas comerciales del mercado ultracapitalista, donde no existe un
subsector público capaz de priorizar y sostener la salud como valor social.
Recordemos las dificultades que enfrenta el presidente Obama para extender la
prestación de salud a los que están fuera del mercado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Ensayos Clínicos y Ciencia
Neoliberal, 16-11-2009, publicado en la página de la Universidad de Santiago de
Compostela, España.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2015/01/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-228356465809626932</guid><pubDate>Sat, 27 Dec 2014 19:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-12-27T16:48:05.991-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  IX</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Veamos como
todos estos manejos se han dado en nuestro país. Para ello recurro a una nota
que escribió el neonatólogo y ex subsecretario de salud de la ciudad de
Córdoba, el Dr. Medardo Ávila Vázquez&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;,
actualmente es Coordinador de la Red Universitaria de Ambiente y Salud –
Médicos de Pueblos Fumigados para la investigación de las consecuencias de las
fumigaciones tóxicas. En su publicación nos cuenta una historia que comienza en
la década pasada: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;El embajador estadounidense James Check
(1993-1996) declaró al llegar a Buenos Aires que tenía dos grandes áreas de
negocios bilaterales para desarrollar en su gestión, una la introducción de
transgénicos, principalmente soja, en la producción agropecuaria argentina, y
la otra el desarrollo de los ensayos clínicos de nuevos fármacos para la gran
industria de laboratorios farmacéuticos. Después de más de 15 años todos
conocemos el crecimiento en la producción de transgénicos, sus
&quot;ventajas&quot; económicas y el perjuicio ambiental y sanitario que esta
producción acarrea&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
El Doctor Ávila
Vázquez avanza en su denuncia:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Es menos conocido el crecimiento del
negocio de los ensayos clínicos. En 10 años éste pasó de utilizar 10.000 a
45.000 argentinos que &quot;prestan&quot;, anualmente, su cuerpo a los
laboratorios para prueba de drogas. Un mercado que movió 50.000 millones de
dólares a nivel mundial, crecerá un 11% por año, al 2018. El gran desarrollo de
esta actividad ocurre junto a la instauración del paradigma de ciencia
neoliberal en EEUU. Con la modificación de la ley de patentes, fortalecen el
concepto de que los científicos no &quot;descubren&quot; la cura de una
enfermedad, sino que la &quot;inventan&quot;, y por lo tanto ese descubrimiento
ya no integra el conocimiento general de la humanidad, sino que esa invención
es propiedad privada de una persona o grupo económico que financia la
investigación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Nos volvemos a
encontrar con la invención de enfermedades. Se podría pensar que es una nueva
versión de una mutación que se fue dando en la producción capitalista. La
ciencia económica afirmó durante décadas que la producción de mercancías
respondía a la demanda del consumo. En consecuencia con este concepto aparece
la necesidad de estudiar las características de esa demanda: calidad, cantidad,
tipos, etc. Ello dio lugar a la aparición de una supuesta “ciencia nueva”: el
marketing. En la presentación, investigación y publicitación, colaboraron
especialistas de las ciencias sociales (psicólogos sociales, psicoanalistas,
antropólogos, sociólogos, etc.) cuya tarea apuntaba al conocimiento de las
conductas del hombre masa. Erich Fromm decía en la década del sesenta lo
siguiente: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La creciente complejidad de las empresas
y del capital, hacen que sea de la mayor importancia conocer por adelantado los
deseos del consumidor y no sólo conocerlos, sino también influir sobre ellos y
manejarlos. Las inversiones de capital en las gigantescas empresas modernas no
se hacen por presentimientos, sino después de un amplio manipuleo y una
investigación concienzuda del consumidor y de todo el mercado&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Es evidente que
los laboratorios entran en esa categoría «gigantescas empresas modernas» y se
mueven a nivel mundial con las mismas técnicas e instrumentos que las demás
empresas capitalistas. La particularidad de producir medicamentos o
instrumental médico las ha revestido de una aureola de “gente de ciencia” que
encubre que en realidad son “gente del capital” y, como tal, toda su actividad
tiene como objetivo fundamental: el mayor lucro posible por cualquier medio. Si
todavía esto puede sonar demasiado duro, es necesario modificar nuestro
imaginario y colocar estas empresas dentro del cuadro general del&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;mercado capitalista. Así se pueden entender
mejor las cosas que venimos leyendo. Propongo seguir las palabras del Dr. Ávila
Vázquez para avanzar en este tema:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Los científicos y hasta las
universidades pasaron a tener participación económica directa en las empresas
biotecnológicas; la figura del investigador-empresario forma parte de la vida
normal de la comunidad científica universitaria, los más exitosos y
prestigiosos son los que tienen la mayor cantidad de patentes registradas,
dando forma a lo que se llamó Capitalismo Académico. Pero los laboratorios necesitan
rápidamente presentar nuevos y exclusivos productos, por lo que actualmente el
75% de las investigaciones son realizadas directamente por “organizaciones que
investigan por contrato” (CRO en inglés), que constituyen grupos privados
dedicados al reclutamiento de pacientes y desarrollo de pruebas en el marco de
los protocolos establecidos a nivel central. Estos CRO se han reproducido en
nuestro país, comenzando en Córdoba. El vínculo entre ciencia y mercado en el
área de salud se da en el marco del sistema de salud estadounidense sometido a
prácticas comerciales del mercado ultracapitalista, donde no existe un
subsector público capaz de priorizar y sostener la salud como valor social.
Recordemos las dificultades que enfrenta el presidente Obama para extender la
prestación de salud a los que están fuera del mercado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Ensayos Clínicos y Ciencia
Neoliberal, 16-11-2009, publicado en la página de la Universidad de Santiago de
Compostela, España.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/12/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el_27.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-6728916220531846350</guid><pubDate>Wed, 24 Dec 2014 12:20:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-12-24T09:20:42.020-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  VIII</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;El caso de la
industria de la telefonía móvil es un buen ejemplo de cómo se manejan las
multinacionales respecto de la prioridad del negocio. Se han encargado de
ocultar el resultado de investigaciones que demostraban la contaminación
electromagnética y sus consecuencias sobre la salud humana. Por ello insiste
Jara: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Soy partidario de aplicar siempre el
principio de precaución antes de poner en servicio una tecnología que pueda
dañar la salud humana. La información veraz libera, la alarma la provocarán
quienes impulsen tecnologías y servicios contaminantes. Existen centenares de
estudios científicos que concluyen que la contaminación electromagnética es
dañina para nuestra salud. También existen multitud de trabajos, casi más que
los primeros, pagados por las operadoras telefónicas, cuyas conclusiones son
contrarias a los primeros. En los últimos años se han publicado varios
macro-estudios, hechos por científicos de diferentes países,
multidisciplinares, con financiación pública, que concluyen que esta polución
daña nuestra salud. Incluso el Parlamento Europeo se ha hecho eco de ellos y ha
llamado a la aplicación del principio de precaución.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
En nuestro
país, en el cual la proliferación de los celulares ha llegado a batir records
–ya hemos llegado a la proporción de más de dos celulares por persona−. Un
negocio de esta magnitud no permite que la información llegue al público,
puesto que las empresas publicitan sus productos en los medios que deberían
comunicar estos resultados. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
En
contraposición a esta conducta aparecen en esos mismos medios de comunicación
informes, casi siempre proporcionaos por alguna universidad desconocida, que
nos hablan de la detección de algún tipo nuevo de enfermedad. Miguel Jara las
denomina “enfermedades inventadas”. Cabe preguntarse ¿qué es una enfermedad
inventada? Algo ya vimos en las denuncias de la monja Teresa Forcades, veamos
lo que nos agrega el investigador: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Durante los últimos lustros asistimos a
la aparición en los medios de comunicación de enfermedades nuevas, nuevas
denominaciones de síntomas que se confunden con enfermedad. Por ejemplo, la
timidez está siendo diagnosticada como Fobia social para vender antidepresivos.
Y el Síndrome de las Piernas Inquietas es un concepto nuevo para definir
ciertos problemas neurológicos que padecen algunas personas pero se etiqueta
así para abrir nuevos mercados y vender nuevos medicamentos neurolépticos. Son
enfermedades que no existen y están promocionadas por laboratorios
farmacéuticos. Esto se hace permanentemente. Están apareciendo “enfermedades”
como las que describe el DSM-IV, el libro sobre diagnóstico de patologías
psíquicas que es la “Biblia” de los psiquiatras. El Trastorno Oposicionista
Desafiante, que es la rebeldía de los niños o el Incumplimiento terapéutico,
cuando un paciente decide no tomar su medicación, parece surrealista, ¿no? Pero
es cierto&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
La creación de
nuevas enfermedades o el pánico generado por la exageración de peligros a
enfermarse se ha visto hace poco con la gripe A: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Se ha repetido la campaña de marketing
del miedo que ya se puso en marcha hace pocos años con la gripe aviar. Con
similares actores y beneficiarios. Se toman enfermedades leves y se crea alarma
social para expandir la sensación de tensión y preocupación para&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;que de este modo la población “acepte” los
tratamientos que ofrecen los mismos que crean esos temores. Esto no se hace de
un día para otro. Para comprenderlo hay que entender las redes no conectadas
entre sí de relaciones de influencia desarrolladas por la industria
farmacéutica durante las últimas décadas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
¿Hasta dónde
puede llegar la impiedad de ganar dinero? Recordar experiencias no tan lejanas,
no permitir que el olvido nos ciegue ante nuevas maniobras de manejo de la
conciencia colectiva se torna imprescindible:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;En España ha comenzado la vacunación
contra la “pandemia” de gripe A. Como han advertido muchos profesionales
sanitarios durante los últimos meses el remedio puede ser peor que la
enfermedad. Esta vacuna se ha vendido expandiendo el miedo entre la población
para que se inocule una vacuna que sin el marketing del miedo no se
utiliozaría, al menos en la medida que interesa a los laboratorios fabricantes
de la misma. La gripe A es una enfermedad leve, más que una gripe estacional y
las vacunas siempre pueden producir reacciones adversas de diferente gravedad.
Es necesario saber que la Comisión Europea ha autorizado para toda Europa dos
vacunas: Focetria, del laboratorio Novartis y Pandemrix, de GlaxoSmithKline.
Ambas llevan como conservante mercurio, el polémico timerosal. Este excipiente
puede producir autismo (trastorno generalizado del desarrollo que se
caracteriza por una alteración de la interacción social y de la comunicación,
así como por patrones de comportamiento repetitivos y estereotipados) en los
niños, entre otros daños neurológicos&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Debemos estar
atentos ante este tipo de denuncias. Sobre todo cuando puede parecer un delirio
inaceptable, algo que no puede creerse que esté sucediendo. Esto prueba la
eficacia de las campañas publicitarias y el silencio de muchos profesionales de
la salud.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/12/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el_24.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-449257930302830526</guid><pubDate>Sun, 21 Dec 2014 10:46:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-12-21T07:46:31.823-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  VII</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Reflexionando sobre la gravedad de
lo que hemos estado viendo, la amoralidad del mundo de la investigación
farmacológica que tiene un objetivo excluyente: ganar todo el dinero posible
prescindiendo de las consecuencias para la salud de los habitantes de todo el
planeta, se nos presenta una pregunta insoslayable: ¿qué hacer? La propuesta de
Miguel Jara es tener muy en cuenta el principio de precaución:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Dicho principio viene a decir que hasta
que no esté perfectamente garantizado que un servicio o tecnología es inocuo no
ha de ponerse en circulación. Hoy ocurre lo contrario, se han liberado al
medioambiente unas 104.000 sustancias químicas tóxicas muchas de las cuales se
ha comprobado con estudios científicos que son nocivas. Convivimos con ellas a
diario, están en casi todas partes, incluso dentro de nuestros cuerpos y no
sabemos cómo interactúan entre ellas. Desde los años 40 del siglo pasado los
soviéticos saben que la contaminación electromagnética enferma a las personas
pero durante los últimos años asistimos a un despliegue descomunal de redes de
telecomunicaciones inalámbricas que funcionan por microondas. Son dos ejemplos
de tecnologías contaminantes a las que no se ha aplicado el principio de
precaución y ya están enfermando a nuestros convecinos. Si no se acota, el
problema irá a más.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Está
denunciando la existencia de lo que se podría denominar con pleno sentido
víctimas de la civilización tecnológica. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Vivimos en una sociedad tan
mercantilista que los intereses de los grandes grupos industriales y los
de&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;la ciudadanía son contrarios. Es como
si existiera una guerra social abierta pero silenciada: lo que es bueno para la
industria de las comunicaciones inalámbricas, la expansión masiva de antenas es
malo para la ciudadanía; lo que es bueno para el sector farmacéutico, que
existan siempre personas enfermas, es malo para la ciudadanía que aspira a
tener salud; lo que es bueno para la industria química (por cierto muy ligada a
la farmacéutica) es malo para las personas que enferman cada vez más por la
contaminación química. Es el modelo económico el que está enfermo pues al
regirse por la competencia fomenta que las grandes empresas para mantener e
incrementar sus dividendos estén obligadas a producir cosas nuevas aunque éstas
en muchos casos no tengan sentido, no sean útiles e incluso hagan daño.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Se podría
argumentar que estamos en plena cultura de la información ¿cómo entender que
todo esto no se sepa públicamente? Nos sigue guiando Jara:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Nunca hemos estado tan informados como
ahora, pero eso al mismo tiempo produce una saturación informativa que genera
confusión, por lo tanto desinformación. Por un lado son tantas las cosas
importantes que deberíamos saber que no tenemos tiempo material para
informarnos sobre ellas. Por otra parte la tónica general de mis libros es
contarles a los lectores cómo los grupos industriales sobre los que trabajo de
manera sistemática intentan controlar la información de los tema que les
afectan, presionan a los periodistas y científicos que divulgan esos asuntos y
montan campañas de desinformación inducida, por ejemplo, realizando estudios científicos
que lleguen a las conclusiones que ellos buscan. Jugando a generar confusión
para que los negocios continúen con la excusa de que tal o cual servicio o
tecnología “no se ha probado que sea nocivo”. Es una trampa dialéctica porque
la carga de la prueba no debe recaer sobre la ciudadanía sino sobre las
empresas que quieran poner en el mercado productos que puedan ser malos para la
salud o el medioambiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
No son pocos
los casos en que los grandes medios, socios del capital concentrado, ocultan, deforman
o mienten sobre este tipo de información que afecta a los grandes negocios. Por
ejemplo, en los EEUU hasta no hace mucho tiempo importantes científicos de
universidades de primera línea desmentían que existiera algo así como el
“efecto invernadero” o el “calentamiento global” y los medios repetían estos
desmentidos sin el menor pudor, mientras que los científicos que denunciaban
estos fenómenos no encontraban modo de hacerlos públicos. Hoy ha comenzado un
cambio de actitud y se habla del problema. Entonces ¿cómo sorprendernos por
estas manipulaciones informáticas?&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/12/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el_21.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-6478407761516242884</guid><pubDate>Wed, 17 Dec 2014 10:48:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-12-17T07:48:46.045-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  VI</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;El periodista
Salvador López Arnal, también profesor de Matemáticas en la Universidad
Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED- España) y de informática de ciclos
formativos, pretendo subrayar que se trata de un intelectual de una sólida
formación integral, lo cual avala y da crédito a los diálogos que realiza y a la
esmerada selección de sus invitados. Ha publicado su encuentro con Miguel Jara,
escritor, periodista especializado en la investigación de temas de salud y
ecología, corresponsal en España de nada menos que el British Medical Journal
(BMJ) y usual colaborador de la revista Discovery DSalud. Jara ha realizado la
investigación que sirvió de base para el documental “Carga tóxica” de
Documentos TV (TVE) sobre los efectos en nuestra salud de las sustancias
químicas que existen en nuestro medio ambiente. Es igualmente autor de &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Traficantes de salud&lt;/i&gt; (Icaria, Barcelona,
2007); &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Conspiraciones tóxicas&lt;/i&gt;
(Martínez Roca, Barcelona, 2007), en colaboración con Rafael Carrasco y Joaquín
Vidal, y su ensayo más reciente &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;La salud
que viene. Nuevas enfermedades y el marketing del miedo&lt;/i&gt; (Península,
Barcelona, 2009).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Voy a citar
parte de la entrevista y hacer algunos comentarios. Si he tomado tantas
precauciones en la presentación de ambos es por el tipo de información que se
hace pública que requiere el aval de seriedad profesional de quien lo hace.
Estas manifestaciones se inscriben en la línea del tema que vengo publicando.
Introduce Miguel Jara un concepto que sorprende: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;El marketing del miedo es la expansión
de manera perfectamente controlada, premeditada y estructurada por la cual el
miedo entra en la población para, en el caso que analizo, hacer creer a la
ciudadanía que puede estar o está enferma y así vender medicamentos,
antivirales y/o vacunas. Se utiliza para “obligar” a la población a abrazar las
soluciones “establecidas” y hoy está cada vez más extendido entre las prácticas
de la industria farmacéutica. Así podemos comprobarlo en la última década con
los ejemplos de la “epidemia” de gripe aviar, la gran campaña de lobby y
marketing del miedo para vender la vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano o
la “pandemia” de la gripe A. Creo que al concluir la lectura de mi último libro
puede entenderse bien el fenómeno de la invención o exageración de enfermedades
al que asistimos durante los últimos años.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
En notas
anteriores ya había aparecido algo similar de parte de la Doctora Teresa
Forcades i Vila que ahora adquiere en esta investigación un concepto
específico: &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;una metodología de marketing
para incrementar la venta de determinados específicos&lt;/i&gt;. Esto puede
sorprender al lector poco avisado y empujarlo hacia una actitud de rechazo al
avance de la medicina y de sus logros terapéuticos, por ello Miguel Jara
aclara: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Partimos de la base de que casi
cualquier consecución humana es técnica, pero si estamos de acuerdo en que
hemos llegado a un punto en que todo, absolutamente todo, ha de ser revisado
bajo el paradigma ético, debemos concluir que no vale todo, que no vale toda
técnica sino que sólo vale la técnica que tenga el bien de las personas como
objetivo primero. Inventar la bomba atómica fue un prodigio técnico que hoy
supongo que la mayor parte de la ciudadanía tacharía de monstruoso. Hoy existen
servicios y tecnologías que son puros objetos de consumo para el mercado y que
en su mayor parte además provocan graves impactos ambientales y merman nuestra
salud. Y las personas que enferman por vivir en nuestra sociedad, sólo por
hecho de “estar” en esta sociedad son el vivo retrato del fracaso del modelo
económico&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Equivale a
decir. Si bien la tecnología ha aportado numerosos progresos en el cuidado de
la salud pública, no por ello todo lo que ella produzca debe ser aceptado sin
más. El predominio de un modo de entender la producción (en este caso la de
medicamentos) cuyo objetivo excluyente es el lucro subordina todo a ese logro.
Aparecen entonces maniobras &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;non sanctas&lt;/i&gt;
mediante las cuales se intenta vender hasta lo innecesario, que en este caso se
convierte, como ya vimos, en la invención de nuevas enfermedades para las
cuales ya se tiene preparado un medicamento específico.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/12/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el_17.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-8515531018198859486</guid><pubDate>Sun, 14 Dec 2014 11:13:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-12-14T08:13:24.945-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  V</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Las maniobras
que he comentado dan una idea de la cantidad de dinero que se mueve en este
tipo de negocios y la disposición de tantas personas que aceptan esa ilegalidad
en perjuicio del público. La doctora Teresa Forcades i Vila nos comenta al
respecto: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;El extraordinario incremento de poder
político y económico de las grandes compañías farmacéuticas estadounidenses se
inició con la ley de extensión de patentes (Ley Hatch-Waxman) que la mayoría
republicana de la era Reagan aprobó en 1984, y se consolidó con la creación de
la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) en 1994, destinada a asegurar que la
globalización no atentara contra los intereses del gran Capital. Los márgenes
brutos de esta industria son del 70 al 90% y su tasa de ganancias es la más elevada
de todas (según la revista Fortune fue, en el año 2000, del 18,6%, versus el
15,8% de los bancos comerciales; la tasa de ganancias del laboratorio Pfizer,
la mayor compañía farmacéutica, fue en el año 2004 del 22% del total de las
ventas (53 billones de dólares). A pesar de dichas ganancias billonarias, la
carga impositiva que paga la industria farmacéutica es muy inferior a la media
de las empresas (de un 16,2% versus el 27,3% del promedio de la gran
industria), mientras que su principal producto (los medicamentos de receta)
incrementa de precio muy por encima del nivel de la inflación (de un 6 a un 20%
todos los años).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Esto nos está
poniendo en la pista de lo que se mueve por detrás de la compra de un
medicamento que nuestro médico nos receta. Cuánto de negocio se agazapa detrás
de los pretendidos congresos científicos, en la promoción de investigaciones
“científicas” que apuntan sólo a lo que es más rentable. Sin olvidar las
publicaciones de tantas revistas [excepto algunas serias] en las que opinan profesionales
al servicio de esas grandes empresas. Este negocio internacional tiene una
plataforma de lanzamiento en los EEUU donde las prácticas de cabildeo (presión
sobre funcionarios) de lobistas profesionales&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, es decir
de especialistas en conseguir que se aprueben determinadas leyes que faciliten,
en este caso, el negocio de los laboratorios.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;El lobby de las compañías farmacéuticas
de EEUU (la PhRMA) contaba en el año 2000 con 297 lobistas profesionales, es
decir, uno por cada dos congresistas. Dicho número –que ya superaba en mucho el
de cualquier otro grupo de presión –, ha sido triplicado en los últimos años,
de modo que en 2002 la PhRMA financió el trabajo de 675 lobistas, lo que
significa que había trabajando en Washington, más promotores de los intereses
de las compañías farmacéuticas que congresistas. Ello ha hecho posible que esta
industria consiguiera las ventajosas condiciones que le han permitido dominar
progresivamente el mercado mundial: el 60% de las patentes de medicamentos son
de EEUU, versus el 20% de la Unión Europea. EEUU domina el mercado de los 50
medicamentos más vendidos (todos, blockbusters, es decir productos que pasan
cada uno los mil millones de dólares de facturación).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
¿Cuáles son los
resultados de ese ejército de profesionales de la presión a funcionarios, para
obtener más ventajas que aseguren una ganancia siempre en aumento? La Doctora
responde: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Las exenciones y reducciones de
impuestos y la multiplicación de leyes y pactos favorables a partir de la era
Reagan muestran que la situación actual de desproporcionado privilegio de que
disfruta la industria farmacéutica no es fruto del “libre mercado” sino de una
política deliberada destinada a proteger una industria que en EEUU es tan
estratégica como la del petróleo. En el año 2002, la suma de las ganancias de
las 10 compañías farmacéuticas más importantes superó las ganancias combinadas
de las otras 490 empresas que aparecen en la lista de las 500 industrias más
provechosas de la revista Fortune (las 10 farmacéuticas más importantes,
juntas, tuvieron un beneficio total de 35,9 billones de dólares y las restantes
490 empresas, juntas, tuvieron un beneficio total de 33,7 billones de dólares)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
La Dra. Marcia
Agnell, editora jefe durante casi 20 años de la revista médica de mayor impacto,
el New England Journal of Medicine, afirma: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Una industria con tal volumen de
ganancias es como un gorila de 500 kg: hace lo que quiere. Y Philippe Pignarre,
directivo durante diecisiete años de una gran compañía farmacéutica y
actualmente profesor de la Universidad de París-VIII, insiste en que «el
mercado no es ni ha sido nunca una realidad “natural” sino “cultural” o
“social”, o sea, fruto de reglamentaciones y normas que no regulan una
“realidad natural” previa al establecimiento de las normas sino que “hacen
posible”, “dan a luz” o “modifican” una realidad intrínsecamente cultural. El
mercado siempre tiene normas que lo regulan. El “mercado libre” (libre mercado)
no existe; existe, eso sí, el “mercado salvaje”, es decir, el mercado regulado
según los intereses del rey de la selva o del gorila de 500 kg, y el “mercado
menos salvaje”, en el que las normas intentan atemperar la avidez de los más
fuertes. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
La ley que
impera en el mercado es la del sagrado lucro en crecimiento imparable.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Un
lobista es un profesional que realiza acciones dirigidas a influir ante la
Administración Pública, las Cámaras de Representantes o funcionarios en
general, para promover decisiones favorables a los intereses del sector de
empresas para el que trabaja.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/12/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el_14.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-4988030167241687150</guid><pubDate>Wed, 10 Dec 2014 11:29:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-12-10T08:29:15.538-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  IV</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Voy a continuar
contando lo que la Dra. Forcades i Vila denuncia en su trabajo. Un año después
de lo relatado en la nota anterior, apareció un artículo en una revista
especializada (JAMA)&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
titulado &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Disfunción sexual en EE.UU.:
prevalencia y variables predictivas&lt;/i&gt;. En él se afirmaba con seriedad
científica que un 43% de la población femenina sufría la “nueva enfermedad” que
se definía de acuerdo a lo que ya se ha mencionado antes:&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Los pasos seguidos para identificar a la
“población enferma” fueron los siguientes: 1) se elaboró una lista de siete
“problemas” considerados cada uno de ellos de suficiente peso como para
justificar el diagnóstico de la nueva enfermedad si una mujer los había
presentado durante dos o más meses en el último año; 2) se pasó el cuestionario
a una muestra de 1.500 mujeres; 3) se evaluaron los resultados de forma que
responder “Sí” a uno solo de los ítems se consideró criterio suficiente para
identificar la enfermedad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Queda claro que
la manipulación en el manejo de las respuestas conseguía que la encuesta
demostrara, precisamente, lo que se estaba buscando (¡las encuestas, las
encuestas…!). Comenta nuestra autora que de este modo todas las mujeres que no
habían sentido el deseo sexual durante dos meses o más, cualquiera fuera la
causa de ello, quedaban encuadradas dentro de la definición de la enfermedad:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Independientemente de si estaban de luto
por la muerte de un ser querido, preocupadas por falta o por exceso de trabajo,
atrapadas en una relación insatisfactoria o gozando de una etapa de plenitud
interior, todas ellas eran consideradas enfermas. Dos de los tres autores del
citado artículo tenían vínculos económicos con laboratorios farmacéuticos&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Continúa
afirmando: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;El mismo año, 1999, tuvo lugar un tercer
encuentro sobre el mismo tema organizado por la Facultad de Medicina de la
Universidad de Boston, pero promovido y financiado por 16 compañías
farmacéuticas. El 50% de los asistentes admitieron tener intereses en la
industria farmacéutica. Del encuentro surgió el Forum para la Función Sexual
Femenina, que celebró dos conferencias más en los años 2000 y 2001 en Boston
gracias a la financiación de 20 compañías lideradas por Pfizer&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
En el 2003
todas estas maniobras fueron denunciadas por Ray Moynihan&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; en una de
las revistas médicas de mayor prestigio, el British Medical Journal. Los
editores de la revista recibieron 70 respuestas con relación a ese artículo y
dos tercios de las respuestas fueron en apoyo de Moynihan, éstas recogían la
indignación de los médicos ante esas maniobras comerciales. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
En diciembre de
2004, la agencia reguladora de los medicamentos en EE.UU. impidió que se
comercializara el primer medicamento destinado a sanar la “disfunción sexual
femenina” denunciando: los responsables de los estudios clínicos –todos ellos
financiados y supervisados por Proctor y Gamble [laboratorios]- habían
presentado sus resultados de forma sesgada, de modo que lo que se anunciaban
como beneficios claros eran resultados dudosos que podían con mayor
probabilidad producir efectos secundarios peligrosos −cáncer de pecho y
enfermedades cardiacas−.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Concluye esta
parte la doctora afirmando: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La disfunción sexual femenina (como
cualquier otra enfermedad) tiene que ser estudiada en función de los intereses
médicos de las mujeres afectadas y no en función de los intereses económicos.
Yo comenté con algunos médicos esto y me contestaron que no era novedad, que
cualquier profesional con años de práctica había ya visto muchas cosas como
estas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Por ello cierro
con estas palabras de la Dra. Forcades i Vila: «Si los médicos no colaborásemos
con los abusos de las compañías farmacéuticas, esos abusos no acontecerían». La
connivencia de cierto sector de la profesión médica con las prácticas
comerciales de los laboratorios internacionales posibilita el ocultamiento de
este tipo de maniobras. Al manejar los medicamentos con el mismo criterio con
que se maneja cualquier otro tipo de mercancía, éstos no se distinguen del
manejo comercial en general. De este modo los medicamentos&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;se convierten en el mercado en un objetivo
comercial sin más.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;JAMA es la sigla de Journal of
the American Medical Association (Revista de la Asociación Médica
Estadounidense), nombre oficial de la revista médica, el medio de divulgación
de dicha asociación. Se publica semanalmente, 48 veces al año, siendo la
revista médica de más amplia difusión en el mundo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn2;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Multi-galardonado
investigador australiano, periodista especializado en salud, documentalista y
autor. Trabaja como periodista de investigación en la Australian Broadcasting
Corporation, y también en el Australian Financial Review; actualmente es editor
del British Medical Journal.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/12/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el_10.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-4984093617503832520</guid><pubDate>Sun, 07 Dec 2014 11:02:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-12-07T08:02:41.954-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  III</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Los medios de
comunicación nos informan sobre investigaciones que está realizando la justicia
respecto a la venta y uso de medicamentos denominados “truchos”. Este es un
problema serio, pero no puede dejar de sorprendernos por qué no aparece
información alguna sobre investigaciones respecto de las maniobras fraudulentas
de los laboratorios internacionales. Esto no invalida lo primero, pero
pareciera funcionar como un telón que oculta delitos muchos más graves y de
dimensiones insospechadas que realizan esos laboratorios. Hace unos años, como
consecuencia de la lectura de un informe sobre el comportamiento de las
empresas productoras de medicamentos escribí algunas notas al respecto. Hoy
debo volver sobre el tema por nuevas denuncias de mayor gravedad. Lo que voy a
contar se apoya en un folleto publicado por los jesuitas de Barcelona y su
autora es una monja benedictina, doctora en medicina egresada de Harvard e
investigadora, Teresa Forcades i Vila, quien ha venido sosteniendo una lucha
con sus denuncias.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
En este folleto
se dedica a contar algunas cosas que hacen los laboratorios más importantes del
mundo&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.
Por ejemplo, cuenta el éxito que Pfizer, la principal compañía farmacéutica de
EEUU, cuya página web nos informa:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La historia de Pfizer habla de asumir
riesgos y aceptar desafíos. Esta breve reseña de lo que fueron sus hitos
fundamentales, permite entender cómo la pequeña empresa de ayer se convirtió en
la poderosa Organización de hoy y remarca las fortalezas que están construyendo
su futuro. Fundada en 1841 ha llegado a ser uno de los más grandes laboratorios
del mundo. Su último éxito de mercado ha sido la presentación del Viagra, el
fármaco fue patentado en 1996, y aprobado para su uso en disfunción eréctil por
la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos de Estados Unidos (FDA) en 1998, se
convirtió en la primera pastilla aprobada para el tratamiento de ese problema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Se ofreció a la venta ese mismo año, e
inmediatamente se convirtió en un gran éxito: las ventas anuales de Viagra en
el período 1999-2000 superaron los mil millones de dólares y facturó tres
años&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;después de su aparición la cifra de
1.500 millones de dólares en el 2001. Las promesas de tales ganancias, que iban
en aumento, movieron a los laboratorios a pensar la posibilidad de crear un
Viagra femenino.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
En tiempos en
que se habla tanto de las multinacionales, de sus capitales, de sus maniobras
ilícitas, de su expansión global que les da un poder con características casi
divinas: son omnipotentes, omnipresentes y omniscientes, lo que les permite
ocultar sus fines exclusivamente mercantiles, sea como fuere. Los laboratorios
medicinales gozan de una aureola diferente porque se dedican a investigar y
producir cosas que están ligadas directamente a la vida y el dolor. Un mundo
como el actual tan fascinado por los resultados de la tecnología le otorga a
los medicamentos poderes casi mágicos. Los laboratorios no desperdician estos
aspectos que el imaginario social guarda cuidadosamente. Por el contrario los
explotan puntillosa y científicamente.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
No debemos
dejar de lado una amplia gama de instituciones que colaboran en la creación y
en el mantenimiento de ese imaginario social. Éstas cubren un espacio que
abarca desde academias, universidades, empresas productoras de tecnología medicinal,
revistas especializadas, entre las más serias. Luego aparece el mundo que
comercializa los medicamentos que no desprecia el marketing y la publicidad. De
estos últimos es fácil suponer que no se detienen demasiado en el cumplimiento
de las reglas éticas. Pero veamos a los laboratorios que se presentan como
serios.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Como consecuencia del éxito del viagra
se reunieron en Nueva York especialistas médicos para definir El perfil clínico
de la disfunción sexual femenina. La iniciativa, organización y financiación
del encuentro corrieron a cargo de nueve compañías muy preocupadas por el hecho
de que no existiera una definición de este trastorno compatible con un
potencial tratamiento farmacológico. Los promotores de tal encuentro eligieron
entre sus colaboradores directos las personas que debían asistir al mismo. El
objetivo de la reunión era diseñar la estrategia adecuada para crear una nueva
patología en función de los intereses económicos de la industria farmacéutica. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Creo que se va
entendiendo bien, era necesario crear una nueva patología para la cual luego se
pudiera vender el tratamiento adecuado. Sobre todo en un terreno tan
publicitado hoy como lo es el sexo y el placer. Sigamos leyendo: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Un año y medio más tarde, en octubre de
1998, se celebró en Boston la primera conferencia internacional para la
elaboración de un consenso clínico sobre la disfunción sexual femenina. Ocho
compañías financiaron esta conferencia y 18 de los 19 autores de la nueva
definición “consensuada internacionalmente” admitieron tener intereses
económicos directos con estas u otras compañías. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Hasta acá vamos
descubriendo dos verdades, celosamente ocultas por laboratorios, farmacéuticos
y médicos como parte de este importante negocio internacional: la creación de
una nueva enfermedad y la producción de los medicamentos adecuados para ella.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Teresa Forcades i Vila, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Los crímenes de las grandes compañías
Farmacéuticas&lt;/i&gt;, Cuaderno nº 141. Se puede consultar en internet en &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fespinal.com/&quot;&gt;www.fespinal.com&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/12/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el_7.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-1243791316260299713</guid><pubDate>Tue, 02 Dec 2014 13:12:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-12-02T10:12:09.441-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  II</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&amp;nbsp;Para aportar a
una fundamentación seria, que consolide el contenido de lo dicho en la nota
anterior, y&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;evitar de este modo caer en
esa práctica tan difundida y tan perniciosa hoy como lo es el “opinologismo”
presente en los medios concentrados, en especial la televisión, voy a proponer
la lectura de citas de personalidades académicas, investigadores, profesores
universitarios, que no son palabra habitualmente publicada en los grandes
medios. Ellos nos ayudarán en este recorrido para comprender mejor el tema
propuesto.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Comenzando por
Pepe Escobar (1954), periodista de prestigio internacional cuyas
investigaciones lo han llevado a vivir en lugares tan dispares como Londres,
París, Milán, Los Ángeles, Washington, Bangkok y Hong Kong. Escribe
cotidianamente una columna para Asia Times Online, y trabaja como analista para
Russia Today y Tom Engelhardt&#39;s TomDispatch.com. Comentando las reuniones del
empresariado&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;internacional dice:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Las sesiones ávidamente disputadas por
la constelación de egos son rutinariamente anunciadas por cencerros que
resuenan de un lado al otro del Centro de Congresos. Cada cencerro que resuene
hasta el sábado usará un tono que corresponde al tema de la reunión de 2014:
“La remodelación del mundo: consecuencias para la sociedad, la política y los
negocios”. Esa remodelación es propuesta por muchos de los que causaron (o se
beneficiaron de) la crisis financiera de 2007-2008.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
¿A quiénes se
refiere este analista internacional? Nos lo responde el Director de &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Navegación e Ideas&lt;/i&gt;, consultora especializada
en desarrollo social y cultural. El sociólogo Doctor Juan Francisco Coloane,
con una Maestría en la Universidad de Gainesville, Florida, es actual
funcionario de Naciones Unidas: &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;El capital de las Corporaciones
Transnacionales conforma un sistema mundial de bienes y servicios que se
transan en procesos productivos fragmentados a través de un intenso comercio
internacional. El circuito de insumos y productos adquiere vida en redes y
franquicias manejadas por contratistas y los bienes y servicios que lo
componen, en su gran mayoría pertenece a consorcios privados. Todo ello existe
porque al nivel macro, el &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;capital
corporativo transnacional&lt;/i&gt; además de ser el principal propietario del
circulante, diseña y controla el mundo. La implicancia consiste en que
cualquier modificación mayor de política económica doméstica y con mayor razón,
de política económica internacional, estará sujeta a ese flujo de capitales que
proviene de las Corporaciones Transnacionales, especialmente las privadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Los dueños de
ese enorme capital de miles de billones de dólares conforman una especie de
Club Privado de los ricos. El Doctor Paul Krugman (1957) premio Nobel de
Economía (2008); Profesor de Economía y Política Internacional en las
universidades de Yale, donde se graduó, de Princeton, de Stanford y del
prestigioso Instituto Tecnológico de Massachusetts (MIT), habla de ellos:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Lo primero que hay que decir es que
esperar que los ricos no hagan ostentación de su riqueza es, por supuesto, poco
realista. Si uno tiene la impresión de que en las décadas de 1950 y 1960 los
ricos eran más comedidos, pues es porque eran mucho menos ricos, tanto en
términos absolutos como relativos. La última vez que nuestra sociedad fue tan
desigual como lo es hoy, las mansiones gigantes y los yates eran igual de
ostentosos que ahora; por algo, Mark Twain llamó a aquella época la Edad
Dorada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Y agrega más
adelante:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Aparte de eso, hay muchos ricos para los
que la gracia está precisamente en alardear. Vivir en una casa de 3.000 metros
cuadrados no es mucho más agradable que vivir en una de 500. Yo creo que hay
gente que de verdad puede apreciar una botella de vino de 350 dólares, pero la
mayoría de las personas que compran algo así no se darían cuenta si la
sustituyésemos por una botella de 20 dólares. Así que, en gran medida, se trata
de exhibirse, algo que, naturalmente, podría haber dicho el sociólogo y
economista Thorstein Veblen&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
El premio Nobel
de Economía, Nouriel Roubini expuso en el 2º Congreso Internacional de
Responsabilidad Social (noviembre de 2014):&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin: 3pt 0cm 3pt 1cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Si se agudizan las diferencias sociales
resultado de este orden económico mundial &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;puede
haber una revolución&lt;/i&gt; porque las empresas privadas no toman personal. Están
reduciendo los costos laborales, eso es menos consumo y más peligro para las
empresas. Deben implementarse políticas que sostengan el consumo de los
trabajadores;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;pero debo alertar por la
acción de las élites que tienen poder de lobby y poder de voto. La combinación
de &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;dinero y corrupción&lt;/i&gt; tiene &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;resultados desastrosos en la política
económica&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Creo que
podemos dejar como ya aclarado el panorama internacional que rige desde la
segunda posguerra, etapa que los periodistas y ciertos investigadores han
denominado con un concepto técnico, que esconde su verdadera naturaleza: &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;globalización&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
Economista y sociólogo estadounidense (1857-1929). Se licenció en filosofía por
la Universidad Johns Hopkins y se doctoró por la de Yale. Por su énfasis en los
usos y costumbres sociales como fenómenos explicativos de la actividad
económica, se le considera el fundador de la corriente institucionalista del
pensamiento económico.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/12/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-2840110700828263299</guid><pubDate>Wed, 26 Nov 2014 11:16:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-11-26T08:16:55.028-03:00</atom:updated><title>La guerra de los laboratorios en el mundo global  I</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Unos años atrás
abordé en este blog el problema de los laboratorios medicinales. Quiero volver
sobre el tema encuadrándolo ahora en un sistema salvaje (capitalismo salvaje lo
calificó el papa Juan Pablo II) en el que el predominio del dinero, convertido
en Dios omnipotente, posibilita martirizar y sacrificar en su altar a millones
de personas sin la más mínima piedad. Tal vez estas expresiones resulten muy
duras para quienes se niegan o están, por diversas razones, distanciados de las
publicaciones de las Naciones Unidas poco proclives de caer en el escándalo
informativo. El panorama de un mundo que concentra en pocas manos (el 1% dicen
los movimientos que reclaman en los EEUU) más del 50% del riqueza que produce
el planea, frente a una inmensa mayoría (99% dicen los mismos). La revista
empresarial Forbes&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/a&gt; sin
el más mínimo pudor, con rasgos que rozan la obscenidad, hace gala mostrando a
ese pequeño puñado de personas (los súper billonarios los denomina) con sus
fortunas inconmensurables. Pero no habla acerca de cómo las han conseguido,
sobre la miseria que avanza en la periferia del mundo desarrollado, que ahora
ya ha invadido al tan idealizado y deseado mundo rico.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Dentro del
juego de este capitalismo se ha ido dejando de lado todas las reglas que
pretendían mostrar la justicia del funcionamiento de la competencia. Mediante
ella&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;se justificaba su demanda de
libertad en sus mercados. La consecuencia más desbastadora ha sido la
concentración despiadada que ha expulsado a las &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;empresas más débiles&lt;/i&gt; del lado de la oferta, y ha impedido el
ingreso de los &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;demandantes por falta de
poder adquisitivo&lt;/i&gt;. Por lo tanto, la proclamada libertad de mercados es
excluyente de todo aquel que no reúna las condiciones exigidas de ingreso o de
permanencia. La tal libertad es un privilegio que pueden ostentar cada vez
menos “sujetos económicos”. La prohibición de ingreso de parte de la demanda
involucra a casi dos tercios de la población total del planeta.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Cuando hablé de
concentración se debe entender por tal el proceso mediante el cual, durante el
siglo XX y lo que va del XXI, un grupo de empresas multinacionales han desatado
una guerra contra las menos capaces de soportar la lucha de la guerra
despiadada. Al mismo tiempo mantienen una relación tensa entre ellas mismas. Al
resultado de todo esto se lo ha denominado con terminología técnica:
“fusiones”, “asociaciones empresarias”, “capturas”, etc. Hacia el interior de
esas empresas se habla de “reingeniería”, “disminución del costo de
producción”, de “justes económicos”, modos de referirse al despido del personal
supuestamente sobrante. Ese “personal sobrante” pasa a formar parte de las
masas de desocupados que facilitan la baja del valor de los salarios.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
El panorama
actual muestra un predominio abrumador de ese grupo exclusivo de
multinacionales que se rigen por criterios estrictamente financieros,
respondiendo exclusivamente a la mayor rentabilidad posible en el más corto
plazo. Este juego al filo del abismo hizo eclosión en la crisis de lo que se
presentó como el estallido de la &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;burbuja
inmobiliaria&lt;/i&gt; (2007-8). La información pública se cuidó mucho en presentar
todo ello como si se tratara de un cataclismo natural, ocultando la pelea
interbancaria por el dominio de los mercados financieros como causa real de la
crisis. Una especulación financiera llevada a su máxima expresión no logró
sostenerse en el filo del abismo. Como consecuencia una nueva reestructuración
que dio lugar a una nueva configuración del capital financiero que concentró
más aún el capital dejando fuera a los “ineficientes” (ineficientes ¿en qué?).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
Para no
extenderme en esta introducción, quiero decir que sin la comprensión de este
contexto de guerra económica-financiera por cualquier medio (lo militar no está
excluido) no es posible tener una comprensión clara y profunda del tema de los
laboratorios medicinales. Sobre ellos debemos dejar claro: 1.- son empresas
comerciales que se rigen por criterios financieros; 2.- juegan en las “ligas
mayores” del mercado global; 3.- tienen los mismos objetivos de lucro que
cualquier otra empresa; 4.- su carácter de productora de medicinas no debe
sensibilizarnos olvidando el punto anterior; 5.- Los productos medicinales son
simple mercancías regidos por las mismas leyes del mercado monopólico; 6.- su
guerra por el dominio de mercados territoriales (nacionales, continentales,
mundiales) es eso: &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;una guerra&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;mso-element: footnote-list;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr size=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;



&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-element: footnote;&quot;&gt;

&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7693201245498174430#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; style=&quot;mso-footnote-id: ftn1;&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-special-character: footnote;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES-AR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
La revista Forbes se publica en Estados Unidos y está especializada en el mundo
de los negocios y las finanzas; cada año publica su lista de las personas más
ricas del mundo.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/11/la-guerra-de-los-laboratorios-en-el.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-1244750211737506387</guid><pubDate>Sun, 23 Nov 2014 11:32:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-11-23T08:32:05.318-03:00</atom:updated><title>La juventud - ¿esperanza o peligro? X</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;En
un artículo titulado &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;La trilogía
formativa del papa Francisco&lt;/i&gt; (27-07-2014), el abogado y profesor &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;nacional de Educación Física, Marcelo Antonio
Angriman, comenta algunas declaraciones recientes: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Francisco no habla
desde el púlpito sino desde su propia experiencia de vida, con 13 años Jorge
Bergoglio comenzaba a hacer la limpieza de una fábrica de medias para luego
cumplir tareas administrativas en la misma y años más tarde, ya en el Colegio
Industrial, trabajar en un laboratorio en el que cumplía horario de 7 a 13. Hoy
agradece a su padre haberlo instado a ganarse sus primeros pesos, porque ello
fue una escuela de formación de vida. De allí extrajo como consigna para una
buena formación la necesidad de ofrecer: &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;educación,
deporte y puestos de trabajo&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;La
idea de esta &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;trilogía formativa&lt;/i&gt; es
una constante que ha estado siempre presente en el pensamiento de Jorge
Bergoglio. Por ello, puede afirmar que:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;Un joven que tiene
educación, que comparte con sus compañeros algún deporte o que empieza a
despuntar la idea del trabajo siempre estará pensando en positivo, ya que
dirige su proa hacia el futuro. Es que es necesario&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;partir de estos tres ámbitos, si se quiere
llegar a buen puerto: debe existir &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;dedicación,
constancia y disciplina&lt;/i&gt;. También aceptación de reglas de convivencia. De
allí el incuestionable carácter formativo de estos temas que lleva a los
jóvenes a que &quot;no se conformen con un empate mediocre&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;El
papa efectuó un llamamiento para que los dirigentes impulsen:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;La función educativa
del deporte, pues todos somos conscientes de la gran necesidad de formar a los
atletas animados por la rectitud, el rigor moral y un agudo sentido de
responsabilidad. El deporte tiene que promover en los jóvenes el compartir y la
hermandad… como un válido instrumento para el crecimiento integral de la
persona humana. La práctica del deporte estimula una sana superación de sí
mismos y de los propios egoísmos, entrena el espíritu de sacrificio y, si se
enfoca correctamente, favorece la lealtad en las relaciones interpersonales, la
amistad y el respeto de las reglas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Con
motivo del Mundial de Fútbol el expresidente de Cuba, Fidel Castro Ruz, le
envió una carta a Diego Maradona (24-7-2014) en la que afirmaba: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;No creo posible una
educación adecuada para los jóvenes de cualquier país sin el deporte… Yo soy un
político, pero como niño, adolescente y joven, fui deportista y a esta noble
práctica dediqué la mayor parte de mi tiempo libre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;En
diversas ocasiones, se expresó en esta misma línea:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 125%;&quot;&gt;¿Por qué interesa esta
actividad?&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;La Revolución tiene que
ocuparse de la educación física y del deporte como una cuestión fundamental para
el país. Es posible que para muchas personas, el deporte y la educación física
hayan sido, o hayan creído verla, como una actividad sin importancia, como una
actividad no fundamental… pero así como nos ha interesado enseñar a leer y a
escribir a cada cubano que le ha interesado encontrar trabajo decoroso; le
interesa la educación física y el deporte. Estamos interesados en formar una
juventud vigorosa, disciplinada, y de carácter, sin dejar de ser, además, una
juventud feliz y alegre… porque el deporte ayudará a crear jóvenes fuertes,
saludables, vigorosos, entusiastas y conscientes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Creo
firmemente en estos criterios básicos para la formación de los jóvenes, y
considero importante que esos temas se incorporen a las conversaciones
cotidianas para apuntar a una formación integral, sin descuidar la educación
ética, intelectual, política y espiritual. En ello se juega el futuro de
nuestra patria y un futuro más amigable para todos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/11/la-juventud-esperanza-o-peligro-x.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item><item><guid isPermaLink="false">tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7693201245498174430.post-6481361948754373057</guid><pubDate>Wed, 19 Nov 2014 10:38:00 +0000</pubDate><atom:updated>2014-11-19T07:38:40.104-03:00</atom:updated><title>La juventud - ¿esperanza o peligro? IX</title><description>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.blogger.com/null&quot; name=&quot;_GoBack&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; line-height: 125%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Creo que se pueden redirigir esas palabras referidas a una persona, hacia
un modelo de joven que en los últimos años ha ido emergiendo de un conjunto que
se ofreció para ayudar, para socorrer al necesitado, para acompañar al que
sufre. Hemos visto cómo las miradas periodísticas se concentraron sobre
Mascherano, algo comprensible tanto como el desborde de alabanzas,
comparaciones, exageraciones, publicadas a partir de su figura. Todo ello no
desmerece la analogía que presento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; line-height: 125%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Lo importante para rescatar, según mi opinión, es
que tanta algarabía a partir de su persona &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;corre
el riesgo&lt;/i&gt; de desplazar a un segundo plano la mirada hacia el fenómeno que
rescato. Sus virtudes deben ser&lt;u&gt; &lt;/u&gt;reconocidas, sin dejar en la penumbra
que él, en tanto joven un emergente de una generación, se atreve a decir como
uno de sus representantes: &quot;Hay que tener serenidad y sobre todo humildad
para saber lo que está fallando y ser un equipo&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Habla desde una conciencia
humilde: “Más allá del resultado, no tengo palabras de lo orgulloso que estoy
de este equipo, que trabajó con humildad y sacrificio&quot;. &quot;El principal
valor es la humildad y eso le marca el camino al equipo&quot;. &quot;Yo no soy
un jugador talentoso. Todo me ha costado. No soy de esos jugadores que hacen la
diferencia dentro de la cancha, sino más bien de los jugadores a los que se les
nota el sacrificio, el trabajo&quot;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;El
camino que muestra como modelo y ejemplo es el de servicio a los demás, en
épocas de tanta tilinguería, de tantos famosos efímeros, que ostentan su
chatura, su mediocridad y su vida superficial y fácil. Es el proyecto de una
vida de perseverancia, optimismo, conocimiento, formación, capacidad de
escuchar y contener, de valorar lo colectivo por sobre las ambiciones
personales o, por lo menos, subordinarlas al interés del conjunto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; line-height: 125%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Quienes
están cerca de él dicen: &quot;Siempre pone el “nosotros” antes que el “yo”. Es
difícil que en un equipo alguien se desubique con líderes humildes&quot;.
&quot;Transmite mucha seguridad y tranquilidad a sus compañeros. Sabe cómo
hablarles, cómo algunos a veces necesitan un grito u otros una palmada. Y eso
es porque sabe escuchar y contener&quot;. Es un modelo de joven que representa
a muchos otros que no tienen tanta prensa. Pero lo que debe afirmarse es que él
no es un “marciano”. Es un producto de estas generaciones tan mal miradas y
poco valoradas. Es uno de los jóvenes que reivindican el trabajo, la
continuidad, la certeza en el camino elegido, que no se ciega con los éxitos
fáciles, sino que se propone obtenerlos con una conducta personal cotidiana y
permanente. ¿Es demasiado decir que es nada más que “un joven argentino”?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;La
referencia a un deportista no debe ser tomada como un simple dato periodístico.
En la formación integral de los jóvenes, es muy importante la adquisición de
valores y hábitos que el deporte colectivo ofrece. Éste debe ser considerado un
instrumento fundamental para ir perfilando la personalidad de cada uno. Por
ello, como modo de profundizar el contenido de esta sencilla investigación y
para ofrecer una reflexión final, recurro a dos vertientes que pueden parecer
contradictorias, pero sin embargo coincidentes en algunos valores básicos que
deseo recuperar. Ambos han practicado mucho deporte en su niñez y juventud y lo
han planteado como un antecedente de una muy buena formación personal. Ellos
son el papa Francisco y el doctor Fidel Castro Ruz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 125%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 21.25pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</description><link>http://pensandodesdeamerica.blogspot.com/2014/11/la-juventud-esperanza-o-peligro-ix.html</link><author>noreply@blogger.com (Ricardo)</author><thr:total>0</thr:total></item></channel></rss>