photography info.

Photography info - How to make a pinhole camera - construction

2010-05-22T22:12:00.034+05:30

Photography information: What is a pinhole camera? - Pinhole camera history - How to make a pinhole camera? - digital pinhole camera - Pinhole camera photography Construction and designing pinhole camera is a real fun. There is lot of scope for experimenting with the device and it is a great pleasure in photography with the device made by ourselves. pinhole camera (enlarge) You can make Pinhole camera from various materials lying around in the house. Construction of pinhole camera is very easy and you can make it using a peanut can, paint can, coke can, cookie container and even from an oatmeal box. The simplest device consists of light tight box with one end having the pinhole and the other end with arrangement to hold a photo paper or photo film.

pinhole effect during solar eclipse (enlarge)

Pinhole camera construction

Make the inside of the selected box (preferably cylindrical) non-reflective, by painting the inside with dull and coarse black paint.

The paint must be non reflective with rough texture. Alternatively you can make the box light proof and non-reflective by lining it with black paper. To make the box totally light proof cover the exterior with black paper. Make the lid also light proof by painting it black on both sides. It will be of advantage to make the pinhole at the closed end and photo paper loading arrangement at the other end. Now you have to make the pinhole and you can make it directly on the bottom of the box. If your box is of about 3 to 6 inches in length, you can get best effects with a pinhole of 0.013 inch diameter. You can do this in the following manner. Select and mark carefully the center of the inside bottom of the box. Make a hole with 10 size sewing needle and push it through the bottom material up to half of the needle shank. To get smooth and round hole keep rotating the needle as you make the hole. If the bottom is of metal, file the edges smooth with the help of fine sandpaper or file.

Pinhole camera made out of an oatmeal box, photographic paper, tongs, three 5x7 developing trays, a piece of 5x7 plate glass, fixer, and developer (enlarge) If you find it difficult to make the hole from inside the box due to narrow space, there is an alternate way.
Make the pinhole as earlier explained with a sewing needle in a separate metal foil or black paper. Punch a hole of ½ inch or above on the center of the box bottom.
Tape the metal foil/black paper with pinhole over the center of the box bottom hole made earlier.
Now make a shutter to prevent light from entering the camera when you are not taking a photograph.
A flap of card board with the provision of tape hinge can be used as shutter. A small piece of tape can be used to keep the shutter closed.
Though you can use both film or fast photography paper for taking the image, it is preferable to use paper as it can be loaded into the camera under a safelight.
Depending upon the size of the lid choose the size of photo paper. You can trim the corners, if necessary, to make the photo paper fit in.
Now under safelight fix the photo paper to the inside of the lid with the help of a small piece of tape on the opposite corners.
Take care to keep the emulsion side of the paper facing the pinhole.
Cover the camera with the lid loaded with photo paper. Tape the edge with black tape to prevent light leaking in from the lid edge.
Required exposure time may vary anywhere between 2 - 8 minutes for photo paper (KODABROMIDE Paper, F2) depending upon the brightness of sunlight.
As the exposure time is longer care must be taken to fix the pinhole camera without movement during exposure.
Develop and print the photograph in the usual required manner for the photo paper.
With a few trials and errors you can find the required exposure time for your pinhole camera.
images courtesy: Ellywa, Douglas Whitaker

Photography info: Pinhole camera history

2010-04-08T12:52:00.013+05:30

Photography information: What is a pinhole camera? → Pinhole camera history How to make a pinhole camera? → Digital pinhole camera → Info. on Pinhole photography

A pinhole camera is a light-proof box or room with a small hole in the centre of one side producing an image (photography) on the opposite side.

Natural images have been observed by man from the time way back into unknown history. However, the recorded references to the effect of light passing through sieves and tree leaves are available from the past 2500 years of history.

Pinhole camera history: in the previous Era (BC) of history

History of inverted images: Far back in the 5th century BC history, in the ancient Oriental World, Chinese philosopher Mo Jing has mentioned about the formation of inverted images through pinholes. In 4th century, observations were made by Greek philosophers Euclid and Aristotle about the light travelling through tree canopy and wicker baskets. The observed effect of light passing through a rectangular opening creating only a round image was very much intriguing but without answers. Aristotle observed crescent-shaped images of sun in solar eclipse when looked through a sieve or when the images falls on the ground through broadleaved tree or crossed fingers of hands. Aristotle searched in vain for answers to his observations of crescent-shaped images during eclipse of sun.

Pinhole camera history: in the current Era (AD) of history

In the 9th century AD in history, Tuan Chheng Shih observed about the formation of an image inside a pagoda. In Chinese history in the 10th century AD, Yu Chao-Lung created pinhole images on a screen using pagodas but had no explanation for it. In Chinese history in 10th century AD, Shen Kuo, a Chinese scientist experimented with camera obscura and arrived at the quantitative and geometrical attributes of the device.

Linearity of light: In 1021 AD, history was made when Ibn al-Haytham, an Arabian physicist, in his publication "Book of Optics" gave the clear description about the pinhole effects and about constructing a camera obscura (dark chamber). He had kept three candles in a row and made their images fall on a wall through a pinhole. In this experiment he observed that images are formed due to passing of light through pinhole. Further he observed that the image of the candle on the right side of the row formed on the left side of the screen. This lead him to create history by finding the rectilinear attribute of light during its propagation. Roger Bacon and Robert Grosseteste made observations about pinhole device in the 13th century. During these centuries of history, these pinhole devices were used primarily for casting images of sun during the eclipse. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519), known more for his paintings was a painter, writer, sculptor, botanist, architect, engineer, cartographer, geologist, musician, anatomist, scientist, inventor and mathematician. Leonardo, in Codex Atlanticus (Atlantic Codex), a huge set of his drawings and writings, has described inverted image formation and had many diagrams of camera obscura. In the 16th century, Giovanni Battista Della Porta (1535 - 1615), an Italian scientist made history added a lens to pinhole camera. Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630), a German mathematician and astronomer coined the term Camera obscura (dark room). Later the term pinhole had come into use. Sir David Brewster (11 December 1781 – 10 February 1868), a Scottish physicist made history with the first photography from a pinhole camera. In the later centuries many cameras were made in various dimensions and with many additions like biconvex lens and meniscus lens. Primarily all these cameras were for photography for educational purposes and for photography for observing solar eclipses. Many of the cameras of past history are preserved and are in display in many European countries. In 20th century many more room size camera obscura were built and were opened for public display. Pinhole photography became very popular in the late 19th century and these cameras were sold in Europe, United States. Late with mass production of cameras and color photography and with improvements in controlling aperture opening, shutter speed and lens, this traditional pinhole camera photography took to back seat.

Revival in the pinhole photography

From 1960s onwards the artistic interest was revived in this photography. Many scientists in many countries started experimenting with this photography. Lot of information was published about this photography as articles in journals and as books. This kindled interest in amateur photography and provided lot of scope for experimental photography with multiple holes and longer exposure timing for moving objects. Again these photography devices were being marketed in United States, Europe, Asia and Australia in 1980s. History of Pinhole Journal: In December 1985, this type of photography got a flip with start of Pinhole Journal and after 20 unfortunately this pinhole photography publication was stopped with the issue of December 2006. History of photography web sites: Pinhole photography went online from mid 1990s. Pinhole visions web site was launched in April 1997 and was one of the very important sites for information and discussion forum on this photography. However it was it was closed in August 2009. From April 29, 2001, history was made by holding Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day. History was made in the year 2009,with 3205 images being uploaded from participants from 69 countries on that Photography Day.

Pinhole camera photography in the history of science

Pinhole cameras with modifications are being widely used by scientific community in photography of high energy gamma and X-rays, in space vehicles and in photography of laser plasma. Wide uses are found in spy photography, surveillance photography and photography of models.

Photography info: What is a pinhole camera?

2010-03-01T18:43:00.016+05:30

Photography information: What is a pinhole camera? → Photography info: Pinhole camera history → Photography info: How to make a pinhole camera? → Photography info: digital pinhole camera → Photography info: Pinhole camera photography

A pinhole camera is a light-proof box with a small hole in the centre of one side.

What is pinhole camera?

The simple answer to 'what is a pinhole camera?' is that it is the simplest device one can use to take photographs. Pinhole camera is a light-tight box with a pinhole on one side through which light enters and a reversed and inverted image is cast on the side opposite to the hole on the rear-side or photo film. Normally pinhole device does not have any lens and through a small hole light reflected off the object travels in rectilinear propagation principle and reaches the rear end (opposite to the pinhole) of the box. In our daily life we come across the example of these images but we hardly notice it.

Light falling through the canopy of leaves is very good example especially during solar eclipse when we can clearly see a number of crescent shaped images of sun cast on the ground through the leaves of trees. This has been observed from ancient times and in fifth century BC Mo Ti, a Chinese philosopher has recorded these effects. The size of the hole (aperture) makes a big difference on the type of image.

The smaller the better. However there is a critical smallness in size for the hole beyond which the images fade and goes out of focus. Light, though has rectilinear propagation, is essentially a wave like phenomenon and diffraction of light occurs when the hole is very small. The required optical diameter for the aperture has been calculated for achieving the sharpest images possible. In this photography optimally the size of the aperture should be less than 1/100 of the distance between the aperture and the image screen.

The hole must be perfectly round and the material on which the hole is punched must be very thin in order to reduce diffraction and vignetting of images. The shutter is usually operated manually in this type of photography. The special characteristic of the images are their uneven exposure. It captures wide angle of scenery and this results in light taking longer time to reach the edges than the centre. The edges of the images get darkened due to under exposure in photography which adds an unique beauty to the images. Another characteristics of pinhole photography is that the depth of field is infinite and near and far objects being captured with same equal sharpness. In the modern days, pinhole camera photography has taken special place in spacecraft photography and space photography as well as use in spy camera to obtain discrete images. There are certain limitations in this photography like knowing the exact exposure time. In this photography, aperture adjustments for moving objects and variance of light intensity for images also have limitations. Special features can be build in to the pinhole device like simultaneous exposure with multiple holes and special effects photography by curving the image screen. Construction of pinhole camera is very easy and can be made from household boxes of various sizes.

Info on photography of crescent moon and star

2010-02-01T12:39:00.000+05:30

Crescent moon and star

Photography info

Use zoom mode for photograph of crescent moon and star, as the distance is great between them and earth. Further as they are relatively moving at a high speed the image gets blurred if we use lower shutter speeds. Digital cameras give better adjustments and images. Hence to get proper exposure higher aperture opening is preferred. This is best achieved on a cloudless and fog less night. In very rare occasions this type of photography is possible as very often clouds interfere.

Important info: You have to get away from the city to reduce the glare from city night lights.

Info on photography of flowers

2010-01-31T13:25:00.000+05:30

For any person having a camera, flowers become the immediate target. As flowers come in huge range of colors and sizes they become interesting targets. Bees and butterflies swarm the the flowers in the spring and are followed by the photographers.Photography of flowers is a skillful art. Photos of flowers look beautiful when taken from close range.

Info on photography of flowers in the morning

2010-01-30T13:24:00.000+05:30

Wind is a great spoiler for flower photography. The prefered time is early morning. The wind will be almost still in the morning, the flowers will be fresh and the light will be bright and at a suitable angle.

Info: photography at close range

2010-01-29T13:23:00.000+05:30

In photography at close range, slight movements also can give a blurring effect. The object, at this instance, our target flower can be clamped to reduce movement. Care must be taken so that the natural background of leaves and other flowers is not spoilt while using the clamp. Careless use of the clamp can damage the flower, distort it or give a clumped look of the back ground.

Info on camera tripods for flower photography

2010-01-28T13:22:00.000+05:30

Slightest movement of hand held camera can blurr the close range photography of flowers. The photographer must be very steady in his stance while clicking. A camera tripod or stand can be used for better results. However we will have to make some sacrifice on positions and angles.

Info on camera shutter speed photography

2010-01-27T13:21:00.000+05:30

Camera shutter speed is an important criterion in close photography. High speeds can minimise the blurring effects in slightest movements. This can also catch the flutering of bees or butterflies around the flower and can result in high quality photographs.

Info on history of photography black and white

2010-01-27T11:55:00.000+05:30

The early images were monochrome and most of the images were black and white. Monochrome photography continued to dominate for several decades even after the advent of color imagery for its low cost and its classic photographic look.

Info on history of color photography

2010-01-26T11:54:00.000+05:30

Color photography was experimented right from 1860. In earlier methods three cameras were used with three different color filters. In early 1900s photo sensitive chemical emulsions with sufficient sensitivity to red and green light were developed. In 1935 tricolor color film was introduced. Polorid introduced instant color film in 1963.

Info on history of photography full spectrum

2010-01-25T11:53:00.000+05:30

With the advent of new technologies, Ultraviolet and infrared films are available from 1960. This led to full spectrum images and is extensively used in fine arts, forensics, night images and trick.

Info on history of photography disk images

2010-01-24T11:52:00.000+05:30

Photography info:

In traditional photography the photographers were limited by the availability of processing facilities. In remote locations it became all the more difficult. Particularly photo journalists have to deliver the photos to the news desks at the earliest. In 1980 Sony introduced a camera which can save the images to disk and the images can be displayed on the television. Kodak unveiled in 1990 its first commercial digital camera and at that time digital cameras were priced very high and were mostly used in photojournalism.

Info on history of photography with digital cameras

2010-01-23T11:51:00.000+05:30

Photography info:

Digital cameras use electronic image sensor to record the image as an electrnic data. Digital images can be manipulated and varied results can be obtained.Thus point and shoot digital cameras have become most sought after cameras and outsell film cameras. Presently most of the models of film cameras have been withdrawn from the market by most of the reputed makers.

Info on history of photography: pin hole

2010-01-22T10:25:00.000+05:30

The basic idea of Photography dates way back to 5th centuary. The basic idea of image projection through a pin hole was being tested. In these camera obscuras the images can be projected in a dark room on a screen upside down. Only in the 17th century camera obscuras were made portable and basic lenses were added.

Info on history of photography wet process

2010-01-20T10:24:00.000+05:30

With the invention of emulsion plates imagery became less cumbersome and more advanced than Daguerreotypes and cameras were improved to help with focussing. This was the first step towards the faster development of imaging technology.

Info on history of photography photochemicals

2010-01-19T10:23:00.000+05:30

Photography info:

In 13th century siver nitrate was discovered. In 15th century silver chloride was discovered. Diaphragm was discovered in 16th centuary.It was found that light darkens some chemicals(photochemical effect). First permanent photograph was made by a French inventer Nicephore Niepce. Later Louis Daguerre continued his work, expermenting with silver compounds and developed dauerreotype in 1837. The Government paid him royalty for his discovery and and gifted it to the world.

Info on history of photography photo films

2010-01-19T10:22:00.000+05:30

Photography info:

In 1880 dry gelatin plates were made which were equal to wet plates in speed and quality. The advantage of these gelatin plates was that they can be stored and used when the need arises. In 1884 George Eastman developed the film technology and it replaced photographic plates. As exposure time got reduced cameras with mechanical shutters were developed. The cameras became smaller and versatile and can be hand held.

Info on history of photography: 35mm films

2010-01-17T10:21:00.000+05:30

Photography info:

Earlier imagery was limitted to rich as It involved costly silver compounds. George Eastman further developed a box like self contained camera that held film sufficient for 100 exposures continuously. This camera had very simple lens and after exposure the film has to be sent to photo factory for development and prints. The film was still large in size and only in 1940 cheaper 35mm films were made available.

Info on photography of moon at night

2010-01-15T10:57:00.000+05:30

On a cloudy day taking photograph of full moon with clouds lit up with the moonlight is always inspiring. With zoom mode and very high shutter speeds with larger aperture opening this can be achieved successfully.

Info on photography of moon and its shadow

2010-01-14T06:12:00.000+05:30

Photography info

The moon just after sun set and just before sunrise gives great photographs. Light must be sufficient to include the scenery around. Days just before and just after full moon are preferred as the moon can be photographed near horizon. Just a good digital camera with zoom and controllable shutter speed and aperture opening is all that required. Wish you a good moon imagery!

Info on photography of moon over trees

2010-01-10T09:51:00.001+05:30

Photography info

When you have a camera in your hand and when you see the moon in the night your first impulse is to take its photograph. however the photograph end up with blurred image or a spec of bright light. To get a successful and clear image of moon there are certain thumb rules to be followed. You do not need high techie cameras. Have a camera with zoom and controllable shutter speed and aperture.

Info on photography of moon in the clouds

2010-01-09T10:14:00.000+05:30

If you focus on a bright light bulb with your camera set in 'night mode' and take a photograph, you will end up with bright spec of light with dark surroundings due to over exposure. Similar is the case with bright moon. For clear photography of moon we require to under expose with higher shutter speed.

Photography info: Digital tint effect 1

2009-06-26T17:08:00.004+05:30

Following are the series of photographic effects achieved by digital imagery and edition.

Photography info: Digital tint effect 2

2009-06-26T17:04:00.002+05:30

A unique tint effect is achieved by editing digital photograph.

Photography info: Digital tint effect 3

2009-06-26T16:59:00.002+05:30

Different shades are achieved in digital imagery.

Photography info: Digital tint effect 4

2009-06-26T16:55:00.002+05:30

Different color effects achieved in digital photography.

Photography info: Digital tint effect 5

2009-06-26T16:50:00.002+05:30

While editting the digital photograph the color effect is achieved.

Photography info: Original digital photograph

2009-05-18T16:45:00.004+05:30

This is the original digital photograph.Below shown are the various effects achieved with the camera and by editing.

Photography info: Digital photograph grey effect

2009-05-18T16:40:00.002+05:30

Black and white effect was given to the digital photograph.

Photography info: Digital bronze effect

2009-05-18T16:34:00.005+05:30

Bronze effect is brought on to the digital photograph.

Photography info: Digital sepia color effect

2009-05-18T16:31:00.003+05:30

Sepia color efect is addes to the digital photograph.

Photography info: Digital tint effects

2009-05-18T16:24:00.003+05:30

A tint effect is achieved with digital photograph.

Photography info: Sketch of cow

2009-04-30T17:11:00.005+05:30

Photography info: Sketch of cat

2009-04-30T17:09:00.009+05:30

Photography info: Sketch of bear

2009-04-30T17:09:00.008+05:30

Photography info: Sketch of lion face

2009-04-30T17:07:00.003+05:30

Photography info: Sketch of pigeon

2009-04-30T17:05:00.003+05:30

Info on photography focal distance

2009-04-30T17:03:00.004+05:30

In photography of flowers, the photographer tends to come close to fill the frame with flower. Every lens has a minimal focal point. If the photographer comes closer than this the photo gets blurred. Care must be taken when clicking at such close range as the photographer may get too close while clicking and the image may get spoiled. The best way is to use a tripod.

Photography info: flowers lens

2009-04-30T17:01:00.003+05:30

Photography info: flowers distance

2009-04-30T16:59:00.004+05:30

The distance of the object and its surroundings are to be taken in to consideration for a good photograph.

Info on photography of flowers lens distance

2009-04-30T16:56:00.005+05:30

The distance of the lens from the object is an important factor in getting clear photographs.

Info on Photography of flowers camera closeness

2009-04-30T16:50:00.005+05:30

Special efforts have been made to get this close imagery after several attempts.

Info on camera light in photography of flowers

2009-04-29T17:45:00.008+05:30

enlarge Flowers gives us a challenge in photographing them. Apart from having to take close up photographs, the incident light has profound effect on the out come. The photographs in this page will give great insight in to this aspect.

Info on camera positions for photography effects

2009-04-29T17:35:00.011+05:30

enlarge The effects of light in flowers photography is profound.

The incidental light at morning, midday and evening has different angles, imparting different hues to photos.

As flowers have many petals and at different angles the light exposure will not be the same leading to lighter and darker areas.

This very aspect can be exploited to get high class pictures by intelligent camera positions.

Info on camera flash lighting for white flower photography

2009-04-29T17:30:00.010+05:30

Whiteflower photography (enlarge) Special effects can be achieved on objects in partial shade by the use of camera flashlight.

As petals in most of the plants are translucent the sunlight from behind and the flashlight from the front add beauty to them.

To avoid glare diffuser must be used. The focal distance is very crucial for getting good images.

Photography info: lighting for digital camera - white and green flowers

2009-04-29T17:10:00.008+05:30

digital camera photography - white and green flowers lighting (enlarge) In the above photography the sun light falling from rear is expoited to take a back-lit image.

As the sunlight is coming from the rear the front of the flowers is likely to get blacked out.

As the position of the camera has to be at a closer range using a flash directly will whiten up the frontage, giving glare, spoiling the sunlight effects and ruining the original colors.

Flash is used with a diffuser to light up the top view.

Photography info: wood anemone flowers - light effects

2009-04-29T16:50:00.011+05:30

wood anemone (enlarge) In the above wood anemone photography the shade of the flower anthers on the petal adds to its beauty.

This blog is to give info. on all aspects of photography like history, camera, digital camera, day and night pictures, still and moving objects, electronic sensor, light sensor, exposure, photographic lens, negative, movie camera, aperture, focus, shutter speed, white balance, metering, color temperature, light meetering device, film speed, auto focus, zoom, contrast etc...

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2009-04-28T16:08:00.000+05:30

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2009-04-28T15:02:00.008+05:30