Volcanoes Of The Philippines

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What Is Volcano?

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A volcano is an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust, which allows hot magma, ash and gases to escape from below the surface.
Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. A mid-oceanic ridge, for example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has examples of volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. By contrast, volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust (called "non-hotspot intraplate volcanism"), such as in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America.

Volcanoes can be caused by mantle plumes. These so-called hotspots, for example at Hawaii, can occur far from plate boundaries. Hotspot volcanoes are also found elsewhere in the solar system, especially on rocky planets and moons.

The word volcano is derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands of Italy whose name in turn originates from Vulcan, the name of a god of fire in Roman mythology.^[1] The study of volcanoes is called volcanology, sometimes spelled vulcanology.

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10 Famous Volcanoes Of The World

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1.Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland

The Eyjafjallajokull volcano, one of Iceland’s largest, had been dormant for nearly two centuries before returning gently to life in the late evening of March 20, 2010, noticeable at first not by any great seismic activity but by the emergence of a red cloud glowing above the vast glacier that covers it. In the following days, fire fountains jetted from a dozen vents on the volcano, reaching as high as 100 meters, according to the Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Iceland. That spectacular show, along with lava flows up to 20 meters thick, and “lava falls” to the volcano’s northeast, turned it into a full-fledged tourist attraction.The volcano seemed to return to somnolence. Then on April 14, 2010, an explosion sent clouds of ash soaring as high as 11,000 meters.

2.Semeru, Island of Java

Mount Semeru is the highest mountain on the Island of Java and its most active one. Semeru’s height is 3,676 m. It features a crater lake through the summit line. Since 1818 there have been around 55 eruptions recorded (with 10 of them resulting in fatalities). The continuous activity of this volcano has been recorded since 1967, with it exhibiting regular ash, smoke, and explosions every 30-50 minutes at times. The official name of the volcano is derived from “-meru” (the name of a central world-mountain in Buddhist cosmology) and the prefix su-, resulting in the meaning “wonderful Meru.” Though it’s known to be in a near-constant eruption state, Mount Semeru is regularly climbed by

3.Ruapehu, New Zealand

Ruapehu is an active stratovolcano in New Zealand, standing at 2,797 m. It contains three summits with an active crater located between them. It is considered to be one of the world’s most active volcanoes and the largest active volcano in New Zealand. Ruapehu got its name from a Maori world which means “exploding abyss.” The last eruption is dated to the 25th of September in 2007 andit happened without warning. It’s documented that Ruapehu has been at level 1 (according to the Richter scale) since 1997. Despite this phase of unrest and unpredictability, Ruapehu is visited quite often. It’s highly recommended that visitors be prepared and have basic survival equipment on-hand.

4.Redoubt Mount, Alaska

Redoubt is an active and recently eruptive stratovolcano in the U.S. state of Alaska. It stands at 2,700 m. It has reached its strongest activity in the 20th century in 1902, 1966 and 1989. During the last eruption in 2009, 6 explosions were recorded which sent an ash plume more than 9 miles into the air. This was the biggest volcanic emissions in nearly 20 years. The official name of the mountain is an English translation of the Russian name “Sopka Redutskaya” which stands for “a fortified place.” Thsi name was given to the mountain in 1981 by the Board of Geographical Names.

5.Piton de la Fournaise, Mascarene Islands

Piton de la Fournaise is a shield active volcano on the Reunion Islands in the Indian Ocean at 2,631 m in height. Currently it is known as the most active volcano in the world. One of its recent eruptions lasted for almost 6 months from August 2006 until January 2007. The next eruptions were observed in February 2007, September 2008, and the most recent one happened on January 12, 2010. Piton de la Fournaise is connected to civilization with a highway — a high quality road which makes this famous place of attraction available to visitors. Piton de la Fournaise is depicted on the unofficial flag of the Reunion Islands.

6.Gunung Merapi, Indonesia

Gurung Merapi (meaning Mountain of Fire) is an active conical volcano located on the border between Central Java and the Yogyakarta Province of Indonesia. Its height is 2,914 m. Merapi is the most active volcano in Indonesia with regular major eruptions every 7 years and minor ones every 2 years. The latest eruptions of Merapi that caused major fatalities were in 1930, 1974 and 1975. Several fatal incidents with tourists and volcanologists’ have occurred in addition to fatalities from major eruptions. Despite the peaceful phases of inactivity, the smoke coming from the top can be observed almost every day. It always reminds residents about the resting danger.

7.Llaima, Chile

Llaima is the largest and most active volcano in Chile at 3,125 m. Llaima stands for “Bloody Veins” (in mapuche, Indian). It resembles those bloody veins when you see streams of glowing lava flowing from the peak. Major eruptions are dated to 1994, 2008 and 2009. An eruption in 2008 forced the area to undertake evacuation measures to protect people from nearby settlements. A strong column of the eruption’s ashes traveled east and reached the Atlantic Ocean in around 4 days. During its inactive phase, Llaima stands in the beauty of the Araucária forests growing on the slopes with a strong snowy cover stretching 1,200 m high. There is the ski recreation center on the western side of the volcano.

8.Etna, Sicily

Etna (which means “mountain of fire” in Arabic) is the highest and the most active volcano in Europe (3,326 m). It is known to havehad about 200 eruptions during its lifetime. An interesting fact is that Etna changes in height from eruption to eruption. For instance, now it is 21.6 m lower than in 1865. Each 150 years, Etna destroys one of the neighbor settlements, but despite this fact the nearby territories are densely populated. The thing is that cold lava makes the soil extremely fertile which provides great conditions to raise vineyards, other fruits, and olives. Recently, Etna has been deeply analyzed by scientists who claim that “Friendly Etna” is becoming more and more dangerous.

9.Popocatépētl, Mexico

Popocatépētl (also called as Popo and Don Goyo) is an active stratovolcano in Mexico. It reaches its highest peak at 5,426 m and is the second highest summit in the country. Popocatépētl got its name from nāhuatl words “popōca” (smoke) and tepētl (“mountain”) which means “Smoking Mountain” and fully describes its behavior. Until the nineties, Popo was a favorite recreational snowboarding center for citizens. In 1947 it began its new cycle of activity with a major eruption that year. It is now monitored by scientists attentively. The residents of neighboring towns enjoy the views of snow-whitey mountains of Popocatépētl during most of the year.

10.Cotopaxi, Ecuador

Cotopaxi is a stratovolcano located in Andes Mountains. It is the highest active volcano in the world (5,897 m) and the second highest summit in Ecuador. Cotopaxi distinguishes itself with a riot of greenery at its foot and a graceful crater. It is also considered the most dangerous of active volcanoes. There have been more than 50 eruptions of Cotopaxi Since 1738. Its eruption activity causes destruction of the neighboring town of Lacatunga. The volcano has been relatively inactive since 1904. This is what makes Cotopaxi the most popular attraction for climbers, bikers and tourists. In traditional Tigua paintings, Cotopaxi is usually depicted as an integral part of cultural life.

10 Most Famous Volcanoes Of The Philippines

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1. Mount Mayon
This is the most picturesque of all the volcanoes in the Philippines - Mayon Volcano, an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay. Mayon is the most active volcano in the country, having erupted over 47 times in the past 400 years. The first recorded eruption was in 1616. Mayon Volcano is the main landmark of Albay, Philippines.

This volcano is considered to be the world's most perfectly formed volcano for its symmetrical cone.

2.Taal

The gateway for most visitors is through Tagaytay City, from the ridge where a panoramic view of Volcano Island can be seen.Taal volcano, a 406 meter-high crater, is the world's smallest active volcano. It is described as “crater within an island within a lake” because it stands as an island at Taal Lake. There have been 33 recorded eruptions of Taal since 1572. What makes Taal Volcano more unique is the fact that the volcano itself has a lake of its own inside its crater which is called the “Crater Lake.”

3. Mount Pinatubo

A giant reawaken after more than 400 years of deep slumber. The volcano's eruption in June 1991 produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century. With an elevation of 1,745m this volcano is located in Zambales. Mt. Pinatubo is a popular tourist destination in Central Luzon. A 2-3 hour trek then commences on a trail that leads to its crater lake. Facilities include a view deck , cottages, and kayaks. Swimming in the lake is allowed although it is restricted to the proximal banks.

4. Mount Apo

Mount Apo is a large stratovolcano on the island of Mindanao, Philippines. It is the highest mountain in the

country and overlooks Davao City. Its name means “master” or “grandfather.” Apo is flat topped, with three peaks, and is capped by a 500 m wide volcanic crater containing a small crater lake. It is a source of geothermal energy.

Mount Apo is one of the most popular climbing destinations in the Philippines with an elevation of 2,954 m. In 1936, Mount Apo was declared a National Park. It is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The mountain is home to over 270 bird species, with more than a hundred that are endemic. The Mt. Apo Natural Park includes 629 species under 148 families of vascular and non-vascular plants. Five hundred seventy two species belong to 124 families of ferns and angiosperms, while 57 species belong to 24 families of bryophytes or mosses.

5. Mount Arayat

Mt. Arayat is an inactive volcano in Pampanga, Philippines rising to a height of 1026 m above sea level. The

volcano is located in a flat agricultural region within the municipality of Arayat, Pampanga. Mt. Pinatubo is locateda further ten miles west.

It is considered a mystical mountain, and people are against a proposal to place radio antennas atop the peak.Two trails lead to the two peaks of Mt. Arayat. Mt. Arayat National Park has a trail to Peak 1. This is the more popular trail, taking around 3-4 hours to reach the peak. Peak 1 offers views of Central Luzon, including Pampanga River, the mountains of Zambales and Bataan, and the mountains of the Sierra Madre Range. On the other hand, Peak 2 can be accessed from Magalang, Pampanga.

6. Mount Banahaw

A dormant volcanic complex located on the boundary of Laguna and Quezon, Philippines. It is considered to be sacred by the local residents because of its “holy water and or holy sites. It has a height of 2,158 m, above seal level.
Mt. Banahaw is a traditional pilgrimage site for locals, being considered a "holy mountain". It is also popular
among mountain climbers being the closest >2000-meter mountain to Manila. Hiking activity peaks during Holy Week of each year, with climbers numbering thousands. Points of interest include the Cave of God the Father and the spring at Brgy. Kinabuhayan, said to have curative powers.

7.Mount Bulusan
Mt. Bulusan or Bulusan Volcano is the southernmost volcano on Luzon Island in the Philippines. It is found in the province of Sorsogon in Bicol 70 km southeast of Mayon Volcano. It has four craters and four hot springs; San Benon Springs, Mapaso Springs, San Vicente Springs, Masacrot Springs.

Its adjacent volcanic edifices are Mt. Homahan, Mt. Binitacan, Mt. Batuan, Mt. Calungalan, Mt. Calaunan, Mt. Tabon-Tabon, Mt. Juban, and Mt. Jormajan. It is one of the 22 active volcanoes in the Philippines and after Mayon, Taal and Pinatubo is considered the 4th most active, having erupted 15 times since 1886.

8. Mount Hibok Hibok

Hibok-Hibok is an active volcano on Camiguin Island, Philippines. It has 6 hot springs; Ardent Spring, Tangob, Bugong, Tagdo, Naasag and Kiyab, three crater lakes. It also has a volcanic mark, Taguines Lagoon. Its adjacent volcanic edifices are Mt. Vulcan, Mt. Mambajao, Mt. Ginsiliban, and Mt.Uhay. There are also domes and cones at Campana Hill, Minokol Hill, Tres Marias Hill, Mt. Carling, Mt. Tibane, and Piyakong Hill.

Hibok-Hibok erupted five times in modern history. The first recorded eruption occurred in 1827. This was followed by similar activity in 1862. Mt. Hibok-Hibok is a popular hiking destination in Camiguin Island. The usual jump-off is Ardent Hot Springs in Mambajao. Views from the summit include the nearby White Island.

9. Mount Kanlaon

Mt. Kanlaon is a stratovolcano on Negros Island, Philippines. Kanlaon has an elevation of 2,435 meters and a base diameter of 30 km. The summit of Kanlaon contains a broad elongated northern caldera with a crater lake. Mt. Kanlaon is a very popular site for nature trippers due to its vast quantities of flora and fauna, and its
legendary history and myth.

The volcano has three hot springs on its slopes; Mambucal Hot Springs, Bucalan Hot Spring, Bungol Hot Spring. Its adjacent volcanic edifices are Mt. Silay and Mt. Mandalagan. It is the most active volcano in central Philippines. Kanlaon has erupted 25 times since 1886. It is a favorite spot for mountain climbers and is surrounded by the Mt. Kanlaon National Park.

10. Mount Makiling

Mt. Makiling is located in the province of Laguna, Philippines. It is an inactive volcano, which rises to 1,090 m above sea level. A campsite at the foot of Mount Makiling is being managed by the Boy Scout of the Philippines and was the site of the 10th World Scout Jamboree in 1959. Mt. Makiling is also a popular hiking destination.

Taal

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Taal Volcano is a complex volcano on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. It is situated between the towns of Talisay and San Nicolas in Batangas. It consists of an island in Lake Taal, which is situated within a caldera formed by an earlier, very powerful eruption. It is located about 50 km (31 miles) from the capital, Manila. It is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, all part of the Pacific ring of fire.
The volcano has erupted violently several times, causing loss of life in the populated areas surrounding the lake, the current death toll standing at around 5,000 to 6,000. Because of its proximity to populated areas and eruptive history, the volcano has been designated a Decade Volcano worthy of close study to prevent future natural disasters. It was thought to be named as "a volcano inside a volcano" because many believed that the lake that circles the volcano was once a crater or mouth of a volcano.

Taal Volcano, Talisay and San Nicolas, Batangas, Luzon, Philippines
Type : Complex Volcano
Elevation : 400 m (1,312 ft)
Last eruption : 1977

The Batangas province towns along the shores of Taal Lake include Tanauan, Talisay, Laurel, Agoncillo, San Nicolas, Santa Teresita, Alitagtag, Cuenca, Lipa, Balete and Mataas na Kahoy. The extinct crater on Volcano Island is also visible along high property value Tagaytay Ridge for visitors coming from Manila or enroute the Batangas coast and ports to the South.

Current activity

Although the volcano has been quiet since 1977, It has shown signs of unrest since 1991, with strong seismic activity and ground fracturing events, as well as the formation of small mud pots and mud geysers on parts of the island. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) regularly issues notices and warnings about current activity at Taal, including ongoing seismic unrest.

Aerial photo of Taal Volcano; North is on right-hand side of photo.

Previous activity

^{There have been 33 recorded eruptions at Taal since 1572. One of the more devastating eruptions occurred in 1911, which claimed more than a thousand lives. The deposits of that eruption consisted of a yellowish, fairly decomposed (non-juvenile)}^tephra^{with a high sulfur content.}
^{2009

20 July. National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) NDCC executive officer Glenn Rabonza warned that although there were no volcanic quakes detected at Taal since the detection of nine volcanic quakes from June 13 to July 19, and there had been no steaming activity monitored since the last recorded on June 23, Phivolcs Alert stands at Level 1, warning Taal’s main crater is off-limits to the public because steam explosions may suddenly occur or high concentrations of toxic gases may accumulate.}
^{2008

28 August. PHIVOLCS notified the "public and concerned authorities" that the "Taal seismic network recorded ten (10) volcanic earthquakes from 5:30 A.M. to 3P.M. today. Two (2) of these quakes that occurred at 12:33 and 12:46 P.M. were both felt at intensity II by residents at barangay Pira-piraso. These quakes were accompanied by rumbling sounds. The events were located northeast of the volcano island near Daang Kastila area with depths of approximately 0.6km (12:33 P.M.) and 0.8km (12:46 P.M.)"}

Cinder cone in the acidic crater lake

Taal Volcano Eruptions
1977, 1976, 1970, 1969, 1968, 1967, 1966, 1965, 1911, 1904, 1903, 1885?, 1878, 1874, 1873, 1842, 1825, 1808, 1790, 1754, 1749, 1731, 1729, 1716, 1715, 1709, 1707, 1645, 1641, 1635, 1634, 1609, 1591, 1572.Taal Volcano Eruptions 1572-1911 Timeline graph of Taal Volcano Eruptions from 1600-2010
The most recent period of activity lasted from 1965 to 1977, and was characterized by the interaction of magma with the lake water, which produced violent phreatic explosions. The 1965 eruption in particular led to the recognition of base surge as a process in volcanic eruption (due to the fact that one of the American geologists, who visited the volcano shortly after the 1965 eruption, had witnessed an atomic bomb explosion when he was a soldier). The eruption generated base surges and cold pyroclastic flows, which traveled several kilometers across Lake Taal, devastating villages on the lake shore and, killing about a hundred people. The population of the island was evacuated only after the onset of the eruption. Precursory signs were not interpreted correctly until after the eruption. Eruptions in 1968 and 1969 were characterized partly by Strombolian activity and produced a massive lava flow that reached the shore of lake Taal. The 1977 eruption merely produced a small cinder cone within the main crater.

Taal Volcano is part of a chain of volcanos along the western side of the edge of the island of Luzon, which were formed by the subduction of the Eurasian Plate underneath the Philippine Mobile Belt. Taal Lake lies within a 25–30 km caldera formed by four explosive eruptions between 500,000 and 100,000 years ago. Each of these eruptions created extensive ignimbrite deposits, reaching as far away as where Manila stands today.
Since the formation of the caldera, subsequent eruptions have created another volcanic island, within the caldera, known as Volcano Island. This island covers an area of about 23 km², and consists of overlapping cones and craters. Forty-seven different cones and craters have been identified on the island.

Coordinates: 14°0′7″N 120°59′34″E

Smith

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Smith Volcano, also known as Mount Babuyan, is a stratovolcano on one of the Babuyan Islands off northern Luzon island in the Philippines.

Physical features

The sparsely-vegetated cinder cone is 688 meters high with a base diameter of 4.5 km.
Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program reports that there may be five Pleistocene-to-Holocene volcanic centers on Babuyan de Claro Island. The largest is Babuyan Claro, also known as Mt. Pangasun, an active stratovolcano with two summit craters 300 and 400 m in diameter. Smith Volcano is 4 km northwest of Babuyan Claro and is the youngest volcano on the island.
Askedna Hot Spring is located at the southern base of Babuyan Claro.

Smith Volcano, Babuyan Islands, Cagayan, Philippines

Volcanic arc/belt	Babuyan (Bashi) Segment of Luzon-Taiwan Arc

Elevation : 688 m (2,257 ft)
Prominence : 688 m (2,257 ft)
Type : Cinder cone
Last eruption : 1924

Eruptions

Smith Volcano has erupted six times, the last of which was in 1924.
A team of volcanologists visited the island on July 8, 1993, to investigate reports of unusual volcanic activity. They found no activity and recorded no volcanic earthquakes.
Smith Volcano is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines, which are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.

MONITORING ACTIVITY

1993 – Emergency investigation

On July 8, 1993, a PHIVOLCS Quick Response Team conducted an investigation on the reported unusual volcanic activity at Babuyan Island. Results of the survey showed that Smith Volcano was quiet. No volcanic earthquake was recorded during the survey. Presently, Smith Volcano is sparsely vegetated.

Coordinates: 19°32′11.84″N 121°54′46.24″E

San Pablo Volcanic Field

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The San Pablo volcanic field, (also known as the Laguna volcanic field ) lies at the southern end of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake on Luzon Island. The volcanic field contains dozens of scoria cones and maars. Three generations of maars are present, with the oldest being sediment-filled and the youngest containing deep lakes. Many of the maars are aligned along a NE-SW trend. Local legends suggest that the youngest maar, 1.2-km-wide Sampaloc Lake, was formed about 500-700 years ago. The high point of the volcanic field is the eroded Maquiling (Makiling) andesitic-to-rhyolitic stratovolcano, which has a deep crater whose floor is 480 m below its north rim. Maquiling has several parasitic cones, maars, and numerous thermal areas at its northern base. A geothermal project is located on the south flank of Maquiling.

San Pablo Volcanic Field, Subregion Name:	Laguna,Philippines Luzon (Philippines)
Volcano Number:	0703-06=
Volcano Type:	Stratovolcano
Volcano Status:	Anthropology
Last Known Eruption:	1350 ± 100 years
Summit Elevation:	1090 m	3,576 feet
Latitude:	14.12°N *	14°7'0"N
Longitude:	121.30°E	121°18'0"E

Alligator Lake, along the southern shore of Laguna de Bay, is one of a group of dozens of maars and scoria cones forming the San Pablo volcanic field (also known as the Laguna volcanic field). Three generations of maars are present, the youngest of which contain deep lakes. Many of the maars are located along a NE-SW trend. Local legends indicate that the most recent eruption occurred about 500-700 years ago at Sampaloc Lake, 17 km SE of Alligator Lake.

Local legends suggest that the latest eruption of the Laguna volcanic field took place about 500-700 years ago, forming the Sampaloc Lake maar. This 1.2-km-wide maar, seen here from the south, is one of the largest of a group of 36 maars in the volcanic field, which is located south of Laguna de Bay, a large lake SE of Manila.

Laguna Maars

Lake Muhikap 14°07′30″N 121°20′28″E / 14.125°N 121.341°E / 14.125; 121.341
Lake Yambo 14°07′N 121°22′E / 14.117°N 121.367°E / 14.117; 121.367
Lake Pandin 14°06′43″N 121°22′08″E / 14.112°N 121.369°E / 14.112; 121.369
Lake Calibato 14°05′N 121°22.5′E / 14.083°N 121.375°E / 14.083; 121.375
Lake Palakpakin 14°06.5′N 121°20.5′E / 14.1083°N 121.3417°E / 14.1083; 121.3417
Lake Bunot 14°05′N 121°20.5′E / 14.083°N 121.3417°E / 14.083; 121.3417
Sampaloc Lake 14°05′N 121°20′E / 14.083°N 121.333°E / 14.083; 121.333
Imoc Maar 14°06.5′N 121°18′E / 14.1083°N 121.3°E / 14.1083; 121.3

Forested Maquiling (Makiling) stratovolcano (center) rises

south of Laguna de Bay (top) and is the highest

point of the San Pablo volcanic field. The andesitic-rhyolitic

volcano has a deep crater whose floor is 480 m below

its north rim. Maquiling has several parasitic cones,

maars, and numerous thermal areas at its northern base,

and other maars and scoria cones of the San Pablo

volcanic field lie to the east. The prominent dark-colored

maar along the shore of Laguna de Bay

north of Maquiling is Alligator Lake.

NASA Landsat image, 2002 (courtesy

of Hawaii Synergy Project, Univ. of Hawaii Institute

of Geophysics & Planetology).

Laguna Maar 09 14°06′N 121°18′E

Laguna Cone Field

Coordinates: 14°07′N 121°18′E / 14.12°N 121.30°E

Mount Ragang

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Mount Ragang, also called Mount Piapayungan and Blue Mountain by the local people, is a stratovolcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines. It is the seventh highest mountain in the Philippines.

Mount Ragang

Subregion Name:	Philippines - Mindanao
Volcano Number:	0701-06=
Volcano Type:	Stratovolcano
Volcano Status:	Historical
Last Known Eruption:	1873
Summit Elevation:	2815 m	9,235 feet
Latitude:	7.70°N	7°42'0"N
Longitude:	124.50°E	124°30'0"E

Ragang volcano rises to 2815 m at the NE end of a series of young volcanic cones SE of Lake Lanao in central Mindanao. A 3-km-long lava flow extends to the SE from the deep summit crater. Ragang is the most frequently active volcano on the large southern Philippines island of Mindanao and is one of several dominantly basaltic volcanoes west of the cordillera in central Mindanao. Historical eruptions, many of which were at one time attributed to neighboring Makaturing volcano, have been recorded since 1765 and consist of moderate explosive activity from the summit crater.

Ragang volcano (above and to the right of the center of this Space Shuttle image) rises to 2815 m in central Mindanao. Illana Bay lies to the SW at the lower left, and most of Lake Lanao can be seen at the upper left. Ragang is the most frequently active volcano on the large southern Philippines island of Mindanao. Historical eruptions, many of which were at one time attributed to neighboring Makaturing volcano, have been recorded since 1765. Makaturing and Latukan volcanoes are also visible to the SW of Ragang on this image.

Sitellite location of Mount Ragang in the Philippines
Last eruption : 1916
Coordinates: 7°41′27″N 124°30′27″E

Physical features

Ragang has an elevation of 2,815 metres (9,236 ft) and a base diameter of 32 km (20 mi).
It is the most active volcano on Mindanao, and is part of a string of volcanoes in what volcanologists call the Central Mindanao Arc.

Eruptions

There is still some confusion on the number of times Ragang erupted. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology lists eight eruptions with the last one occurring in July 1916. But the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanology Programs, citing the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (Neumann van Padang, 1953), suggests that some eruptions attributed to nearby Makaturing were actually those of Ragang.
Ragang is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines, which are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.

Mount Pinatubo

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Mount Pinatubo is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Luzon, at the intersection of the borders of the Philippine provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, and Pampanga. It is located in the Tri-Cabusilan Mountain range separating the west coast of Luzon from the central plains, and is 42 km (26 mi) west of the dormant and more prominent Mount Arayat, occasionally mistaken for Pinatubo. Ancestral Pinatubo was a stratovolcano made of andesite and dacite. Before 1991, the mountain was inconspicuous and heavily eroded. It was covered in dense forest which supported a population of several thousand indigenous people, the Aeta, who had fled to the mountains from the lowlands during the protracted Spanish conquest of the Philippines which began in 1565.

Mount Pinatubo, boundaries of Pampanga,
Tarlac and Zambales, Philippines

Elevation: 1.445 km (height before eruption was 1.745 km)

Base Diameter: 40 km

Type of Volcano: Compound

Caldera Lake: Pinatubo Crater Lake

(2 km in diameter and depth of 600 to 800 meters)

Adjacent Volcanic Edifice:

Quadrado, Malasimbo, Balakibok, Negron

Rock Type: Dacite with andesitic xenoliths, inclusions

Tectonic Setting: Western Bataan Lineament

Age of Deposits: 1.10+0.09 Ma; 635+80 B.P; 1991;1992

The volcano's ultra-Plinian eruption in June 1991 produced the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century (after the 1912 eruption of Novarupta) and the largest eruption in living memory. The colossal 1991 eruption had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6, and came some 450–500 years after the volcano's last known eruptive activity (estimated as VEI 5, the level of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens), and some 1000 years after previous VEI 6 eruptive activity. Successful predictions of the onset of the climactic eruption led to the evacuation of tens of thousands of people from the surrounding areas, saving many lives, but surrounding areas were severely damaged by pyroclastic flows, ash deposits, and later by lahars caused by rainwater remobilizing earlier volcanic deposits: thousands of houses and other buildings were destroyed.
The effects of the eruption were felt worldwide. It ejected roughly 10 billion metric tonnes (10 cubic kilometres) of magma, and 20 million tons of SO₂, bringing vast quantities of minerals and metals to the surface environment. It injected large amounts of aerosols into the stratosphere – more than any eruption since that of Krakatoa in 1883. Over the following months, the aerosols formed a global layer of sulfuric acid haze. Global temperatures dropped by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F), and ozone depletion temporarily increased substantially.

The eruption column of Mount Pinatubo
during the 1991 eruption.

Mount Pinatubo is part of a chain of volcanoes which lie along the western side of the edge of the island of Luzon. They are subduction volcanoes, formed by the Philippine Mobile Belt sliding over the Eurasian Plate along the Manila Trench to the west.Mount Pinatubo and the other volcanoes of the West Luzon volcanic arc arise due to magma occlusion from this subduction plate boundary.
The volcano is located 87 km (55 miles) northwest of Manila, 14 km (9 miles) west of the former Clark Air Base, and 37 km (23 mi) north of the former U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. Clark Air Base's residential areas and petroleum storage facilities were in much closer proximity to the volcano than the airfield complex and neighboring Angeles City.
Several important river systems have their sources on Pinatubo, with the major rivers being the Bucao, Santo Tomas, Maloma, Tanguay, Ashley, and Kileng rivers. Before the eruption, these river systems were important ecosystems, but the eruption filled many valleys with deep pyroclastic deposits. Since 1991, the rivers have been clogged with sediment, and the valleys have seen frequent lahars. Studies show that the river systems will take many years yet to recover from the 1991 eruption.
About 500,000 people continue to live within 40 km of the mountain, with population centres including the 150,000 in Angeles City, and 30,000 at Clark Freeport Zone.

One of the early explosive eruptions at
Pinatubo after the April 1991 onset of ash eruptions

Although there seems to be no local knowledge of the previous large eruptions in the Pinatubo area, several Aeta residents reported in 1991 that their elders recalled small explosions in the past. Pinatubo was a known geothermal area before the 1991 eruption, and small steam explosions are quite common in such areas. It was only after volcanic activity began in 1991 that geologists studied the eruptive history of the region in any detail. Eruptions at the site can be divided into two major eras.

Much of the rugged land surrounding the present volcano consists of remnants of 'ancestral' Pinatubo. This volcano was located roughly in the same place as the present mountain, and activity seems to have begun about 1.1 million years ago. Ancestral Pinatubo may have reached a height of up to 2,300 m (7,550 ft) above sea level, based on profile fitting to the remaining lower slopes.
Several mountains near modern Pinatubo are old satellite vents of ancestral Pinatubo, formed from volcanic plugs and lava domes. Some nearby peaks are also remnants of ancestral Pinatubo, formed from erosion-resistant parts of the old mountain slopes left behind when the less resistant parts were eroded by weathering.
The eruptive activity of ancestral Pinatubo was much less explosive than modern Pinatubo, and probably ended about 45,000 years ago. After a long period of dormancy, modern Pinatubo was born in eruptions beginning about 35,000 years ago.

Mount Pinatubo's caldera contains a
lake of the same name, pictured here in 2008

The birth of modern Pinatubo occurred in the most explosive eruption in its history, which deposited pyroclastic flow material up to 100 meters thick on all sides of the mountain. The total volume of material erupted may have been up to 25 cubic kilometers (6 mile³), and the removal of this amount of material from the underlying magma chamber led to the formation of a large caldera.
Earlier large eruptions occurred 17,000, 9000, 6000 – 5000, and 3900 – 2300± years ago. Each of these eruptions seems to have been very large, ejecting more than 10 km³ of material and covering large parts of the surrounding areas with pyroclastic flow deposits. Scientists estimate that the most recent eruption before 1991 happened about 450 years ago, and after that, the volcano lay dormant. Its slopes became completely covered in dense rainforest and eroded into gullies and ravines.

Coordinates: 15°08′30″N 120°21′00″E

Mount Parker

2010-10-23T19:06:00.000-07:00

Mount Parker, locally known as Melibengoy, is a stratovolcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines (6°06.8' N, 124°53.5' E). It is located in the province of south Cotabato, 30 kilometers west of General Santos City and 44 kilometers south of Koronadal City.
The volcano is believed to have been named after an American pilot who crashed at the volcano while he was surveying and mapping the area.

Lake Maughan occupies the steep-sided walls of the
2.9-km-wide summit caldera of Parker volcano,
also known locally as Falen. This low, vegetated
stratovolcano overlooks Sarangani Bay near
the southern tip of Mindanao Island and is
surrounded by extensive, youthful pyroclastic-flow deposits.
This volcano was unknown to most volcanologists
until recent years, but it is now known to have been the
source of a major explosive eruption in 1641.

Parker volcano, also known locally as Falen, is a low, vegetated stratovolcano overlooking Sarangani Bay near the southern tip of Mindanao Island. The steep-sided, 1824-m-high andesitic-dacitic stratovolcano is surrounded by extensive, youthful pyroclastic-flow deposits that suggest parallels to Pinatubo volcano. The summit of Parker is truncated by a 2.9-km-wide caldera with steep-sided walls that rise 200-500 m above heart-shaped Maughan Lake. This volcano was unknown to most volcanologists until recent years, but it is now known to have been the source of a major explosive eruption in 1641 that was previously attributed to Awu volcano on Sangihe Island, Indonesia and caused darkness over the island of Mindanao. The 1641 eruption included the emplacement of voluminous pyroclastic flows and lahars and resulted in the formation of the summit caldera. This was the last of three major explosive eruptions from Parker during the last 3800 years.

Mount Parker,	Philippines
Subregion Name:	Philippines - Mindanao
Volcano Number:	0701-011
Volcano Type:	Stratovolcano
Volcano Status:	Historical
Last Known Eruption:	1641
Summit Elevation:	1824 m	5,984 feet
Latitude:	6.113°N	6°6'48"N
Longitude:	124.892°E	124°53'30"E

Physical features

The volcano has an elevation of 1,784 meters and a base diameter of 40 km. It has a 2.9-km-wide caldera with steep walls that rise 200-500m above the crater lake that is now called Lake Maughan. The lake, which is officially called Lake Holon, was named after another American who was with Parker when he crashed.
Melibengoy is considered one of the sacred places of the T'boli tribe. It hosts a rare species, Parantica dannatti reyesi, which was discovered by the late Professor Josue de los Reyes of Notre Dame of Marbel University and published in the Entomological Journal of Senckerburg Research Institute in December 1994.
Government officials have also confirmed sightings of the Philippine Tarsier, Tarsius syrichta which can supposedly be found in the barangays surrounding Lake Holon.
Eruptions

Mount Parker is believed to have erupted thrice over the past 3,800 years, the last one on January 4, 1641. The 1641 eruption caused the formation of the crater lake.
On September 6, 1995, local officials reported what they believed was volcanic activity at Lake Maughan. The alleged activity caused landslides and floodings along Ga-o River which drains Lake Maughan and joins Allah River in the north. Due to this phenomenon, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology installed monitoring equipment which established that the so-called activity was man-made.
Less than a year after the 1995 activity, a temporary dam was formed at about 250 m from the outlet of Lake Maughan, alarming the residents within the area due to fear of flashfloods. The deposited debris dammed the flowing Ga-o River and caused the lake level to rise by about 6 meters.
Mount Parker (Melibengoy), is one of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, which are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.

Coordinates: 6°06.8′N 124°53.5′E

Mount Musuan

2010-10-23T18:39:00.000-07:00

Musuan Peak or Mount Musuan, also known as Mount Calayo (literally "Fire Mountain") is an active volcano on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. It is 4.5 kilometres south of the city of Valencia, province of Bukidnon, and 81 km southeast of Cagayan de Oro City.

Musuan Peak with clouds partly covering the peak

Physical characteristics

Musuan is a lava dome and tuff cone.
It has an elevation of 646 meters asl, and a base diameter of 3 km.

Eruptions

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology reports that Musuan erupted in 1866 and 1867, but the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program records another eruption, possibly phreatic, that "burned everything around it." The explosion supposedly occurred four years before the 1891 visit of a Jesuit priest, who reported that he could not examine the volcano more closely because of strong solfataric activity.
A strong seismic swarm occurred near Musuan in 1976.
Musuan is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines, which are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.

A view of Musuan Peak from the
surrounding rice fields at dawn.
Part of the Central Mindanao University motorpool
buildings are visible on the bottom left.

Tourism

Mt. Musuan's lack of any visible indication of it being a volcano has led to some local skepticism of it being an active volcano. Locals have on more than one occasion insisted that the Musuan Peak proper is not the actual volcano but is only the lava dome. The actual crater is supposedly the nearby rift lake Lake Apo(variations of which lake exactly range from the Lake Lanao to the much smaller Lake Pinamaloy).

Still, the imagery evoked by its name variant 'Mount Calayo' (Fire Mountain) and the stories told by local Bukidnon tribesmen keeps people wary of the relatively small mountain which doesn't look at all like a volcano.
Due to its proximity to the government-run Central Mindanao University and the University town proper, it has become a popular destination for students and teachers alike, either for picnics or a study of the flora and fauna of one of the few remnants of the jungles that once covered the valleys of the surrounding areas. Due to its isolated position in the middle of the valley and the very small surface area of its highest point (only a few meters), the entire countryside is visible from the top. Currently its slopes has been the target of extensive reforestation efforts partly paid for by the establishment of toll gates to hikers intending to go up the mountain.

Country:	Philippines
Subregion Name:	Philippines - Mindanao
Volcano Number:	0701-07=
Volcano Type:	Lava dome
Volcano Status:	Historical
Last Known Eruption:	1886
Summit Elevation:	646 m	2,119 feet
Latitude:	7.877°N	7°52'36"N
Longitude:	125.068°E	125°4'6"E

The Mt. Musuan Zoological and Botanical Garden of the University are also currently housed on its slopes. It includes a butterfly greenhouse and a reforestation nursery among its buildings.

Coordinates: 7°52′36″N 125°4′6″E

Mount Mayon

2010-10-23T18:15:00.000-07:00

Mayon Volcano, also known as Mount Mayon, is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay, in the Bicol Region, on the island of Luzon, in the Philippines.
Renowned as the "perfect cone" because of its almost symmetrically conical shape, Mayon forms the northern boundary of Legazpi City. Local folklore refers to the volcano as Bulkang Magayon (Filipino: 'Magayon Volcano'), after the legendary heroine Daragang Magayon (Bikol: 'Lady Beautiful').
On October 13, 2008 it was included in New 7 Wonders of Nature Top 10 list. However, it did not make the cut to the Top 25 finalists, giving way to the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River, another site in the Philippines.

Mayon Volcano as viewed from Ligñon Hill in Legazpi City, Albay
Elevation : 2,463 m (8,081 ft)
Prominence : 2,447 m (8,028 ft)
Type : Stratovlcano
Last eruption : 2009

Mayon Volcano as viewed from Ligñon Hill in Legazpi City, Albay .

Mayon Volcano is an active stratovolcano. The current cone was formed through pyroclastic and lava flows from past eruptions. Mayon is the most active of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, having erupted over 49 times in the past 400 years.
It is located on the eastern side of Luzon, beside the Philippine Trench which is the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is driven under the Philippine Mobile Belt. Where a continental plate or belt of continental fragments meets an oceanic plate, the lighter continental material overrides the oceanic plate, forcing it down into the Earth's mantle. Magma may be forced through weaknesses in the continental crust caused by the collision of the tectonic plates. One such exit point is Mayon.
Like other volcanoes located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, Mayon is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Mayon Volcano is the main landmark of Albay Province, Philippines. It is 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the Gulf of Albay, in the cities and municipalities of Legazpi City, Daraga, Camalig, Guinobatan, Ligao City, Tabaco City, Malilipot, and Santo Domingo (clockwise from Legazpi). It rises 2462 m (8,077 ft) above the gulf.
Mayon Volcano is the Philippines' most active volcano and is considered to be the world's most perfectly formed volcano for its symmetrical cone. It is a basaltic-andesitic volcano.The upper slopes of the volcano are steep averaging 35-40 degrees and are capped by a small summit crater. Its sides are layers of lava and other volcanic material.

Recorded eruptions

Mayon has undergone forty-nine eruptions in recorded history. The first recorded major eruption was in 1616. Its 48th and latest major eruption was a quiet effusion of lava on July 14, 2008 , which was aggravated when a lahar caused by the rains of Typhoon Durian followed on November 30, 2006. A further summit eruption occurred on August 10, 2008.At present the volcano is weakly erupting and may be building up to a larger hazardous eruption.
The most destructive eruption of Mayon occurred on February 1, 1814. Lava flowed but not as much compared to the 1766 eruption. Instead, the volcano was belching dark ash and eventually bombarding the town with tephra that buried the town of Cagsawa—only the bell tower of the town's church remained above the new surface. Trees were burned; rivers were certainly damaged. Proximate areas were also devastated by the eruption with ash accumulating to 9 m (30 ft) in depth. 2,200 Albay locals perished in what is considered to be the most lethal eruption in Mayon's history.

Mayon Volcano's longest uninterrupted eruption occurred on June 23, 1897 which lasted for seven days of raining fire. Lava once again flowed down to civilization. Seven miles eastward, the village of Bacacay was buried 15 m (49 ft) beneath the lava. In Libon 100 people were declared dead—incinerated by steam and falling debris or hot rocks. Other villages like San Roque, Misericordia and Santo Niño became deathtraps. Ash was carried in black clouds as far as 160 km (100 mi) from the catastrophic event. More than 400 people were killed.

Coordinates: 13°15′24″N 123°41′6″E

Mount Matutum

2010-10-23T17:55:00.000-07:00

Matutum is an active volcano in the Philippines.

Location

Matutum is located in the province of South Cotabato, on the island of Mindanao, in the south of the Philippines, at geographical coordinates 6°22'N, 125°06.5'E.
It is 15 km north of Polomolok, and about 30 km north-northwest of General Santos City.

Mount Matutum,
South Cotabato and around 30 km north-northwest of General

Santos City
Range : Hamiguitan Mountain Range
Type : Stratovolcano
Last eruption : 1911

Volcanic arc/belt	Cotabato Arc

Physical features

Matutum is a stratovolcano that rises 2,286 meters asl with a base diameter of 25 km.
It has 2 hot springs, called Akjmoan and Linan, 5.7 km west-southwest of the volcano.
Adjacent volcanic edifices are Landayao, Tampad, and Albulhek, which are all west of the volcano, and Magolo to the north.
There is a well-preserved 320 metre wide crater at the volcano's summit. The crater is breached by three gorges and has a 120 metre deep, densely forested floor.

Elevation	2,286 m (7,500 ft)
Prominence	1,950 m (6,398 ft)
Listing	List of Ultras in the Philippines

Coordinates: 6°26′0″N 125°6′30″E

Eruptions

Volcanologists suspect that Matutum may have had a phreatic explosion on March 7, 1911.
Matutum is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines. All are part of the Pacific ring of fire.

Mount Makaturing

2010-10-23T12:18:00.000-07:00

Makaturing, is a stratovolcano on Mindanao island in the Philippines. It is found in the province of Lanao del Sur (particularly in the town of Butig) in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. Makaturing has an elevation of 1,940 metres (6,365 ft) and a base diameter of 29 km (18 mi). It is part of a string of volcanos called the Central Mindanao Arc.

Mount Makaturing, Lanao del sur, ARMM

Country:	Philippines
Subregion Name:	Philippines - Mindanao
Volcano Number:	0701-04=
Volcano Type:	Stratovolcano
Volcano Status:	Historical
Last Known Eruption:	1882
Summit Elevation:	1940 m	6,365 feet
Latitude:	7.647°N	7°38'48"N
Longitude:	124.32°E	124°19'0"E

Makaturing volcano rises above the shore of Illana Bay at the west end of a chain of volcanoes in central Mindanao. Eruptions at one time attributed to Makaturing were ascribed to neighboring Ragang volcano to the east by the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (Neumann van Padang, 1953), but PHIVOLCS (2004) listed eruptions for Makaturing, several of which are in the same year as those from Ragang volcano. A dense cover of vegetation that blankets Makaturing suggests long quiescence, but solfataric activity continues.

Eruptions

There is still some controversy on the number of times Makaturing erupted. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology lists 10 eruptions with the last one occurring on March 18, 1882. But the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanology Program, citing the Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World (Neumann van Padang, 1953), suggests that some eruptions were actually those of neighboring Ragang volcano.
Makaturing is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines. All are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Trivia

On May 18, 1947, Philippine Air Force (PAF) commander Gen. Edwin Andrews died with 16 others when the C-47 transport plane carrying them crashed in Makaturing. Nine years later, the PAF established an air base in Zamboanga City and is now named the Edwin Andrews Air Base from where the Philippine military launches air support operations in the ongoing campaign against separatists.

Coordinates	7°39′N 124°19′E

Leonard Kniaseff

2010-10-23T08:39:00.000-07:00

Country:	Philippines
Subregion Name:	Philippines - Mindanao
Volcano Number:	0701-031
Volcano Type:	Stratovolcano
Volcano Status:	Radiocarbon
Last Known Eruption:	120 AD ± 100 years
Summit Elevation:	1080 m	3,543 feet
Latitude:	7.382°N	7°22'54"N
Longitude:	126.047°E	126°2'48"E

Leonard Kniazeff is a stratovolcano located in the Compostela Valley, within the province of Davao del Norte, Island of Mindanao, Philippines.
It has a 203 km diameter caldera lake called Lake Leonard. Amacan Thermal Area is located 5 cadastral km SSW of Lake Leonard.
Leonard Kniazeff is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines, part of the Pacific ring of fire.

An andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano complex in the Leonard Range is truncated by a 4 x 5 km caldera partially filled by Lake Leonard. The volcano (also known as Leonard Kniazeff) is located east of the head of Davao Gulf in SE Mindanao, east of the major N-S-trending Philippine Fault. Activity at the Leonard Range dates back to 1.1 million years. A dome building stage began about 290,000 years ago, producing a series of lava domes in the region surrounding Lake Leonard. A younger stage involved the eruption of the Paloc pyroclastic deposits from the late-Pleistocene to Holocene and the formation of the caldera. Holocene radiocarbon dates ranging from about 6000 to 1800 years ago were obtained from the Paloc pyroclastic deposits. The Leonard Range (or North Davao) area has been the object of a geothermal exploration program. The Manat thermal area is located north of Lake Leonard, solfataras occur its SW rim, and active solfataras, fumaroles, and hot springs are found in the Amacan-Gopod thermal area south of the lake.

Activity

The Leonard Kniazeff (North Davao) area has been the object of a geothermal exploration program.
Manat thermal area is located north of Lake Leonard, solfataras occur around its SW rim, and active solfataras, fumaroles, and hot springs are found in the Amacan-Gopod thermal area south of the lake.
There was a scare in 1995 but PHIVOLCS investigation at the time did not disclose any unusual activity, and no unusual activity has been reported since.

Coordinates	7°22′54″N 126°2′48″E / 7.38167°N 126.04667°E / 7.38167; 126.04667^[1]

Mount Kanlaon

2010-10-23T07:58:00.000-07:00

Kanla-on, variously referred to as Kanlaon Volcano and Mount Kanla-on (also spelled Canlaon), is an active volcano in the Philippines. A stratovolcano on Negros island, it straddles the provinces of Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental in the Visayas region (10°24.7'N, 123°7.9'E), approximately 36 kilometers southeast of Bacolod City.
It is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines, part of the Pacific ring of fire.

Mount Kanlaon,
Negros island, it straddles the
provinces of Negros Occidental and
Negros Oriental in the Visayas region

Physical features

Kanlaon has an elevation of 2,435 meters and a base diameter of 30 km and is dotted with pyroclastic cones and craters. The summit of Kanlaon contains a broad elongated northern caldera with a crater lake. A smaller but more active crater lies in the south.
The volcano has three hot springs on its slopes: Mambucal Hot Springs on the northwest, Bucalan Hot Spring, Bungol Hot Spring. Its adjacent volcanic edifices are Mt. Silay and Mt. Mandalagan, north of Kanlaon. Canlaon City now stands beside the mountain.

Eruptions

The most active volcano in central Philippines, Kanlaon has erupted 25 times since 1886. Eruptions are typically phreatic explosions of small-to-moderate size that produce minor ashfalls near the volcano.
On August 10, 1996, Kanlaon erupted without warning, killing British student Julian Green and Filipinos Noel Tragico and Neil Perez, who were among 24 mountain climbers who were trapped near the summit. The authorities rescued the 17 others, including 10 Belgians, another Briton and six Filipinos. The 17 were identified as Belgians Frederick Carraso, Philipp Couche, Caroline La Grange, Sophie La Benne, Darmien Gaitan, David Ryckaert, Florence De Corte, Jean Francois Ossengeld, Caroline Verlinde and Delthme Ferrant, Briton Gordon Cole and Filipinos Pepito Ibrado, Wovi Villanueva and Albert Devarras.

Country:	Philippines
Subregion Name:	Central Philippines
Volcano Number:	0702-02=
Volcano Type:	Stratovolcano
Volcano Status:	Historical
Last Known Eruption:	2006
Summit Elevation:	2435 m	7,989 feet
Latitude:	10.412°N	10°24'42"N
Longitude:	123.132°E	123°7'54"E

One of the Belgians, Caroline Verlinde, said she and her group were about to leave a site near the crater rim when the eruption began. "Suddenly it ejected ash and stones. I ran to a tree for cover and saw my friends being hit by falling stones," she told journalists. She said their Filipino guide told them the smoke billowing out from the crater "was just ordinary."
It is a favorite spot for mountain climbers and is surrounded by the Mt. Kanlaon National Park.

Recent volcanic activity

On June 3, 2006, Kanlaon again exhibited restiveness and spewed steam and ash. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) issued Alert Level 1 (mild restiveness) on June 12, 2006.
On February 10, 2008 Phivolcs issued an alert saying the "seismic network at Kanlaon Volcano recorded a total of 21 low frequency volcanic earthquakes (LFVQ) during the past 24 hours. Due to the increasing number of recorded volcanic earthquakes, PHIVOLCS raises Kanlaon Volcano’s alert status from Alert Level 0 to Alert Level 1 which means that the volcano is at slightly elevated unrest and volcanic activity could lead to steam and ash ejections."
A 4-kilometre Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) is maintained around the volcano, because sudden explosions may occur without warning.
In the 8 days from 23 August 2009 to 1 September 2009, 257 volcanic earthquakes were recorded. Usual seismic activity during quiet periods is 0 to 4 quakes in any 24 hour period. Epicentres of the recorded quakes were clustered at the north-west slope which may indicate movement of an active local fault at the slope induced by pressure beneath the volcano. Surface observations did not show any significant change in the steam emission from the crater. Phivolcs maintained the alert status at Level 0.
Volcanic activity at Kanlaon is continuously monitored by Phivolcs.

Coordinates: 10°24′42″N 123°7′54″E

Jolo Group

2010-10-23T07:24:00.000-07:00

Jolo Group is an active volcanic group within the Philippines.

Location

Jolo Group, including Bud Dajo one of the active volcanos in the Philippines, is a volcanic island located 150 km southwest of the southwest extremity of Mindanao Island.
Jolo is part of the Sulu Archipelago, in the province of Sulu, in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, one of the Regions of the Philippines.

Country:	Philippines
Subregion Name:	Sulu Islands (Philippines)
Volcano Number:	0700-01=
Volcano Type:	Pyroclastic cones
Volcano Status:	Historical
Last Known Eruption:	1897
Summit Elevation:	811 m	2,661 feet
Latitude:	6.013°N *	6°0'48"N
Longitude:	121.057°E	121°3'24"E

Physical features

Jolo Island is about 60 km in diameter and dotted with cinder cones, tuff cones, pyroclastic cones, maars and craters.
The highest point in the island is Tumatangus volcano with an elevation of 811 m asl. Bud Dajo has an elevation of 620 m asl.
Guimba, Matanding, and Sungal, are some other volcanic cones near Bud Dajo.
Hot springs are located near Cagayan Jolo.
Solfataric activity is found at Siit Lake.

Volcanic Activity

Mount Dakula near Lake Panamo may have erupted in 1641, although the eruption of 4 January 1641 was reported at the time as being from a small island "opposite the main river of Jolo", and that it sent a shower of ash as far as Zamboanga. A tsunami occurred in 1897, believed to have been caused by a local submarine eruption on 21 September 1897. It is possible this eruption was centered at Lake Seit, a volcanic maar with still active solfatara.
Volcanos in the Jolo Group are young and considered to be active volcanos in the Philippines. They exhibit fumarolic and solfataric activity.

Geology

Rock type is predominantly basalt and andesite.
Jolo Group is part of the Sulu Volcanic Arc, one of the two northeastern arms of the Sunda Plate. It is an area of frequent earthquakes and current volcanic activity. It is in collision with the Philippine Mobile Belt.
Like most volcanos in the former Sultanate of Sulu, the group is little studied scientifically.
All volcanos in the Philippines are part of the Pacific ring of fire.

Political

Because of aggravated political unrest, kidnappings of foreigners in 2009, and fighting between political independence and government forces, visitors are strongly recommended to keep away from the Jolo islands.

Coordinates: 6°00′47″N 121°03′25″E / 6.013°N 121.057°E

Mount Iriga

2010-10-23T06:36:00.000-07:00

Country:	Philippines
Subregion Name:	Luzon (Philippines)
Volcano Number:	0703-041
Volcano Type:	Stratovolcano
Volcano Status:	Holocene
Last Known Eruption:	Unknown
Summit Elevation:	1196 m	3,924 feet
Latitude:	13.457°N	13°27'24"N
Longitude:	123.457°E	123°27'24"E

Mount Iriga, also known as Mount Asog, is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines, in the province of Camarines Sur, in the Philippines, at geographical coordinates 13°27.4'N, 123°27.4'E. Mount Iriga is a stratovolcano about a kilometer from Lake Buhi. It rises 1,196 meters and a base diameter of 10 kilometres.
Iriga erupted in 1628 and 1642.Asog is generally known for its phreatic explosions. It is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines, which are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.
The dominantly andesitic stratovolcano has satellitic cinder cones of basaltic composition. A large breached crater that opens to the SE was formed as a result of a major debris avalanche that buried several villages and formed a broad hummocky deposit that extends across the plain south of Lake Buhi. This catastrophic event was at one time considered to have occurred during 1628 AD, but later work has shown that the collapse and eruption occurred earlier at some unknown date during the Holocene. The avalanche was followed by phreatic explosions that created a small crater at the base of the scarp.

Collapse of the summit and flanks of volcanoes during major volcanic landslides creates large horseshoe-shaped depressions that open in the direction of the landslide. This 2.1 x 3.5 km horseshoe-shaped caldera at Iriga volcano in the Philippines was produced by a massive landslide during the Holocene. The resulting debris avalanche traveled more than 10 km to the SE and flowed into Lake Buhi at the upper right. This view is from the south, with the summit of Iriga at the extreme left.

Coordinates: 13°27′N 123°27′E

2010-10-23T06:17:00.000-07:00

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Mount Iraya

2010-10-23T06:04:00.000-07:00

Iraya is an active volcano in the Philippines, The morphologically youthful Iraya volcano, at the north end of Batan Island, is the northernmost active volcano in the Philippines. Iraya is the most prominent feature of the 20-km-long, dumbbell-shaped Batan island, located in the Luzon Strait between Luzon and Taiwan. The 1009-m-high Quaternary stratovolcano has a 1.5-km-wide summit crater, which is largely filled by a younger cone that forms the summit of the volcano. Observed late-Pleistocene and Holocene products of Iraya are exclusively explosive. The youngest dated unit of Iraya is a pyroclastic-flow deposit radiocarbon dated at about 1500 years ago (Richard et al., 1986). The Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (2004-) listed an eruption in 1454 AD of unspecified character.

Country:	Philippines
Subregion Name:	North of Luzon (Philippines)
Volcano Number:	0704-06-
Volcano Type:	Stratovolcano
Volcano Status:	Historical
Last Known Eruption:	1454 (?)
Summit Elevation:	1009 m	3,310 feet
Latitude:	20.469°N	20°28'7"N
Longitude:	122.010°E	122°0'35"E

Physical features

Iraya is a heavily forested stratovolcano, with an elevation of 1,009 metres (3,310 ft) asl, and a base diameter of 5,500 metres (18,000 ft).
Adjacent volcanic edifice is Mt. Matarem.

Volcanic activity

Mount Iraya last erupted in 1454, and the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) considers it as one of the active volcanos in the Philippines.
In 1998, volcanologists recorded seismic swarms which led them to form a monitoring network on Batan Island for several months. After the swarms of tremors had diminished, the temporary stations in Brgy. San Joaquin in Basco, Batanes and another near the crater, were pulled out. Seismicity or any activity relating to Iraya is still monitored by the Basco Seismological Station.
Volcanos of the Philippines are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.

Volcanic arc/belt	Babuyan (Bashi) Segment of Luzon-Taiwan Arc

Coordinates: 20°28′7″N 122°0′35″E

Mount Hibok Hibok

2010-10-23T04:58:00.000-07:00

Mount Hibok-Hibok or Hibok-Hibok , is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines, all part of the Pacific ring of fire.

Country:	Philippines
Subregion Name:	Philippines - Mindanao
Volcano Number:	0701-08=
Volcano Type:	Stratovolcanoes
Volcano Status:	Historical
Last Known Eruption:	1953
Summit Elevation:	1552 m	5,092 feet
Latitude:	9.203°N	9°12'12"N
Longitude:	124.673°E	124°40'24"E

Oblate, 20-km-long Camiguin Island just off the coast of north-central Mindanao Island consists of four overlapping stratovolcanoes overlying older buried edifices. Mt. Mambajao forms the high point of Camiguin Island at 1552 m. It has a youthful morphology with summit and flank lava domes, one of which partially fills a crater breached to the NW, but has not had historical eruptions. The eroded stratovolcanoes of Mt. Butay and Mt. Ginsiliban form the SE tip of the island and lie at one end of the NNW-SSE trending line of vents cutting across the island. The Binone cinder cone lies along the SE coast. The youngest volcano, and the only historically active one, is Hibok-Hibok (also known as Catarman). It lies at the NW end of the island, about 6 km NW of Mt. Mambajao. This andesitic-to-rhyolitic volcano contains several lava domes, including Mt. Vulcan on its NW flank. Major eruptions during 1871-75 and 1948-53 formed flank lava domes at Hibok-Hibok and produced pyroclastic flows that devastated coastal villages.

Physical Features

Volcanologists classify Hibok-Hibok as a stratovolcano^[1] and dome complex^[2] with an elevation of 1,332 meters and a base diameter of 1,000 meters.
It has six hot springs (Ardent Spring, Tangob, Bugong, Tagdo, Naasag and Kiyab), three crater lakes (Kanangkaan Crater, site of the 1948 eruption; Itum Crater, site of 1949 eruption, and Ilihan Crater, site of 1950 eruption).
Its adjacent volcanic edifices are Mt. Vulcan ( 671 m high asl, NW of Hibok-Hibok ), Mt. Mambajao (center of Camiguin), Mt. Ginsiliban (581 m high asl, southernmost Camiguin), Mt. Uhay (N of Mount Ginsiliban). There are also domes and cones at Campana Hill, Minokol Hill, Tres Marias Hill, Mt. Carling, Mt. Tibane, and Piyakong Hill.

Eruptions

Hibok-Hibok erupted five times in modern history. The first recorded eruption occurred in 1827. This was followed by similar activity in 1862.
In January 1871, residents of the island reported earthquakes and subterranean rumbling. There were next landslides, fissuring of land and a swarm of earthquakes. In April, the volcano spewed rocks, dust, and ashes for a week and a which would later be named Mt. Vulcan began to form. The lava dome reached a height of 457 meters with a base of almost 1,500 meters after four years. Vulcan's activity has been limited to emission of steam from crevices at the top of the dome.
In 1897, Hibok-Hibok emitted white sulfurous vapors which damaged farms on the island. Solfataric activity continued up to 1902.
From 1948 to 1951, Mt. Hibok-Hibok constantly rumbled and smoked. Its minor eruption in 1948 caused little damage and loss of life. In 1949, its eruption caused 79 deaths due to landslides. In the morning of December 4, 1951, the volcano erupted again. This, time, however, it unleashed boiling lava, poisonous gases, and landslides enough to destroy nearly 19 squares kilometers of land particularly in Mambajao. All in all, over 3,000 people were killed. Before the eruption of Mt. Hibok-Hibok in 1951, the population of Camiguin had reach 69,000. After the eruption, the population was reduced to about 34,000 due to massive emigration.
Hibok-Hibok had a Peléan eruption in August 1948, with a series of earth tremors. There were also landslides and earthquakes followed by dome building and nuee ardente in September 1953. Eruption sites during the 1948-1952 eruptions were Kanangkaan Crater (1948), Itum Crater (1949) and Ilihan Crater (1950).
Volcanologists observed an eruption pattern observed during the 1948-1952 eruptions (a cycle of four phases) beginning with a short period of emission of steam from the crater and avalanches of volcanic materials, followed by explosions or steam blast with emission of heavy clouds of steam, ash and other fragmentary volcanic materials with a strong possibility of the development of nuee ardente. The third phase involves eruption of incandescent meterials, emission of ash and steam in large amounts, formation of flows and occasional minor crater outbursts and finally a decrease in steam and other ejecta from the crater.

Hiking activity

Mt. Hibok-Hibok is a popular hiking destination in Camiguin island. A permit from the DENR office in Mambajao is required. It normally takes 3–5 hours to reach the summit; the usual jump-off is Ardent Hot Springs in Mambajao. Views from the summit include the nearby White Island; Bohol (N); Eastern Mindanao (E); and Siquijor (W). The mossy crater of Camiguin's past eruption can also be seen. Mark Wallace of Newburgh, NY states that the permit is more of a use charge and the hike is not difficult. He recommends that it be climbed with a group because there are no telephones on the trail and there is the possibility of spraining an ankle or otherwise having a mishap requiring assistance. He climbed it in less than an hour at age 59. On the trail are the Roman Catholic Stations of the Cross, which are 14 events in the crucifixion of Jesus at intervals on the climb. They are a memorial to the dead from the last eruption in the 1950s.

Coordinates: 9°12′2″N 124°40′5″E

2010-10-23T04:34:00.000-07:00

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Didicas

2010-10-23T03:51:00.000-07:00

Country:	Philippines
Subregion Name:	North of Luzon (Philippines)
Volcano Number:	0704-02=
Volcano Type:	Submarine Volcano
Volcano Status:	Historical
Last Known Eruption:	1978
Summit Elevation:	228 m	748 feet
Latitude:	19.077°N	19°4'36"N
Longitude:	122.202°E	122°12'6"E

Didicas Volcano is an active volcanos in the Philippines which emerged from the sea in 1952. The resulting island is located 22 km NE of Camiguin Island, in the Babuyan Islands, in the province of Cagayan, in the Cagayan Valley Region, in the Luzon Strait north of the island of Luzon, in the Philippines.
When a permanent island was formed. Didicas now consists of a small, 244-m-high andesitic lava dome about 1.4 km in longest exposed dimension. A 400-m-wide crater was formed during the 1952 eruption. The first recorded submarine eruption of Didicas was in 1773. The first recorded subaerial cone reached a height of 213 m in 1860, after a four-year-long eruption, but soon was eroded beneath the sea. Three rock masses up to 82 m high were left after an eruption in 1900. Two eruptions have occurred since 1952 at an explosion crater on the northern side of the island.

Physical Features

Didicas was initially a submarine volcano, and is classified as a dome volcano with an elevation of 228 meters and a base diameter of 1,200 meters at sea level.

Volcanic Activity

Didicas has erupted in 1773, 1856-1857, 1900, 1952, 1969, 1978 (January 6-9), and 1990. It is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines which are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.

The eruption of Didicas
in March 1969 - June 1969
Eruptive Characteristics:
    Flank (excentric) vent
    Explosive eruption
    Phreatic explosion(s)
    Fatalities
    Tsunami (giant sea waves)

Coordinates: 19°04.6′N 122°12.1′E

Dequey

2010-10-22T23:23:00.000-07:00

Dequey (Undersea), is an unnamed submarine volcano near Dequey island in the Philippines.

Location

The volcano is located 3 kilometres (2 miles) due west of Dequey island (geocode +20.3333, +121.7833), one of the Batanes Islands, in the province of Batanes, in the Cagayan Valley Region, in the Philippines, within the Luzon Strait between Luzon and Taiwan.
It is located at the southernmost end of the Batanes Islands at latitude 20.33°N (20°20'0"N), longitude 121.75°E (121°45'0"E).

Physical features
The volcano is a submarine volcano rising to within 24 metres of the sea surface.
It is one of the active volcanos in the Philippines.

Eruptions

Submarine eruptions reported in 1773, 1850, and 1854 are likely to have originated from this volcano.
There have been no further reports since 1854.

Country:	Philippines
Subregion Name:	North of Luzon (Philippines)
Volcano Number:	0704-05=
Volcano Type:	Submarine volcano
Volcano Status:	Historical
Last Known Eruption:	1854
Summit Elevation:	-24 m	- 79 feet
Latitude:	20.33°N	20°20'0"N
Longitude:	121.75°E	121°45'0"E

Listings

The Global Volcanism Program lists it as an unnamed historically active volcano.Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) lists 22 active volcanoes in the Philippines, but has not included this unnamed volcano, or any volcanic activity at this geographical location.

Volcanos of the Philippines are all part of the Pacific ring of fire.

Coordinates: 20°20′N 121°45′E / 20.33°N 121.75°E

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Didicas

Dequey