Pharmacy Gyan

Colloidal dispersion part-2 Physical pharmaceutics-2

2020-04-15T10:30:00.001+05:30

2.KINETIC PROPERTY

a)Brownian Movement-: The colloidal in dispersion are always in a state of random motion.

*This random motion can be abserved under ultra microsocpe.

*It was first observed by Robert Brown.

*The velocity of the partiles increase with the decrease in particle size.

b) Diffusion-: Particle diffusion from a region of higher concentrations to lower concentration until the system is uniform.

*The rate of diffusion is experessed by FICKED'S FIRST LAW –
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C) Sedimentation-: the colloidal dispersion, the brownian movement tend to disterb sedimentation.

*There force stronger force must be applied for sedimentation.

*Ultra centrifuge is used for studying sedimentation.

d) Viscosity-: Viscosity is an expression of resistance to flow under applied street (pressure).

*The more viscous a liquid, the grater the applied force to make it flow.

*Viscosity study provide shape of particle in solution.

3. Electrical property

When an electric is applied to a colloidal dispersion, the particle carrieing charge move toword opposite charge electrode.

The negative charged particle (such as kaoline and sulphur) move towards anode.

The positive charged particle ( such as metal hydroxide and ferric hydroxide) move toword cathode.

The rate of particle movement is observed by ultra microscope.

The rate of movement is a function of charge on the particle and related to zeta potential.
Zeta potential can be calculate by

Where ---:
S = Zeta potential in volt
V = Velocity of movement of colloidal particle
E = Applied potential
n = Viscosity of the medium
e = Dielectric constant

EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTES

Consider a solid surface carrying a negative charge and is in contact with Aqous solution containg both positive and negative ion.

The positively charged solid surface will influence distribution of ions.

The thermal mostion also influence distribution of charges.

The resulting effect will be formation of electric double layers.

Ex- AgVo3 +Na I ------------- Ag I + Na Vo3

The surface of AgI contains more I ions than Ag+ ion.

Aqours solution contain large amount of Na+ ion and No3 and tracks of H+ and oH-.

AgI surface is negative charge due to I ions.
It attract positive ions( Na+) towards it surface.

The thermal motion cavses equal distribution of ion.

Na+ concentration is high over I ion surface and from compact as stern layer.

An other layer of Na3- ion forms called as gally chaman layer.

Thus combination of 2 layer opposite charge are called os electrical double layer.

Protective Action

Large concentration of hydrophilic colloids increase the stability of hydrophilic colloids towards precipitation by electrolyte.

The hydrophilic colloids adsorb on the surface of hydrophobic colloids and from a protective layer.

This layer prevent them from precipitation on addition of electrolyte.

The phenomenon is constant as protection or protection action.

Most stable ion not reach the colloidal particle no coagulation.

When bismuth sub nitrate is suspended in Tragaenth dispersion.

These phenomena involve coagulation of gum by bismuth ion.

The flocculated gum aggregation with the bismuth ion to from gel or hard cake.

If phosphate citrate or tartrate aded.

The protect from coagulation influence of bismuth ion.

PEPTIZATION

It is a process of converting ppt of large size to colloidal size by means of electrolyte is k/as peptization.

Some ionic material get adserbed on the surface of finally divided solid and convert it into colloidal dispersion.

COACERVATION (phase separation)

When oppositly charged hydro colloids are mixed a colloid rich layer separate out. This process is k/as coacertation.

The phenomena in which a micro molecule dispersion on mixing separation into two layer is called as coacervation.

Ex. Creative is positively charged below pH 4.7 .
Acacia is negative change at this pH.

When they 2 are mixed together, two layer are formed.

The upper layer of low viscosity have poor concentration of colloidal material.

The lower layer hae thighs viscosity contain high concentration material.

Conformational analysis of cyclohexane

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CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS

Different spatial arrangements of atom in a molecule which are readily interconvertable by rotation of single bond are configuration.
Configuration represent confirmer which are readily inter convertible to they are not be separated.

The study of existence of configuration in molecule and their physical and chemical property is k/as CONFIRMATION ANALYSIS.

The structure of confirmers is of 2 types

1.STAGGERD -: When tarsinal angle b/w 2 atom molecule is 60°.

2.ECLIPSED -: Group of front and rear carbon overlap.

Confirmational analysis

Conformational analysis in ethane

*In the structure of ethane 3 hydrogen is bonded with both carbon
*In the special arrangements with bond is rotated 60° then total six types of structure is obtained in which three is staggered from and three is eclipsed from.

Conformational analysis in butane

*In the structure of n-butane hydrogen and 1 methyl group is present on both carbon.
*During conformational analysis after reaction of 60° in each time total 6 structure is formed in which full staggered is 1,fully eclipsed 1 , partial staggered 2 and portial eclipsed 2.

Energetic in n-butane

* In the confirmational analysis total 6 structure are form in which 3 is staggered from and other 3is edipsed.
* In staggered from no steric hindrance occurs so they are stable and their energy is low.
* But in the case of eclipsed from bilky group are comes closer and dur to steric hindrance their stability is reduce and potential energy is increase.

Conformational analysis in cyclohexane

Cyclohexane is a cyclic compound which show confirmational analysis by rotation or straining of bonds Mohr and Sachse in 1890-91 gives the idea of confirmational analysis in cyclohexane.
*After angel stain cyclohexane show 2 form of structure.

*The chair form is rigid and where it is trans form into boat form same angulr deformation is Nesserey.
*The energy barrier in this process is about 9-11 kd/mole.
*This value is large enough for each confirmation to retain its identity.
*The chair and boat form are triangle stain but because of difference in staining strain and border a position state the 2 form are different in energy content.

Energy in cyclohexane

*When chair form structure of cyclohexane is convert into boat form then they change into total five structure-
1. Chair
2. Half chair
3. Twisted boat
4. Half boat
5. Boat
*They energy of chair from is highest becoz this is similar to the eclipsed form.
*The energy of boat form is very less is about to 1.5 kcl.

Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compound ( Atrop isomerism)

*Those single bonded compound in which 2 cyclic group are bulky group present, they also show restricted rotation, that way these compound biphenyl also show stereo isomerism.
* Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compound is also k/as atrop isomerism.
* The term atrop isomerism consist of 3 words.
A + Trop + isomerism
A means NON
TROP means TERM
*It means those isomerism which can not tern into another axis.

Atrop isomerism in biphenyl

*There are basically 2 condition for spoeing atrop isomerism.
1. There should be any functional group or atom at the ortho position.
2. The group or atom should not be simiiat position 1 and 2,and 3 and 4.
*Diphenyl compound can be diverded into 2 equal half so they can be symmetrical if there is no any group at ortho position.

*But when different atom or group is attached with ortho position then will be asymmetrical and show atrop isomerism.

Stereospecific and steroselective reaction

*Those chemical reaction after which a stereo compound is form which is either may be destroyed or levo then this is called stereospecific reaction.
*In this type of reaction both dextro and levo compound can be synthesized in different proportion.

Stereo selective reaction

These chemical reaction after which only one dextro or one levo compound is form and which is 100% selective they are called Stereo selective reaction.

GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM

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Geometrical isomerism

The isomerism which due to restricted or forzen rotation about a bond in a molecular is k/as Geometrical isomerism.

Pharmacygyan by NITESH VISHWKARMA

The rotation either about a double bond or about single bond or in a cyclic compound can be seen.

Geometrical isomerism is exhibited by variety of compound lile
--- Compound Containing a double bond
(C=C) (C=N) (N=N)

Compound containing cyclic structure homocyclic Or hetrocylic.

Compound having restricted rotation about a single bond. Due to steric hindrance in biphenyl compound.

CONDITION FOR GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM
A compound will show geometrical if it fulfill following three conditions.

1- There should be atleast one double bond b/w and carboy, carbon and nitrogen.
2- There should be restricted rotation in double bond.
3- There should be at lest one similar group b/w both double bond carbon.

NOMENCLATURE OF GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM

GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM can be nomenclature by 3 method -:

1. Cis- trans nomenclature
2. E and Z nomenclature
3. Syn and Anti nomenclature

1. CIS TRANS NOMENCLATURE

*There should be atleast one double bond b/w C=C, C=N.
*There should be restricted rotation in double bond.
*Tere should be atleast one similar group b/w both double bond carbon.
*If the similar atom are group is present on the same axis an both carbon then it is called CIS ISOMER and if they are present on opposite axis then they are TRANS ISOMER.

2. E and Z NOMENCLATURE

*There should be atleast one double bond b/w carbon and C, C and N or N and N.
*Four atoms or group which are held with both carbon should be different.
*There should be restricted in rotation. E and Z is the derived from two Jarmon words -:

Z – ZUSSAMAN – CIS (SOME SIDE)
E – ENTEGGEN – TRANS (OPPOSITE SIDE)

EXAMPLE –
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3. SYN – ANTI NOMENCLATURE

*This kind of isomerism is shown by those compound which have atleast one C=N OR N=N.

It is of two types

1. SYN – SAME SIDE – CIS
2. ANTI – OPPOSITE – TRANS

*If the heigher polar group is present on the same side of carbon and nitrogen atom then it is called SYN and if height polar group are present an opposite side then is called ANTI.

*Determination of configuration of geometrical isomerism.

There are a number of method to determine the configuration of geometrical isomerism.

1. Physical method
2. Cyclisation method
3. Conversion method

1.Physical method -: The melting point and intently of absorption of cis isomer are lower than trans.
* The boiling point solubility heat of combution heat of hydrogenation, densiy, reflective index, dipole movement and dissociation constant of cis are greater then trans isomer.
By the comparison of above there physical properties we can determine the configuration of isomers.

2.Cyclisation Method -: Intermolecular reaction are more likely to occurs the closer together are the reaction group in the molecular, cis isomer undergoess the cyclisation reaction bit the trans isomer does not go for cyclisation reaction.

Ex. Malic acid after dehydration gives a cyclic compound maloc anhydride but fumaric acid do not gives dehydrated reaction so molic acid is cis isomer and feumeriv acid is trans isomer.

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3.Conversion method -: In this method unkown compound is convert compound after chemical reaction conversion method we can configuration of compound.

Ex. If tri chloro erotenic after oxidation gives fumeric acid then it is trans and if it gives malic acid then it is cis isomers.

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COLLOIDAL DISPERSION PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS 2

2020-03-21T15:02:00.001+05:30

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

Dispersion medium – A dispersion system is define as a system during which dispersed particles is distributed uniformly thought-out dispersing phase .

Colloidal dispersion- System during which dispersed particles size range 1nm to 1um is distributed uniformly thought out the dispersing phase are called as colloidal dispersion.

Pharmacygyan by Nitesh Vishwkarma

Classification of colloidal dispersion

S.N.	DISPERSION MEDIUM	DISPERSED PHASE	EXAMPLES
1	GAS	LIQUID	FOG
2	GAS	SOLID	SMOKE
3	LIQUID	GAS	FOAM(ARESOAL)
4	LIQUID	SOLID	COLLOIDAL GOLD IN WATER
5	LIQUID	LIQUID	OIL GLOBULES OR WATER GLOBULES
6	SOLID	GAS	SOLID FOAM
7	SOLID	LIQUID	MINIRAL OIL IN WATER
8	SOLID	SOLID	COLLOIDAL GOLD IN GLASS

Colloidal dispersion are classified into following types

1- Lyophillic colloid

2- Lyophobic colloid

3- Association colloid

Lyophillic colloid :-

* Lyo means solvent.

*Lyophillic colloids are solvent loving colloids.

*Hydrophilic and lipophilic type

* Hydrophilic colloids- includes gelation or acacia which form colloidal dispersion in water.

* Lipophilic colloids- include rubber for Polystyrene whic form colloidal dispersion in organic solvent. example benzene

*they are thermodynamically stable.

*viscosity increase with adding dispersed particles .

Lyophobic colloid

*They are organic and aquas solvent hating colloids.

*When dispersing phase is water they're k/as hydrophobic colloids.

* Colloidal Dispersion of gold or silver in water.

*They are thermodynamically an stable

*Viscosity doesn't increase and adding dispersion phase.

Association collide

*They also are k/as amphilic colloids.

*Few molecules or Ion have both polar and nonpolar Groups.

*There exist separately and Associate at critical micelle and concentration to make micelle of collide size.

*Viscosity increase by adding ampliphile.

Properties of Colloids

Optical properties of colloids are as follows

1. Ultra microscopy

2. Electronic microscopy

3. Light scattering

4. Tyndall effect

Ultra microscopy-

*When a cell containg colloidal dispersion is viewed through a utltra microscopy against dark background.

*The partical appear as bright spart against dark background.

Electron microscopy-

*The microscopy is use full in getting picture of a actual particle.

*It helps in studying size, shape, and structure of colloidal particles.

Light scattering –

*When a beam of sunshine is skilled a colloidal dispersion.

*Some light absorbend, some is cattered and remainders is transmuted.

*Absorbed light is liable for calaered nature.

*Scattered light caused the colloidal dispersion to seem Teubidity.

Tyndall effect –

*When a narrow beam of sunshine is skilled a colloidal dispersion.

*The path of sunshine become illuminated.

*This are often abserbed at right angel under ultra microscopy.

*Lyophobic system show I tence tydall effect them lyophollic system.

NATURE AND SOURCE OF DRUG

2020-01-28T21:37:00.000+05:30

NATURE AND SOURCE OF DRUG

Hello dear students, welcome to this blog today, I am going to talk about drugs they are nature and sources and the before discussing the topic in detail let's first know its objectives

*Number one how are drugs defined

*Number two what is the nature of drugs

*Number third what are the main sources from which drugs

The definition of drug- A drug may be defined as a natural or synthetic substance which when taken into a living body affects its functioning or structure and is used in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of a disease.

A drug may also be habbit-forming stimulant or narcotic substance like alcohol, cannabis, nicotine or a derivative of poppy. which produces a state of arousal contentment or eforea. continued or excessive use of such substances causes addiction or dependence. the former refers to legal drugs and the latter as illegal drugs. The term drug refers mainly to chemical or plant derived substances that affect psychological, behavioral or physical functions and lead to varying degrees of dependence or addiction.

Let's discuss now the nature of these drugs based on the nature of their chemical groups drugs can be classed into various groups alkaloids, glycosides philomon oyd, and proanthocyanidins, tannins,terpenoids resins and lignans,

Alkaloids

The alkaloids are heterocyclic nitrogen containing compounds usually with potent activity and bitter taste they are of limited distribution in the plant kingdom. the various groups of alkaloids like-

*tropane alkaloids

*pyrrolizidine alkaloids and

* methyl xanthine alkaloids - have diverse killed nickel properties which are mentioned below….

* Tropane alkaloids

* Tropane alkaloids - have anticholinergic activity they are also used medically to reduce smooth muscles palms hypersecretion and paint.

* Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids - inhibit pain cancer cells and bacteria they also help in stimulation of bone marrow leukocytes as well as myocardial contractility.

*Methylxanthines*

methylxanthines bind to adenosine receptor and elicit neurological effects in man and animals which may be regarded stimulating at low to moderate intake.

*Rodents -high intakes of methylxanthines show reduced sperm production and testicular atrophy.

Glycosides

Glycosides these compounds consist of various categories of secondary metabolites bound to a mono or oligosaccharide or to uronic acid. the saccharide or uronic acid part is called the glycol and the non saccharide part the Aglycon .

The main groups of glycosides are *cardiac glycosides *cyanogenic glycosides Glucocynolates , saponins and anthraquinone glycosides.

Now the clinical properties of these glycosides include

They inhibit sodium, potassium, ATP pumps and cell membranes. these pumps are critical for the functioning of the cardiac cells therefore these compounds result in increased contractility and reduced heart rate.

Cyanogenic glycosides interfere with the iodine utilization and result in hypothyroidism some saponins induce photosensitisation and jaundice. anthraquinone glycosides helped in induction of water and electrolytes creation as well as peristalsis and colon. now flavonoids and proanthocyanidins flavonoids consist of a central three-ring structure and proanthocyanidins are oligomers of flavonoids and the clinical properties include they act as general into oxidants several structures reduce inflammation or carcinogenicity.

Tannins

there are two distinct types of tannins

Condenser tannins - which are large polymers of flavonoids and hydrolyzable tannins which are polymers composed of a monosaccharide core most of Angelico's with several catechin derivatives attacked.the clinical properties include they are used as astringent in cases of diarrhea skin bleeding's and transit eights.

Terpenoids - the terpenoids are synthesized where the five carbon building block isoprene activity. and the clinical properties include their antonio plastic antibacterial and antiviral they are also important in gastrointestinal stimulation.

Resins - the resins are complex lipid soluble mixtures usually both non volatile and volatile compounds. the non volatile fraction may consist of dye tap annoyed and write-up annoyed compounds and more range circa terpenoids to dominate in the volatile fraction. and the clinical properties of these resins are most resins are inter microbial and wound healing but their actions depend on the composition of the chemical mixture resins are generally safe but contact allergy may occur.

Lignans - the lignans are composed of two phenyl propane I'd units to form an 18 carbon skeleton with various functional groups can they are gently lipophilic and have structural functions within the plant cell membranes lignin cophytoestrogen ik and antonio plastic effects.

Discuss The Sources Of Drugs

Drugs can be obtained from natural sources like plants animals microbes etc. Or can be prepared synthetically.

First we'll discuss national sources of drugs nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and continues to be an abundant source of novel chemo types and pharmaco force with only 5 to 15 percent of the approximately 2 lakh 50 thousand species of hair plant systematically investigated and the potential of marine environment barely tapped these areas will remain a rich source of novel bioactive compounds. it's apparent that nature can provide the novel chemical scaffolds for elaboration by chemical and biochemical approach thus leading to agents that have been optimized on the basis of their pharmacological activities.

First we will discuss the plants as the sources of drugs plants have formed the basis for traditional medicine systems which have been used for thousands of years in countries such as China and India. these plant based systems continue to play an essential role in healthcare and it has been estimated by the World Health Organization that approximately 80% of the world's inhabitants rely mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care. examples of important plant compounds developed for the benefit of human health are if a dream first isolated from ephedra Sinica is the basis for the synthesis of the nth asthma agents salbutamol and salmeterol .

Tubocurarine - it's the muscle relaxant isolated from coder Dendron and curare species and used by indigenous groups in the Amazon as the basis for the arrow poison cure.

Vlasting and Vincristine - isolated from catharanthus roseus has anti-cancerous properties peppered somniferum has given rise to four important medicines. the plant is very old painkiller and a sedative the four important and collides found in opium that are used as medicines today are morphine, codeine, noscapin and pepaverine.

Strychnine - it's isolated from the plant Stychnos nux- vomica this compound is used as a muscle relaxant in connection with operations for killing animals and due to its bitter taste, it enhances the gastric juice production leading to a better appetite.

Queenie - malaria is one of the most fatal diseases worldwide an old well-known remedy for treatment of malaria is the queenie isolated from the bark of trees in Cinchona species.

Artemisinin - Artemisia annua is an old Chinese and malaria remedy called Quinhao. this was shown to be an effective remedy both as prophylaxis and in the treatment of malaria,

Podophylllotoxin - it's a resin compound isolated from the roots of Podophyllum peltatum Podophylllotoxin was also the lead compound giving rise to the development of the medical drugs teniposide and etoposide today used again as several types of cancers.

The Microbes As The Source of Drugs

The exchange and discovery of penicillin from the filamentous fungus penisilin notatum by filiming in 1929 and the observation of the broad therapeutic use of this agent in the 1940s assured in a new era in medicine the so-called Golden Age of antibiotics. this discovery promoted the intensive investigation of nature as a source of novel bioactive agents and microorganisms hell proved to be a prolific source of structurally diverse bio active metabolites which have yielded some of the most important products of the pharmaceutical industry. and these include antibacterial agents such as pencillines from pencilum species cephalosporins from syphilis poram Cryptosporidium tetracycline from the actinomycintells the immunosuppressive agents like the cyclosporine and rapamycin from streptomyces species the cholesterol-lowering agents such as Mavis tannin and lovastatin from pencilum species and into hermeneutics and into parasitic drugs such as ever make tents from streptomyces species .

Cyclosporin A - isolated from the micro fungus Tolypocladium inflatum has immunosuppressive properties this product revolutionized the survival period for people needing transplantation of organs and has given a large number of people an elongated life.

The Marine Sources of Drugs

The world's oceans covering more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface represent an enormous resource for the discovery of potential chemotherapy agents. the first notable discovery of biologically active compounds from marine sources was the isolation of the C -nucleosides, spongouridine and spongothymidine from the caribbean sponge cryptotheka crypta in the 1950s. these compounds were found to possess antiviral activity the see here Dolabella auricularia from the Indian Ocean is the source of more than 15 cytotoxic cyclic and linear peptides called the Dolastatins.

The extremely potent Venom's of predatory cone snails have yielded complex mixtures of small peptides which have provided models for the senses of novel pain killers. the other sources of drugs include teprotide isolated from the venom of the pit viper bothrops jaracaca is used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Epibatidine - present in the skin of a frog EpipedobatesTricolour has been shown to be 200 times more stronger painkiller than morphine. this was discovered because natives used the extract of the skin as an arrow poison.

Discuss Synthetic Sources of Drugs

Synthetic drugs are synthetic compounds of naturally occurring chemicals for example synthetic marijana and bath salts. the short term toxicity of these drugs has been shown to be problematic for individuals and could have lifelong impacts also however as these drugs have only recently in filtered society not much is known about the long term effects and further research is needed based on their chemical makeup synthetic drugs are commonly divided into two categories, first we will discuss cannabinoids pop indeed known as k2 or spice cannabinoids are chemically formulated versions of synthetic marijana that consist of lab manufactured tetrahydrocannabinol users report greater anxiety, discomfort, nausea, confusion, perinea, desired for the feeling to end. these synthetic chemicals negatively affect short-term memory, emotional stability, motivation, learning, reasoning ability and stamina.

Cathinones

Often known as bath salts, Catalans contain chemical compounds that mimic the effects of cocaine. this is a powerful drug that causes severe side effects.

Bbath salts are sold as crystalline powder with names such as ivory wave, blow, red Daoe, vanilla sky, aura, zeus 2, zoom, bliss, blue silk, white lightening, ocean, charge, white dove and others.

The symptoms of bath salt use are severe paranoia, seizures, violent behavior, decreased need for sleep, hallucinations, lack of appetite, chest pain, and self-mutilation.

Users frequently described the highest horrible and report seeing demons, monsters, foreign soldiers or aliens some have symptoms for two to three days some require long-term psychiatric care because their symptoms do not improve.

Long-term health problems that result from the use of bath salts are kidney failure, long-term mental illness, increased risk of suicide, self-mutilation, liver failure and death.

Discuss The Roots of Drug Administration

A drug will produce its section only when it enters the body tissue or cells that is site of action.

so the entrance through which a drug is delivered is called the of drug administration there are various ways of administering a drug or a chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and these include systemic route and local Road.

The systemic route - Drug administration in systemic route the drug reads to the systemic circulation that's the blood.

This systemic route is further classified as internal route and parenteral route an internal route the drug is placed in the gastrointestinal tract and it absorbs to the blood the drug can be administered into gastrointestinal tract through oral route, sublingual route or rectal route.

Oral route- the drug is placed in the mouth and swallowed and absorption takes place along the whole length of the gastrointestinal tract, but drug administration through oral route is sometimes inefficient because only part of the drug may be absorbed and destruction of drug occurs by gastric acid and digestive juices.

The most important concept associated with oral route of drug administration is the first pass effect.

The first pass effect is the term used for the hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological agent when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to the liver via the portal circulation.

The greater the first pass effect the less the agent will reach the systemic circulation when the agent is administered orally.

Sublingual route or Buccal root - in this route of drug administration the drug is placed under the tongue and absorption occurs in the mouth.

So rapid absorption occurs and the drug is quite stable because the drug does not go to the stomach so it is not destroyed the enzymes and acids present in the stomach.

Rectal root - in this form a drug is mixed with the waxy substance that dissolves or liquefies after it is inserted into the director because the rectums wall is thin and it's rich blood supply the drug is readily absorbed.

It's prescribed for people who cannot take a drug orally because they have no she cannot swallow or have restrictions on eating as is required after many surgical operations.

Parenteral route of drug administration in this route of administration the drug does not pass through the gastrointestinal tract, it directly reaches to the blood. the drug can be administered with the help of injections which can be intravascular, intramuscular or subcutaneous or without injections.

Which include inhalations injections can begin - unconscious patients and it has quick action but there is greater risk of adverse effects because high concentration is attained rapidly and pain occurs at the site of injection.

Drug administration without injections is pain-free and rapid onset of action occurs due to rapid access to circulation.

Llocal or topical route of drug administration in this route the drug is applied on the skin and mucous membrane for the local action.

It's All About This Topic Hope You Understood Well

Thank You

HISTORY AND LANDMARKS&SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

2020-01-24T01:03:00.000+05:30

HISTORY AND LANDMARKS

1) OSWALD SCHMIEDEBERG (1838-1921) = Oswald is A founder of morden pharmacology. In 1872 Schmiedeberg set up an organization of pharmacology in Strasbourg, France (Germany around then) which turned into a world renowned hub for understudies who were enthusiasm for pharmacological issues.

Discovery=

*Estimation of – chloroform in blood.

*Study of chlorohydrate.

HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY

2) JOHN J. ABEL ( 1857-1938) = Established the primary chair of pharmacology within the U.S.A. (U. Michigan, 1891) after training in Germany. Able visited Johns Hopkins in 1893, and trained many U.S. pharmacologists. "The Father of american Pharmacology".

Discovery=

* Isolation of Histamine from pituitary gland.

* Preparation of pure crystalline insulin.

3) ALFERED JOSEPH (1885-1941) = General mechanism of drug action.

4) HENRY DOLE (1875-1968) =

Discovery=

* Isolate the neurotransmitters – Acetylcholine (1914).

* Identify histamine in animal tissue.

* Role of histamine in allergy and hyposensitivity.

* Alfa blocker reduces blood pressure.

5) POUL EHRLICH (FATHER OF CHEMOTHERPHY) = Use arsenicals for – syphilis, work on tumors

6) ALEXENDER FLEMING (1929) = discovered Penicillin

7) JAMES BLACK = Discovery of Beta blocker.

8) RAMNATH CHOPRA (FATHER OF INDIAN PHARMACOLOGY) = Systematic study of Indian medicinal plant.

9) DOMAGK(1937) =Prontesil sulphonamide

10) PASTEURE (1877) = Phenomenon of antibiosis.

11) WAKSMAN (1944) = Actinomycetes

12) J.N. Langley (1852-1925 and Sir Henry Dale (1875-1968) = pioneered pharmacology in England, taking a physiological approach.

13) Rudolph Buchheim (1820-1879) = In 1847 Bucheim set up the main research facility gave to trial pharmacology in the storm cellar of his home in Dorpat which is known as the support of exploratory pharmacology.

14) Francois Magendie (1783-1855) = A French physiologist set out the decree "Actualities and certainties alone are the premise of science." Experimental methods with creatures are the proving grounds for assurance of medication activity.

SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

1) To study of disease/disorder (pathophysiology)

2) Study of pharmacodynamics

3) Study of pharmacokinetics (properties A. D. M. E.)

SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

4) Clinical pharmacology & Therapecutics ( use – contraindication , posology, bioablevility )

5) Toxicology – Toxic substance , antidate , treatment

6) Forensic science

7) Pharmacovigilance –Allergic response , Heptotoxicity, Teretrgenicity, etc

8) Pre-clinical trials

9) Pharmacogenonics

10) Clinicals trials

11) P. DRUG – personal drug

12) New drug development

Introduction of pharmacology unit-I (BP404T)

2020-01-17T18:53:00.003+05:30

Introduction of pharmacology unit-I (BP404T)

Basic introduction of pharmacology : The word Pharmacology is derived from Greek words pharmakon =drug, logos =science.

Definition: Pharmacology could also be a topic of bioscience which deals with the study of drugs or medicine that interact with the living system through chemical processes, specially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting body processprocess is know as pharmacology.

Pharmacodynamics: is that the study of the actions of medicine on track organs.

Pharmacotherapeutics: Pharmacotherapeutics is that the life science concerned with the utilization of medicine within the treatment of disease.

Toxicology: is the study of harmful rather than therapeutic effects.

Pharmacy: nvolves manufacture, preparation, and dispensing of drugs.

Pharmacoepidemiology: investigates the effects of drugs on populations.

Pharmacoeconomics: examines the cost-effectiveness of drug treatments.

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics: is study the influence of genetic variation on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs.

Medical Pharmacology: Branch of Pharmacology deals with the utilization of medicine in physical body for Diagnosis, Prevention, Suppression and Treatment of the Diseases.

Clinical Pharmacology: is the study of characteristics, effects, properties, reactions and uses of drugs.

DRUG: Drug is any substance or product that is used to modify used intended is be to or physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient .

Pharmacokinetics : is the thing that the body does to the medication."

1.Absorption

2.Distribution

3.Metabolized

4.Excreted

ABSORPTION: Absorption is development of the medication from its site of organization into the course.

DISTRIBUTION: A medication has accessed the circulation system, it gets appropriated to different tissues that initially had no medication, fixation inclination being inside the heading of plasma to tissues."

METABOLISM(BIOTRANSFORMATION): Biotransformation means chemical alteration of the drug in the body.

Pharmacy Gyan

Colloidal dispersion part-2 Physical pharmaceutics-2

2.KINETIC PROPERTY

EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTES

Protective Action

Conformational analysis of cyclohexane

CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS

GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM

Geometrical isomerism

There are a number of method to determine the configuration of geometrical isomerism.

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS 2

COLLOIDAL DISPERSION

Dispersion medium – A dispersion system is define as a system during which dispersed particles is distributed uniformly thought-out dispersing phase .

Colloidal dispersion- System during which dispersed particles size range 1nm to 1um is distributed uniformly thought out the dispersing phase are called as colloidal dispersion.

Classification of colloidal dispersion

NATURE AND SOURCE OF DRUG

NATURE AND SOURCE OF DRUG

Alkaloids

*Glycosides*

Discuss The Sources Of Drugs

The Microbes As The Source of Drugs

The Marine Sources of Drugs

Discuss Synthetic Sources of Drugs

Discuss The Roots of Drug Administration

HISTORY AND LANDMARKS&SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

HISTORY AND LANDMARKS

SCOPE OF PHARMACOLOGY

Introduction of pharmacology unit-I (BP404T)

Introduction of pharmacology unit-I (BP404T)

Basic introduction of pharmacology : The word Pharmacology is derived from Greek words pharmakon =drug, logos =science.

Definition: Pharmacology could also be a topic of bioscience which deals with the study of drugs or medicine that interact with the living system through chemical processes, specially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting body processprocess is know as pharmacology.

Glycosides