Pharma Market Strategy

Resumption after an extended hiatus

2009-08-24T12:22:00.001-07:00

Things have been really insanely busy on the work front over the last year, necessitating some radical prioritisation and thus I have only posted on Pharma Strategy Blog instead of here and Oncology Market Trends.

It will be changing from this week as things gear up for some interesting new perspectives on the Pharma CI front and I'd like to take the time to thank everyone for their patience during the hiatus.

Normal service will resume shortly.

When tomorrow never comes... the rising cost of health care

2008-10-13T04:42:00.000-07:00

"This weekend, I had the opportunity to read Matt Miller’s outstanding upcoming book, The Tyranny of Dead Ideas. In his chapter on the folly of employer-provided health insurance, Miller gives us today’s startling factoid: 'It’s crazy but true: Starbucks spends more on health care than on coffee; General Motors spends more on health care than on steel.'"

Daniel Pink

What is the world coming to when the cost of basic health care is so exorbitant? The National Coalition on Health Care has some startling facts:

"In 2007, total national health expenditures were expected to rise 6.9 percent — two times the rate of inflation.1 Total spending was $2.3 TRILLION in 2007, or $7600 per person. Total health care spending represented 16 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). U.S. health care spending is expected to increase at similar levels for the next decade reaching $4.2 TRILLION in 2016, or 20 percent of GDP."

When we look back at Starbucks and GM, we find that in 2007, employer health insurance premiums increased by 6.1 percent, which is two times the rate of inflation. The annual premium for an employer health plan covering a family of four averaged nearly $12,100. For many in more expensive cities that will only cover a family of two people.

Washington's focus on drug costs is in many ways displaced, because like earmarks it represents a very small proportion of the total budget. Meanwhile, the health care system is riddled with inefficiencies, excessive administrative expenses, inflated prices, poor management, and inappropriate care, waste and fraud. These problems significantly increase the cost of medical care and health insurance for employers and workers and affect the security of families.

But is anything done about this excessive waste and bloated administration?

Rising medical costs correlate to drops in health insurance coverage. That's not a good thing because ultimately, people who do drop coverage and then get ill will end up paying more for their health care if something goes wrong. If you get cancer or need a bone marrow transplant, it could wipe you out.

There is no doubt that health care reform is essential, the issue is what's the best way to go about it? In the current Presidential election, the two candidates have very different approaches to the problem. McCain is offering a $5,000 tax credit towards the cost of the annual health care plans. Obama believes that health care is a right and people should not be denied access, while there should be stricter rules for insurers.

In the McCain approach, one key detail missing from the plan is whether the tax credits created by eliminating employer-based tax benefits would keep up with the cost of medical care. This plan favours the young, fit and healthy. Those who are older, unfit and have a family history of medical problems will likely end up with higher costs.

In contrast, cost is the key detail missing from the Obama health reform plan. The campaign has not said how large the tax would be for businesses that opt not to offer insurance, or how small a business would have to be to be excluded from the requirement. If the payroll tax is too low, say 6 percent, many businesses may opt to pay it instead of offering insurance, sending their employees into the public program and boosting federal costs. Overall, it sounds very similar to the successful MA health care plan introduced by then Governor Mitt Romney, where no one was denied coverage, but the plan cost was adjusted according to people's means.

Either way, whichever candidate gets in will have to grapple with many of the same issues and the inertia that has confounded health reform for decades.

Thought for the Day

2008-10-06T12:39:00.000-07:00

Image by berpala via FlickrTim Ferriss of the Four Hour Work week just tweeted this one:

"Rudeness is the weak man's imitation of strength."
Eric Hoffer

How true. There is such a thing as manners, even in stressful times.

Health care bear?

2008-10-01T09:47:00.000-07:00

A bear nearly walked into a health care facility, but seemed a little shy:

Video

The Pharma industry gets off to a slow start this week

2008-09-22T04:44:00.000-07:00

The FT reports that the WHO may remove Sandoz' authorization to sell some of it's antibiotics after discovering manufacturing problems at the plant.

The Economic Times notes that Indian officals may complain to the FDA regarding the ongoing issues with drugs from Ranbaxy being banned, again over manufacturing irregularities. Interestingly, Ranbaxy have hire Rudy Guiliani to advise them on the issue.

Still on the generics front, sanofi-aventis has improved its bid for Zentiva NV to clinch the support of the Czech generic-drug company's board in a deal valued at 1.8 billion euros ($2.6 billion), according to Bloomberg.

Image via WikipediaBloomberg also declared that Taiwan banned all dairy products from China as inspectors found more cases of melamine contamination, a day after Hong Kong's two biggest supermarket chains pulled milk powder from their shelves. The scandal over melamine-tainted milk in China is linked to four infant deaths and hospitalization of 12,892 babies. Hong Kong's two largest supermarket chains, Wellcome and ParkNShop, withdrew Nestle SA's milk products after traces of the chemical were found.

Nestle yesterday said the amount was minute and wasn't considered harmful. However, the head of China's quality watchdog is reported to have resigned over the tainted baby milk scandal that has killed four children and nearly 53,000 others have now declared to be poorly.

Meanwhile, just as people thought the round of job losses and cuts in the industry had stabilised, Schering Plough announced 1,000 job losses on Friday in a bid to reduce costs, according to CNBC. Much of the downsizing will be felt in the field as they let go up to 20% of their US sales force.

Nestle, Schering-Plough

Thought for the Day

2008-09-21T14:29:00.001-07:00

The dog days of summer have ended and the pharma industry heads into the Fall season leaner and focused on year end targets. 'Tis is the season for getting things done.

There haven't been any blockbuster breakthroughs yet this year in the oncology or hematology space, but AACR, ASH and the San Antonio Breast Cancer conferences have yet to come.

I wonder who the eventually winners and losers for 2008 are going to be?

A day of silence

2008-09-11T07:00:00.000-07:00

"Let us honor if we can the vertical man, though we value none but the horizontal one."

WH Auden

New data suggests MMR vaccine is NOT linked to autism

2008-09-04T06:30:00.000-07:00

The MMR vaccine is not associated with autism, according to a new article published in the online scientific journal, PLOS. Scientists at the Mailman School of Public Health of Columbia University declared no link can be proven in their report.

The study provides more evidence against a link between the vaccine and autism than any in the past. As part of the research, the investigators replicated the 1988 study that detected a link and found nothing.

A case-control study was conducted looking at the timing of the onset of autism and gastrointestinal disorders, in relation to the vaccine.

The study also looked for the presence of measles in the bowel tissue of 25 cases and 13 controls.

Neither investigation supported the hypothesis that the measles component of the vaccine can lead to inflammation in the bowel and the release of neuroactive chemicals that promote developmental neuropathology.

If the hypothesis were true, the administration of the vaccine should precede the GI symptoms and the GI symptoms should precede the onset of autism. A cohort of 25 children with both autism and severe GI disorders was matched for age with 13 children with similar GI symptoms but not autism and the findings compared.

The median age of the autistic children and the control group was 5.5 and 5.1, respectively, and they got the first dose of MMR vaccine at about the same age, 15.3 versus 16 months.

The children were selected because their GI symptoms were sufficiently grave that a biopsy was indicated for clinical reasons, which allowed the researchers to obtain tissue samples for the current study and duplicate the original investigation in 1998 that raised the issue in The Lancet. That study reported the measles virus RNA in bowel tissue of 77% of children who had both autism and GI disorders, but not in children in a non-autistic control group.

Since then several studies have looked at the timing of the disorders and found no link between the vaccine and either autism or GI symptoms, but none has repeated the original investigation, until now.

In this study, using three different labs and modern molecular methods, the researchers found evidence of measles viral RNA in one case and one control, but otherwise they found no differences between the groups.

Equally, the temporal sequence of events did not support a link between the vaccine and either autism or GI disorders:

- The first appearance of GI symptoms averaged 12 months in the autism group and two in the controls.
- 13 of the 25 cases had the vaccine before the onset of autism.
- 16 of the cases had the GI symptoms before the onset of autism.
- And five of the cases had the vaccine before the onset of GI symptoms

The researchers were confident that the measles hypothesis is nullified, but added the finding doesn't rule out a link between autism and other vaccines, mercury compounds, PCBs, cell phones, or anything else.

Despite the concern over autism, the vaccine has shown itself to be safe and well tolerated, while significantly reducing the burden of disease, according to the CDC.

Data shows that the vaccine has been invaluable: before it was introduced in 1963, up to four million people were newly infected each year, up to 500 died, and 48,000 were hospitalized.

As of the end of July this year, the CDC had reports of 131 cases of measles in the U.S. (the highest number for the period since 1996), with 15 people, mostly young children, in the hospital and no deaths.

Sources:

PLOS (open acccess, free download of article)

Genentech and Roche

2008-07-29T07:13:00.000-07:00

The recent news that Roche are looking to purchase the remaining shares in Genentech has certainly caused a a big stir in the Pharma industry.

One of the main reasons the partnership blossomed was because Roche left Genentech largely alone and they had very clear marketing distinctions with Genentech responsible for the US and Roche handling the rest of the world.

The two cultures are very different with a conservative Swiss company versus a dynamic US biotech, so it will be interesting to see what happens. If the deal goes ahead, the big question is will Roche continue to leave them alone, or will it change the relationship?

This looks a good deal for Roche on paper, but if I were Genentech, I'd probably be a little nervous; will the creativity and dynamism go down the pan if it become more integrated with a big Pharma company?

Time will tell on both fronts.

Medicare Part D - new data available

2008-07-25T07:05:00.000-07:00

Academy Health has published a useful report on Medicare Part D and what information is available as part of the CMS Medicare Part D claims data.

You can download the report here.

Roche Helps Catch Tour de France Cheater

2008-07-23T05:20:00.000-07:00

I loved this story posted in Pharmalot today.

The company's scientists cooperated with the doping authorities by cleverly adding an extra innocuous molecule in their long acting EPO product, Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator (CERA). This would then be traceable in the blood tests taken during the Tour de France.

Image via WikipediaYou could see where the cyclists were going - if the drug was released more slowly into the body, they might escape detection while still gaining the benefits. Little did they know that effectively they were taking a marked product and the authorities would have incontrovertible proof of cheating.

Nice one!

What do you think? I'd love to see the makers of regular EPO (Amgen, Johnson and Johnson) and steroids follow suit - it's a simple but elegant solution that does not harm the users who do need benefit for legitimate means.

Is this an example of science and sport in perfect harmony, or not? Should we have more of it or is it an infringement on your rights?

News Sources:

Bloomberg
CNN

Cross-wired politics in Pharma country?

2008-07-20T17:41:00.001-07:00

Hillary fans switching over to McCain in NJ?

The differences between Hillary and Obama on policy were small, but the differences between either of them and McCain were much bigger.

Yet...

New tools for finding well organised information on cancer and biotechnology

2008-07-20T08:18:00.000-07:00

One of the things I hate most about traditional search engines such as Google, Yahoo and Ask Jeeves is that they just return pages and pages of disorganised information on whatever topic you type in the search box.

There are some cool alternatives out there that organise the information by topic so that you can find what you want much more quickly and easily.

For example, I took two of these new search engines and did a search on 'biotechnology'. Here's what they produced compared to Google:

Google

Kosmix

Mahalo

What a difference!

I've started using Kosmix for more organised searches on diseases and medical related items. Try typing in something like lung cancer or breast cancer and see how well they order the results. I'm not a big Wikipedia user because some of the science and technology pages aren't that accurate - they're only as good as the writer, but Kosmix allows you to search for a wider field for interesting and accurate information, right at your fingertips.

Looking for new ways to find the latest stuff on cancer?

2008-07-14T04:54:00.000-07:00

Or indeed any science and medicine topic?

This is one very cool online tool:

Medworm

Lilly to acquire SGX Pharmaceuticals

2008-07-08T13:11:00.000-07:00

In a surprise announcement, Lilly declared today that they have signed a definitive merger agreement with SGX Pharmaceuticals in an all-cash transaction. Under the terms of the agreement, Lilly will acquire all of the outstanding shares of SGX common stock at a price of $3.00 per share, for a total value of approximately $64.0 million. Lilly were one of the existing companies who had partner deals with SGX.

SGX is a biotechnology company based in San Diego. It is focused on oncology drug discovery and development.

The acquisition will give Lilly an opportunity to integrate SGX's structure-guided drug discovery platform into its drug discovery efforts. It will also give them access to FAST™, SGX's fragment-based, protein structure guided drug discovery technology, and to a portfolio of pre-clinical oncology compounds focused on a number of high-value kinase targets.

One of the promising agents, SGX393, may be active in Gleevec resistant T315I mutations in CML, which are also resistant to other therapies currently available including Tasigna (nilotinib) and Sprycel (dasatinib).

The acquisition, if successful, will give Lilly a promising oncology pipeline for the future.

Source:

Lilly

The other side of cancer vaccines...

2008-07-07T19:41:00.000-07:00

Recently, there has been quite a surfeit of information in the news about various vaccines such as Oncophage, Gardasil and Cervarix.

In theory, they sound promising either as protection from cancer developing, as in the case with the HPV vaccines for cervical cancer or as maintenance therapy after initial treatment with other agents or surgery, as with other vaccines.

There are downsides though, as Merck are discovering this week. CBS, CNN and other news channels are running stories on Gardasil's side effects including paralysis and wart outbreaks. That's not good news for a company that has gone through the scandals associated with Vioxx and Vytorin, followed by an ongoing battle with the FDA over the approval of Cordaptive.

Meanwhile, the WSJ reported that Wall Street had become a little nervous with news of flattening sales and thus the stock price took a hit. The stories of serious adverse events may lead to further skittishness over the next few weeks until they are addressed with robust data.

This is a big headache all around for a pharma company and a PR nightmare. Once stories get out about serious adverse events, more often come out of the woodwork.

Panel urges stricter diabetes testing

2008-07-03T08:15:00.000-07:00

Yesterday, a panel of FDA advisers voted 14-2 that the FDA should require drug makers to show that experimental diabetes drugs don’t increase cardiovascular risks.

If the FDA takes the panel’s advice, it could be more expensive for drug makers because it takes a much bigger, longer trial to prove heart safety than to prove blood-sugar control.

AstraZeneca and Bristol-Myers Squibb could be on the short list of those affected by any changes; the companies are planning to submit their diabetes drug saxagliptin for FDA approval soon.

Merck could benefit from the changes because its diabetes drug Januvia has already been approved, and would compete with saxagliptin, which is in the same class.

GlaxoSmithKline’s Avandia found itself at the center of a storm last year after an analysis suggested the drug raised the risk of heart attacks. The company claims the drug is safe, and it remains on the market, at least for now. Ironically, that debate may well have led to the FDA being pressured to reconsider how it approves diabetes medications.

Sources:

FDA
CNN

Can the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension be reversed?

2008-07-02T11:52:00.000-07:00

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is diagnosed by observing an elevation in mean pulmonary arterial (PA) pressure above 25 mmHg at rest or 30 mmHg with exercise. Patients usually present with much higher levels of PA pressure, but only vague and insidious symptoms of increasing fatigue and dyspnea. Some patients are diagnosed only after syncopal episodes.

Category I PH, also known as PA hypertension (PAH), includes idiopathic PAH (IPAH), familial PAH (FPAH), and acquired PAH (APAH).

Recent research has suggested that it might be possible to reverse the pathology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a disorder that can be rapidly progressive and fatal despite current treatments including prostacyclin.

The role of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity will be important in the development of novel models of PAH. Emerging treatments for the disease are currently aimed at inducing apoptosis of abnormal vascular cells that obstruct blood flow and also at promoting regeneration of “lost” distal vasculature.

Sources:

J. Clin. Investigation

New clue to Alzheimer's found in brain protein

2008-06-24T09:02:00.000-07:00

It has been known for a while that the brains of people with the memory-robbing form of dementia are cluttered with a plaque made up of beta-amyloid, a sticky protein that accumulates in the neurons of the brain.

The big question, however, was whether this is a significant cause of the disease or a side effect.

Other suspects included tangles of a protein called tau; some scientists thought this was the cause.

Researchers at Harvard Medical School have begun to address these issues and look at what caused Alzheimer's symptoms in rats by injecting them with one particular form of beta-amyloid. Injections with two other forms of beta-amyloid did not cause dementia, which may explain why some people have beta-amyloid in their brains but do not show disease symptoms.

The injected rats had impaired memory function, especially for newly learned behaviors. When the mouse brains were inspected, the density brain cells was reduced by 47 percent with the beta-amyloid seeming to affect synapses, the connections between cells that are essential for communication between them.

If the results are confirmed in humans, they this discovery may lead to interesting new therapies to either remove, reduce or prevent the build-up of the particular form of beta-amylin that causes dementia.

News coverage from CNN

Merck buys theatre advertising for cancer vaccine ads

2008-06-24T08:01:00.000-07:00

Has anyone seen the ads in US cinemas for Gardasil?

Apparently, Merck purchased ad time from May 30th through June 26th. The commercial will run during the trailers before SATC but also at screenings of The Incredible Hulk, Get Smart, The Happening and You Don't Mess with the Zohan among others. They're all films that will potentially attract the 19 to 26-year-old females, the likely target for the vaccine shots.

Merck is also hoping the Food and Drug Administration will soon approve Gardasil for women into their 40s, so perhaps the SATC campaign is also intended for them?

The company plans to file for the FDA approval of Gardasil for young men and boys who can carry and transmit HPV. Given the selection of summer movies Merck's marketers have made, I suspect the commercials are an attempt to raise awareness among guys as well.

Interesting approach.

Meanwhile, GSK are winning the battle for Europe, snapping up the tenders with it's cervical cancer vaccine, Cervarix. Unfortunately, Cervarix doesn't protect against genital warts although Gardasil does.

FDA and EMEA to Consider Additional Test Results When Assessing New Drug Safety

2008-06-17T14:45:00.000-07:00

In the first use of a framework allowing submission of a single application to the two agencies, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) worked together to allow drug companies to submit the results of seven new tests that evaluate kidney damage during animal studies of new drugs. The tests measure the levels of seven key proteins or "biomarkers" found in urine that can provide additional information about drug-induced damage to kidney cells, also known as renal toxicity.

The new biomarkers include KIM-1, Albumin, Total Protein, β2-microglobulin, Cystatin C, Clusterin, and Trefoil Factor-3. Both FDA and EMEA have long required drug companies to submit the results of two blood tests, called blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine, to evaluate renal toxicity. In addition to those tests, the FDA and EMEA will now consider results from the seven new tests as part of their respective drug review processes. A decision by the sponsor to collect information using the new tests is voluntary, if collected, it must be submitted to FDA.

Such human tests could one day open the door to the approval of more powerful drugs, especially for diseases where renal toxicity currently prevents promising experimental drugs from being approved. With more sensitive tests for renal toxicity, FDA could approve such drugs because health care professionals could closely monitor patients and halt the drug if early signs of renal toxicity appear.

Development of the new biomarkers was led by the Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC), whose members include scientists from 16 pharmaceutical companies. The PSTC was organized and led by the Critical Path Institute, a nonprofit organization that works to support FDA research collaborations that improve the development of medical products.

Researchers from Merck and Novartis AG identified the new biomarkers, tested them to prove their accuracy and usefulness, and then shared their findings with the other consortium members for further study. The consortium subsequently submitted applications for use of the biomarkers to FDA and EMEA.

The project is the first in which a group of drug companies has worked together to propose and qualify new safety tests and then present them jointly to the FDA and EMEA for consideration. The FDA and EMEA laid the groundwork for these specific joint-agency biomarker reviews in 2004 when they developed a framework called the Voluntary Exploratory Data Submission review process.

The new process allowed the PSTC to submit a single biomarker data application to both regulatory agencies, and then to meet jointly with scientists from both agencies to discuss it in detail and to address additional scientific questions posed by the regulators. Each regulatory agency then reviewed the application separately and made independent decisions on use of the new biomarkers.

Big pharma and innovation

2008-06-12T05:33:00.000-07:00

The next few years are likely to be tough for the pharma industry with a number of blockbusters going off patent and pipelines looking thinner than usual across the board. Companies are looking at ways of driving the innovation process.

The FT reported that Patrick Vallance, the head of drug discovery at GlaxoSmithKline, saying research at the company would be reorganized to become 'more biotech-like' in efforts to stimulate innovation. The plan was to split drug discovery into small units focused on specific disease areas, reward people based on successful 'value creation', while providing 'disincentives' against destroying value.

Meanwhile, Pfizer and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), announced a partnership in which the company will contribute $9.5 million to early-stage research at the university over the next three years.

Usually, industry funding targets specific projects, but in this case, researchers at the UCSF's Institute for Quantitative Biosciences will collaborate more broadly with the company, with both parties working together to identify promising ideas in different health disciplines. The academic researchers and their institution will retain patents to any inventions, while Pfizer will have the right to negotiate licenses on the technology.

If this doesn't put people off smoking....

2008-06-04T16:01:00.000-07:00

I don't know what will!

Source:

NEJM

Alnylam and Takeda Form Strategic Worldwide Platform Alliance in RNAi Therapeutics

2008-05-28T12:49:00.000-07:00

Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: ALNY) and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited recently announced that they have formed a strategic platform alliance in RNAi therapeutics in the fields of oncology and metabolic disease with the option to expand to additional therapeutic areas. This alliance is the first major RNAi therapeutics partnership between a Japanese pharmaceutical company and a U.S. biotechnology company, representing a new frontier in the advancement of RNAi therapeutics to patients on a global basis.

The cost? $100 million to play, $50M in technology transfers and options/extras for a non-exclusive license in two therapeutic fields that is valued at potentially over $1 billion in future research and development and commercial milestones, upon successful commercialization of multiple products. Wow, that's some deal for an unproven technology and a company with a poor pipeline clearly needs to spend it's way out of the hole.

So what exactly is RNAi? Well, it is a new approach for the discovery of breakthrough medicines that utilises a natural mechanism found within the body to inhibit expression of certain genes. Harnessing the activity of RNAi may create an opportunity to develop specific and potent new medicines for the treatment of a broad range of diseases, including those that are difficult to treat with today’s drug approaches. The discovery of RNAi was awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize and the advancement of RNAi is recognized as one of the most important advances in biomedical sciences in decades.

This collaboration clearly shows that Takeda means business and provides the company with broad, worldwide, non-exclusive access to and enablement with Alnylam’s RNAi therapeutics platform technology and intellectual property in the fields of oncology and metabolic disease, with the right to expand the number of therapeutic fields in the future. The agreement also includes the transfer of platform technology from Alnylam to Takeda, a collaboration and cross-license of delivery technologies between the two companies, and a drug discovery collaboration on certain RNAi therapeutic targets, subject to certain Alnylam third party obligations.

Takeda becomes Alnylam’s strategic partner for RNAi therapeutics over a five-year period and the only Asian company to obtain a right of first negotiation to develop and commercialize Alnylam RNAi therapeutic development programs for the Asian market, excluding Alnylam’s ALN-RSV01 program. In addition, Alnylam obtains opt-in options to co-develop and co-commercialize Takeda RNAi therapeutic programs in the U.S. market on a 50-50 basis.

At Takeda’s option, the scope of the partnership can be expanded to include additional fields with a $50 million per field expansion payment. Alnylam is also eligible to receive research and development funding related to the drug discovery collaboration. In addition, Alnylam is eligible to receive up to $171 million in development and commercial milestone payments and significant royalties per product. Alnylam plans to update financial guidance when it announces its second quarter 2008 financial results.

Market trends: New drug fights MRSA

2008-05-21T13:05:00.000-07:00

Scientists at Destiny Pharma in the UK hope they have developed a drug which can destroy the most virulent strains of MRSA. Destiny is dedicated to the development of novel antimicrobial products. Their XF series compounds have a mechanism of action that is fundamentally different from all existing antibiotics. As a result, it may offer potential advantages in controlling the drug-resistant bacteria that are becoming more common both in the community and hospital setting. Destiny are currently testing the drug, XF-73, in the clinic and it may potentially be available in hospitals by 2011.

Photo: Destiny Pharmaceuticals

Study results of the new drug, which is applied as a gel into patients’ noses, showed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (MRSA) did not develop resistance to the compound despite being exposed to it 55 times. XF-73 has been extensively studied in vitro and shows great potential. To date, it has shown:

* Rapid bactericidal activity
* No emergence of resistance in stringent multi-passage testing
* Broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including multiple strains of MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is a global problem. First reported in the early 1960s, MRSA can cause life-threatening infections in patients admitted to hospitals. When such infections occur, they are known as healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). Many hospitals in the UK now have MRSA specific teams to handle the infections.

Photograph: BBC

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 57% of Staphylococcus aureus found in US hospitals in 2002 were methicillin-resistant, compared with just 2% in 1974. There has been a dramatic increase in MRSA resistance in the UK from 2% in 1990 to >40% in the early 2000s. Today, 60-70% of all ITU (Intensive Therapy Units) Staphylococcus aureus infections in the US and the UK are methicillin resistant.

Approximately one-third of patients who carry MRSA develop infection, including the more serious invasive infection – which may result in death. The mortality rate from MRSA blood infection is 64% and there has been a 15-fold increase in MRSA-associated deaths since 1993 (see graph below). Unfortunately this is becoming a public health issue on a global scale unless new treatments are developed and marketed to destroy MRSA.

Adapted from "Hospital stays with MRSA infections 1993-2005
Source: AHRQ, Center for Delivery, Organization and Markets, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 1993-2005."