Perl/Shell/Python Knowledge Sharing

Python Quiz: `and` vs `or` — Operand Return Behavior

2026-10-15T22:05:05.093+05:30

### Python Quiz: `and` vs `or` — Operand Return Behavior

Test your Python knowledge with these 10 quiz questions, covering truthy/falsy values, short-circuit evaluation, and code output.

Key rule to remember:

* `x and y` → returns `x` if `x` is falsy; otherwise returns `y`.

* `x or y` → returns `x` if `x` is truthy; otherwise returns `y`.

Python and/or Operator Quiz

1. What is the output? print(0 or 15)

A. 0

B. False

C. True

D. 15

2. What is the output? print("Python" and "Quiz")

A. Python

B. False

C. Quiz

D. True

3. What is the output? print([] or "Empty")

A. Empty

B. True

C. []

D. False

4. What is the output? print(5 and 0 and 8)

A. True

B. 0

C. 5

D. 8

5. What is the output? print(None or False or "Done")

A. True

B. None

C. False

D. Done

6. Select every expression that evaluates to the integer 0. # Evaluate each expression independently

A. 9 or 0

B. 9 and 0

C. 0 and 7

D. 0 or 7

7. In Python, the expression "Hi" or "Bye" evaluates to the string "Hi".

True

False

8. In Python, [] and 10 evaluates to the integer 10 because and always returns its last operand.

True

False

9. What is printed? def check(): print("called") return 99 print(1 or check())

A. called, then 1

B. called, then 99

C. 99 only

D. 1 only

10. What is the output? value = "" result = value and 100 print(repr(result))

A. None

B. ''

C. 100

D. False

Quick revision tip: `and` stops at the first falsy operand; `or` stops at the first truthy operand. Both return the actual operand,

not necessarily `True` or `False`.

Python Requests Package quiz

2026-10-08T12:52:32.767+05:30

Python Requests Package — Complete Quiz with Answers

Basic + Intermediate

Q1. Which Python package is commonly used to send HTTP requests easily?

A) urllib

B) requests

C) httpclient

D) httplib

Answer: B) requests

Q2. Which attribute returns the HTTP status code of a response object r?

A) r.status

B) r.code

C) r.status_code

D) r.http_code

Answer: C) r.status_code

Q3. response.json() converts a JSON response into a Python dictionary or list.

A) True

B) False

Answer: A) True

Q4. The requests package is included in Python's standard library and does not require installation.

A) True

B) False

Answer: B) False

Q5. Which methods are valid HTTP methods supported directly by Requests?

A) delete()

B) get()

C) post()

D) put()

Answer: B, C, D

Note: delete() is also supported by Requests; this question's original answer set was incomplete.

Q6. Which parameter is used to send query-string values in requests.get()?

A) data

B) params

C) query

D) args

Answer: B) params

---

Intermediate Code Quiz

Q7. What is printed?

import requests

r = requests.get('https://example.com')

print(r.status_code)

A) 404

B) 200

C) 500

D) 301

Answer: B) 200

Q8. What does this send to the server?

requests.get(

'https://api.example.com/users',

params={'page': 2, 'limit': 10}

)

A) JSON body

B) Form data

C) URL query parameters

D) HTTP headers

Answer: C) URL query parameters

Q9. What Python object is most likely returned?

response = requests.get(url)

data = response.json()

If the API returns a JSON object: A) tuple

B) list

C) dict

D) bytes

Answer: C) dict

Q10. response.text returns the response body decoded as text.

A) True

B) False

Answer: A) True

Q11. What is the purpose of response.raise_for_status()?

A) Converts response to JSON

B) Raises an exception for unsuccessful HTTP status codes

C) Retries the request

D) Closes the connection

Answer: B

Q12. What does this request do?

requests.post(

url,

json={'name': 'John'},

headers={'Authorization': 'Bearer TOKEN'}

)

A) Sends data as URL parameters

B) Sends JSON data in the request body

C) Sends a POST request

D) Sends an Authorization header

Answer: B, C, D

Q13. What does timeout=5 do?

requests.get(url, timeout=5)

A) Retries 5 times

B) Sets a 5-second timeout

C) Sends 5 requests

D) Waits 5 minutes

Answer: B) Sets a 5-second timeout

Q14. Which exception can be caught for timeout or other Requests-related network errors?

try:

requests.get(url, timeout=3)

except ______ as e:

print(e)

A) ValueError

B) KeyError

C) requests.exceptions.RequestException

D) IndexError

Answer: C

Q15. What does this return?

r.headers.get('Content-Type')

A) HTTP status code

B) Content-Type header value

C) Request body

D) URL

Answer: B) Content-Type header value

Q16. What does this send?

requests.post(url, data={'name': 'John'})

A) JSON data

B) Form data

C) Query parameters

D) Cookies

Answer: B) Form data

Fresh Intermediate Code Quiz

Q17. What does r.ok indicate?

r = requests.get(url)

print(r.ok)

A) True only for status 200

B) True only for status 201

C) True only for status 300

D) True when status is below 400

Answer: D

Q18. What does r.content provide?

r = requests.get(url)

content = r.content

A) JSON dictionary

B) Raw response bytes

C) HTTP status

D) Headers

Answer: B) Raw response bytes

Q19. What happens for HTTP 404?

r = requests.get(url)

r.raise_for_status()

print("Done")

A) Prints Done

B) Returns 200

C) Retries automatically

D) Raises HTTPError

Answer: D

Q20. Which arguments can be supplied to requests.get()?

A) cookies

B) headers

C) verify

D) All of the above

Answer: D

Q21. A requests.Session can persist settings such as cookies across multiple requests.

A) True

B) False

Answer: A) True

Q22. What is the purpose of this code?

session = requests.Session()

session.headers.update({'User-Agent': 'MyApp'})

A) Sends one request

B) Sets a default header for session requests

C) Deletes headers

D) Disables cookies

Answer: B

Q23. What does this do?

requests.get(url, allow_redirects=False)

A) Prevents automatic redirects

B) Forces a redirect

C) Disables HTTPS

D) Retries redirects

Answer: A

Q24. What does this do?

requests.get(

url,

cookies={'session_id': 'abc123'}

)

A) Sends cookies with the request

B) Creates a new session

C) Deletes cookies

D) Reads response headers

Answer: A

Q25. Which code correctly saves an image response?

r = requests.get(url)

A)open('image.jpg', 'w').write(r.text)

B)open('image.jpg', 'r').write(r.content)

C) open('image.jpg', 'wb').write(r.content)

D) open('image.jpg', 'a').write(r.json())

Answer: C

Q26. What is the purpose of requests.head(url)?

A) Downloads the complete response body

B) Sends a POST request

C) Deletes a resource

D) Fetches headers without normally downloading the response body

Answer: D

Quick Revision

requests.get() → GET request

requests.post() → POST request

requests.put() → PUT request

requests.delete() → DELETE request

params={} → URL query parameters

data={} → Form/request data

json={} → JSON request body

headers={} → HTTP headers

cookies={} → Cookies

r.status_code → HTTP status code

r.ok → True for status < 400

r.text → Response as text

r.content → Response as bytes

r.json() → Parse JSON response

r.headers → Response headers

raise_for_status() → Raise HTTP error

timeout=5 → Request timeout

Session() → Persist settings/cookies

allow_redirects=False→ Don't follow redirects

head() → Fetch headers

Python try-except Quiz

2026-10-06T14:33:47.120+05:30

Python try-except Quiz

1. What is the output? try: print(10 / 0) except ZeroDivisionError: print("Error")

A. Error

B. 10

C. No output

D. 0

2. What happens if an exception occurs inside try and there is no matching except block?

A. The finally block is skipped automatically

B. The exception becomes None

C. The program raises the exception

D. Python ignores the exception

3. A finally block normally executes whether or not an exception occurs in the associated try block.

True

False

4. What is the output? try: x = int("abc") except ValueError: print("Invalid") else: print("Valid")

A. No output

B. Valid

C. Invalid

D. abc

5. Which of the following can be used to explicitly raise an exception in Python? Select all that apply.

A. throw ValueError("Invalid")

B. raise RuntimeError("Failed")

C. raise ValueError("Invalid")

D. raise Exception("Problem")

6. The except block must always specify an exception type.

True

False

7. What is the output? try: print(5 / 1) except ZeroDivisionError: print("Error") else: print("Success")

A. Success only

B. 5 then Error

C. 5.0 then Success

D. Error

8. Which exception is most appropriate when accessing a dictionary key that does not exist?

A. TypeError

B. NameError

C. IndexError

D. KeyError

9. What does the else block in try-except-else execute when the try block completes successfully?

A. It executes only when an exception occurs

B. It executes after the try block

C. It always executes before try

D. It replaces finally

10. What is the output? try: numbers = [1, 2, 3] print(numbers[5]) except IndexError: print("Index problem") finally: print("Done")

A. Index problem then Done

B. 5 then Done

C. Index problem only

D. Done only

Python file-handling

2026-09-29T19:24:44.540+05:30

### Top 20 Python `open()` Function Quiz 🐍

Test your Python file-handling knowledge with 20 multiple-choice questions covering file modes, reading, writing, appending, `with` statements, and file pointers.

### Part 1: Basic `open()` Quiz

Q1. What is the default mode of open()?

A. 'w'

B. 'r'

C. 'a'

D. 'x'

Correct answer: B

The default mode is 'r', which opens a file for reading.

Q2. What happens if you open a non-existing file using open('test.txt', 'r')?

A. Creates the file

B. Returns None

C. Raises FileNotFoundError

D. Creates an empty file

Correct answer: C

Read mode requires the file to exist.

Q3. Which mode opens a file for writing and truncates existing content?

A. 'a'

B. 'r'

C. 'w'

D. 'x'

Correct answer: C

'w' creates a file if needed and clears existing content.

Q4. Which mode adds content to the end of a file?

A. 'r'

B. 'a'

C. 'w'

D. 'x'

Correct answer: B

Append mode writes at the end without removing existing content.

Q5. What does mode 'x' do?

A. Reads a file

B. Appends content

C. Creates a new file exclusively

D. Deletes a file

Correct answer: C

'x' raises FileExistsError if the file already exists.

Q6. What does file.read() return?

A. A list of lines

B. A string containing file content

C. A file object

D. An integer

Correct answer: B

read() returns the file contents as a string in text mode.

Q7. What does readline() return?

A. All lines

B. One line, including newline if present

C. A list

D. The last line only

Correct answer: B

readline() reads one line at a time.

Q8. What does readlines() return?

A. A string

B. A tuple

C. A list of lines

D. A dictionary

Correct answer: C

readlines() returns a list where each element is a line.

Q9. Which method writes a string to a file?

A. read()

B. write()

C. readline()

D. append()

Correct answer: B

write() writes a string and does not automatically add a newline.

Q10. What is the purpose of the with statement when opening files?

A. Makes file read-only

B. Automatically closes the file

C. Deletes the file

D. Opens only binary files

Correct answer: B

The context manager closes the file automatically, even if an exception occurs.

### Part 2: Output-Based Quiz

Q11. What is printed if file.txt contains Hello World?

f = open('file.txt', 'r') print(f.read(5))

A. Hello

B. Hello World

C. World

D. Error

Correct answer: A

read(5) reads the first five characters.

Q12. What is printed if file.txt contains Python?

f = open('file.txt', 'r') print(f.read()) print(f.read())

A. Python twice

B. Python followed by a blank line

C. Error

D. None twice

Correct answer: B

The first read consumes the content. The second read returns an empty string.

Q13. What is the content after execution if file.txt initially contains ABC?

f = open('file.txt', 'w') f.write('XYZ') f.close()

A. ABCXYZ

B. ABC

C. XYZ

D. XYZABC

Correct answer: C

Write mode truncates the original file before writing XYZ.

Q14. If file.txt contains Hi, what is its content after this?

f = open('file.txt', 'a') f.write('!') f.close()

A. !

B. Hi!

C. Hi

D. !Hi

Correct answer: B

Append mode adds ! at the end.

Q15. What does this print?

with open('file.txt', 'w') as f: f.write('Python') print(f.closed)

A. False

B. True

C. Python

D. Error

Correct answer: B

The with block closes the file when execution exits the block.

Q16. What is printed?

f = open('file.txt', 'w') print(f.write('Hello')) f.close()

A. Hello

B. 5

C. None

D. True

Correct answer: B

write() returns the number of characters written. Hello has five characters.

Q17. What is printed?

f = open('file.txt', 'w') f.write('ABC\\nDEF') f.close() f = open('file.txt', 'r') print(f.readline().strip())

A. ABC

B. DEF

C. ABC DEF

D. ABC\\nDEF

Correct answer: A

readline() reads the first line; strip() removes the newline.

Q18. What does seek(0) do?

f.seek(0)

A. Closes the file

B. Moves the file pointer to the beginning

C. Deletes the first character

D. Moves to the end

Correct answer: B

seek(0) moves the file pointer to byte/character position zero in ordinary text-file usage.

Q19. What is printed?

f = open('file.txt', 'w+') f.write('ABC') f.seek(0) print(f.read()) f.close()

A. ABC

B. Empty string

C. 3

D. Error

Correct answer: A

w+ permits reading and writing. seek(0) moves the pointer back to the beginning.

Q20. What happens when opening an existing file with mode 'x'?

f = open('existing.txt', 'x')

A. File is overwritten

B. File is appended

C. FileExistsError is raised

D. File is read

Correct answer: C

Exclusive creation fails if the file already exists.

### Quick revision: Python file modes

| Mode | Purpose |

| ---- | ---------------------------------------- |

| r | Read; file must exist |

| w | Write; truncates existing content |

| a | Append; creates file if missing |

| x | Create exclusively; fails i

f file exists |

| r+ | Read and write; file must exist |

| w+ | Read and write; truncates existing file |

| a+ | Read and append; creates if missing |

Remember: Use `with open("file.txt", "r") as f:` for automatic file closing.

Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Method Overriding & More

2026-09-29T16:39:37.749+05:30

### Top 20 Python OOP Quiz 🐍

### Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Method Overriding & More

Test your Python knowledge with these 20 output-based MCQs covering classes, constructors, inheritance, method overriding, `super()`, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.

### Section 1: Classes and Objects

Q1. What is the output?

```python

class Student:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

s = Student("Ravi")

print(s.name)

```

A. Student

B. Ravi

C. name

D. Error

Answer: B — Ravi. `self.name` stores the instance attribute.

Q2. What is the output?

```python

class Demo:

x = 10

a = Demo()

b = Demo()

a.x = 20

print(b.x)

```

A. 10

B. 20

C. None

D. Error

Answer: A — 10. Assigning `a.x` creates an instance attribute; `b.x` still resolves to the class attribute.

Q3. What does `__init__()` do?

A. Destroys an object

B. Initializes an instance after it is created

C. Inherits a class

D. Defines a static method

Answer: B — It initializes the newly created instance.

Q4. What is the output?

```python

class A:

def show(self):

print("A")

obj = A()

obj.show()

```

A. A

B. show

C. None

D. Error

Answer: A — A.

Q5. What is the output?

```python

class Counter:

count = 0

def __init__(self):

Counter.count += 1

a = Counter()

b = Counter()

print(Counter.count)

```

A. 0

B. 1

C. 2

D. Error

Answer: C — 2. The class variable is incremented for each instance.

### Section 2: Inheritance and Method Overriding

Q6. What is the output?

```python

class Parent:

def show(self):

print("Parent")

class Child(Parent):

pass

Child().show()

```

A. Child

B. Parent

C. None

D. Error

Answer: B — Parent. Child inherits the method.

Q7. What is the output?

```python

class Parent:

def show(self):

print("Parent")

class Child(Parent):

def show(self):

print("Child")

Child().show()

```

A. Parent

B. Child

C. Parent Child

D. Error

Answer: B — Child. The child overrides the parent method.

Q8. What is the output?

```python

class A:

def show(self):

print("A")

class B(A):

def show(self):

super().show()

print("B")

B().show()

```

A. B then A

B. A then B

C. B only

D. Error

Answer: B — A, then B. `super()` calls the next implementation in the method resolution order.

Q9. What is the output?

```python

class A:

def __init__(self):

print("A")

class B(A):

def __init__(self):

print("B")

B()

```

A. A then B

B. B then A

C. B only

D. A only

Answer: C — B only. The child constructor does not call the parent constructor.

Q10. What is the output?

```python

class A:

def __init__(self):

self.x = 10

class B(A):

def __init__(self):

super().__init__()

self.y = 20

obj = B()

print(obj.x + obj.y)

```

A. 10

B. 20

C. 30

D. Error

Answer: C — 30. `super().__init__()` initializes `x`; the child initializes `y`.

Q11. Which inheritance type allows a class to inherit from two parent classes?

A. Single inheritance

B. Multiple inheritance

C. Multilevel inheritance

D. Hierarchical inheritance

Answer: B — Multiple inheritance.

Q12. What is the output?

```python

class A:

def show(self):

print("A")

class B:

def show(self):

print("B")

class C(A, B):

pass

C().show()

```

A. A

B. B

C. A B

D. Error

Answer: A — A. Python searches base classes according to the MRO; A comes first.

### Section 3: Polymorphism, Encapsulation & Abstraction

Q13. What is the output?

```python

class Animal:

def sound(self):

print("Animal")

class Dog(Animal):

def sound(self):

print("Bark")

def make_sound(obj):

obj.sound()

make_sound(Dog())

```

A. Animal

B. Bark

C. Both

D. Error

Answer: B — Bark. This demonstrates runtime polymorphism.

Q14. What is the output?

```python

class A:

def show(self):

return "Hello"

obj = A()

print(obj.show())

```

A. None

B. Hello

C. show

D. Error

Answer: B — Hello. The method returns a string.

Q15. What is the output?

```python

class Employee:

def __init__(self):

self.__salary = 50000

e = Employee()

print(e.__salary)

```

A. 50000

B. None

C. AttributeError

D. SyntaxError

Answer: C — AttributeError. Double-underscore attributes undergo name mangling.

Q16. What is the output?

```python

class A:

def __init__(self):

self.__x = 10

obj = A()

print(obj._A__x)

```

A. 10

B. None

C. AttributeError

D. SyntaxError

Answer: A — 10. Name mangling changes `__x` to `_A__x`; it is not strict privacy.

Q17. Which module provides support for abstract base classes?

A. os

B. abc

C. sys

D. math

Answer: B — `abc` (Abstract Base Classes).

Q18. What happens when you run this code?

```python

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Shape(ABC):

@abstractmethod

def area(self):

pass

s = Shape()

```

A. Object created successfully

B. Returns None

C. TypeError

D. SyntaxError

Answer: C — TypeError. A class with unimplemented abstract methods cannot be instantiated.

Q19. What is the output?

```python

class A:

def greet(self):

print("Hello")

class B(A):

pass

class C(B):

pass

C().greet()

```

A. Hello

B. A

C. None

D. Error

Answer: A — Hello. This is multilevel inheritance: A → B → C.

Q20. What is the output?

```python

class A:

def show(self):

print("A")

class B(A):

def show(self):

print("B")

super().show()

class C(B):

def show(self):

print("C")

super().show()

C().show()

```

A. A B C

B. C B A

C. C A B

D. C only

Answer: B — C, B, A. Each `super()` call invokes the next method in the MRO.

### Quick Revision – Python OOP

| Concept | Key point |

| ------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |

| Class | Blueprint for creating objects |

| Object | Instance of a class |

| Inheritance | Reuse parent class functionality |

| Overriding | Child provides its own implementation of an inherited method |

| super() | Accesses the next implementation in the MRO |

| Polymorphism | Same interface, different behavior |

| Encapsulation | Bundling data and methods; name mangling helps avoid accidental access |

| Abstraction | Define required interfaces using abstract classes and methods |

Linux df and du commands to manage and check disk space

2026-09-22T12:35:44.740+05:30

1. `df` (Disk Free) — Check Filesystem Space

The df command shows the amount of disk space available on the entire file system.

Basic usage (Human-readable format):
Bash
df -h
(The -h flag converts bytes into KB, MB, or GB for readability).
Show filesystem types along with space:
Bash
df -Th
(Displays formats like ext4, tmpfs, xfs, etc.)
Check Inode usage (file count limits):
Bash
df -i
(Useful if your disk says it has space, but you get "No space left on device" errors due to running out of inodes).

2. `du` (Disk Usage) — Check File & Directory Sizes

The du command estimates file and directory space usage, helping you find which specific folders are consuming your storage.

Check the size of a specific directory (human-readable):
Bash
du -sh /path/to/directory
(The -s flag gives a summary total instead of listing every individual sub-file).
List sizes of all files and subfolders in the current directory:
Bash
du -h --max-depth=1
(Helps you quickly see which sub-folder is taking up the most space).
Sort directories by size (largest first):
Bash
du -h --max-depth=1 | sort -hr
Show total size of everything in the current directory including a grand total:
Bash
du -ch

💡 Quick Summary Comparison

Command	Focus	Best Used For	Common Flag
`df`	Filesystem level	Checking overall hard drive / partition capacity	`df -h`
`du`	Directory level	Finding which specific folders or files are hogging space	`du -sh *`

Linux awk Command Questions & Answers

2026-09-19T19:44:09.908+05:30

Top 20 Linux awk Command Questions & Answers

Question 1: Basic Field Printing

Question: What does the command awk '{print $1, $3}' file.txt do?

* A) Prints the 1st and 3rd lines of the file

* B) Prints the 1st and 3rd columns (fields) separated by space

* C) Prints character 1 and character 3 of every line

* D) Replaces column 1 with column 3

Answer: B

Explanation: By default, awk splits lines by whitespace and maps each segment to $1, $2, $3, etc. Comma separation in print outputs the Output Field Separator (default is space).

Question 2: Entire Record Selector

Question: Which built-in variable represents the entire current input line or record?

* A) $NF

* B) $0

* C) $1

* D) $*

Answer: B

Explanation: $0 holds the full line/record, whereas $1, $2, ... hold individual fields.

Question 3: Dynamic Last Field

Question: How do you print the last field of every row, regardless of how many columns are present?

* A) awk '{print $LAST}' file.txt

* B) awk '{print $(NF-1)}' file.txt

* C) awk '{print $NF}' file.txt

* D) awk '{print $(END)}' file.txt

Answer: C

Explanation: NF holds the number of fields in the current record. Referencing $ before NF ($NF) resolves to the value of the last field.

Question 4: Field Delimiter Flag

Question: Which command-line option changes the input field delimiter to a colon (:)?

* A) awk -d: '{print $1}' /etc/passwd

* B) awk -F: '{print $1}' /etc/passwd

* C) awk -s: '{print $1}' /etc/passwd

* D) awk -t: '{print $1}' /etc/passwd

Answer: B

Explanation: -F sets the Input Field Separator (FS). -F: tells awk to treat : as the column delimiter.

Question 5: Total Records vs File Records

Question: What is the primary difference between NR and FNR?

* A) NR counts fields; FNR counts rows

* B) NR is cumulative line count across all files; FNR resets to 1 for each new file

* C) FNR counts characters; NR counts lines

* D) There is no difference; they are aliases

Answer: B

Explanation: NR (Number of Records) tracks total lines processed across the entire run, while FNR (File Number of Records) tracks the line number relative to the file currently being processed.

Question 6: Output Delimiter Modification

Question: Given awk -F: 'BEGIN{OFS=" - "} {print $1, $7}' /etc/passwd, what does OFS do?

* A) Omits the first separator

* B) Sets the Output Field Separator between fields to " - "

* C) Filters out matching fields

* D) Specifies an output file stream

Answer: B

Explanation: OFS controls how fields printed with commas (like $1, $7) are joined in the output.

Question 7: Pre-Processing Blocks

Question: When does the BEGIN block execute?

* A) Once for each line read

* B) Before any input files or records are read

* C) Only when an error occurs

* D) After the last line is processed

Answer: B

Explanation: BEGIN { ... } runs once before any input stream processing begins, commonly used to initialize variables or headers.

Question 8: Summary Calculations

Question: How can you print the total sum of column 2 after reading an entire file?

* A) awk '{sum += $2} END {print sum}' file.txt

* B) awk 'BEGIN {sum += $2} {print sum}' file.txt

* C) awk '{print sum($2)}' file.txt

* D) awk 'END {sum += $2; print sum}' file.txt

Answer: A

Explanation: The main body {sum += $2} accumulates the sum for every line, and the END block runs once after reading the entire file to display the final result.

Question 9: Regular Expression Matching

Question: Which operator tests if field 1 contains the pattern error (case-sensitive)?

* A) $1 == /error/

* B) $1 ~ /error/

* C) $1 =~ /error/

* D) $1 matches "error"

Answer: B

Explanation: ~ is the regular expression match operator in awk. !~ tests for non-matching.

Question 10: Filtering Specific Line Ranges

Question: What does awk 'NR >= 5 && NR <= 10' file.txt do?

* A) Prints lines that have between 5 and 10 columns

* B) Prints lines 5 through 10 of the file

* C) Deletes lines 5 to 10

* D) Skips lines 5 through 10

Answer: B

Explanation: NR evaluates line numbers. Since no action {...} is provided, awk applies the default action: print the matching record.

Question 11: Emulating wc -l

Question: Which one-liner prints the total line count of a file, equivalent to wc -l?

* A) awk '{count++}' file.txt

* B) awk 'END {print NR}' file.txt

* C) awk 'BEGIN {print NR}' file.txt

* D) awk '{print NF}' file.txt

Answer: B

Explanation: At the end of processing, NR holds the total count of records processed.

Question 12: Column Value Filtering

Question: How do you print lines where the 3rd field is numeric and greater than 50?

* A) awk '$3 > 50 {print $0}' file.txt

* B) awk '{if ($3 > 50)}' file.txt

* C) awk 'WHERE $3 > 50' file.txt

* D) awk 'FILTER($3, 50)' file.txt

Answer: A

Explanation: Conditions outside braces act as pattern filters: $3 > 50 selects records where field 3 exceeds 50, triggering the {print $0} action (or default print).

Question 13: In-Place Substitution

Question: What does the built-in function sub(/foo/, "bar", $0) do?

* A) Replaces all occurrences of foo with bar in the line

* B) Replaces only the first occurrence of foo with bar in the line

* C) Splits $0 at every foo

* D) Reverses foo into bar across all files

Answer: B

Explanation: sub() replaces only the first match. To replace all occurrences globally, use gsub().

Question 14: String Length Calculation

Question: Which command outputs only records whose overall line length exceeds 80 characters?

* A) awk 'size($0) > 80' file.txt

* B) awk 'length($0) > 80' file.txt

* C) awk 'chars($0) > 80' file.txt

* D) awk 'strlen > 80' file.txt

Answer: B

Explanation: length() calculates the string length in characters (or defaults to $0 if no argument is passed).

Question 15: Removing Duplicate Consecutive/Non-consecutive Lines

Question: What classic idiom prints unique lines while preserving original order?

* A) awk '!seen[$0]++' file.txt

* B) awk 'unique($0)' file.txt

* C) awk 'distinct {print $0}' file.txt

* D) awk '{dedup($0)}' file.txt

Answer: A

Explanation: Associative array seen tracks lines. For the first occurrence of a line, seen[$0] evaluates to 0 (false), which ! flips to true, executing the default print action; the post-increment ++ sets it to 1, causing future occurrences to evaluate to false.

Question 16: Custom Record Separator

Question: By default, what is the Record Separator (RS) set to?

* A) Space

* B) Tab (\t)

* C) Newline (\n)

* D) Comma (,)

Answer: C

Explanation: RS defaults to a newline character (\n), meaning each line is treated as an independent record.

Question 17: String Splitting

Question: What does split("user@domain.com", arr, "@") produce?

* A) arr[0]="user", arr[1]="domain.com"

* B) arr[1]="user", arr[2]="domain.com"

* C) A syntax error because arrays cannot hold strings

* D) arr["@"]="user domain.com"

Answer: B

Explanation: In awk, array indexes created by functions like split() start at 1, not 0.

Question 18: Line Inversion / Pattern Inversion

Question: How do you print all lines that do not contain the word DEBUG?

* A) awk '!/DEBUG/' file.txt

* B) awk 'NOT /DEBUG/' file.txt

* C) awk '/^DEBUG/' file.txt

* D) awk 'drop(/DEBUG/)' file.txt

Answer: A

Explanation: The logical NOT operator ! negates pattern matches; !/pattern/ selects lines that do not match.

Question 19: External Shell Variables

Question: What is the recommended flag to pass an external bash/environment variable val="abc" into an awk variable x?

* A) awk -e x="$val" '{print x}' file.txt

* B) awk -v x="$val" '{print x}' file.txt

* C) awk --set x="$val" '{print x}' file.txt

* D) awk -var x="$val" '{print x}' file.txt

Answer: B

Explanation: The -v flag assigns a value to an awk variable before execution starts.

Question 20: Built-in printf Formatting

Question: What does awk '{printf "%-15s %5.2f\n", $1, $2}' data.txt do?

* A) Prints field 1 centered and field 2 in hexadecimal

* B) Left-aligns field 1 within 15 characters and formats field 2 as a floating point number with 2 decimal places

* C) Truncates field 1 to 15 chars and divides field 2 by 5.2

* D) Throws a syntax error because printf does not accept format specifiers in awk

Answer: B

Explanation: awk supports standard C-style printf formatting: %-15s means a left-justified string of width 15, and %5.2f specifies a float with minimum width 5 and 2 decimal points.

Quick Answer Key

| # | Answer | Key Topic |

|---|---|---|

| 1 | B | Field extraction & default IFS |

| 2 | B | $0 (current record) |

| 3 | C | $NF (dynamic last column) |

| 4 | B | -F delimiter option |

| 5 | B | NR vs FNR distinction |

| 6 | B | OFS (Output Field Separator) |

| 7 | B | BEGIN block lifecycle |

| 8 | A | END block summation |

| 9 | B | ~ regex matching operator |

| 10 | B | NR line range selection |

| 11 | B | END {print NR} line count |

| 12 | A | Numeric field condition |

| 13 | B | sub() vs gsub() |

| 14 | B | length() string function |

| 15 | A | !seen[$0]++ deduplication |

| 16 | C

| Default RS (\n) |

| 17 | B | 1-based indexing in split() |

| 18 | A | !/regex/ pattern negation |

| 19 | B | -v argument passing |

| 20 | B | printf string & float formatting |

Linux `sed` Command Quiz

2026-09-19T18:59:30.607+05:30

### 🐧 Top 25 Linux `sed` Command Quiz — With Answers

## 1. Which option enables extended regular expressions in GNU sed?

A) -i

B) -E

C) -n

D) -f

✅ Answer: B) -E

## 2. What does the -n option do?

A) Number lines

B) Suppress automatic printing

C) Edit files

D) Enable regex

✅ Answer: B) Suppress automatic printing

## 3. What does the -i option do?

A) Ignore case

B) Edit files in place

C) Insert text

D) Print line numbers

✅ Answer: B) Edit files in place

## 4. Which command replaces the first occurrence of 'old' with 'new'?

A) sed 's/old/new/' file

B) sed 'd/old/new/' file

C) sed 'p/old/new/' file

D) sed 'r/old/new/' file

✅ Answer: A) sed 's/old/new/' file

## 5. What does the g flag mean in sed substitution?

A) Go to line

B) Global replacement

C) Group lines

D) Generate output

✅ Answer: B) Global replacement

## 6. What is the output?

echo 'hello world' | sed 's/world/Linux/'

A) hello world

B) Linux world

C) hello Linux

D) Linux

✅ Answer: C) hello Linux

## 7. Which sed command deletes line 3?

A) sed '3p' file

B) sed '3d' file

C) sed '3r' file

D) sed '3i' file

✅ Answer: B) sed '3d' file

## 8. What does sed -n '2p' file display?

A) All lines

B) Only line 2

C) Lines 2 and 3

D) Only the last line

✅ Answer: B) Only line 2

## 9. Which command prints line numbers?

A) sed -n 'l' file

B) sed '=' file

C) sed 'n' file

D) sed -n 'N' file

✅ Answer: B) sed '=' file

## 10. What does the -e option specify?

A) File encoding

B) A sed script/expression

C) End of file

D) Extended deletion

✅ Answer: B) A sed script/expression

## 11. Which option reads commands from a script file?

A) -f

B) -r

C) -c

D) -s

✅ Answer: A) -f

## 12. What does sed '2,4d' file do?

A) Deletes lines 2 through 4

B) Deletes only line 2

C) Prints lines 2 through 4

D) Replaces lines

✅ Answer: A) Deletes lines 2 through 4

## 13. Which command replaces all occurrences of 'cat' with 'dog'?

A) sed 's/cat/dog/' file

B) sed 's/cat/dog/g' file

C) sed 'r/cat/dog/g' file

D) sed 'd/cat/dog/g' file

✅ Answer: B) sed 's/cat/dog/g' file

## 14. What does the p command do?

A) Pause

B) Print pattern space

C) Parse file

D) Previous line

✅ Answer: B) Print pattern space

## 15. What is the output?

echo 'Linux' | sed 'y/L/l/'

A) linux

B) Linux

C) LINUX

D) Error

✅ Answer: A) linux

## 16. Which command removes blank lines?

A) sed '/^$/d' file

B) sed '/blank/d' file

C) sed 'blank' file

D) sed '/^$/p' file

✅ Answer: A) sed '/^$/d' file

## 17. What does the q command do?

A) Queries input

B) Quits sed

C) Quotes text

D) Queues lines

✅ Answer: B) Quits sed

## 18. Which command inserts 'Hello' before line 2?

A) sed '2a Hello' file

B) sed '2i Hello' file

C) sed '2c Hello' file

D) sed '2p Hello' file

✅ Answer: B) sed '2i Hello' file

## 19. Which command appends 'Hello' after line 2?

A) sed '2i Hello' file

B) sed '2a Hello' file

C) sed '2d Hello' file

D) sed '2r Hello' file

✅ Answer: B) sed '2a Hello' file

## 20. What does sed 's/[0-9]//g' file do?

A) Removes all digits

B) Removes all letters

C) Adds digits

D) Prints only digits

✅ Answer: A) Removes all digits

## 21. What does the c command do?

A) Copies lines

B) Changes/replaces selected lines

C) Counts lines

D) Comments lines

✅ Answer: B) Changes/replaces selected lines

## 22. Which flag makes substitution case-insensitive in GNU sed?

A) -i

B) i (or I)

C) -n

D) -E

✅ Answer: B) i (or I)

Example:

sed 's/linux/unix/i' file

## 23. What does sed -n '1~2p' file do in GNU sed?

A) Prints every line

B) Prints odd-numbered lines starting from 1

C) Prints even-numbered lines

D) Deletes odd lines

✅ Answer: B) Prints odd-numbered lines starting from 1

## 24. Which sed command reads and inserts file content after a matching line?

A) r

B) w

C) e

D) a

✅ Answer: A) r

## 25. What does the w command do?

A) Writes selected pattern space to a file

B) Waits for input

C) Wraps lines

D) Writes to standard input

✅ Answer: A) Writes selected pattern space to a file

```

AWS EBS MCQ Quiz

2026-09-18T23:03:10.830+05:30

AWS EBS MCQ Quiz

Q1. What does EBS stand for?

A. Elastic Block Store

B. Elastic Bucket Storage

C. Enhanced Block Service

D. Elastic Backup Service

Answer: A. Elastic Block Store

Q2. EBS is an example of:

A. Object Storage

B. Block Storage

C. File Storage

D. Database Storage

Answer: B. Block Storage

Q3. Which AWS service commonly uses EBS volumes?

A. Route 53

B. IAM

C. EC2

D. SNS

Answer: C. EC2

Q4. What happens to EBS data when an EC2 instance is stopped?

A. Deleted

B. Corrupted

C. Remains Available

D. Archived

Answer: C. Remains Available

Q5. What is a snapshot?

A. Firewall

B. Backup of an EBS Volume

C. Security Group

D. IAM Policy

Answer: B. Backup of an EBS Volume

Q6. Which EBS volume type is recommended for general-purpose workloads?

A. io2

B. GP3

C. st1

D. sc1

Answer: B. GP3

Q7. Which EBS volume type is designed for high-performance databases?

A. GP3

B. st1

C. io2

D. sc1

Answer: C. io2

Q8. Which storage type is temporary and loses data when stopped?

A. EBS

B. S3

C. Instance Store

D. Glacier

Answer: C. Instance Store

Q9. Can an EBS volume be resized after creation?

A. No

B. Yes

Answer: B. Yes

Q10. Which AWS service is used for EBS encryption keys?

A. IAM

B. CloudWatch

C. KMS

D. Route 53

Answer: C. KMS

AWS Security Group Practice Quiz

2026-09-18T21:31:33.382+05:30

## 📝 AWS Security Group Practice Quiz## Question 1: Security Group Basics

What is the primary function of an AWS Security Group in a cloud network architecture?

* A) It acts as a distributed load balancer for incoming client traffic.

* B) It acts as a virtual firewall to control inbound and outbound traffic for instances.

* C) It serves as a managed database backup and restore service.

* D) It functions as a public DNS resolver for domain routing.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: An AWS Security Group acts as a stateful, virtual firewall that operates at the instance level to control both inbound and outbound traffic.

------------------------------

## Question 2: Linux Remote Access

Which standard port and protocol combination must be opened in a security group to allow a secure shell (SSH) login to a Linux instance?

* A) Port 80 using HTTP

* B) Port 443 using HTTPS

* C) Port 22 using SSH

* D) Port 3389 using RDP

Correct Answer: C

Explanation: Port 22 is the standard administrative network port assigned for secure shell (SSH) communication, which is required to log into remote Linux environments.

------------------------------

## Question 3: Windows Remote Access

Which port and protocol assignment is designated for Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) login to a Windows-based instance?

* A) Port 3389 using RDP

* B) Port 22 using SSH

* C) Port 80 using HTTP

* D) Port 443 using HTTPS

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: Port 3389 is the default port utilized by Microsoft's Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) to enable a graphical user interface connection to a Windows server.

------------------------------

## Question 4: Web Protocols

What is the standard port configuration difference between unencrypted web traffic (HTTP) and secure, encrypted web traffic (HTTPS)?

* A) HTTP operates on port 443, while HTTPS operates on port 80.

* B) HTTP operates on port 80, while HTTPS operates on port 443.

* C) Both HTTP and HTTPS operate on port 443.

* D) Both HTTP and HTTPS operate on port 80.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: Standard unencrypted web servers answer requests on port 80 (HTTP). When encryption (SSL/TLS) is introduced to protect data in transit, the traffic moves to port 443 (HTTPS).

------------------------------

## 📝 Comprehensive Practice Quiz## Question 1: Security Group Basics

Which of the following statements accurately describes the stateful behavior of an AWS Security Group?

* A) Inbound traffic rules automatically apply to outbound traffic, but outbound rules require separate explicit configuration.

* B) Security groups are stateless, requiring explicit rules for both inbound and outbound return traffic.

* C) Security groups are stateful, meaning any traffic allowed through an inbound rule is automatically permitted to return outbound, regardless of outbound rules.

* D) Outbound traffic rules are evaluated before inbound rules for every new connection attempt.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation: AWS Security Groups are stateful. This means if you create an inbound rule to allow traffic to your instance, the return traffic for that specific connection is automatically allowed to flow back out, even if your outbound rules wouldn't normally permit it.

------------------------------

## Question 2: Linux Administration Ports

In standard Linux server administration, which network port is traditionally assigned for File Transfer Protocol (FTP) control connections?

* A) Port 21

* B) Port 20

* C) Port 25

* D) Port 53

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: Port 21 is the standard port used by FTP to establish and manage the control connection (sending commands). Port 20 is typically used for actual data transfers.

------------------------------

## Question 3: Windows Administration Ports

Which standard TCP port does Microsoft Windows commonly use for modern Server Message Block (SMB) file and printer sharing over a network?

* A) Port 135

* B) Port 139

* C) Port 3389

* D) Port 445

Correct Answer: D

Explanation: While older versions used NetBIOS over port 139, modern Windows environments route SMB traffic directly over TCP using port 445 for file and printer sharing.

------------------------------

## Question 4: Web Protocols

Which HTTP status code explicitly indicates that a request has succeeded and has led to the creation of a new resource (such as when a new item is submitted via an API)?

* A) 200 OK

* B) 201 Created

* C) 204 No Content

* D) 400 Bad Request

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: While 200 OK is a generic success code, 201 Created is the specific HTTP status code returned when a resource has been successfully generated on the server as a result of the request.

------------------------------

Here is the complete Network ACL (NACL) quiz formatted on a single page, complete with multiple-choice options, correct answers, and concise technical explanations.

------------------------------

## 📝 AWS Network ACL (NACL) Practice Quiz## Question 1: Rule Evaluation Behavior

How do Network ACLs process inbound and outbound traffic rules?

* A) Rules are evaluated randomly, and the most restrictive rule takes precedence.

* B) Rules are evaluated concurrently, and any "Allow" rule will always override a "Deny" rule.

* C) Rules are evaluated in numerical order, starting with the lowest numbered rule, and processing stops as soon as a match is found.

* D) Rules are evaluated in reverse numerical order, starting from the highest numbered rule down to 1.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation: NACLs evaluate rules sequentially from the lowest number to the highest. The moment a packet matches a rule's criteria, that rule is applied immediately (whether to ALLOW or DENY), and no further rules are evaluated.

------------------------------

## Question 2: Firewall Statefulness

Which statement accurately describes the stateful or stateless nature of Network ACLs?

* A) Network ACLs are stateful, meaning return traffic is automatically allowed.

* B) Network ACLs are stateless, meaning you must explicitly write both inbound and outbound rules to allow return traffic.

* C) Network ACLs are stateful for inbound traffic but stateless for outbound traffic.

* D) Network ACLs automatically inherit the stateful tracking parameters of associated Security Groups.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: Unlike Security Groups, NACLs are completely stateless. They do not remember connection tracking info. If you allow an inbound request on port 80, the return traffic will be blocked at the outbound boundary unless you explicitly open an outbound rule for it.

------------------------------

## Question 3: Infrastructure Boundary

At which layer of the AWS infrastructure topology do Network ACLs operate?

* A) At the individual EC2 Instance network interface (ENI) level.

* B) At the VPC Subnet boundary level.

* C) At the Internet Gateway (IGW) level.

* D) At the Route Table level.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: Network ACLs act as a perimeter firewall at the subnet level. Any traffic entering or leaving a subnet must pass through the NACL, making it a broader layer of protection compared to Security Groups, which secure individual instances.

------------------------------

## Question 4: Default Settings

By default, what is the behavior of the automatically generated Default Network ACL that comes with a newly created VPC?

* A) It blocks all inbound traffic and allows all outbound traffic.

* B) It blocks all inbound and all outbound traffic until you add rules.

* C) It allows all inbound and all outbound traffic.

* D) It allows only HTTP (80) and HTTPS (443) traffic while blocking everything else.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation: To prevent initial connectivity blockages, the default NACL provided by AWS allows all traffic to enter and leave the subnet. However, if you create a custom NACL from scratch, it will default to blocking all traffic until you add your own rules.

------------------------------

Here is an interactive practice quiz focused on AWS VPC Peering and AWS VPN architectures.

------------------------------

## 📝 AWS VPC Peering & VPN Practice Quiz## Question 1: VPC Peering Routing Limitation

Company A has a VPC Peering connection established between VPC 1 and VPC 2. They later set up another peering connection between VPC 2 and VPC 3. Resources in VPC 1 need to communicate with resources in VPC 3. Why is this communication blocked by default?

* A) VPC Peering does not support cross-region connections.

* B) VPC Peering does not support transitive routing.

* C) You can only establish one peering connection per VPC.

* D) Security Groups automatically block multi-hop configurations.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: AWS VPC Peering does not support transitive routing. Traffic cannot route through an intermediate VPC (VPC 2) to reach a third VPC (VPC 3). To connect VPC 1 and VPC 3, you must create a direct VPC Peering connection between them or use [AWS Transit Gateway](https://aws.amazon.com/transit-gateway/).

------------------------------

## Question 2: Connected CIDR Constraints

You are tasked with connecting two separate AWS VPCs belonging to different corporate subsidiaries via VPC Peering. Which architectural condition must be met for the peering connection to successfully route traffic?

* A) The two VPCs must be deployed within the exact same AWS Region and Account.

* B) The primary and secondary IPv4 CIDR blocks of the VPCs must not overlap.

* C) Both VPCs must share the same default Internet Gateway (IGW).

* D) The Subnets inside the peer VPCs must have identical route tables.

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: Inter-VPC routing fails if network spaces conflict. AWS strictly prevents a VPC Peering connection from active routing if the IPv4 CIDR blocks overlap.

------------------------------

## Question 3: AWS Site-to-Site VPN Redundancy

When you provision a managed AWS Site-to-Site VPN connection to hook up your on-premises data center to an AWS VPC, what does AWS automatically create to ensure high availability on their end?

* A) A single public endpoint that dynamically switches availability zones.

* B) A dedicated AWS Direct Connect fiber pathway.

* C) Two distinct VPN tunnels targeting separate public IP endpoints.

* D) A fallback public internet route table managed by Route 53.

Correct Answer: C

Explanation: An AWS Site-to-Site VPN connection automatically configures two separate VPN tunnels with unique public IP endpoints for built-in redundancy. If one tunnel experiences an outage or maintenance, traffic seamlessly fails over to the second active tunnel.

------------------------------

## Question 4: Hybrid Cloud Gateway Architecture

You want to establish an encrypted IPSec VPN connection between your corporate office firewall and an isolated Amazon VPC subnet. Which component must be attached to your VPC to act as the cloud-side anchor for the VPN tunnels?

* A) Customer Gateway (CGW)

* B) Virtual Private Gateway (VGW)

* C) Internet Gateway (IGW)

* D) NAT Gateway

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: The Virtual Private Gateway (VGW) is the VPN concentrator attached to the Amazon VPC side of a Site-to-Site VPN connection. The Customer Gateway (CGW) is the logical object created in AWS that represents your physical on-premises firewall device.

------------------------------

1. What happens if a Security Group allows no inbound rules?

• Your Answer: Users cannot connect to the instance.

• Verification: Correct. AWS Security Groups are stateful and deny all inbound traffic by default. If you do not explicitly add any inbound rules, all incoming traffic is blocked, meaning no external users or services can connect to the EC2 instance.

2. Can an EC2 instance have multiple Security Groups?

• Your Answer: Yes

• Verification: Correct. You can assign multiple security groups to a single EC2 instance (both at launch time and after the instance is running). When multiple groups are assigned, AWS evaluates all the rules across those groups cumulatively to determine traffic permissions.

3. Can one EBS volume be attached to multiple EC2 instances?

• Your Answer: Generally No

• Verification: Correct. Standard Amazon EBS volumes can only be attached to a single EC2 instance at a time within the same Availability Zone. However, the caveat "Generally No" is highly accurate because AWS does offer a feature called EBS Multi-Attach for specific volume types (like io1 and io2 SSDs), which allows them to be attached to multiple Nitro-based instances simultaneously.

4. What protocol is used to connect Linux EC2?

• Your Answer: SSH (Port 22)

• Verification: Correct. The Secure Shell (SSH) protocol running over port 22 is the standard industry method used to securely log into and manage remote Linux-based operating systems.

5. What protocol is used to connect Windows EC2?

• Your Answer: RDP (Port 3389)

• Verification: Correct. The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) operating over port 3389 is the standard graphical interface protocol used to connect to and manage Windows-based servers remotely.

AWS S3 Bucket Quiz

2026-09-18T20:46:43.081+05:30

Maximum Object Size?

5TB

Minimum Object Size?

0 Bytes

Can a bucket be inside another bucket?

Buckets cannot be nested.

Are bucket names globally unique?

Yes

Must be unique across all AWS accounts

--------------

### ☁️ AWS S3 Bucket Quiz

1. What is the maximum size of a single S3 object?

A) 5 GB | B) 50 GB | C) 5 TB | D) Unlimited

Answer: C

2. S3 bucket names must be:

A) Unique within an account | B) Globally unique within the AWS partition | C) Duplicated globally | D) Uppercase

Answer: B

3. Which storage class is designed for frequently accessed data?

A) Glacier Deep Archive | B) S3 Standard | C) One Zone-IA | D) Glacier Flexible Retrieval

Answer: B

4.Which feature keeps multiple versions of an object?

A) Replication | B) Versioning | C) Lifecycle | D) Encryption

Answer: B

5.What happens when deleting an object in a versioned bucket without a version ID?

A) All versions deleted | B) Delete marker added | C) Bucket deleted | D) Nothing

Answer: B

6. Which service provides customer-managed encryption keys?

A) Route 53 | B) AWS KMS | C) CloudFront only | D) Lambda only

Answer: B

7.Which feature automatically moves objects to cheaper storage classes?

A) S3 Lifecycle | B) S3 Select | C) Batch Operations | D) Transfer Acceleration

Answer: A

8. Which access control mechanism manages S3 permissions?

A) Public access | B) IAM and bucket policies | C) Root credentials | D) Disabling encryption

Answer: B

9. S3 Block Public Access helps prevent:

A) All private access | B) Unintended public access | C) Versioning | D) Compression

Answer: B

10. Which class is designed for long-term archival at low cost?

A) S3 Standard | B) S3 Glacier Deep Archive | C) S3 Express One Zone | D) S3 Intelligent-Tiering

Answer: B

11. Which feature replicates objects to another AWS Region?

A) Cross-Region Replication | B) S3 Select | C) S3 Inventory | D) Bucket ACL

Answer: A

12. What is the purpose of an S3 bucket policy?

A) Configure EC2 CPU | B) Control access to bucket resources | C) Increase object size | D) Create VPC subnets

Answer: B

13. Which storage class optimizes costs based on access patterns?

A) S3 Standard | B) S3 Intelligent-Tiering | C) Glacier Deep Archive | D) One Zone-IA

Answer: B

14. Can a Lambda function access an S3 bucket?

A) No | B) Yes, with appropriate permissions | C) Only through FTP | D) Only if public

Answer: B

15. Which AWS CLI command uploads a local file to S3?

A) aws s3 cp file.txt s3://my-bucket/ | B) aws s3 upload file.txt | C) aws bucket put file.txt | D) aws s3 push file.txt

Answer: A

16. S3 Versioning is primarily useful for:

A) Increasing network speed | B) Recovering accidental overwrites and deletions | C) Changing Region | D) Creating IAM users

Answer: B

17. Which feature provides temporary access without making an object public?

A) Pre-signed URL | B) Public ACL | C) Root account | D) Bucket deletion

Answer: A

18. S3 Object Lock helps protect against:

A) All network failures | B) Deletion or overwrite during retention | C) Low EC2 disk space | D) Invalid DNS

Answer: B

19. Which feature sends notifications when objects are created?

A) S3 Event Notifications | B) S3 Glacier | C) Bucket naming | D) Transfer Acceleration only

Answer: A

20. What is the main purpose of S3 Multipart Upload?

A) Encrypting objects | B) Uploading large objects in parts | C) Creating buckets | D) Making objects public

Answer: B

Python Boolean Truthiness & Logical Expressions Quiz

2026-09-18T19:16:36.565+05:30

1. What is the output of the following Python code?

x = [0]

print(bool(x))

A) True

B) False

C) 0

D) [0]

Answer: A) True

(A list containing elements, even 0, is non-empty and evaluates to True.)

2. What is the output of the following expression?

print([] or "Python")

A) []

B) False

C) "Python"

D) True

Answer: C) "Python"

(The or operator returns the first truthy operand, or the last operand if all are falsy.)

3. What does the following snippet print?

a = []

b = [1, 2]

print(a and b)

A) False

B) []

C) [1, 2]

D) None

Answer: B) []

(The and operator short-circuits on the first falsy value and returns the object itself, not a boolean.)

4. What is the evaluated output of this code?

x = [[]]

print(not x)

A) True

B) False

C) [[]]

D) Error

Answer: B) False

(x contains one element—an empty list—so x itself is non-empty and truthy. not x yields False.)

5. Which of the following expressions evaluates to True?

A) bool([])

B) bool("")

C) bool([False])

D) bool(0)

Answer: C) bool([False])

(A list with one element [False] has a length of 1, making it truthy.)

6. What does this code snippet print?

print(not [] == True)

A) True

B) False

C) None

D) SyntaxError

Answer: B) False

(Operator chaining applies here: not ([] == True). Since [] == True evaluates to False, the expression parses as not ([] == True) which produces False due to operator precedence where == binds tighter than not.)

7. What will be printed by the following expression?

print([1] and [] or [2])

A) [1]

B) []

C) [2]

D) True

Answer: C) [2]

([1] and [] evaluates to []. Then [] or [2] evaluates to [2].)

8. What is the output of the following condition?

items = []

result = "Non-empty" if items else "Empty"

print(result)

A) "Non-empty"

B) "Empty"

C) None

D) []

Answer: B) "Empty"

(An empty list evaluates to falsy in a ternary/conditional expression.)

9. What does the following comparison print?

print([] == False)

A) True

B) False

C) None

D) Error

Answer: B) False

(Falsiness does not mean equality. [] is a list, while False is a boolean; they are distinct objects with different types.)

10. What is the output of running this code?

x = []

print(not not x)

A) True

B) False

C) []

D) N

Answer: B) False

(not x evaluates to True, and the second not inverts it back to False.)

Python Lambda Function Quiz

2026-09-17T19:19:21.917+05:30

Python Lambda Function Quiz

1. What is the output? f = lambda x: x * 2 print(f(5))

A. 25

B. 10

C. 7

D. 5

2. What is the output? add = lambda a, b: a + b print(add(3, 7))

A. 10

B. 4

C. 37

D. 21

3. What is the output? square = lambda x: x ** 2 print(square(4))

A. 16

B. 6

C. 8

D. 12

4. What is the output? nums = [1, 2, 3, 4] result = list(map(lambda x: x * 2, nums)) print(result)

A. [2, 3, 4, 5]

B. [1, 2, 3, 4]

C. [2, 4, 6, 8]

D. [1, 4, 9, 16]

5. What is the output? nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] result = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums)) print(result)

A. [2, 4]

B. [2, 3, 4]

C. [1, 2, 3, 4]

D. [1, 3, 5]

6. What is the output? nums = [3, 1, 2] result = sorted(nums, key=lambda x: x) print(result)

A. [3, 2, 1]

B. [2, 1, 3]

C. [1, 2, 3]

D. [3, 1, 2]

7. What is the output? f = lambda x: x + 10 print(f(2) * 3)

A. 36

B. 16

C. 26

D. 6

8. What is the output? multiply = lambda a, b: a * b print(multiply(4, 5))

A. 9

B. 45

C. 1

D. 20

9. What does a Python lambda expression return when its expression is evaluated?

A. Always None

B. Always a Boolean

C. The evaluated expression result

D. Always a string

10. What is the output? words = ["cat", "elephant", "dog"] result = sorted(words, key=lambda x: len(x)) print(result)

A. ['cat', 'dog', 'elephant']

B. ['cat', 'elephant', 'dog']

C. ['dog', 'cat', 'elephant']

D. ['elephant', 'cat', 'dog']

Linux Soft Link & Hard Link Quiz

2026-09-17T16:33:37.824+05:30

### 🐧 Linux Soft Link & Hard Link Quiz

Test your Linux knowledge! Covering soft links, hard links, inodes, permissions, file sizes, and commands.

QUESTION 1

### What is a soft link (symbolic link) in Linux?

A. A duplicate copy of a file

B. A reference to another file path

C. A file with two inodes

D. A compressed file

QUESTION 2

### Which command creates a soft link?

A. ln file link

B. ln -s file link

C. cp -s file link

D. link -h file link

QUESTION 3

### Which command creates a hard link?

A. ln -s original hard

B. ln original hard

C. cp -l original hard

D. mklink original hard

QUESTION 4

### Do a file and its hard link share the same inode?

A. Yes

B. No

C. Only in different directories

D. Only for directories

QUESTION 5

### What happens to a soft link when its target file is deleted?

A. It becomes a hard link

B. It becomes a dangling link

C. It recreates the target

D. It deletes the entire directory

QUESTION 6

### What happens to a hard link when the original filename is deleted?

A. The data is immediately deleted

B. The hard link becomes broken

C. The data remains accessible through the hard link

D. The inode changes automatically

QUESTION 7

### Which command displays inode numbers?

A. ls -lh

B. ls -i

C. ls -p

D. ls -a

QUESTION 8

### What does the link count in ls -l indicate for a regular file?

A. File size in bytes

B. Number of hard links to the inode

C. Number of soft links only

D. Number of permissions

QUESTION 9

### A 100 KB file has one hard link created. What is the approximate combined disk usage of the file and hard link?

A. 200 KB always

B. 100 KB of file data (excluding filesystem overhead)

C. 0 KB

D. Depends only on permissions

QUESTION 10

### Which command can show that a soft link points to a target?

A. ls -l

B. chmod

C. pwd

D. touch

QUESTION 11

### What does chmod 777 file do?

A. Makes the file read-only

B. Gives read, write, and execute permissions to owner, group, and others

C. Changes the inode

D. Creates a hard link

QUESTION 12

### Can you normally create hard links to directories using standard ln?

A. Yes, without restrictions

B. No, generally prohibited for regular users

C. Only with ln -s

D. Only for empty directories

QUESTION 13

### What is the output of this command sequence?

\`touch a.txt\` \`ln a.txt b.txt\` \`ls -i a.txt b.txt\`

A. Different inode numbers

B. Same inode number

C. No inode number

D. Two copies of the file

QUESTION 14

### Which statement about soft links is correct?

A. They always share the target's inode

B. They have their own inode

C. They duplicate the target data

D. They cannot point to directories

QUESTION 15

### What does \`ls -l\` typically show for a symbolic link?

A. The target's inode number

B. The link path followed by \`->\` and its target

C. Only the file size

D. Only the target's permission

Python Lists, `append()`, Nested Lists & Self-Referencing Lists

2026-09-16T19:13:11.724+05:30

### 🐍 Top 10 Python `append()` Quiz

Topic: Python Lists, `append()`, Nested Lists & Self-Referencing Lists

Test your Python knowledge with these output-based MCQs! 🚀

### Q1. What is the output?

A. 3

B. 4

C. 5

D. Error

### Q2. What is the output?

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. Error

### Q3. What is the output?

A. \[1, 2, 3, 4\]

B. \[1, 2, \[3, 4\]\]

C. \[3, 4, 1, 2\]

D. \[1, 2, 4, 3\]

### Q4. What is the output?

A. 4

B. \[1, 2, 3, 4\]

C. None

D. True

### Q5. What is the output?

A. \[1, 2, 3, 4\]

B. \[\[1, 2\], \[3, 4\]\]

C. \[1, \[2, 3\], 4\]

D. Error

### Q6. What is the output?

A. 3

B. 4

C. 6

D. Error

### Q7. What is the output?

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

### Q8. What is the output?

A. 30

B. 40

C. 50

D. Error

### Q9. What is the output?

A. \[1, 2\]

B. \[3\]

C. \[1, 2, 3\]

D. Error

### Q10. What is the output?

A. True

B. False

C. None

D. Error

### 📌 Key Takeaways

| Method | Behavior |

| ------------------ | ------------------------- |

| append(x) | Adds one element |

| append([x, y]) | Adds a nested list |

| append(a) | Adds a self-reference |

| len(a) | Counts top-level elements |

| a.append(x) return | None |

Python List `insert()` Quiz

2026-09-16T16:49:54.841+05:30

### 🐍 Top 10 Python List `insert()` Quiz

Test your Python knowledge with these 10 output-based multiple-choice questions.

### Q1. What is the output?

A. \[1, 2, 10, 3\]

B. \[1, 10, 2, 3\]

C. \[10, 1, 2, 3\]

D. \[1, 2, 3, 10\]

### Q2. What is the output?

A. \[5, 6, 7, 100\]

B. \[100, 5, 6, 7\]

C. \[5, 100, 6, 7\]

D. \[100, 7, 6, 5\]

### Q3. What is the output?

A. \[4, 1, 2, 3\]

B. \[1, 2, 4, 3\]

C. \[1, 2, 3, 4\]

D. Error

### Q4. What is the output?

A. \[99, 10, 20, 30\]

B. \[10, 20, 99, 30\]

C. \[10, 20, 30, 99\]

D. \[10, 99, 20, 30\]

### Q5. What is the output?

A. Error

B. \[5, 1, 2\]

C. \[1, 2, 5\]

D. \[1, 5, 2\]

### Q6. What is the output?

A. \[2, 8, 10, 4, 6\]

B. \[2, 8, 4, 10, 6\]

C. \[2, 4, 10, 8, 6\]

D. \[8, 2, 10, 4, 6\]

### Q7. What is the output?

A. \[1, 99, 2, 3\]

B. 99

C. None

D. True

### Q8. What is the output?

A. \[1, 2, 3, 9\]

B. \[9, 1, 2, 3\]

C. \[1, 9, 2, 3\]

D. Error

### Q9. What is the output?

A. \[1, 4, 5, 2, 3\]

B. \[1, \[4, 5\], 2, 3\]

C. \[4, 5, 1, 2, 3\]

D. Error

### Q10. What is the output?

A. \[10, 20, 15, 25, 30, 40\]

B. \[10, 20, 25, 15, 30, 40\]

C. \[10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40\]

D. \[10, 20, 30, 15, 25, 40\]

### 📌 Key Takeaways

* `insert(index, value)` adds an element at a specific position.

* Existing elements shift to the right.

* `insert()` modifies the original list.

* `insert()` returns `None`.

* Large positive indexes append to the end.

* Negative indexes count from the end, with boundary clamping.

Share your score! How many did you get correct? 🐍

Python Lambda Quiz

2026-09-15T20:03:26.585+05:30

Python Lambda Quiz

1. What will be the output? x = 4 f = lambda x: x + 2 print(f(3) + x)

A. 9

B. 7

C. 12

D. 10

2. What will be the output? square = lambda x: x * x print(square(5))

A. 25

B. 20

C. 10

D. 15

3. What will be the output? add = lambda a, b: a + b print(add(4, 6))

A. 24

B. 10

C. 2

D. 46

4. What will be the output? f = lambda x: x * 2 print(f(3) + f(4))

A. 11

B. 14

C. 24

D. 12

5. What will be the output? f = lambda x: x - 1 print(f(10))

A. 10

B. 9

C. 1

D. 11

Python sorted() Quiz

2026-09-14T21:00:18.821+05:30

Python sorted() Quiz

1. What is the output? print(sorted([3, 1, 2]))

A. [3, 2, 1]

B. [1, 2, 3]

C. None

D. [2, 1, 3]

2. What is the output? print(sorted([3, 1, 2], reverse=True))

A. [2, 3, 1]

B. [3, 2, 1]

C. None

D. [1, 2, 3]

3. What is the output? words = ["banana", "fig", "apple"] print(sorted(words, key=len))

A. ['fig', 'apple', 'banana']

B. ['banana', 'apple', 'fig']

C. ['apple', 'banana', 'fig']

D. ['fig', 'banana', 'apple']

4. What is the output? nums = [10, 2, 30, 4] print(sorted(nums, key=lambda x: x))

A. [30, 10, 4, 2]

B. [4, 2, 10, 30]

C. [10, 2, 4, 30]

D. [2, 4, 10, 30]

5. What is the output? names = ["Bob", "alice", "Charlie"] print(sorted(names, key=str.lower))

A. ['Charlie', 'Bob', 'alice']

B. ['alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie']

C. ['alice', 'Charlie', 'Bob']

D. ['Bob', 'Charlie', 'alice']

______________________________

1. What is the output? nums = [7, 2, 9, 1] print(sorted(nums))

A. [7, 2, 9, 1]

B. [1, 2, 7, 9]

C. [2, 1, 7, 9]

D. [9, 7, 2, 1]

2. What is the output? nums = [4, 8, 1, 6] print(sorted(nums, reverse=True))

A. [6, 8, 4, 1]

B. [8, 6, 4, 1]

C. [4, 8, 1, 6]

D. [1, 4, 6, 8]

3. What is the output? words = ["pear", "apple", "banana"] print(sorted(words))

A. ['banana', 'pear', 'apple']

B. ['pear', 'banana', 'apple']

C. ['apple', 'pear', 'banana']

D. ['apple', 'banana', 'pear']

4. What is the output? words = ["cat", "elephant", "dog"] print(sorted(words, key=len))

A. ['cat', 'elephant', 'dog']

B. ['dog', 'cat', 'elephant']

C. ['elephant', 'cat', 'dog']

D. ['cat', 'dog', 'elephant']

5. What is the output? words = ["one", "three", "two"] print(sorted(words, key=len, reverse=True))

A. ['one', 'two', 'three']

B. ['three', 'one', 'two']

C. ['two', 'one', 'three']

D. ['three', 'two', 'one']

6. What is the output? items = [("B", 2), ("A", 3), ("C", 1)] print(sorted(items, key=lambda x: x[1]))

A. [('C', 1), ('B', 2), ('A', 3)]

B. [('A', 3), ('B', 2), ('C', 1)]

C. [('A', 3), ('C', 1), ('B', 2)]

D. [('B', 2), ('A', 3), ('C', 1)]

7. What is the output? students = [("John", 80), ("Amy", 95), ("Bob", 70)] print(sorted(students, key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True))

A. [('John', 80), ('Amy', 95), ('Bob', 70)]

B. [('Amy', 95), ('John', 80), ('Bob', 70)]

C. [('Bob', 70), ('John', 80), ('Amy', 95)]

D. [('Amy', 95), ('Bob', 70), ('John', 80)]

8. What is the output? pairs = [(3, 1), (1, 5), (2, 2)] print(sorted(pairs))

A. [(1, 5), (3, 1), (2, 2)]

B. [(2, 2), (1, 5), (3, 1)]

C. [(1, 5), (2, 2), (3, 1)]

D. [(3, 1), (2, 2), (1, 5)]

9. What is the output? words = ["apple", "kiwi", "banana", "fig"] print(sorted(words, key=lambda x: (len(x), x)))

A. ['banana', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'fig']

B. ['fig', 'kiwi', 'apple', 'banana']

C. ['fig', 'apple', 'kiwi', 'banana']

D. ['kiwi', 'fig', 'apple', 'banana']

Python Exception Handling

2026-09-14T20:12:46.874+05:30

Python Exception Handling: try, except, else & finally

1. What is the output? try: print(10 / 0) except ZeroDivisionError: print("Error")

A. 0

B. Nothing

C. Error

D. 10

2. What is the output? try: x = 10 except: print("Error") else: print("Success")

A. Error

B. 10

C. Success

D. Nothing

3. What is the output? try: print(5 / 0) except ZeroDivisionError: print("Caught") finally: print("Done")

A. Caught

B. Done

C. Error\nDone

D. Caught\nDone

4. What is the output? try: print("A") except: print("B") finally: print("C")

A. C\nA

B. A

C. A\nC

D. B\nC

5. Which block is designed to execute whether or not an exception occurs? try: # risky operation except Exception: # handle error else: # no error finally: # cleanup

A. except

B. try

C. finally

D. else

6. What is the output? try: int("abc") except ValueError: print("Invalid") else: print("Valid") finally: print("Finished")

A. Invalid

B. Invalid\nFinished

C. Valid\nFinished

D. Finished\nInvalid

7. What happens to the else block when the try block raises an exception that is handled by except?

A. It executes before except

B. It is skipped

C. It always executes

D. It executes after finally

8. What is the output? try: x = 10 print(x) except Exception: print("Error") finally: print("Cleanup")

A. Error\nCleanup

B. 10\nCleanup

C. Cleanup\n10

D. 10

9. What is the main purpose of the else block in Python exception handling?

A. Run code only when try fails

B. Run code only when try succeeds

C. Always clean up resources

D. Catch every exception

10. What is the output? try: print("Start") raise Exception("Oops") except Exception: print("Handled") finally: print("End")

A. Handled\nEnd

B. Start\nEnd

C. Start\nHandled

D. Start\nHandled\nEnd

Python find() Quiz

2026-09-14T16:12:36.346+05:30

Python find() Quiz

1. What is the output? s = "Python Programming" print(s.find("Pro"))

A. 6

B. 8

C. -1

D. 7

2. What is the output? s = "banana" print(s.find("na"))

A. 3

B. 2

C. 1

D. 4

3. What is the output? print("hello world".find("world"))

A. 6

B. 5

C. 7

D. -1

4. What is the output? print("Python".find("Java"))

A. None

B. -1

C. 1

D. 0

5. What is the output? s = "programming" print(s.find("g"))

A. 10

B. 3

C. 5

D. 7

6. What is the output? s = "banana" print(s.find("a", 2))

A. 5

B. 3

C. -1

D. 1

7. What is the output? s = "banana" print(s.find("a", 4))

A. -1

B. 3

C. 5

D. 4

8. What is the output? print("mississippi".find("iss"))

A. 0

B. 2

C. 4

D. 1

9. What is the output? print("PYTHON".find("python"))

A. 0

B. 6

C. 1

D. -1

10. What is the output? print("hello".find(""))

A. -1

B. None

C. 0

D. 1

11. What is the output? s = "abcabc" print(s.find("abc", 1))

A. 1

B. 3

C. -1

D. 0

12. What is the output? s = "abcdef" print(s.find("cd", 0, 4))

A. -1

B. 1

C. 2

D. 3

13. What is the output? s = "abcdef" print(s.find("ef", 0, 5))

A. 4

B. 3

C. -1

D. 5

14. What is the output? print("banana".find("ana"))

A. 2

B. 3

C. 0

D. 1

15. What is the output? s = "Python Python" print(s.find("Python", 1))

A. 0

B. -1

C. 7

D. 6

16. What is the output? print("developer".find("lop"))

A. -1

B. 4

C. 2

D. 3

17. What is the output? s = "abracadabra" print(s.find("abra", 1))

A. 7

B. 3

C. -1

D. 0

18. What is the output? s = "cat cat cat" print(s.find("cat", 4))

A. 4

B. 5

C. 0

D. 8

19. What is the output? s = "python programming" print(s.find("python"))

A. 1

B. -1

C. 0

D. 7

20. What is the output? s = "hello hello" print(s.find("hello", 1))

A. 5

B. 0

C. -1

D. 6

Python Control Flow Quiz

2026-09-14T13:02:34.108+05:30

Python Control Flow Quiz

1. What is the output? x = 10 if x > 5: print("A") else: print("B")

A. B

B. No output

C. Error

D. A

2. What is the output? x = 15 if x < 10: print("Low") elif x < 20: print("Medium") else: print("High")

A. Low

B. B

C. Medium

D. High

3. What is the output? for i in range(3): print(i) else: print("Done")

A. 0 1 2

B. Done 0 1 2

C. 0 1 Done

D. 0 1 2 Done

4. What is the output? for i in range(5): if i == 2: break print(i)

A. 0 1 2

B. 0 1 2 3 4

C. 0 1

D. 2 3 4

5. What is the output? for i in range(5): if i == 2: continue print(i)

A. 0 1

B. 2 3 4

C. 0 1 2 3 4

D. 0 1 3 4

6. What is the output? for i in range(3): if i == 1: break else: print("Done")

A. 0 1

B. Done

C. 0 Done

D. 0

7. What is the output? x = 0 if x: print("True") else: print("False")

A. True

B. Error

C. 0

D. False

8. What is the output? for i in range(4): if i % 2 == 0: continue print(i)

A. 2 3

B. 0 2

C. 1 3

D. 0 1 2 3

9. What is the output? for i in range(3): print(i) if i == 1: break else: print("Done")

A. 1

B. 0 1

C. 0

D. 0 1 Done

10. What is the output? x = 20 if x < 10: print("A") elif x < 20: print("B") elif x == 20: print("C") else: print("D")

A. C

B. D

C. A

D. B

Python Lists: Mutability Quiz

2026-09-14T12:43:22.805+05:30

Python Lists: Mutability Quiz

1. What is the output of this Python code? x = [1, 2, 3] x[0] = 10 print(x)

A. [10, 2, 3]

B. [1, 2, 3]

C. [10, 1, 2, 3]

D. TypeError

2. What is the output of this Python code? items = [1, 2] items.append(3) print(items)

A. [1, 2]

B. [1, 2, 3]

C. [3, 1, 2]

D. [1, 2, [3]]

3. What is the output of this Python code? a = [10, 20] b = a b[1] = 99 print(a)

A. TypeError

B. [99, 20]

C. [10, 99]

D. [10, 20]

4. Which statement correctly describes Python lists?

A. Lists cannot contain duplicate values.

B. Lists are mutable sequences.

C. Lists can contain only numbers.

D. Lists are immutable sequences.

5. What is the output of this Python code? numbers = [1, 2, 3] numbers[1] = 20 print(numbers)

A. [1, 20, 3]

B. [1, 2, 20, 3]

C. [1, 2, 3]

D. [20, 2, 3]

Python split() Method Quiz

2026-09-14T10:26:14.073+05:30

Python:

Quiz 1: Custom Delimiters What will be the output of the following code?

data = "apple,banana,cherry"
print(data.split(","))

A) ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
B) "apple" "banana" "cherry"
C) ["apple,banana,cherry"]
D) Error

Quiz 2: Handling Extra Whitespace What will be the output of the following code?

text = "Hello   World  Python"
print(text.split())

A) ['Hello', '', '', 'World', '', 'Python']
B) ['Hello', 'World', 'Python']
C) ['Hello World Python']
D) Error

Quiz 3: The Opposite of Split What will be the output of the following code?

words = ["Python", "is", "fun"]
print(" ".join(words))

A) ["Python is fun"]
B) Python, is, fun
C) Python is fun
D) ['Python', 'is', 'fun']

-------------

1. What is the output of print("Python is easy".split())?

A. Python is easy

B. ['Python', 'is', 'easy']

C. ['Python', 'is easy']

D. ['Python is easy']

2. What is the output of print("a,b,c".split(","))?

A. ['a', ',b', ',c']

B. ['a', 'b', 'c']

C. ['a', 'b,c']

D. ['a,b,c']

3. What is the output of print("one two three".split(" ", 1))?

A. ['one two three']

B. ['one two', 'three']

C. ['one', 'two', 'three']

D. ['one', 'two three']

4. What is the output of print("hello".split("l"))?

A. ['he', '', 'o']

B. ['he', 'llo']

C. ['hel', 'o']

D. ['hello']

5. What is the output of print(" Python quiz ".split())?

A. ['Python', 'quiz']

B. [' Python', 'quiz ']

C. ['Python', '', 'quiz']

D. ['', 'Python', '', '', 'quiz', '']

Python Dictionary Methods Quiz

2026-09-13T21:06:47.707+05:30

Python Dictionary Methods Quiz

1. What is the output? d = {"a": 1, "b": 2} print(d.get("a"))

A. 2

B. KeyError

C. None

D. 1

2. What is the output? d = {"x": 10, "y": 20} print(list(d.keys()))

A. [10, 20]

B. [('x', 10), ('y', 20)]

C. ['x', 'y']

D. ['x', 10, 'y', 20]

3. What is the output? d = {"a": 5, "b": 7} print(list(d.values()))

A. ['a', 'b']

B. [5, 'a', 7, 'b']

C. [('a', 5), ('b', 7)]

D. [5, 7]

4. What is the output? d = {"a": 1, "b": 2} print(list(d.items()))

A. [('a', 1), ('b', 2)]

B. [1, 2]

C. ['a', 'b']

D. {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

5. What is the output? d = {"a": 1} d.update({"b": 2}) print(d)

A. {'a': 2, 'b': 1}

B. {'b': 2}

C. {'a': 1}

D. {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

6. What is the output? d = {"a": 10, "b": 20} x = d.pop("a") print(x, d)

A. 20 {'a': 10}

B. 10 {'a': 10}

C. 10 {'b': 20}

D. a {'b': 20}

7. What is the output? d = {"a": 1, "b": 2} x = d.popitem() print(x, d)

A. ('b', 2) {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

B. 2 {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

C. ('a', 1) {'b': 2}

D. ('b', 2) {'a': 1}

8. What is the output? d = {"a": 1} x = d.setdefault("b", 2) print(x, d)

A. 1 {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

B. 2 {'a': 1}

C. None {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

D. 2 {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

9. What is the output? d = {"a": 1} x = d.setdefault("a", 99) print(x, d)

A. 99 {'a': 1}

B. None {'a': 1}

C. 99 {'a': 99}

D. 1 {'a': 1}

10. What is the output? d = {"a": 1, "b": 2} d.clear() print(d)

A. {'a': 1}

B. {}

C. None

D. {'b': 2}

11. What is the output? d = {"a": 1} c = d.copy() c["b"] = 2 print(d)

A. {'a': 1}

B. {'b': 2}

C. {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

D. {}

12. What is the output? d = dict.fromkeys(["a", "b"], 0) print(d)

A. {'a': 1, 'b': 1}

B. {0: 'a', 0: 'b'}

C. {'a': None, 'b': None}

D. {'a': 0, 'b': 0}

13. What is the output? d = {"a": 1} print(d.get("b", 99))

A. KeyError

B. 99

C. None

D. 1

14. What is the output? d = {"a": 1, "b": 2} d.update({"a": 10}) print(d)

A. {'a': 10, 'b': 2}

B. {'a': 10}

C. {'a': 1, 'b': 10}

D. {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

15. What is the output? d = {"a": 1, "b": 2} print("a" in d)

A. True

B. False

C. None

D. 1

16. What is the output? d = {"a": 1, "b": 2} print(d.get("c") is None)

A. True

B. 0

C. KeyError

D. False

17. What is the output? d = {"a": 1} d.update(b=2) print(d)

A. {'a': 1, 'b': None}

B. {'a': 2, 'b': 1}

C. {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

D. {'b': 2}

18. What is the output? d = {"a": 1, "b": 2} x = d.pop("b") print(x)

A. None

B. 1

C. 2

D. b

19. What is the output? d = {"x": 1, "y": 2} print(len(d.keys()))

A. 2

B. 1

C. 0

D. 3

20. What is the output? d = {"a": 1} d.setdefault("b") print(d)

A. {'a': 1, 'b': 0}

B. {'b': None}

C. {'a': 1}

D. {'a': 1, 'b': None}

Perl CLI Commands Quiz

2026-09-13T19:44:28.398+05:30

Perl CLI Commands Quiz

1. Which command runs a Perl script named script.pl?

A. perl-run script.pl

B. execute perl script.pl

C. perl script.pl

D. run script.pl

2. Which option tells Perl to execute the supplied string as a program?

A. -i

B. -e

C. -n

D. -p

3. What does perl -v primarily display?

A. All installed Perl modules

B. The current working directory

C. Perl version information

D. The contents of the current script

4. Which command checks a Perl script for syntax errors without executing it normally?

A. perl -x script.pl

B. perl -d script.pl

C. perl -c script.pl

D. perl -s script.pl

5. Which command executes print "Hello\n" directly from the command line?

A. perl -n 'print "Hello\n"'

B. perl -i 'print "Hello\n"'

C. perl -p 'print "Hello\n"'

D. perl -e 'print "Hello\n"'

6. Which command enables warnings for a Perl script?

A. perl -c script.pl

B. perl -w script.pl

C. perl -i script.pl

D. perl -x script.pl

7. Which command enables Perl's debugger when running script.pl?

A. perl -c script.pl

B. perl -i script.pl

C. perl -d script.pl

D. perl -v script.pl

8. What does perl -p -e 'print' file.txt do?

A. Compiles the file without reading it

B. Starts the Perl debugger

C. Deletes every line from the file

D. Processes each input line and prints it

9. Which switch makes Perl process input with an implicit loop but does not automatically print each line?

A. -p

B. -i

C. -d

D. -n

10. Which command edits files in place using Perl's substitution one-liner?

A. perl -pd -e 's/foo/bar/g' file.txt

B. perl -pv -e 's/foo/bar/g' file.txt

C. perl -pc -e 's/foo/bar/g' file.txt

D. perl -pi -e 's/foo/bar/g' file.txt

11. Which command reads Perl code from standard input?

A. perl -

B. perl stdin

C. perl --input

D. perl -stdin

12. Which command displays Perl's command-line help?

A. perl -help perlrun

B. perldoc perlrun

C. perlman perlrun

D. perl --help-all

13. Which command runs a Perl one-liner with taint checking enabled?

A. perl -T -e '...'

B. perl -d -e '...'

C. perl -w -e '...'

D. perl -t -e '...'

14. Which command sets a Perl library search path for the current invocation?

A. perl -Ilib script.pl

B. perl -P lib script.pl

C. perl -Llib script.pl

D. perl -Mlib script.pl

15. Which command loads a Perl module before running the supplied code?

A. perl -LModule -e '...'

B. perl -CModule -e '...'

C. perl -MModule -e '...'

D. perl -IModule -e '...'

16. Which command treats Perl warnings as fatal errors?

A. perl -c script.pl

B. perl -v script.pl

C. perl -Mwarnings=FATAL,all script.pl

D. perl -w script.pl

17. Which command enables strict mode for a Perl one-liner?

A. perl -Mstrict -e '...'

B. perl -Istrict -e '...'

C. perl -wstrict -e '...'

D. perl -dstrict -e '...'

18. Which command prints the Perl installation's executable path using the shell's command lookup?

A. which perl

B. whereis python

C. find perl

D. locate perl.exe

19. Which command shows documentation for the Perl function split?

A. perl -f split

B. perlhelp split

C. perldoc -m split

D. perldoc -f split

20. Which command runs a Perl script and passes hello as its first command-line argument?

A. perl script.pl hello

B. perl hello script.pl

C. perl -e script.pl hello

D. perl -a script.pl hello

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