Pharmaceutical Care

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fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 24 Mar 2013 20:02:00 +0700

100 Weight Loss Tips

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 25 Nov 2012 07:38:00 +0700

100 Weight Loss Tips

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Pharmacists as a duty manager at the Hospital Pharmaceutical Procurement

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Tue, 5 Jun 2012 01:37:00 +0700

Pharmaceuticals are planning a function that determines the process of procurement of pharmaceuticals in the hospital.

The scope of the management of pharmaceuticals in hospitals include: planning, procurement, receipt, storage, distribution, administration, control, removal, reporting and evaluation

The purpose of pharmaceuticals to determine types and amounts of pharmaceuticals in accordance with the pattern of disease and the need for health services in hospitals.

Pharmaceutical supplies, demand planning stages include:

    Election

Selection function is to determine whether pharmaceuticals really in need in accordance with the number of patients / visits and patterns of disease in the hospital.

Criteria pemillihan needs good medications include:

a. Selected types of drugs to a minimum by avoiding the common Janis
b. Avoid using a combination of drugs, unless the drug combination has a better effect on the appeal of single drug
c. When many types of drugs, then we choose based on the preferred drug (drug of choice) from a high prevalence of disease

Hospital drug selection in the National Stroke refers to the National Essential Drugs List (DOEN) according to the class B type in the can by this hospital, hospital formulary, formulary health insurance for the poor, Ceiling Price List Drugs (DPHO) Askes and social security Employment (Social Security). While the selection of medical equipment in hospitals is based on the data usage by user, ISO standards, a list of prices for equipment, medical equipment list issued by the Director General and Alkes Binfar, and specifications set by the hospital.

Compilation of use

Compiling the use of pharmaceuticals serves to determine the monthly usage of each type of pharmaceutical supplies in service units during the year and the comparable data for optimum stock. And stroke hospitals nationwide to determine the monthly usage based on monthly reports are made each warehouse space, production space and sterile.

Compilation of information obtained from the use of pharmaceuticals are:

    The amount of use of each type of pharmaceutical supplies to each unit of service
    Percentage use of each type of pharmaceutical supplies to the total use of the whole unit a year of service
    Average usage for each type of pharmaceuticals
    Calculation of

Planning approach needs to be done through several methods:

    Consumption method

Calculation of the consumption method is based on the consumption of pharmaceuticals riel ago period, with various adjustments and corrections. Hospitals nationwide for stroke using the consumption method.

Some things to consider in order to calculate the amount of pharmaceutical supplies needed:

    Data collection and processing
    Analysis and evaluation of data and information
    Calculation and estimation of pharmaceuticals
    Adjusting the amount of the needs of pharmaceutical supplies to the allocation of funds

There are 9 steps to determine the method of consumption:

    Determine the actual usage in a year
    Calculating drug shortage
    Determine the average usage
    Determine the need for drug
    Calculate the drug needs for years to come
    Calculate the waiting time requirements
    Determine the buffer stock
    Determine the amount of drug
    Determine the amount of drug which is served

2. Method of morbidity / epidemiology

Epidemiological method is one method of planning based on traffic patterns of disease cases.

The steps are:

    Calculate the amount of each drug for any one disease
    Calculate the drug needs of each disease for one year. For one type of drug used for various diseases then calculated the need for each illness. If there is one disease that uses two or more types of drugs, then determined the percentage of each use.
    Calculate the drug needs for years to come
    Calculate the waiting time requirements
    Determine the buffer stock
    Determine the amount of drug
    Determine the amount of drug which is served

Procurement is an activity to realize the need for medication in the hospital that has been planned and approved.

The purpose of procurement is: getting pharmaceutical supplies at reasonable prices, good quality, timely delivery, the process goes lanca and does not need too much energy and time.

Procurement is the responsibility of pharmaceutical installations are:

    Pack medicines Hospitals (eg: anesthesia for surgery)
    Fluids (eg: nissol)
    ASKES drugs
    Regular medicines
    Medical devices
    The tools of radiology / X-ray films
    Medical devices
    Spare parts

Receipt of goods:

    Recipient of the goods received by the committee and the committee checks whether the recipient in accordance with the booking, check the date of expire date, number, is there any damage or not.
    If the goods have been declared fit then the goods will go with the inclusion of warehouse receipts.
    For ASKES drugs, items brought directly to the barn with accompanying invoice.
    If the item does not fit or is damaged or the date of expire date is too close to the returns made

Recording:

    Recording made in the book of Goods Loading and recorded stock-carded. The recording is also performed using the computerized system.

Storage:

    Performed at the storage warehouse with classifying drugs based on its type. Drug tablet is placed in conjunction with drugs tablet. It's the same drug in solution and injection as well as medical equipment. Let the preparation of medicines based on the alphabet. And storage of medicines should refer to the pharmacopoeia.

Distribution:

System drug expenditure is based on FIFO (first in first out).

Expenditure is written in the list of goods and mutations were recorded in the card stock and computerized.

Reporting:

    Reporting is done every month created by the head of the warehouse and approved by the pharmacist.

Pharmaceutical Oriented

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Tue, 5 Jun 2012 01:28:00 +0700

Padang Indonesian, Along with the times, the role of the pharmacist changed peracik and supplier of pharmaceutical drugs in the direction of service delivery and information, to the care giver to the patient.

Duties of a pharmacist is to provide a viable drugs, more effective and safe as possible and satisfy patients. By taking direct responsibility on the individual patient's drug needs, pharmacists can contribute to the impact on patient treatment and quality of life.

"The approach in this way is called pharmaceutical care (pharmaceutical care). Respect yourself first, if you want the respect of others. Respect your profession as a pharmacist when the pharmacist profession appreciated the community wants.

Run your profession as a pharmacist with sincerity in order to deliver the best to patients, "said Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Ethics Pharmacists Pharmacists Association of Indonesia (IAI) in West Sumatra, Deswinar Darwin when the first national seminar and workshop" The Road of the Optimal Clinical Pharmacist to Pharmaceutical Service "at the Hotel Basko, Saturday (10/3).

Single Drug of Abuse Tests

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Mon, 24 Oct 2011 19:03:00 +0700

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Alfa proudly offers an extensive portfolio of OTC-Cleared/CLIA-Waived drug of abuse tests. Cleared by the US FDA for sale to CLIA-Waived laboratories, these tests include the following analytes.

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BAR	Barbiturates	200 ng/mL
BZD	Benzodiazepine	300 ng/mL
COC	Cocaine	300 ng/mL
MET	Methamphetamine	1000 ng/mL
MOR/OPI	Morphine/Opiates	2000 ng/mL
MOR/OPI300	Morphine/Opiates	300 ng/mL
MTD	Methadone	300 ng/mL
OXY100	Oxycodone	100 ng/mL
OXY300	Oxycodone	300 ng/mL
PCP	Phencyclidine	25 ng/mL
TCA	Tricyclic Antidepressants	1000 ng/mL
THC	Marijuana	50 ng/mL
XTC	Ecstasy	500 ng/mL

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Targeting Schizophrenia The Marijuana Smoker

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Tue, 27 Sep 2011 01:14:00 +0700

Ontario, Canada, Schizophrenia is a medical language for mental illness that many people are crazy. Hallucinations, paranoia, and as if talking on the other hand, the characteristic schizophrenia. Researchers have found cannabis in the long term risk of contact with schizophrenia smoke.

Cannabis is the illegal substance most frequently abused and often used by smoking a cigarette. While paranoia is one of the most unpleasant side effects of marijuana.

Steven Laviolette of the research conducted at the University of Western Ontario, Canada has shown that the basolateral amygdala brain is involved in the influence of cannabis on paranoia.

This means that marijuana is actually the fear that causes the brains to jump on the specific experiences associated with anxiety increases. As reported by Epharmapedia, Monday (9/26/2011), the results of this study published in the Journal of Neuroscience.

Interestingly, the investigators also found marijuana also avoid the fear. Mechanism of action of drugs like marijuana is the business off in a region called the prefrontal cortex before exposing it to shock.

The prefrontal cortex is the highest levels of the brains and is an area involved in executive functions such as planning, decision making, response and impulse control.

Researchers have shown that both the investigated regions of the brains, a region involved in the pathology of schizophrenia. And that understanding of the interconnection area can lead to better treatments for this disease.

"We know there are exceptions both the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex in patients with schizophrenia, and we know the areas of the brains at the same time very important for the effects of cannabis and other substances cannabinoids on emotional processing," said Laviolette.

The study was conducted on laboratory mice. When rats were a drug that the activity of the cannabinoid receptors may increase even if you receive a little surprise given was enough to stop the mice.

The mice were paralyzed by fear and push the cage design and fragrances. Without the administration of drugs such as marijuana, a small shock will not have the same effect.

Interstitial Cystitis

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Tue, 27 Sep 2011 01:09:00 +0700

Interstitial cystitis is a chronic condition characterized by a combination of bladder pain and sometimes pain in the pelvis. The pain is felt a burning sensation can vary from mild to severe pain.

Interstitial cystitis is also called painful bladder syndrome and more attacking women.Interstitial cystitis can have a negative long-term quality of life.

Symptom

The signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis vary from person to person. The symptoms of interstitial cystitis include:

1. Pain in the hip or between the vagina and anus in women or between the scrotum and anus in men.

2. Chronic pelvic pain.

3. Frequent urination, but in small quantities and start the day and night. In more severe cases may also urinate 60 times a day.

4. Pain during intercourse.

Symptoms similar to interstitial cystitis, chronic urinary tract infection, but the urine contains no bacteria. Worsening of symptoms may occur if patients experienced interstitial cystitis urinary tract infections.

Cause

The bladder is a hollow muscular organ composed, shaped like a ball and to keep the urine until it is ready to be emptied. In adults, the bladder expands until complete and then give a signal to the brain when it is time to urinate.

The signal is transmitted through the pelvic nerve. In interstitial cystitis, the nerve signals interfere so that people feel the need to urinate more frequently and with smaller volumes than normal.

It 'possible that many people with interstitial cystitis also have defects in the protective lining (epithelium) of their bladder. A leak in the epithelium allows toxic substances in the urine irritate the bladder wall.

Treatments and drugs

A. Oral medications can relieve the symptoms of interstitial cystitis are:

1. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to relieve pain.

2. Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline or imipramine (Tofranil), to help relax your bladder and block pain.

3. Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) and loratadine (Claritin, others), to relieve often to urinate and relieve other symptoms.

4. Pentosan (Elmiron), an oral medication that has been for the treatment of interstitial cystitis. This drug may take up to six months to reduce urinary frequency. Side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances and mild hair loss improves when you stop taking drugs. This drug has not been studied in pregnant women.

B. Nerve stimulation

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) uses mild electric current to relieve pelvic pain and reduce urinary frequency. The power cord is placed under the back or just above the pubic area.

Voltage is given for a few minutes or hours, two or more times a day. In some cases, TENS devices can be inserted into the woman's vagina or anus men.

Scientists believe that TENS may relieve pain and urinary frequency associated with interstitial cystitis by increasing blood flow to the bladder, strengthens the muscles that help control the bladder or triggering the release of substances that block pain.

Another possible treatment is to stimulate the sacral nerve. Modulation of the sacral nerve (the main road between the spinal cord and nerves in the bladder) can reduce the feeling of wanting to urinate immediately.

The method is a thin wire placed near the sacral nerves and provides electrical pulses to the bladder, similar to a pacemaker. If the procedure is successful in reducing symptoms, a permanent device that can be implanted surgically.

C. Inflate the bladder

To this end, stretching the bladder using a water or gas. The procedure can be used as a treatment if the response lasted.

D. The drugs that are implanted into the bladder

Dimethyl sulfoxide, or DMSO (RIMS-50) is inserted into the bladder through a thin, flexible tube (catheter) is inserted through the urethra. The solution is sometimes mixed with other drugs such as local anesthetics.

After being in the bladder for 15 minutes, the solution removed through urination. This method can reduce inflammation and prevent muscle contractions that cause the symptoms of interstitial cystitis.

The new treatment, injecting the bladder using a solution containing a mixture of drugs: lidocaine, sodium bicarbonate and heparin or pentosan may be used to reduce symptoms.

E. Operation

Doctors rarely use surgery as a treatment of interstitial cystitis due to the removal of part or all of the bladder does not relieve pain and other complications can cause. The operation is usually performed only after other treatments have failed.

Options include:

1. Increased bladder. Delete the damaged part of the bladder and replaced it with a piece of the colon. This still leaves the symptoms' of pain and some people still need to empty the bladder with a catheter multiple times a day.

2. Electrocution. Insert the instrument through the urethra to burn ulcers that may arise as a result of interstitial cystitis.

3. Resection. Insert the instrument through the urethra to cut ulcers.

Herbal Supplements-Drug Interactions: Scientific and Regulatory Perspectives

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Tue, 27 Sep 2011 01:01:00 +0700

The international popularity of herbal remedies has passed recently, high-quality information on the use and dosage of these compounds. This book fills a gap in theliterature and offers an authoritative overview of the mechanisms of herbal remedies andtheir impact on drug standards. It offers a practical approach that focuses not only onspecific interactions with other drugs, but the underlying mechanisms of these interactions and their clinical significance. With the help of experts examines the entiretext of the use of herbs, includes sections on individual herbs and keeps relevant regulatory issues and concerns of the industry.

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When the little affected by the influence of Singapore

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 25 Sep 2011 03:16:00 +0700

Jakarta - Indonesian, begins with fever and rash in the mouth the appearance of red spots, which later became a lesion or blister. When you see these symptoms, be careful! Singapore could be a flu or HFMD (hand, foot and mouth disease).
Initial symptoms are fever for 2 days and a mouth full of sores. On the child's hands and feet appear red spots. Moreover, he did not want to eat, but still want to drink milk.
It 'true that this disease can be dangerous? There are rumors, as dangerous as avian flu affect Singapore? My child needs to be treated? When the children to the disease, not panic. HFMD is usually mild viral infection, provided that immediately gets the right treatment.
Causes and symptoms of HFMD
HFMD recently rampant again. Later, the case is quite commonly found in Indonesia. The flu is actually a term for HFMD in Singapore this is less precise. This term appears for the outbreak of HFMD in Singapore in 2000, so the disease is more commonly known as influenza Singapore.
Virus derived from the group of enteroviruses (non-polio) is a cause of HFMD. In it are Coxsackie group type A (A1-A24), Coxsackie type B (B1-B26), Echovirus (groups 1-33), and enteroviruses (68-71). The most common cause in the case of outpatient care is Coxsackie A16. While enterovirus infection that requires treatment usually leads to enterovirus 71.
HFMD symptoms of fever was initiated for 2-3 days, followed by sore throat (pharyngitis), no appetite, runny nose, which is a flu-like symptoms are generally not lethal. Then, derived vesicles (fluid-filled bumps) on the mouth, then broke, wounds or blisters in the mouth such as sores on the tongue, gums, cheeks, that we feel the pain difficult to digest.
This is not itchy rashes on the palms of the hands and feet. Sometimes rashes in the buttocks. Although his name hand, foot and mouth, the rash does not appear in all three sites. Sometimes just in the mouth and hand. In general, this eruption is better by itself and did not need hospital treatment.
HFMD transmission and management
In general, HFMD is not dangerous. Coxsackie A16 HFMD is a mild disease and heal in 7-10 days. Complications are rare. Very rare to find children with Coxsackie virus infection in viral meningitis with symptoms of high fever, headache, stiff neck, which requires hospitalization.
Group of enteroviruses obtained from HFMD Enterovirus 71 can cause viral meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain), encephalitis (brain inflammation), or paralysis (paralysis). Due to enterovirus 71 encephalitis can be fatal.
The disease is highly contagious and often occur in summer. Transmission through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, ie from wheat saliva, nasal mucus, saliva, faeces, liquids from the wound, and other body fluids.
Indirect contact transmission can occur through the goods, towels, clothes, food equipment and toys are contaminated with secretions (fluids) of the body. Since the starting infected until symptoms begin to appear (incubation period) is 3-7 days. Fever is the first symptom of HFMD. A will transmit the disease within the first week when she is sick.
HFMD most often affects children under the age of 10 years. Every person, whether child or adult, has the risk of contracting the infection, but not everyone infected will hurt. Infants, children and adolescents are more vulnerable to infection and disease, HFMD is because their immune antibodies and weaker than adults.
HFMD was diagnosed by the history of the disease courseand physical examination. While the laboratory diagnosis for the detection of the virus can be done by taking samples of stool, rectal swabs or swabs serobrospinal fluid, wound swabs or swabs in the mouth, throat, skin vesicles, and brain biopsy.
There is no specific treatment for enterovirus infections. Ensure adequate rest and symptomatic treatment to relieve symptoms of fever and pain in the mouth. Children can be given an antiseptic for the mouth area, analgesic-antipyretic such as paracetamol, plenty of fluids and other supportive treatments. When symptoms are severe enough, the patient should be hospitalized.
The symptoms are severe enough, among others, fever, fever that is high (temperature> 39 ° C), fever does not go down and down, tachycardia (pulse becomes faster), takipneu (shortness of breath becomes quick and), lazy eating, vomiting, diarrhea, repeated dehydration, fatigue and drowsiness continues, pain in the neck, arms and legs, or paralysis of the cranial nerve.
To prevent HFMD with hygiene, environmental sanitation and personal. The easiest way is to get used to always wash your hands, especially when near the patient.
The disinfection of equipment needed food, toys, and towels that may have been contaminated with liquid chlorine. Avoid contact with HFMD patient and rest while children with HFMD from school or childcare, to prevent transmission of the virus to other children.
Nursing Tips HFMD

   1. Immediate medical attention to determine if the child or the patient is exposed to HFMD
   2. Isolate the patient
   3. Keep
   4. Encourage adequate rest
   5. Provide adequate fluid intake to prevent dehydration
   6. Provide proper nutrition and balanced diet
   7. Give symptomatic medications to reduce symptoms of fever and sore mouth
   8. The patient not to go (to school or office) for 7-10 days after the rash appears

AuthorDr. U. Rasma Ginting, Sp. ATeam Child Specialist Doctors Eka Hospital BSD Tangerang - Indonesian

Sex Toy Type that can kill sperm

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 25 Sep 2011 03:06:00 +0700

Jakarta - Indonesia, toy tools or opposite sex is sometimes required by some to enhance sexual arousal. But apparently some sort of sex toy can actually kill the sperm.

Sex toy can increase sexual desire, but for men who want to have children should avoid the use of these sex aids.

Different types of sex toy that can kill sperm, as reported by Rodale, Friday (23/09/2011), among others:

    1. Dildo, although many women wear some men even use it.
    2. Vibrator, used by men for masturbation.
    3. Male sex toys vinyl

The types of sex aids is an average of plastic were found to release phthalates, chemicals that soften plastics and has been linked to cancer, allergies, birth defects and infertility (infertility).

But avoid plastic sex toys. It 'best to choose products made from high-quality medical silicone, such as the We-Vibe.

Plastic items that has been shown to contain many toxic BPA (bisphenol A). BPA is a substance that is toxic to the body that can damage the brain, nerves and cause many diseases like heart disease and cancer. Now also begun to spread its effects on male impotence and kill sperm.

Besides sex toy, there are also some things that can kill sperm, such as:

    1. receipt paper
    2. Canned food
    3. poison shower
    4. pesticide
    5. Hot car seat
    6. contaminated fish
    7. non-stick
    8. Cosmetics and food preservatives

Expression Could Be Indicator of fetal brain function

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 25 Sep 2011 02:50:00 +0700

Jakarta Indonesian, sometimes the fetus showed a certain facial expression when she carried ultrasound (sonography) was investigated. But it turns out that given the fetal expression could be an indicator of brain function.
The study, led by British researcher Dr. Nadia Reifiland, said that the developed expression, as we will laugh and cry before birth and become more complex, until you reach 36 weeks of pregnancy.
The development of facial expression in the fetus is important to know the different functions after birth, required as a child sucks when eating, jaw and tongue to talk and needed to improve the adhesion of children and parents after the birth.
Facial muscles began to grow after 8 weeks of pregnancy, and uses all the muscles of facial expression formed by the age of 16 weeks. Possibility of facial expressions in fetuses 24-36 weeks of fatty tissue that has built at this time.
Researchers who study facial expressions through the use of fetal Facial Action Coding System (FACS) on a 4-D ultrasound. With increasing duration of pregnancy, then the movement of the face, limbs and body of the fetus is growing with the structural development of the central nervous system correlates.
These developments suggest a link between fetal cerebral cortex and peripheral structures are functional. Therefore, the expression of the fetal brain may be able to predict the function of a healthy fetus.
"The results of this study show that there is great potential for this method to evaluate the development of the fetus," said Dr. Nadja Reifiland of Durham University, as quoted Medindi, Saturday (09/24/2011).
Dr. Reifiland the code analysis and enables researchers to objectively track the increase in complexity over time to produce a recognizable facial expressions.
Encoding method of the fetal facial expression is useful for:

   1st Marker for normal development to determine
   2nd He has a great potential to evaluate the integrity of the central nervous system of fetuses
   3rd For detection of functional or structural disorders of the brain
   4th To recognize the distinction between the development of normal and abnormal fetal face health problems in the uterus.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone Excipients for Pharmaceuticals: Povidone, Crospovidone and Copovidone

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Wed, 7 Sep 2011 01:48:00 +0700

AmazonSummary:The book describes the properties, analytical methods and the applications of different polyvinylpyrrolidone excipients (povidone, crospovidone, copovidone etc.) for use in pharmaceutical preparations. This group of excipients is one of the most important excipients used in modern technology to produce drugs. The book is intended for all persons working in the research, development and quality control of drugs. It gives a survey of all applications in solid, liquid and semisolid dosage forms including many drug formulation examples and more than 600 references to the literature

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Ifacts (Drug Interaction Facts) (CD-ROM for PDA)

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Wed, 7 Sep 2011 01:43:00 +0700

Introduction This product contains the most comprehensive, authoritative and timely drug interaction information. While we have tried to make this product very intuitive and easy-to-use, we believe that reading these pages in the manual will help you extract the most usage out of this product. This manual will instruct you on how to:

- Install your new software

- Find Topics

- Browse Drug Monographs

- Use the smARTlink between 5 Minute Product series and iFacts

- Set Preferences

If you prefer to "dive in" immediately, you may want to review the "Quick Reference" sections for Palm iFacts by clicking on the appropriate link on the left hand column. However, we recommend that you read the "Installation" chapter at least once to avoid any problems.

System Requirements

- Palm Pilot Professional, Palm III, or Palm VII running PalmOS 2.0 or later

- 2.5 MBytes of memory to install the iFacts database.

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Method Validation In Pharmaceutical Analysis

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Wed, 7 Sep 2011 01:34:00 +0700

Adopting a practical approach, the authors provide a detailed interpretation of the existing regulations (GMP, ICH), while also discussing the appropriate calculations, parameters and tests. The book thus allows readers to validate the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds while complying with both the regulations as well as the industry demands for robustness and cost effectiveness. Following an introduction to the basic parameters and tests in pharmaceutical validation, including specificity, linearity, range, precision, accuracy, detection and quantitation limits, the text focuses on a life-cycle approach to validation and the integration of validation into the whole analytical quality assurance system. The whole is rounded off with a look at future trends. With its first-hand knowledge of the industry as well as regulating bodies, this is an invaluable reference for analytical chemists, the pharmaceutical industry, pharmaceutists, QA officers, and public authorities.

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Handbook Of Biologically Active Peptides

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sat, 20 Aug 2011 22:25:00 +0700

Peptides play a crucial role in many physiological processes including actions as neurotransmitters, hormones, and antibiotics. Research has shown their importance in such fields as neuroscience, immunology, pharmacology, and cell biology. The Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides presents, for the first time, this tremendous body of knowledge in the field of biologically active peptides in one single reference. The section editors and contributors represent some of the most sophisticated and distinguished scientists working in basic sciences and clinical medicine. The Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides is a definitive, all-encompassing reference that will be indispensable for individuals ranging from peptide researchers, to biochemists, cell and molecular biologists, neuroscientists, pharmacologists, and to endocrinologists. Chapters are designed to be a source for workers in the field and will enable researchers working in a specific area to examine other related areas with which they would not ordinarily be familiar.*Chapters are designed to be a source for workers in the field and will enable researchers working in a specific area to examine other related areas that they would not ordinarily be familiar.*Fascinating relationships described in the book include the presence of some peptides originally found in frog skin that persist in the human human and brain where they can affect food intake and obesity.

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Bone Marrow-Derived Progenitors (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sat, 20 Aug 2011 22:20:00 +0700

There is excitement generated almost daily about the possible uses of stem cells to treat human disease. The ability of stem cells to acquire different desired phenotype has opened the door for a new discipline: regenerative medicine. Much of the interest for this purpose is generated by embryonic stem cells, but their use is still controversial for moral reasons as well as scientifically. Less controversial and readily available are the adult bone marrow-derived progenitors including hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitors and mesenchymal stem cells. The ambitious goal of this volume is to provide - in chapters written by accomplished scientists and experts in their field - a comprehensive overview of the currently available information related to the therapeutic utility of adult bone marrow-derived cells.

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Advanced Pharmaceutics: Physicochemical Principles

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sat, 20 Aug 2011 22:12:00 +0700

Physical pharmacy focuses on chemical kinetics, acid/base equilibria and solubility, dealing with the properties of drugs in both solid state and solution. Such information is essential to pharmaceutic development. The physicochemical properties of polymers, often used in pharmaceutical ingredients, is also within the scope of physical pharmacy. Highlighting these subjects, this book covers the basic, mechanistic, and quantitative interpretation skills used in physical pharmacy problems. The book supplies a strong fundamental background for students and professionals and outlines all of the latest research on diffusion through a membrane and the use of polymers in dosage forms.

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Herbs and Natural Supplements - An evidence Based Guide 2nd Edition

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sat, 20 Aug 2011 22:05:00 +0700

Herbs and Natural Supplements: An Evidence-Based Guide 2nd edition presents evidence-based information on the 120 most popular herbs, nutrients and food supplements used across Australia and New Zealand. Organised alphabetically by common name, each herb or nutrient listed includes information such as daily intake, main actions/indications, adverse reactions, contraindications and precautions, safety in pregnancy, and more.Features Provides current, evidence-based information on herbal, nutritional and food supplements used in Australia and New ZealandUser-friendly, well indexed, and organised by A-Z herbal monographs, making information easy to findAppendices offer important additional information for the safe use of herbal and nutritional supplements, including a list of poison centres, associations, manufacturers plus much more.Clear and comprehensive tables including Herb/Natural Supplement – Drug Interactions and Pharmacological Actions of all Herbs and Natural Supplements listedA glossary of termsWhat's New NEW chapters – Introduction to Food as Medicine; Introduction to Aromatherapy; Safety and Complementary Medicine; Preoperative Care to include new information on Anaesthesia implications.20 NEW monographs to be added to the existing 100. arginine; citrus aurantium; colostrum; globe artichoke; olive leaf; psyllium; pygeum; beta carotene; cocoa; soy; bitter melon; Aesculus; glutamine; quercetin; iodine; noni; cinnamon; goldenseal; eucalyptus oil; flaxseed; zeaxanthin will also be added and incorporated into the lutein monograph.Chapter 8, Interactions.., will contain NEW material on oncology drugsA CD will be included with the new edition. This will include the monographs as well as some of the appendices. Much of the information in the appendices will link to the monographs and vice versa. For example, cross referencing the herb/nutrient – drug interactions will give more detailed information when required.*******sSECTION 1: HERBAL & NATURAL SUPPLEMENTSChapter 1: Introduction to Complementary MedicineChapter 2: Introduction to Herbal MedicineChapter 3: Introduction to Clinical NutritionChapter 4: Introduction to Aromatherapy NEWChapter 5: Introduction to Food as Medicine NEWSECTION 2: CLINICAL PRACTICEChapter 6: Introduction to Clinical Practice NEW Chapter 7: Safety and complementary medicine NEWChapter 8: Interactions with herbal and natural medicinesChapter 9: Preoperative Care: Considerations (includes NEW information on anaesthesia implications)Chapter 10: Cancer and Complementary Medicines SafetySECTION 3: MONOGRAPHS (A-Z)(Herbal monographs will be structured as follows)Herb Name• Common Name• Latin binomial/class• Other names• Plant part used• Key chemical components• Main actions• Other actions• Main indications and evidence• Other uses• Dosage range• Adverse reactions• Significant interactions• Contraindications and precautions• Pregnancy use• Practice points• Common questions• References(Nutrient monographs will be structured as follows)Nutrient Name• Background and relevant pharmacokinetics• Key chemical compounds (where applicable)• Food sources (where applicable)• Deficiency signs and symptoms (where applicable)• Main actions• Other actions• Main indications and evidence• Other indications• Dosage range• Toxicity (if known)• Adverse reactions• Significant interactions• Contraindications and precautions• Pregnancy use• Practice points• Common questions• ReferencesSECTION 4: APPENDICESBook onlyAppendix 1 – Glossary Appendix 2 – Herb/nutrient – drug interactionsAppendix 3 – Poisons information centresAppendix 4 – Teaching institutes, manufacturers and on-line resources Appendix 5 – Guide to safe use of complementary medicine during preoperative period (table 1 from chapter 9).

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Science Of Forensic Anthropology,

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 14 Aug 2011 07:25:00 +0700

Science of forensic anthropology, including the relatively new science. Although at the beginning of the 19th century there were solving a murder case using the data and examination of bone parts - body parts, but the relationship between anthropology and the new police investigation occurred in the 1930's. Inter-gang killings in the 1930s, making the FBI began to investigate on the basis of physical anthropology.

Second world war and civil war in Korea to help provide basic data about the information on which to base the identification used by anthropologists today. Starting from the assignment of identification on the dead soldiers. The soldiers who will fight to make health data (medical records) prior to deployment to the battlefield, the data includes age, height, history of previous illness and dental records, so the investigators are able to determine the identity of the soldiers and make the statistical data on the bones and skulls.

In recent years, growing forensic anthropology examinations along with examination of the crime becomes more complex. Identification of the order and the rest of the body is decomposing more important for legal reasons or humanitarian reasons.

Forensic anthropology is the application of physical sciences or biological anthropology in the legal process. An examination of the rest - the rest of the framework to help determine the identity of the body. This examination can be done as a first step to determine whether the remains are of human origin and can further determine the sex, approximate age, body shape, and the linkage of race. Checks can also estimate the time of death, cause of death and disease history before that time of life or injury caused injury to the bone structure.

For example, if the order is found in the woods, then the order will be brought to the laboratory to determine whether the order is left is a framework of human, animal or inorganic material. If human, it will be an estimated age at death, race, gender and height of the body. If the order to show evidence that had been buried in a long time or a coffin, then this usually only indicates a history of burial than the time of death.

Although the main task of anthropology is to determine the identity of the body, but the development can be also to determine opinions about the type and size of weapons used and the number of strokes contained in the victims of violence. Most anthropologists have a high ability to anthropology and has examined many of the remains of the order. Some of them also have experience in the field of police and medical, as well as in serology, toxicology, firearms and identification of injury due to equipment, crime scene investigation, handling and photographic evidence of crimes. And only a few anthropological analysis of footprints and handle the identification of species in relation to the estimated time of death is past. Forensic anthropology is always associated with forensic pathology, odontologi and murder investigation, or manner of death and postmortem interval.

Keep in mind, although most of the adult skeleton consists of the same amount of bone (206), but no two the same order. Therefore observation of a distinctive pattern or order often show definite identification.

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Antenatal Care And Pre-eclampsia

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 14 Aug 2011 07:20:00 +0700

Most pregnancies progress normally and without the need to be accompanied by medical intervention. One purpose of antenatal care is to allow the surveillance of all pregnancy complications so that it can perform detection as early as possible. In developing countries, many pregnant women who did not receive adequate antenatal care and this can lead to consequences serius.1 Antenatal care is important to ensure that the natural process of pregnancy was normal and remained so on. Pregnancy can develop into any problems or complications at any time.

Now it is generally accepted that every pregnancy carries risks for the mother. WHO estimates that about 15% of all pregnant women will develop complications associated with pregnancy and can be life-threatening. Of the 5.6 million pregnant women in Indonesia, a large number will experience a complication or problem that could rise to fatal. Demographic and health surveys conducted in 1997 states that from 1992 to 1997, there were 26% of women with live births had complications. New in half a century held monitoring pregnant women regularly and given. With the venture turned out to mortality and maternal and neonatal morbidity decreases.

Obstetric care consists of monitoring and treatment of women during pregnancy and at delivery, maintenance and inspection of women after childbirth, infant care, and maintenance of lactation. In a broader sense the efforts started earlier with improved health and well-being of adolescents as a potential father and mother, and to assist them in mengembanghkan a reasonable attitude towards family life and the family in society. It also includes guidance for the future they become good fathers and mothers as well as an understanding of the issues concerned with reproductive health.

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VALPROATE ACID

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 14 Aug 2011 06:46:00 +0700

INDICATIONS

All forms of epilepsy

CONS INDICATION

Active liver disease, history of severe liver disease in the family, pancreatitis, porphyria.

Attention: liver disorders (monitor liver function before and during the first 6 months of therapy), particularly in patients who at high risk: children <3 years, patients with metabolic disorders, degenerative disorders, brain disorders or severe seizures associated with mental retardation or multiple antiepileptic therapy . Also in patients with renal impairment, pregnancy, lactation, and SLE. Avoid breaking abruptly drug.

DOSE

Adults and children> 12 years of the initial dose of 600 mg daily in 2 divided doses, preferably after meals. Raise the dose of 200 mg a day after an interval of 3 days, maximum 2.5 g daily in divided doses. Maintenance dose 1-2 g daily (20-30 mg / kg daily).

Children> 20 kg initial dose of 20 mg / kg daily in divided doses.

Children <12 years, weight> 20 kg initial dose of 400 mg daily in divided doses, up to a range of 20-30 mg / kg per day, maximum 35 mg / kg daily.

SIDE EFFECTS

Gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, appetite and weight increased, tremor, hair loss, swelling, thrombocytopenia, platelet clumping resistance, impaired liver function and (rarely) fatal liver failure.

Immediately discontinue treatment if symptoms encountered limp, swelling, abdominal pain, vomiting, anorexia, jaundice, severe drowsiness, and lost control of seizures.

SPECIMENS:

Oral Liquid 200 mg / 5 ml, 100 mg tablets, enteric-coated tablet 200 mg and 500 mg.

INTERACTION

Name of Drug Interactions with Valproate Acid

Effect of aspirin rose valproic
Antibiotic levels in plasma valproate may be reduced by doripenem and ertapenem, were reduced by meropenem, and metabolism is inhibited by erythromycin
Another anticonvulsant valproate in plasma levels reduced by carbamazepin, and the active metabolite carbamazepin increased.
Gastrointestinal drug metabolism is inhibited by valproic simetidine

FOLIC ACID

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 14 Aug 2011 06:35:00 +0700

INDICATIONS

Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defect prevention, prophylaxis in chronic hemolytic status, prophylaxis of folate deficiency in dialysis patients.

SIDE EFFECTS

Gastrointestinal disorders (rare)
Caution: should not be given a single in pernicious anemia and other symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency.

DOSE

Megaloblastic anemia:

- Adults and children> 1 yr: 5 mg daily for 4 months (in pregnant women, until just months). In the case of absorption disorders, can inaikkan dose to 15 mg per day; maintenance dose of 5 mg every 1-7 days.
- Children <1 yr: 500 micrograms / kg per day for 4 months; maintenance dose of 500 micrograms / kg per day every 1-7 days

Prevention of neural tube defects, administered before and during pregnancy:

- Low risk: 400 micrograms per day until 12 weeks gestation.
- High risk (family history, never have children with neural tube defects, maternal history of diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia in the mother): 5 mg per day up to 12 weeks of gestation.

Prophylaxis in chronic hemolytic status:

Adult, per oral, 5 mg every 1-7 days depending on the underlying disease.

Prophylaxis of folate deficiency in dialysis patients:

Adults, by mouth: 5 mg every 1-7 days
Children 1-12 years: 250 micrograms / kg (max 10 mg) 1x a day
Children 12-18 years: 5-10 mg 1x a day.

SPECIMENS

Tablets 400 micrograms, syrup 2.5 mg / 5 ml and 400 micrograms / 5 ml, injection 15 mg in 1 ml ampoule.

DRUG INTERACTION

Reduced folate absorption by sulfasalazine.
Levels of phenytoin, primidone, and phenobarbital in plasma is reduced by folic acid

Arab Drug Refrence

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 14 Aug 2011 06:21:00 +0700

DR stands for The Arab Drug Reference its an ADVANCED medical drug reference that contains FDA, European and for the first time the Arab drugs .In ADR you can search by generic name, brand, by disease .also ADR is preinstalled with a huge number of medical calculators related to vital topics.ADR is a multi device support allows you to run the program on two devices of your choice. So if you are a doctor, pharmacist, nurse, student in the medical field ADR is your best choice.

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The pfizer Guide To Careers in Pharmacy

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Sun, 14 Aug 2011 06:11:00 +0700

We are living in the most exciting period in the history of pharmaceuticals, as new options lead to new opportunities for those of us in the field and those about to join us. Pharmacists are at a zenith in our ability to manage, cure and prevent disease. Demographics in this country practically ensure a bright future for those entering the profession. We’re witnessing a double dynamic in our population: growth in the number of births and an extended lifespan for men and women.

The record number of baby-boomers graduating into Social Security pensioners has set the stage for an increased use of drugs. When Medicare kicks in for the largest group of elderly ever seen, there will be a pronounced increase in pharmaceutical usage. It is estimated that the number of Americans over 65, now 38 million, will mushroom to 80 million in the next decade. Add to the mix the continuing discovery of new drugs and it’s easy to understand why, over the next few years, the number of prescriptions dispensed is expected to more than double.

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ASTHMA

fhadjhar@gmail.com (pharmacist notes) — Thu, 11 Aug 2011 07:01:00 +0700

Symptoms of Asthma

Frequency and severity of asthma attacks varies. Some people more often free of symptoms and only experience shortness of breath attacks are brief and mild,occurring at any time.
Other patients almost always have a cough and wheezing (asthma) and have a great attack after suffering a viral infection, exercise or after exposure to theallergen or irritant. Crying or laughing hard can also cause symptoms.
An asthma attack can occur suddenly marked by breath sounds (wheezing,wheezing, asthma), cough and shortness of breath. Wheezing, especiallyaudible when the patient breathed. At other times, an asthma attack occurs slowly with symptoms that gradually worsened.

Image: asthma due to narrowing, inflammation
& Bronchial muscle constriction.

In the second situation, which was first felt by a sufferer of asthma are shortness of breath, cough or tightness in the chest. The attack could take place within a few minutes or may last up to several hours, even for a few days.Initial symptoms in children can include itching in the chest or neck. Dry cough at night or during exercise could also be the only symptom. During asthma attacks, shortness of breath may become more severe, causing anxiety. As a reaction to anxiety, patients will also be spending a lot of sweat.In a very severe attack, the patient became difficult to speak because of crowded very great. Although he has suffered a severe attack, the patient will usually recover completely.Confusion, lethargy (decreased state of consciousness, where people like to sleep soundly, but can be aroused briefly and then immediately fall asleep again) and cyanosis (bluish skin looks) is a sign that the patient oxygen supply is very limited and needs immediate treatment.Sometimes some of the alveoli (air pockets in the lungs) can rupture and cause the air collects in the pleural cavity or cause air to accumulate around the chest organs. This will exacerbate the difficulty felt by the patient.

Diagnosis of Asthma

Diagnosis based on typical symptoms. To confirm the diagnosis can be repeated spirometry examination. Spirometry is also used to assess the severity of airway obstruction and to monitor treatment.Determining factor is often not easy to asthma triggers. Allergy skin tests can help determine the allergens that trigger asthma symptoms. If the diagnosis is doubtful or if it is felt very important to know the factors triggering the occurrence of asthma, it can be done bronchial challenge test.When you visit your doctor for a consultation, your doctor will ask about your family health history that is whether there is one member of your family who suffer from asthma?This question will support their opinions to test your lung function or breathing tests to assure their examination results before prescribing / medicines and therapies to you.Test the function of the respiratory tract / lung is used to measure your ability to breathe. Results of chest X-ray can show if there is blockage of the respiratory tract which is an indication of asthma.

Asthma is a disease that can happen to anyone of any age and can arise, however, asthma is generally more common in children aged under five years old and adults at the age of about thirty years. Prof. Dr. Dr. Heru Sundaru, Sp.PD, KAI from the Faculty of medicine University of Indonesia said, "cases of asthma in children in Indonesia a little higher than the adult. Later asthma in children will be lost in part, and will appear again as an adult because of the way of nature ". Experts believe that asthma Asthma is a hereditary disease and most people who suffer from asthma due to allergy to a particular source of allergies (allergens). Allergens are derived from environmental factors.
Causes of Asthma

The term is actually less precise cause of asthma because until now the cause of asthma is unknown. It has been much research done by experts in the field of asthma to explain the causes of asthma, but not a single theory or hypothesis can be accepted or agreed yanga all the experts. Nevertheless a clear airway with asthma have a peculiar trait that is highly sensitive to various stimuli (bronchial airway hyperreactivity = hipereaktivitas).Smoking, mental stress, allergens in normal people but does not cause asthma in people with asthma can lead to an attack last stimulation.

Image : The Immune Response

In people with asthma, narrowing of the airways in response to stimuli in the normal lung will not affect the respiratory tract. This narrowing can be triggered by various stimuli, such as pollen, dust, animal dander, smoke, cold air and exercise.In an asthma attack, smooth muscle spasm of the bronchi and the tissues that line the airways have swollen because of inflammation and the release of mucus into the airways.This will reduce the diameter of the airways (called bronchoconstriction) and this causes narrowing of the patient must exert every effort in order to breathe.Certain cells in the airways (particularly mast cells) allegedly responsible for the beginning of this constriction. Mast cells throughout the bronchi releasing materials such as histamine and leukotrienes that cause:smooth muscle contractionincreased mucus formationmovement of certain white blood cells into the bronchi.Mast cells release the material as a response to something they recognize as foreign (an allergen), such as pollen, fine dust contained in the home or animal fur.
But asthma can also occur in some people without a specific allergy. The same reaction occurs if the person is doing sports or being in the weather dingin.Stres and anxiety can also trigger the release of histamine and leukotrienes.Other cells (eosnofil) are found in asthmatic airways release other materials (as well as leukotrienes), which also causes constriction of the airways.
Factor Triggers Asthma AttacksThe trigger resulted in disruption of the respiratory tract and cause constriction of the airways (bronchoconstriction). Triggers do not cause inflammation. Many of the medical community consider the trigger and bronchoconstriction are acute respiratory disorders, which does not mean asthma.
The symptoms and bronchoconstriction induced by triggers occur instantaneously, takes place in a short time and is more easily overcome in a short time. But the respiratory tract will react more quickly when an existing or inflammation occurs.Factor in patientsGenetic AspectsPossible allergiesAirways that are easily arousedGenderRace / ethnicityEnvironmental factorsThe materials in the room:House dust mitesAnimals, cockroachesThe materials in the outdoors:Flower pollenMushroomsCertain foods, preservatives, flavoring, food coloringCertain drugsIrritants (perfumes, odors stimulate, household spray)Excessive emotional expressionCigarette smoke from active smokers and passiveAir pollution from outdoor and indoorRespiratory tract infectionsExercise induced asthma, those with asthma relapse when doing certain physical activitiesChanges in weather

Treatment Of Asthma

The goal of treatment is to free anti-asthma sufferer of asthma attacks. This can be achieved by treating the asthma attack is happening or prevent asthma attacks from happening.Treat here is not meant to cure the illness, but eliminate the symptoms of tightness, coughing, or wheezing. Circumstances that have been free of symptoms of asthma was further maintained that the attacks of asthma do not come back.Drugs can make people with asthma live a normal life. Immediate treatment to control asthma attacks differ from routine treatment to prevent asthma attacks.To treat asthma attack that is happening is needed cure asthma symptoms immediately. The drug consists of classes bronchodilators and systemic corticosteroids group.Mean bronchodilator drugs that can dilate the airways by relaxing muscles in the airways that are shriveled, whereas corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory and allergy medications that are given with the aim of which is transmitted systemically throughout the body via blood circulation.
There is a group of people who are so often under attack so that almost never experienced a period free of symptoms of asthma. This is called chronic circumstances that can last for months and even years. Treatment requires long periods of time and the patient must take medication every day.

Beta-2 agonists adrenergic receptorsIs the best medicine to reduce asthma attacks that occur suddenly and to prevent attacks that may be triggered by exercise. Bronchodilators stimulated by widening the airway beta-adrenergic receptors.

Bronchodilators that work on all beta-2 adrenergic receptors (eg adrenaline), causing side effects such as rapid heartbeat, restlessness, headaches and tremors (shaking) of muscle.Bronchodilators are only working on the beta-2 adrenergic receptors (which are mainly found in cells in the lungs), has few side effects on other organs.Bronchodilators (eg albuterol), causes fewer side effects compared with bronchodilators that work on all beta-2 adrenergic receptors.Most bronchodilators work within a few minutes, but the effect only lasts for 4-6 hours. Newer bronchodilators have a longer effect, but because it works more slowly, then the drug is more widely used to prevent attacks.

Bronchodilators are available in the form of tablets, injections or inhalers (inhaled drugs) and very effective. Bronchodilator inhalation drugs will precipitate directly into the airways, so initially it works fast, but can not reach the airway becomes blocked by weight.

Bronchodilators by mouth (swallowed) and injections can reach the area, but has side effects and the early works tend to be slower. Another type of bronchodilator theophylline. Theophylline is usually given by mouth (swallowed); available in various forms, from tablets and syrup until the capsule short-acting and long-acting tablet.In a severe asthma attack, can be given intravenously (through a vein). The amount of

theophylline in the blood can be measured in the laboratory and should be monitored closely, because the amount is too small will have no effect, while the amount is too much can cause abnormal heart rhythms or seizures.At the time of first taking theophylline, the patient may feel a bit queasy or uneasy. Both of these side effects usually disappear when the body can adjust to the medication.In larger doses, the patient may feel a rapid heartbeat or palpitations (heart pounding). Can also occur insomnia (difficulty sleeping), agitation (anxiety, phobia), vomiting, and seizures.
CorticosteroidsCorticosteroids block the inflammatory response and is very effective in reducing symptoms of asthma. If used long term, gradually corticosteroids will cause a reduction in the likelihood of an attack of asthma by reducing airway sensitivity to some stimuli.But the use of corticosteroid tablets or injections of the long term can cause:impaired wound healing processimpaired growth of childrencalcium loss from bonesgastric bleedingPremature cataractselevated levels of blood sugarweight gainhungermental disordersTablets or injections of corticosteroids can be used for 1-2 weeks to reduce severe asthma attacks. Corticosteroids by mouth (swallowed) are given for long term only if other treatments do not control asthma symptoms.For long-term use of corticosteroid inhalers are usually given because the inhalers, a drug that reached the lungs 50 times more than the drugs to other body parts.
Cromolin and NedocromilBoth drugs are thought to block the release of inflammation from mast cells and cause a reduction in the possibility of shrinkage of the airways. This medicine is used to prevent attacks, not to treat an attack.These drugs are especially effective for children and for asthma because of sports. This drug is very safe, but relatively expensive and must be taken regularly even though the patient free of symptoms.
Anticholinergic drugsThis drug works by blocking the smooth muscle contraction and the formation of excessive mucus in the bronchi by acetylcholine. Furthermore, this drug will cause a widening of the airways in patients who previously had consumed beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists. Examples of these drugs are atropine and ipratropium bromide.
Leukotriene modifiersIs a new drug to help control asthma. These drugs prevent the action or formation of leukotrienes (chemicals made by the body that cause symptoms of asthma). For example montelucas, zafirlucas and zileuton.

Treatment For Acute Asthma Attacks

An attack of asthma should get treatment as soon as possible to open the airways. Drugs used to prevent also used to treat asthma, but in higher dosesor in a different form.
Beta-2 agonists adrenergic receptor used in the form of inhalers (inhaled medications) or as a nebulizer (for shortness of breath very heavy). Nebulizerdirects air or oxygen under pressure through a solution of the drug, resulting in amist to be inhaled by the patient.
Treatment of asthma can also be done by giving injections of epinephrine or terbutaline under the skin and aminophylline (theophylline similar) viaintravenous infusion.
Patients who experience a great attack and showed no improvement on othertreatment, can get a corticosteroid injection, usually intravenously (through a vein). In a severe asthma attack is usually a low blood oxygen levels, so given extraoxygen. In case of dehydration, may need to be given fluids intravenously. If asuspected infection, given antibiotics. During a severe asthma attack, carried out:
examination of oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood
lung function tests (usually with a spirometer or peak flow meter)
chest X-ray examination
Long-Term Asthma Treatment
One of the treatment of asthma is the most effective agonist inhalers containingbeta-2 adrenergic receptor. Excessive use of inhalers can cause heart rhythmdisturbances.
If you use a bronchodilator inhaler 2-4 times / day for 1 month is not able to reduce symptoms, can be added inhaler corticosteroids, leukotriene modifierscromolin or. If symptoms persist, especially at night, can also be addedtheophylline by mouth.