Pharma All-in-One

Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence - D and C act 1940 (Multiple Choice Questions, MCQs)

2019-04-14T11:49:00.000+05:30

Question 1: The symbol on left top corner in red on the label is XRx denotes

A. Schedule X
B. Schedule X (Bulk Form)
C. Schedule G
D. Schedule J

Question 2: Which indication must be prescribed on the label of ophthalmic ointments

A. Use within 1 month of opening

B. It is dangerous to take this preparation except under medical supervision
C. Consult to Physician if irritation persist, discontinue the use
D. Not for human use

Question 3: List of coalter colour permitted to be used in cosmetics come under the schedule

A. J

B. K
C. N
D. Q

Question 4: Medical stores are inspected by drug inspector for at least

A. Once a year
B. Twice in a year
C. Thrice in a year
D. Quarterly in a year

Question 5: PCI is reconstituted at every

A. 1 year
B. 2 year
C. 3 year
D. 5 year

Question 6: First edition of IP published in year

A. 1966
B. 1948
C. 1955
D. 1985

Question 7: Central drug laboratory is located at

A. Mumbai
B. Lacknow
C. Calcutta
D. Hyderabad

Question 8: The register for sale of drug is maintained for period of

A. 1 year
B. 3 years
C. 4 years
D. 5 years

Question 9: Specify the form number required for licence for retail sale of schedule C and C1 drug

A. 22
B. 21
C. 19
D. 18

Question 10: The poison act was passed in year

A. 1919
B. 1887
C. 1948
D. 1987

Answers of above Questions:

1. Schedule X (Bulk Form)

2. Use within 1 month of opening
3. Schedule Q
4. Twice in a year
5. 5 year
6. 1955
7. Calcutta
8. 3 years
9. 21
10. 1919

Pharmaceutical Analysis-Complexometric Titration (Multiple Choice Questions, MCQs)

2019-04-14T10:40:00.001+05:30

Question 1: Ammonium fluoride is masking agent is used for

Aluminium
Copper
Iron
Heavy metals

Question 2: Magnesium oxide content in magnesium compounds like Magnesium trisilicate, Mag. Carbonate and Mag. Sulphate are determined using

Acid-base titration
Non-aqueous titration
Precipitation
Complexometric titration

Question 3: The compound not assayed by complexometric titration

Magnesium trisilicate
Sodium calcium edetate
Calcium lactate
Progesterone

Question 4: Metal indicator is used in

Non-aqueous titration
Acid -base titration
Complexometric titration
Potentiometric titration

Question 5: Mordant Black II indicator used in

Complexometric titration
Precipitation titration
Non-aqueous titration
Acid-base titration

Question 6: Which one of the following indicator used in complexometric titration

Methyl orange
Phenolphthalein
Catachol violet
Crystal violet

Question 7: Metal ions solution in a buffer is titrated with

EDTA
Non-aqueous solvent
Water
All of the above

Question 8: Calcium containing compound are analysed by

Aqueous titration
Non-aqueous titration
Complexometric titration
Potentiometric titration

Question 9: auxiliary chelating agent forming complex with one metal in presence of other metal is called as

Masking agents
Complexing agent
Indicator
All the terms have same meaning

Question 10: Which masking agent used for metal aluminium and iron

Triethanolamine
EDTA
Potassium Cyanide
Thioglycerol

Answers of above Questions:

1. Iron

2. Complexometric titration

3. Sodium calcium edetate

4. Complexometric titration

5. Complexometric titration

6. Catachol violet

7. All of the above

8. Complexometric titration

9. Masking agents

10. Triethanolamine

Biochemistry - Carbohydrates (Multiple Choice Questions, MCQs)

2019-03-31T12:44:00.000+05:30

Question 1: For blood glucose estimation in the laboratory, what should be added to prevent glycolysis by the cell?

Mg2+
Fluoride ions
Mn2+
K+ ion

Question 2: Which of the following pathways occurs in the mitochondrial fraction of the cell?

Embden-meyerhot pathway
TCA Cycle
Gluconeogenesis
Glucogenesis

Question 3: How many ATP Molecules are yielded by the complete oxidation of glucose

Question 4: The conversion of fructose -1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is catalysed by?

Phosphoglycerate kinase
Enolase
Aldolase
Triose Phosphate isomerase

Question 5: In glycolysis, glucose is converted to gluco se-6-phosphate in presence of enzyme

Glucokinase
Phosphoglucomutase
Aldolase
Ketoglutorate dehydrogenase

Question 6: The intermediate in HMP shunt is

D-Ribulose
D-Ribose
D-Lyxose
L-xylose

Question 7: Glycogen is present in all body tissues except

Liver
Brain
Kidney
Stomach

Question 8: Epimer of Glucose is

Fructose
Galactose
Ribose
Deoxyribose

Question 9: The absorption of glucose is decreased by deficiency of

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin B1
Vitamin B12

Question 10: Which of the following hormone increases absorption of glucose from GIT?

Insulin
Thyroid hormones
Glucagon
FSH

Answers of above Questions:

1. Fluoride ions

2. TCA Cycle

3. 38

4. Aldolase

5. Glucokinase

6. D-Ribulose

7. Brain

8. Galactose

9. Vitamin B1

10. Thyroid hormones

How to write Manuscript / research article for high impact factor / Pubmed indexed Journal

2019-03-10T17:27:00.000+05:30

How to write Manuscript ?

Common reasons of manuscript rejection

Basic writing and presentation
Fragmentation and lack of integration
Lack of significance and originality
Poor research design, description of methods, presentation of results
Inadequate discussion and conclusion
grammatical and typographical errors
Plagiarized content (Plagiarism)
Copyright
Duplicate Submission

Who’s on first author ?

First author - Make the greatest contribution to the work
Equal authorship - Those who equally contributed to the study à Usually first and second authors.
Last author - Usually senior researcher à Head of the department, often corresponding author (Guarantor of the integrity of the whole research work who guide throughout research and writing)

MANUSCRIPT Sections (Mandatory Sections)

Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Tables and Figures (If any)

Title Page

Title : study design be a part of the title; Avoid abbreviations in the title of the manuscript.

Short title: usually no more than 40 characters

Author information: highest academic degrees, affiliated institute

Title page should list the corresponding authors’ telephone and fax numbers and e-mail address.

Source(s) of support

Word count :excluding its abstract, acknowledgments, tables, figure legends, and references

Conflict of Interest declaration

Abstract:

Structured abstracts: Original research, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses

Methods: Selection of study participants, settings, measurements, analytical methods

Results: Giving specific effect sizes and their statistical and clinical significance. Authors need to ensure that they accurately reflect the content of the article.

Conclusion: Specific and precise to objective of the study

Introduction

Nature of the problem and its significance
Specific purpose or research objective of, or hypothesis tested
Do not include data or conclusions from the work being reported

Methods

Information that was available at the time the plan or protocol
Organization was paid or otherwise contracted to help conduct the research – should be mentioned.
Statement indicating that the research was approved by IRB/ IEC.
Research was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki should be included.
Selection and Description of Participants
Healthy individuals or patients, including controls
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Technical Information
Primary and secondary outcomes
Give the manufacturer’s name and address in parentheses
Identify precisely all drugs and chemicals used, including generic name(s), dose(s), and route(s) of administration

Statistics

Specify the statistical software package(s) and versions used.
appropriate indicators of measurement error or uncertainty (such as confidence intervals).

Results

Do not repeat all the data in the tables or figures in the text à summarize only the most important observations.
Give absolute numbers not only percentages
Do not duplicate data in graphs and tables
Avoid nontechnical uses of technical terms used in statistics like “Random”, “normal,” “significant,” “correlations,” “sample”

Discussion

To begin the discussion by briefly summarizing the main findings
Explore possible mechanisms or explanations for these findings
State the limitations of your study
Explore future research and for clinical practice
Do not repeat data or information from introduction and results
Link the conclusions with the goals of the study
avoid making statements on economic benefits and costs unless the manuscript includes the appropriate economic data and analyses
References
Direct references to original research sources whenever possible
Do not use conference abstracts as references
ICMJE considers PubMed the authoritative source for information about retractions.
References cited only in tables or figure legends should be numbered in accordance with the sequence established by the first identification in the text of the particular table or figure
Titles of journals should be abbreviated according to the style used for MEDLINE

Tables and Figures

Number tables or figures consecutively in the order of their first citation in the text and supply a title for each.
Be sure that each table is cited in the text.
Symbols may be alphabet letter or such symbols as *, †, ‡, §
Identify statistical measures of variations, such as standard deviation and standard error of the mean.
Acknowledge the original source and submit written permission from the copyright holder to reproduce it
Legends for illustrations should be on a separate page, with Arabic numerals corresponding to the illustrations.

Guidelines

Follow best practice guidelines
International Society for Medical Publication Professionals (ISMPP),
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE),
EQUATOR (Enhancing the Quality and Transparency Of health Research) Network,
Good Publication Practice (GPP),
Medical Publishing Insights and Practices (MPIP).
Permits from ethical review boards
Perform a plagiarism check (iThenticate, PlagTracker and Viper)

Reporting trials:

CONSORT statement for randomized trials (
www.consort-statement.org)
STROBE statement for observational studies (
https://www.strobe-statement.org
)
PRISMA statement for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (
www.prisma-statement.org/
)
EQUATOR Network research reporting guideline (
https://www.equator-network.org/reporting-guidelines/)

Immunology | immunity | Innate (non-specific) and Adaptive (specific) immunity

2019-03-08T21:47:00.000+05:30

Introduction

Immunity or resistance is the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses

The two general types of immunity

ü Innate (nonspecific) immunity refers to defenses that are present at birth. Among the components of innate immunity are the first line of defense (the physical and chemical barriers of the skin and mucous membranes) and the second line of defense (antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, and fever).

ü Adaptive (specific) immunity refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses. Adaptive immunity is based on a specific response to a specific microbe; that is, it adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe. Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) called T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells).

INNATE IMMUNITY

First Line of Defense :

The skin and mucous membranes of the body are the first line of defense against pathogens. These structures provide both physical and chemical barriers that discourage pathogens and foreign substances from penetrating the body and causing disease.

Second Line of Defense:

Antimicrobial Substances :

ü Interferons,

ü complement,

ü Iron-binding proteins, and

ü antimicrobial proteins

· dermicidin - produced by sweat gland,

· defensins and cathelicidins - produced by neutrophils, macrophages, and epithelia

· thrombocidin - produced by platelets

Natural Killer Cells and Phagocytes

ü NK cell Kill infected target cells by releasing granules that contain perforin and granzymes; phagocytes then kill released microbes.

ü Phagocytosis occurs in five phases : chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, and killing.

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:

The ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents such as bacteria, toxins, viruses, and foreign tissues is called adaptive (specific) immunity.

Adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes called B cells and T cells.

Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune response

CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY:

Activation of T Cells

Antigen receptors on the surface of T cells, called T-cell receptors (TCRs), à recognize and bind to specific foreign antigen fragments that are presented in antigen–MHC complexes. When an antigen enters the body, only a few T cells have TCRs that can recognize and bind to the antigen. à Antigen recognition also involves other surface proteins on T cells, the CD4 or CD8 proteins. à These proteins interact with the MHC antigens and help maintain the TCR–MHC coupling. à A T cell becomes activated only if it binds to the foreign antigen and at the same time receives a second signal, a process known as costimulation.

Activation and Clonal Selection of Helper T Cells

The helper T cell undergoes clonal selection à The result is the formation of a clone of helper T cells that consists of active helper T cells and memory helper T cells. à Within hours after costimulation, active helper T cells start secreting a variety of cytokines à One very important cytokine produced by helper T cells is interleukin-2 (IL-2)

Activation and Clonal Selection of Cytotoxic T Cells:

Maximal activation of cytotoxic T cells requires presentation of antigen associated with both MHC-I and MHC-II molecules. à Active cytotoxic T cells attack other body cells that have been infected with the antigen.

Elimination of Invaders:

Cytotoxic T cells recognize and attach to target cells à Cytotoxic T cells are the soldiers that march forth to do battle with foreign invaders in cell-mediated immune responses.

ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY:

Activation and Clonal Selection of B Cells

During activation of a B cell, an antigen binds to B-cell receptors à The antigen is taken into the B cell, broken down into peptide fragments and combined with MHC-II self-antigens, and moved to the B cell plasma membrane. à Helper T cells recognize the antigen–MHC-II complex and deliver the costimulation needed for B cell proliferation and differentiation. à The helper T cell produces interleukin-2 and other cytokines that function as costimulators to activate B cells à Different antigens stimulate different B cells to develop into plasma cells and their accompanying memory B cells. All of the B cells of a particular clone are capable of secreting only one type of antibody, which is identical to the antigen receptor displayed by the B cell that first responded à Each specific antigen activates only those B cells that secrete antibody specific to that antigen. Antibodies produced by a clone of plasma cells enter the circulation and form antigen–antibody complexes with the antigen that initiated their production.

Cardiovascular System (CVS) | Anti-hypertensive agents | Mechanism of action

2019-03-05T23:38:00.000+05:30

Anti-hypertensive agents

Hypertension is defined as a sustained diastolic blood pressure greater than 90 mm Hg accompanied by an elevated systolic blood pressure (>140 mm)

Classification:

1. ACE inhibitors

Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril, Perindropil, Ramipril

2. Angiotensin (AT₁) antagonist

Losartan, Candesartan, Irbasertan

3. Calcium channel Blockers

Verapamil, Diltiazem, Nifedipine, Felodipine, Amlodipine, Nitrendipine, Lacidipine

4. Diuretics

I. Thiazides : Hydrochlorothiazides

II. High ceiling : Furosemide

III. K⁺ sparing : Spironolactone, Triamterene, Amiloride

5. β-Adrenergic Blockers

Propranolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol.

6. β + α Adrenergic Blockers

Labetalol, Carvediol

7. α – Adrenergic Bockers

Prazocin, Tarazocin, Doxazocin, Phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine

8. Central Sympatholytics

Clonidine, Methyldopa

9. Vasodilators

I. Arteriolar : Hydralazine, Minoxidil, Diazoxide

II. Arteriolar + Venous : Sodium nitroprusside

Non pharmacological Therapy:

• Weight reduction

• Increases exercise

• Salt Restriction

• Relaxation and stress management

• Supplement of K⁺¹, Ca⁺² And Mg⁺²

• Cessation of smoking and alcohol

ACE Inhibitors

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance without reflexly increasing cardiac output, rate, or contractility. These drugs block the angiotensin converting enzyme that cleaves angiotensin I to form the potent vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II

Therapeutic uses:

Most effective in hypertensive patients who are white. However, when used in combination with a diuretic, the effectiveness of ACE inhibitors is similar in white and black hypertensive patients.

Adverse effects

Common side effects include dry cough, rashes, fever, altered taste, hypotension (in hypovolemic states), and hyperkalemia.

Reversible renal failure can occur in patients with severe renal artery stenosis.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Actions: Verapamil, diltiazem, nifdipine, and nicorandil decreases arterial pressure à decreases calcium influx into smooth muscle cells à decreases muscle tone and vascular resistance à vasodilators.

Therapeutic uses :

Calcium channel blockers have an intrinsic natriuretic effect à therefore, they do not usually require the addition of a diuretic. These agents are useful in the treatment of hypertensive patients who also have asthma, diabetes, angina, and/or peripheral vascular disease.

Pharmacokinetic:

short half-lives (t_l/2 = 3 to 8 hours) following an oral dose à three times a day to maintain good control of hypertension. Verapmil and diltiazem available in sustained release preparations

Adverse effect :

In 10% of patients, dizziness, headache, and a feeling of fatigue caused by a decrease in blood pressure. Verapamil should be avoided in treating patients with congestive heart failure due to its negative inotropic effects.

Diuretics

Thiazide diuretics

Spironolactone à, a potassium-sparing diuretic, is often used with thiazides.

Therapeutic uses:

Thiazide diuretics decrease blood in both the supine and standing positions; postural hypotension is rarely observed. Useful in the treatment of black or elderly patients, and in those with chronic renal disease.

Adverse effect:

Thiazide diuretics induce hypokalemia and hyperuricemia in 70% of patients, and hyperglycemia in 10% of patients. Serum potassium levels should be monitored closely in patients who are predisposed to cardiac arrhythmias (particularly individuals with left ventricular hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease, or chronic congestive heart failure) and who are concurrently being treated with both thiazide diuretics and digitalis glycosides. Diuretics should be avoided in the treatment of hypertensive diabetics or patients with hyperlipidemia.

β-Adrenoceptor Blocking Agents

ü The β-blockers are more effective for treating hypertension in white than in black patients, and in young patients compared to the elderly.

ü Should not used in severe chronic obstructive lung disease, chronic congestive heart failure, severe symptomatic occlusive peripheral vascular disease and in diabetics.

ü Should be avoided in treating patients with asthma, congestive heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease.

ü CNS side effects such as fatigue, lethargy, insomnia, and hallucinations;

ü The β-blockers may disturb lipid metabolism, decreasing high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and increasing plasma triacylglycerol.

Centrally acting adrenergic drugs:

Clonidine :

à This α₂-agonist diminishes central adrenergic outflow. is used primarily for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension that has not responded adequately to treatment with diuretics alone.

à Useful in the treatment of hypertension complicated by renal disease à does not decrease renal blood flow or glomerular filtration .

à Absorbed well after oral administration and is excreted by the kidney.

à Because it causes sodium and water retention, clonidine is usually administered in combination with a diuretic.

à It can produce sedation and drying of nasal mucosa.

α – Methyldopa:

This α₂-agonist is converted to methylnorepinephrine centrally to diminish the adrenergic outflow from the CNS, è leading to reduced total peripheral resistance and a decreased blood pressure. Cardiac output is not decreased and blood flow to vital organs is not diminished à especially valuable in treating hypertensive patients with renal insufficiency.

The most common side effects of α – Methyldopa are sedation and drowsiness.

Vasodilators

ü The direct-acting smooth muscle relaxants, such as hydralazine and minoxidil à act by producing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, which decreases resistance and therefore decreases blood pressure.

ü These agents produce reflex stimulation of the heart, resulting in the competing symptoms of increased myocardial contractility, heart rate, and oxygen consumption. These actions may prompt angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, or cardiac failure in predisposed individuals.

ü Vasodilators also increase plasma renin concentration, resulting in sodium and water retention. These undesirable side effects can be blocked by concomitant use of a diuretic and a β-blocker.

Hydralazine:

à causes direct vasodilation, acting primarily on arteries and arterioles à decreased peripheral resistance à reflex elevation in heart rate and cardiac output. Hydralazine à used to treat moderately severe hypertension.

Adverse effects of hydralazine à headache, nausea, sweating, arrhythmia, and precipitation of angina. A lupus-like syndrome can occur with high dosage, but it is reversible on discontinuation of the drug.

Minoxidil:

ü It causes dilation of resistance vessels (arterioles) but not of venules. Administered orally for treatment of severe to malignant hypertension that is refractory to other drugs.

ü Reflex tachycardia may be severe and may require the concomitant use of a diuretic and a β-blocker.

ü Minoxidil causes serious sodium and water retentionà volume overload, edema, and congestive heart failure. This drug is now used topically to treat male pattern baldness - alopecia

[Note: Minoxidil treatment also causes hypertrichosis (the growth of body hair).]

àAlways administered in combination with a β-blocker such as propranolol (to balance the reflex tachycardia) and a diuretic (to decrease sodium retention). Together, the three drugs decrease cardiac output, plasma volume, and peripheral vascular resistance.

Sodium nitroprusside :

ü Nitroprusside I.V. à causes prompt vasodilation, with reflex tachycardia. Capable of reducing BP in all patients, regardless of the cause of hypertension.

ü Nitroprusside is metabolized rapidly (t_l/2 of minutes) and requires continuous infusion to maintain its hypotensive action. Sodium nitroprusside exerts few

ü Adverse effects except for those of hypotension caused by overdose. Nitroprusside metabolism results in cyanide ion production, although cyanide toxicity is rare à can be effectively treated with an infusion of sodium thiosulfate to produce thiocyanate, which is less toxic and is eliminated by the kidneys.

ü Nitroprusside is poisonous if given orally because of its hydrolysis to cyanide.

GPAT 2020: How to Study ?

2019-03-03T20:17:00.000+05:30

GPAT 2020: How to Study ?

What is GPAT ?

GRADUATE PHARMACY APTITUDE TEST (GPAT) is a national level entrance examination for entry into M. Pharm programmes.
Till 2018, it was conducted by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) every year.
The Test will now be conducted by the NTA (National Testing Agency).

Why Need of GPAT Score ?

Not only to get admission to post-graduate course (M. Pharm/ PhD) but also to get scholarship during M. Pharm (2 years) and PhD (4-5 years course)

Who are eligible for GPAT ?

Bachelor's degree holders in Pharmacy or final year of B. Pharmacy
B. Tech (Pharmaceutical and fine chemical technology) / Equivalent Students are NOT eligible

Time Management

Complete the study preparation before mid of November 2019 (prepare your own notes)
Complete First revision till December 2019 end.
Second revision should complete 2-3 days before GPAT exam date.
Last 2-3 days before exam (revision of):

Schedules of D and C acts
Formula’s from Pharmaceutics, Biopharm and Pharmaceutical analysis.
IP microbiological Assays
Medicinal chemistry: Synthesis, basic rings and some basic reactions
Pharmacological classifications of drugs
Date of Exam: Be relax; Do not read any study material or MCQs

Time management during Exam

Total number of Questions – 125 Q.
Each correct Answer = 4 marks and Each Wrong Answer = -1
Try to Solve each 25 Q in Half an hour (30 min)
Q 1-25 – 30 Min
Q. 25-50 – 30 Min Total – 1 h
Q. 50 -75– 30 min Total – 1.5 h
Q. 75 -100 – 30 min Total – 2 h
Q. 100-125 – 30 min Total – 2.5 h
Last Half hour – To rethink on unsolved Q.

How to Study ? - Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry

Classifications
IUPAC Name, SAR, Basic ring of molecule, Synthesis of prototype drugs
Prepare flow chart or figure for MOA, or receptor on which drug act.
Adverse effects of specific drugs
Specific PK parameter of some drugs like AUC, Protein binding ability

Books:

Pharmacology: Rang and Dale, KD Tripathi, and Lippincott
Medicinal Chemistry: Wilson and Gisvold; Basic Ring and Synthesis: Harkishan Singh

How to Study ? - Pharmaceutics

Prepare notes – refer 2-3 books
Refer various charts and figures from Lachman and also from book by Aulton
Sort out formula’s from each chapter and make separate list along with meaning of symbols
Understand basic role of each ingredients with concentration used in pharmaceutical formulations

Books:

Tablets and Capsules: Industrial Pharmacy – Lachman and Lieberman
Parenteral and Ophthalmic Preparations – Gilbert Banker;
Pharmaceutics by Aulton; Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage forms

How to Study ? - Pharmacognosy

Biological Source, Family, Chemical Constituents
Identification and Chemical tests
Some important drugs microscopy – Stomata, Trichomes, Cal. Oxalate crystals
Structures of Chemical Constituents
Biosynthetic pathways

Books:

C.K Kokate - Pharmacognosy
Trease and evans – Biosynthetic pathways

How to Study ? - Pharmaceutical Analysis

List Down Principles, Source, Detectors from instrumentation of each analytical technique like Spectroscopy, Chromatography…
Prepare table for analysis of drug by which method (Spectroscopy or chromatographic)
Try to Solve max. problems from UV, NMR and Mass spectra
Various ranges of IR spectra and Delta or tau values from NMR Data
List all the formula’s along with symbols and principle of various laws.

Books:

UV- IR Spectra – Chatwal Anand, Scoog
NMR spectra – Willam Kemp, Pavia
Mass Spectra – Silverstein
Chromatography – Remington, Scoog
Titration – Chatwal Anand,
Vogels (Analysis technique)

How to Study ? - Physical Pharmacy, Dispensing Pharmacy, Bio-pharmaceutics

Derivation from equation like Kinetics studies
Definitions and principles behind various laws
Latin term meaning involved in prescriptions
Pharmaceutical incompatibility of various drugs

Books:

Physical Pharmacy: Martin
Dispensing Pharmacy: Cooper and gunn
Bio-pharmaceutics – Brahmankar

How to Study ? - Organic Chemistry, BiochemistryOrganic chemistry

Stereochemistry
Various reactions like addition, substitution, elimination and rearrangements

Biochemistry

Vitamins, Enzymes – Structure, role, deficiency defect and disease names
All biochemical cycles (ATP and NADP - numbers)

Books:

Organic chemistry: Morson and boyd
Biochemistry: U. Satyanarayan, A.C. Deb

How to Study ? - Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence

All Schedules and forms mentioned in D and C act
Try to remember number of elected and nominated members from PCI / State Pharmacy
Study acts and remember approval years of those acts

Do and Don’t

Time management: Daily routine and divide syllabus accordingly
Revise the same topic after 8 to 10 days
Search data and collect at one place
Stick important formula’s, basic rings in your study area
Don’t solve MCQs before reading chapter. First thoroughly read the chapter and then solve multiple MCQs
During exam: First solve only those Q. on which you are confident
If you are unsure : try to delete one by one option and reach to single option
Don’t solve those Q. which are totally unknown for you

Pharmacology (Basics): Mechanism of drug action

2019-03-03T13:21:00.003+05:30

Pharmacology (Basics): Mechanism of drug action

Mechanism of drug action:

Four major bio-molecular targets:

Enzymes
Ions channels
Transporter or carrier molecules
Receptors

Enzymes:

Inhibition of enzymes:

Non-specific inhibition: Many Drug è capable of denaturing proteins è Damage to enzyme à alteration in activity.
Specific inhibition :

a. Competitive equilibrium Type of inhibition: Drug and substrate compete with each other for binding to same catalytic site.

e.g.

I. Physostigmine / Neostigmine and Ach à for cholinesterase enzyme

II. Sulphonamide and PABA à for bacterial folate synthatase

III. Carbidopa / Methyl dopa and l-DOPA à for DOPA decarboxylase

b. Competitive non-equilibrium Type of inhibition: Drug bind to enzyme site with strong covalent bond and high affinity.

e.g. Methotrexate has 50,000 time higher affinity for Dihydrofolate Reductase (DHFR) than substrate (DHFA – Dihydrofolic acid)

c. Non-competitive inhibition: Drug and substrate react to differant catalytic site à decreases in catalytic activity.

e.g. Aspirin / Indomethacin - COX (Cyclooxygenase)

Disulfiram - aldehyde deydrogenase

Acetazolamide – Carbonic anhydrase

Digoxin – Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase

Ion Channels:

Types of ion channels:

a. Voltage gated sodium channels

b. Voltage gated calcium channels

c. Renal tubule sodium channels

d. ATP sensitive potassium channels

e. GABA gated Chloride channels

e.g. Quinidine blocks myocardial Na⁺ channels

Nifedipine blocks L-type of voltage gated Ca⁺ channels

Receptors:

Reference: Rang et al, 5th edition, Pharmacology.

Types of receptors:

Ligand gated ion channels - Ionotropic receptors
G-protein couple receptors – Metabolotropic recetors
Kinase linked receptors
Nuclear receptors

Ligand gated ion channels - Ionotropic receptors:

ü Receptors on which fast neurotransmitters act.

ü e.g. Nicotinic acetyl choline receptor

GABA_A receptors

Glutamate receptors of NMDA

Gating mechanism:

When Ach bound to α-subunit à Twisting of α-subunit à Opening of channels à Increases Na⁺ and K⁺ permeability. à Influx of Na+ ions causes depolarization of cells.

G- Protein Couple receptors:

ü Receptors of various hormones and slow neurotransmitters

ü e.g. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Adrenergic receptors

Chemokines receptors

α, β, γ Subunits

ü α Subunit (23 isoforms): contains the GTP/GDP binding site is responsible for identity.

ü β (5 isoforms) and γ (12 isoforms): are identical or very similar, interchangeable in vitro; most of them are ubiquitously expressed; membrane anchored through prenylation of Gβ.

Subtypes of G-Protein couple receptors:

Gs = ↑ adenylyl cyclase and ↑ Ca⁺⁺ Channel

Gi = ↓ adenylyl cyclase and ↑ K⁺ Channel

G₀ = ↓ Ca⁺⁺ Channel and ↑ K⁺ Channel

Gq = ↑ Phospholipase C- β.

Receptors:

It is defined as macromolecule or binding site located on surface or inside the effector cells to recognize the signal molecule (drug) and initiate response to it, but it has no self function.

Agonist: An agent which activates receptors to produce an effect similar to that of physiological signal molecule.

Inverse agonist: An agent which activates receptors to produce an effect in opposite direction to that of agonist.

Partial agonist: An agent which activate receptor produces sub-maximal effect but antagonise the act of full agonist.

Antagonist: An agent which prevents the action of an agonist on receptor, but does not have any effect of its own.

Affinity: Ability of drug to bind to receptor called affinity.

Efficacy or intrinsic activity: Capacity to induce functional changes in receptors called as intrinsic activity.

Agonist : Affinity and intrinsic activity

Antagonist: Affinity but no intrinsic activity

Partial agonist: Affinity but sub-maximal intrinsic activity

Inverse agonist: Affinity but negative intrinsic activity (0 to -1)

MCQs - General Pharmacognosy

2019-03-02T23:41:00.001+05:30

Question 1: Which one of the following plant can be Cultivated at sea level

Tea
Saffron
Senna
Camphor

Question 2: Which one of the following plant requires 50-100 ˚F temperature for it's Cultivation

Cardamom
Tea
Coffee
Cinchona

Question 3: Which plants do not requires proper arrangement for irrigation or sufficient rainfall for their development

Aloe
Saffron
Saffron
All of the above

Question 4: Which soil is not suitable for leguminous plants

Acidic
Alkaline
Silt loam soil
None of the above

Question 5: Which one of the following used as Rodenticide in cultivation of plant

Parathion
Malathion
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
Warfarin

Question 6: Chorbenzoate is an example of_________. Which is used in cultivation of plants

Rhodenticide
Acaricide
Insecticide
Fungicides

Question 7: IAA (Indole-3-acetic acid) is a plant growth regulator belonging to category

Gibberlin
Absicic acid
Auxin
Cytokines

Question 8: Zeatin is a which type of compound shows significant plant growth regulating activity

Gibberllic acid
Absicic acid
Auxin
Cytokines

Question 9: Which one of the following part of plant is collected just before it reaches to its maturity

Leaf
Root
Seed
Fruits

Question 10: Barks are generally collected in ______ season

Rainy
Spring
Summer
Autumn

Answers of above Questions:

1. Senna

2. Cardamom

3. Aloe

4. Acidic

5. Malathion

6. Acaricide

7. Auxin

8. Cytokines

9. Leaf

10. Spring