Physics Physically

Copyright

2016-05-27T01:14:00.001-07:00

All copyright, trade marks and all other intellectual property rights int the Blog and its contents(including without limitation the Blog Design: text, graphics, images, logos, and all software) are owned or licencec to SaLMaNWaP as permitted by law. In accessing the Blog, you agree that you will access the content solely for your personsal, non-commercial use. None of the content may be downloades, copied, reproduced, transmitted, stored, sold or distrinuted without the prior written consent of the copyright holder. This excludes the downloading, copying and/or printing of pages of the Blog for personsal, non-commercial home use only.

Any Help

Contact ME.

Project - Wave Optics

2016-05-27T01:07:00.000-07:00

Wave Optics

From PhysicsPhysically

Electron microscopes can make images of individual atoms, but why will a visible-light microscope never be able to? Stereo speakers create the illusion of music that comes from a band arranged in your living room, but why doesn't the stereo illusion work with bass notes? Why are computer chip manufacturers investing billions of dollars in equipment to etch chips with x-rays instead of visible light?

The answers to all of these questions have to do with the subject of wave optics. Hardly ever have we explicitly made use of the fact that light is an electromagnetic wave. We were able to get away with the simple ray model because the chunks of matter we were discussing, such as lenses and mirrors, were thousands of times larger than a wavelength of light. We now turn to phenomena and devices that can only be understood using the wave model of light.

What Is Wave Optics

In physics, physical optics, or wave optics, is the branch of optics which studies interference, diffraction, polarization, and other phenomena for which the ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid. This usage tends not to include effects such as quantum noise in optical communication, which is studied in the sub-branch of coherence theory.

History

Optics began with the development of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians, followed by theories on light and vision developed by ancient Greek philosophers, and the development of geometrical optics in the Greco-Roman world. The word optics is derived from the Greek term τα ὀπτικά meaning "appearance, look". Optics was significantly reformed by the developments in the medieval Islamic world, such as the beginnings of physical and physiological optics, and then significantly advanced in early modern Europe, where diffractive optics began. These earlier studies on optics are now known as "classical optics". The term "modern optics" refers to areas of optical research that largely developed in the 20th century, such as wave optics and quantum optics.

Diffraction

Figure 1.1 shows a typical problem in wave optics, enacted with water waves. It may seem surprising that we don't get a simple pattern like figure b, but the pattern would only be that simple if the wavelength was hundreds of times shorter than the distance between the gaps in the barrier and the widths of the gaps.

FIGURE 1.1
In this view from overhead,
a straight, sinusoidal water wave
encounters a barrier with two gaps in it.
Strong wave vibration occurs at angles X and Z,
but there is none at all at angle Y.
(The figure has been retouched from a real
photo of water waves.
In reality, the waves beyond the barrier would be
much weaker than the ones before it,
and they would therefore be difficult to see.)

Wave optics is a broad subject, but this example will help us to pick out a reasonable set of restrictions to make things more manageable:

We restrict ourselves to cases in which a wave travels through a uniform medium, encounters a certain area in which the medium has different properties, and then emerges on the other side into a second uniform region.
We assume that the incoming wave is a nice tidy sine-wave pattern with wavefronts that are lines (or, in three dimensions, planes).
In figure 1.1 we can see that the wave pattern immediately beyond the barrier is rather complex, but farther on it sorts itself out into a set of wedges separated by gaps in which the water is still. We will restrict ourselves to studying the simpler wave patterns that occur farther away, so that the main question of interest is how intense the outgoing wave is at a given angle.

The kind of phenomenon described by restriction (1) is called diffraction. Diffraction can be defined as the behavior of a wave when it encounters an obstacle or a nonuniformity in its medium.

FIGURE 1.2
This doesn't happen

In general, diffraction causes a wave to bend around obstacles and make patterns of strong and weak waves radiating out beyond the obstacle. Understanding diffraction is the central problem of wave optics. If you understand diffraction, even the subset of diffraction problems that fall within restrictions (2) and (3), the rest of wave optics is icing on the cake.

Diffraction can be used to find the structure of an unknown diffracting object: even if the object is too small to study with ordinary imaging, it may be possible to work backward from the diffraction pattern to learn about the object. The structure of a crystal, for example, can be determined from its x-ray diffraction pattern.

FIGURE 1.3

Diffraction can also be a bad thing. In a telescope, for example, light waves are diffracted by all the parts of the instrument. This will cause the image of a star to appear fuzzy even when the focus has been adjusted correctly. By understanding diffraction, one can learn how a telescope must be designed in order to reduce this problem --- essentially, it should have the biggest possible diameter.

There are two ways in which restriction (2) might commonly be violated. First, the light might be a mixture of wavelengths. If we simply want to observe a diffraction pattern or to use diffraction as a technique for studying the object doing the diffracting (e.g., if the object is too small to see with a microscope), then we can pass the light through a colored filter before diffracting it.

A second issue is that light from sources such as the sun or a light bulb does not consist of a nice neat plane wave, except over very small regions of space. Different parts of the wave are out of step with each other, and the wave is referred to as incoherent. One way of dealing with this is shown in figure 1.3. After filtering to select a certain wavelength of red light, we pass the light through a small pinhole. The region of the light that is intercepted by the pinhole is so small that one part of it is not out of step with another. Beyond the pinhole, light spreads out in a spherical wave; this is analogous to what happens when you speak into one end of a paper towel roll and the sound waves spread out in all directions from the other end. By the time the spherical wave gets to the double slit it has spread out and reduced its curvature, so that we can now think of it as a simple plane wave.

If this seems laborious, you may be relieved to know that modern technology gives us an easier way to produce a single-wavelength, coherent beam of light: the laser.

The parts of the final image on the screen in Figure 1.3 are called diffraction fringes. The center of each fringe is a point of maximum brightness, and halfway between two fringes is a minimum.

Scaling of Diffraction

This chapter has “optics” in its title, so it is nominally about light, but we started out with an example involving water waves. Water waves are certainly easier to visualize, but is this a legitimate comparison? In fact the analogy works quite well, despite the fact that a light wave has a wavelength about a million times shorter. This is because diffraction effects scale uniformly. That is, if we enlarge or reduce the whole diffraction situation by the same factor, including both the wavelengths and the sizes of the obstacles the wave encounters, the result is still a valid solution.

This is unusually simple behavior! In section 1.2 we saw many examples of more complex scaling, such as the impossibility of bacteria the size of dogs, or the need for an elephant to eliminate heat through its ears because of its small surface-to-volume ratio, whereas a tiny shrew's life-style centers around conserving its body heat.

Practice Questions of May 7, 2016

2016-05-07T07:37:00.001-07:00

1) A parallel plate air capacitor has a capacitance of 5μFarad. It becomes 50μFarad when a dielectric medium occupies the entire space between the plates. Find k.

2) An electric diapole is placed in an uniform electric field with its axis inclined to the field by an angle θ. Write an expression for torque. Show the diagram how the diapole is kept at maximum torque and zero torque.

3) You are provided with 8μFarad capacitor. Show with the help of diagram how will you arrange them to get the resultant capacitance of 4μFarad.

4) A large hollow metallic sphere has a positive of 35μFarad at centre. Find flux.

Calculate charge on C1.
Calculate Potential Energy studied by C3.

Important Formulae I

2016-05-07T07:14:00.001-07:00

1) F = qE

where F is Force,
q is Charge, and
E is Electric Field.

2) Coulomb's Law

According to this law, two stationary point-charges q1 and q2 repel or attract each other with a force F which is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them,
When the charges are placed in vacuum (or air), then we write

where 1/(4πε_o) is a (dimentional) proportionality constant which depends on the units used for charges, distance and force. The force F acts along the line joining the charges and the force on q₁ is equal to that on q₂. Coulomb's Law holds for 'point-charges' only and is valid only for static charges (i.e., charges that are not moving).

3) Electric Field

The force experienced by a net charge when placed in an electric field.

4) Electric Flux

Electric Flux is a measure of number of lines of force passing through some surface held in the electric field.

4) Gauss Theorem

It states that the total flux to any closed surface is equal to 1/ε_{o times the total charge.}

5) Torque on a Diapole

Special Zone

2016-03-29T05:50:00.001-07:00

Welcome to the Special Zone for Class XIIA Students of St. Joseph Inter College (NEW SITAPUR ROAD BRANCH ONLY).
Love Physics. But Get Absent On Any Day For Genuine Reasons Such As Marriage or Fever and Wants to Know Whats Happen in the Physics Class. Then, I WILL HELP YOU.

PROJECTS

Choose Your Topic

Wave Optics
Semi-Conductor Devices
Nuclear Physics
Static Electricity
Electromagnetism

NOTES

For Important Formula Given By the Teacher (Click Here...)
For Practice Question Given on May 7th, 2016 (Click Here...)

Author - Physics Physically

2015-10-13T05:41:00.004-07:00

SaLMaN

SaLMaN in February 2017.

SaLMaN (born March 289, 1999) is an Indian Web Developer and Blogger. He is best known as founder of Zuamica. He is the chairman and chief executive of Zuamica. SaLMaN is now currently studying Science and Technology in St. Joseph, Lucknow.

Early Life
SaLMaN was born on March 29, 1999 in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of Mujeeb Khan and Aisha Khan. He did not believe in religion. And in early 2015 added Wap (stylished as WaP in name) to its name.
He was interested in Blogging in early 2014 during a school project on Ralph Waldo Emerson. He made a Blog (myvhoice.blogspot.com) on Ralph Waldo Emerson in which there is a short biography of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and quotes, his poem's summary and analysis, and a gallery of pictures related to him.

Use of Social Networks
SaLMaN created an account with Google+ soon after he interested in the web in early 2014. He also made a twitter account @SalmanWap_786 and a facebook account. He revealed that the piblic accounts 'salmanwap' on Pinterest, 'salmanwap' on tumblr, 'salman_wap' on Instagram also belonge to him.

External Links

SaLMaN on Facebook.
SaLMaN on Twitter.
SaLMaN on Google+
ItsSalman.BlogSpot.Com - SaLMaN's official Blog

Physics Physically Gallery

2015-10-13T05:27:00.000-07:00

Gallery

Nuclear Physics Facts

2015-10-13T05:13:00.000-07:00

Nuclear Physics Facts

Alpha particles are the same as helium nuclei and have the symbol .
The atomic number is equal to the number of protons (2 for alpha)
Deuterium () is an isotope of hydrogen ()
The number of nucleons is equal to protons + neutrons (4 for alpha)
Only charged particles can be accelerated in a particle accelerator such as a cyclotron or Van Der Graaf generator.
Natural radiation is alpha (), beta () and gamma (high energy x-rays)
A loss of a beta particle results in an increase in atomic number.
All nuclei weigh less than their parts. This mass defect is converted into binding energy. (E=mc2)
Isotopes have different neutron numbers and atomic masses but the same number of protons (atomic numbers).
Geiger counters, photographic plates, cloud and bubble chambers are all used to detect or observe radiation.
Rutherford discovered the positive nucleus using his famous gold-foil experiment.
Fusion requires that hydrogen be combined to make helium.
Fission requires that a neutron causes uranium to be split into middle size atoms and produce extra neutrons.
Radioactive half-lives can not be changed by heat or pressure.
One AMU of mass is equal to 931 meV of energy (E = mc2).
Nuclear forces are strong and short ranged.

Internal Energy Facts

2015-10-13T05:09:00.000-07:00

Internal Energy Facts

Internal energy is the sum of temperature (ke) and phase (pe) conditions.
Steam and liquid water molecules at 100 degrees have equal kinetic energies.
Degrees Kelvin (absolute temp.) Is equal to zero (0) degrees Celsius.
Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the molecules.
Phase changes are due to potential energy changes.
Internal energy always flows from an object at higher temperature to one of lower temperature.

Modern Physics Facts

2015-10-13T05:08:00.000-07:00

Modern Physics Facts

The particle behavior of light is proven by the photoelectric effect.
A photon is a particle of light {wave packet}.
Large objects have very short wavelengths when moving and thus can not be observed behaving as a wave. (DeBroglie Waves)
All electromagnetic waves originate from accelerating charged particles.
The frequency of a light wave determines its energy (E = hf).
The lowest energy state of a atom is called the ground state.
Increasing light frequency increases the kinetic energy of the emitted photo-electrons.
As the threshold frequency increase for a photo-cell (photo emissive material) the work function also increases.
Increasing light intensity increases the number of emitted photo-electrons but not their KE.

Wave Phenomena Facts

2015-10-13T05:07:00.000-07:00

Wave Phenomena Facts

Sound waves are longitudinal and mechanical.
Light slows down, bends toward the normal and has a shorter wavelength when it enters a higher (n) value medium.
All angles in wave theory problems are measured to the normal.
Blue light has more energy. A shorter wavelength and a higher frequency than red light (remember- ROYGBIV).
The electromagnetic spectrum (radio, infrared, visible. Ultraviolet x-ray and gamma) are listed lowest energy to highest.
A prism produces a rainbow from white light by dispersion (red bends the least because it slows the least).
Light wave are transverse (they can be polarized).
The speed of all types of electromagnetic waves is 3.0 x 108 m/sec in a vacuum.
The amplitude of a sound wave determines its energy.
Constructive interference occurs when two waves are zero (0) degrees out of phase or a whole number of wavelengths (360 degrees.) out of phase.
At the critical angle a wave will be refracted to 90 degrees.
According to the Doppler effect a wave source moving toward you will generate waves with a shorter wavelength and higher frequency.
Double slit diffraction works because of diffraction and interference.
Single slit diffraction produces a much wider central maximum than double slit.
Diffuse reflection occurs from dull surfaces while regular reflection occurs from mirror type surfaces.
As the frequency of a wave increases its energy increases and its wavelength decreases.
Transverse wave particles vibrate back and forth perpendicular to the wave direction.
Wave behavior is proven by diffraction, interference and the polarization of light.
Shorter waves with higher frequencies have shorter periods.
Radiowaves are electromagnetic and travel at the speed of light (c).
Monochromatic light has one frequency.
Coherent light waves are all in phase.

Magnetism Facts

2015-10-13T05:05:00.004-07:00

Magnetism Facts

The direction of a magnetic field is defined by the direction a compass needle points.
Magnetic fields point from the north to the south outside the magnet and south to north inside the magnet.
Magnetic flux is measured in webers.
Left hands are for negative charges and right hands are for positive charges.
The first hand rule deals with the B-field around a current bearing wire, the third hand rule looks at the force on charges moving in a B-field, and the second hand rule is redundant.
Solenoids are stronger with more current or more wire turns or adding a soft iron core.

Electricity Facts

2015-10-13T05:04:00.002-07:00

Electricity Facts

A coulomb is charge, an amp is current [coulomb/sec] and a volt is potential difference [joule/coulomb].
Short fat cold wires make the best conductors.
Electrons and protons have equal amounts of charge (1.6 x 10-19 coulombs each).
Adding a resistor in parallel decreases the total resistance of a circuit.
Adding a resistor in series increases the total resistance of a circuit.
All resistors in series have equal current (I).
All resistors in parallel have equal voltage (V).
If two charged spheres touch each other add the charges and divide by two to find the final charge on each sphere.
Insulators contain no free electrons.
Ionized gases conduct electric current using positive ions, negative ions and electrons.
Electric fields all point in the direction of the force on a positive test charge.
Electric fields between two parallel plates are uniform in strength except at the edges.
Millikan determined the charge on a single electron using his famous oil-drop experiment.
All charge changes result from the movement of electrons not protons (an object becomes positive by losing electrons)

Energy Facts

2015-10-13T05:03:00.003-07:00

Energy Facts

Mechanical energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic energy.
Units: a = [m/sec2], F = [kg•m/sec2] (newton), work = pe= ke = [kg•m2/sec2] (joule)
An ev is an energy unit equal to 1.6 x 10-19 joules
Gravitational potential energy increases as height increases.
Kinetic energy changes only if velocity changes.
Mechanical energy (pe + ke) does not change for a free falling mass or a swinging pendulum. (when ignoring air friction)
The units for power are [joules/sec] or the rate of change of energy.

Mechanics Facts

2015-10-13T05:02:00.003-07:00

Mechanics Facts

Weight (force of gravity) decreases as you move away from the earth by distance squared.
Mass and inertia are the same thing.
Constant velocity and zero velocity means the net force is zero and acceleration is zero.
Weight (in newtons) is mass x acceleration (w = mg). Mass is not weight!
Velocity, displacement [s], momentum, force and acceleration are vectors.
Speed, distance [d], time, and energy (joules) are scalar quantities.
The slope of the velocity-time graph is acceleration.
At zero (0) degrees two vectors have a resultant equal to their sum. At 180 degrees two vectors have a resultant equal to their difference. From the difference to the sum is the total range of possible resultants.
Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration vectors are toward the center of the circle- while the velocity vector is tangent to the circle.
An unbalanced force (object not in equilibrium) must produce acceleration.
The slope of the distance-tine graph is velocity.
The equilibrant force is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the resultant vector.
Momentum is conserved in all collision systems.
Magnitude is a term use to state how large a vector quantity is.

Physics Facts

2015-10-13T05:01:00.001-07:00

Facts

Remember when you learned all about the basic structure of the atom – protons, neutrons, electrons? You might recall there was a lot of empty space, and you’d be right. Most of atoms is just empty space, so much so that if you gathered the entire human race together and removed the empty space of all the atoms that make them up you would be left with something no larger than a sugar cube. Incidentally…

Mechanics

Weight (force of gravity) decreases as you move away from the earth by distance squared.
Mass and inertia are the same thing.
Constant velocity and zero velocity means the net force is zero and acceleration is zero.

More Mechanics Facts

Energy

Mechanical energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic energy.
Units: a = [m/sec2], F = [kg•m/sec2] (newton), work = pe= ke = [kg•m2/sec2] (joule)
An ev is an energy unit equal to 1.6 x 10-19 joules

More Energy Facts

Electricity

A coulomb is charge, an amp is current [coulomb/sec] and a volt is potential difference [joule/coulomb].
Short fat cold wires make the best conductors.
Electrons and protons have equal amounts of charge (1.6 x 10-19 coulombs each).

More Electricity Facts

Magnetism

The direction of a magnetic field is defined by the direction a compass needle points.
Magnetic fields point from the north to the south outside the magnet and south to north inside the magnet.
Magnetic flux is measured in webers.

More Magnetism Facts

Wave Phenomena

Sound waves are longitudinal and mechanical.
Light slows down, bends toward the normal and has a shorter wavelength when it enters a higher (n) value medium.
All angles in wave theory problems are measured to the normal.

More Wave Phenomena Facts

Geometric Optics

Real images are always inverted.
Virtual images are always upright.
Diverging lens (concave) produce only small virtual images.
Light rays bend away from the normal as they gain speed and a longer wavelength by entering a slower (n) medium {frequency remains constant}.
The focal length of a converging lens (convex) is shorter with a higher (n) value lens or if blue light replaces red.

Modern Physics

The particle behavior of light is proven by the photoelectric effect.
A photon is a particle of light {wave packet}.
Large objects have very short wavelengths when moving and thus can not be observed behaving as a wave. (DeBroglie Waves)

More Modern Physics Facts

Internal Energy

Internal energy is the sum of temperature (ke) and phase (pe) conditions.
Steam and liquid water molecules at 100 degrees have equal kinetic energies.
Degrees Kelvin (absolute temp.) Is equal to zero (0) degrees Celsius.

More Internal Energy Facts

Nuclear Physics

Alpha particles are the same as helium nuclei and have the symbol
The atomic number is equal to the number of protons (2 for alpha)
Deuterium () is an isotope of hydrogen ()

More Nuclear Physics Facts

MOST IMPORTANT FACTS

The most important formulas in the physics regents are:
Physics is Fun (HONEST)!

Physics Quotes

2015-10-13T04:38:00.000-07:00

Quotes

All of physics is either impossible or trivial. It is impossible until you understand it, and then it becomes trivial.
Ernest Rutherford

There are many ways of knocking electrons out of atoms. The simplest is to rub two surfaces together.
Fred Hoyle

I accept no principles of physics which are not also accepted in mathematics.
René Descartes

Physics is actually too hard for physicists.
David Hilbert

I am busy just now again on electro-magnetism, and I think I may have got hold of a good thing.
Michael Faraday

No one undertakes research in physics with the intention of winning a prize. It is the joy of discovering something no one knew before.

Stephen Hawking

Life is strong and fragile. It's a paradox... It's both things, like quantum physics: It's a particle and a wave at the same time. It all exists all together.
Joan Jett

What we usually consider as impossible are simply engineering problems... there's no law of physics preventing them.
Michio Kaku

I like physics. I think it is the best science out of all three of them, because generally it's more useful. You learn about speed and velocity and time, and that's all clever stuff.
Tom Felton

The new physics provides a modern version of ancient spirituality. In a universe made out of energy, everything is entangled; everything is one.
Bruce Lipton

Quantum physics thus reveals a basic oneness of the universe.
Erwin Schrodinger

The development of physics, like the development of any science, is a continuous one.
Owen Chamberlain

The bottom line is that time travel is allowed by the laws of physics.
Brian Greene

It would be better for the true physics if there were no mathematicians on earth.
Daniel Bernoulli

The creation of Physics is the shared heritage of all mankind. East and West, North and South have equally participated in it.
Abdus Salam

Physics is about questioning, studying, probing nature. You probe, and, if you're lucky, you get strange clues.
Lene Hau

The Web is now philosophical engineering. Physics and the Web are both about the relationship between the small and the large.
Tim Berners-Lee

Magnetism, as you recall from physics class, is a powerful force that causes certain items to be attracted to refrigerators.
Dave Barry

Timeline of Development in Theoretical Physics

2015-10-13T04:06:00.000-07:00

Timeline of Development in Theoretical Physics

Kepler's laws of planetary motion	1609, 1619
The Galilean principle	1632
Newton's laws of motion	1687
Newton's law of universal gravitation	1687
Laws of thermodynamics	1824, 1873, 1930s
Coulomb's law	1785
Biot–Savart law	1820
Ampere's Law	1826
Faraday's law of induction	1831
Boltzmann equation	1872
Maxwell's equations and electromagnetic waves	1873
Lorentz-Fitzgerald contraction	1889, 1892
Planck proposes quanta solution to radiation ultraviolet catastrophe	1900
Einstein proposes the photon	1905
Special relativity	1905
General relativity	1916
Schwarzschild metric	1916
Kaluza-Klein models
FRW Metric	1922, 1935, 1937
Chandrasekhar limit	1935
J. J. Thompson model
Rutherford model	1912
Bohr model	1913
Bose–Einstein statistics	1924
De Broglie wave	1924
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	1927
Heisenberg Matrix Mechanics	1925
Fermi-Dirac Statistics	1926
Schrödinger equation	1926
Born Interpretation	1927
Dirac equation	1927
Dirac antiparticle	1930
S-Matrix
Feynman Path Integral	1941
Feynman rules and diagrams	1948
Quantum electrodynamics	1948
Yang–Mills theory
Spontaneous symmetry breaking
Electroweak unification
Renormalizability of gauge theories
Renormalization group
Veneziano model
QCD, quarks and gluons
Supersymmetry
Supergravity
Black Hole Entropy	1972
Hawking radiation	1974
Cosmic inflation
BRST symmetry
Skyrmions
Quantum computers
Bosonic strings
NSR strings
Green–Schwarz superstrings
Heterotic strings
T-duality
Loop quantum gravity
SUSY dark matter
Dark energy as cosmological constant
Matrix models/M-theory	1994, 1996, 1997
Randall-Sundrum models
Mirror symmetry
AdS/CFT and the holographic principle

List of Physics Concepts in Primary and Secondary Education Curricula

2015-10-13T03:37:00.000-07:00

List of Physics Concepts in Primary and Secondary Education Curricula

This is a list of topics that are included in high school physics curricula or textbooks.

MOTION & FORCES
Linear Motion

Acceleration
Center of mass
Force
Mass
Newton's laws of motion
Speed
Velocity
Work

Rotational Motion

Angular momentum
Angular velocity
Centripetal force
Circular motion
Introduction to angular momentum
Tangential velocity
Torque

Conservation of Energy and Momentum

Conservation of energy
Elastic collision
Energy
Inelastic collision
Inertia
Kinetic energy
Moment of inertia
Momentum
Potential energy
Rotational energy

Electricity and Magnetism

Ampère's circuital law
Capacitor
Coulomb's law
Direct current
Electric charge
Electric current
Electric field
Electric potential energy
Electron
Faraday's law of induction
Ion
Joule heating
Lenz's law
Magnetic field
Ohm's law
Plasma (physics)
Resistor
Transistor
Voltage

Heat

Entropy
First law of thermodynamics
Heat
Heat transfer
Second law of thermodynamics
Temperature
Thermal energy
Thermodynamic cycle
Volume (thermodynamics)
Work (thermodynamics)

Waves

Diffraction
Doppler effect
Frequency
Harmonic oscillator
Hooke's law
Interference (wave propagation)
Light
Longitudinal wave
Polarization (waves)
Radio waves
Reflection
Refraction
Refractive index
Transverse wave
Snell's law
Sound
Vibrating string
Wave
Wavelength

Gravity

Gravitational potential
Newton's law of universal gravitation

Math

Euclidean vector
Motion graphs and derivatives
Scalar (physics)
Newtonian Mechanics

Glossary of Classical Physics

2015-10-13T03:29:00.000-07:00

Glossary of Classical Physics

This is a glossary of classical physics. It is some of the most common terms in classical physics and how they are used.

A

Acceleration – the rate of change of velocity with respect to time
Ampère's circuital law – relates a circulating magnetic field to an electric current passing through a loop
Atom – smallest unit of a chemical element, which is the cause for property of a matter.

Boltzmann constant – a physical constant relating temperature to energy

Chaos theory – the study of processes in nonlinear dynamical systems, such as the Butterfly effect
Classical mechanics – a set of laws describing the motion of bodies and their aggregations
Coulomb's Law – the force of attraction or repulsion acting between charged bodies
Crystal – a regular ordering of atoms, molecules, or ions
Choke coil – an inductance used in an AC circuit to control current

Determinism – classical physics is largely deterministic
Dip (d) – the angle between magnetic meridian and geographical meridian.

Elastic collision – a collision during which no kinetic energy is lost
Electric current – the flow of electric charge through an object
Electrical resistance – a measure of the degree to which an object opposes the passage of electric current
Energy – a measure of being able to do mechanical work
Electromotive force – the amount of energy gained per unit charge that passes through a device in the opposite direction to the electric field existing across that device
Eddy currents – changing magnetic flux linked with metal plate produces induced current which flow in closed paths throughout the body of the metal

Force – an external cause for acceleration in a physical system
Free energy – the maximum energy available to do useful work

Gravity – an attractive force between particles with mass
Geomagnetism – the branch of physics which deals with the study of earth's magnetic field

Hamiltonian mechanics – a reformulation of Lagrangian mechanics

Ideal gas – a gas consisting of identical particles of negligible volume, with no intermolecular forces
Inertia – a historical concept of resistance offered by objects to external force when applied

Joule's law – equation for the heat generated by a current flowing in a conductor

Kinetic energy – energy due to motion

Lagrangian – a function describing the equations of motion for a system
Lagrangian mechanics – an abstract reformulation of classical mechanics
Light – a form of energy, which causes sensation of sight

Macroscopic – attribute used for objects and processes observable by the naked eye
Mass – a measure of the amount of matter
Maxwell's equations – four equations that describe electric and magnetic fields, and their interaction with matter
Molecule – a group of atoms joined by chemical bonds
Momentum – the product of mass and velocity
Magnetic field – the space around a magnet or a current within which its magnetic influence can be detected or experienced

Newton's laws of motion – the three laws of Isaac Newton, published in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687
Newtonian mechanics – the first formulation of classical mechanics

Ohm's law – relationship between the current flowing in a conductor and the voltage difference between its ends

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica – a three-volume work published by Isaac Newton in 1687, introducing his famous three laws of motion
Potential energy – energy stored when doing work against a force

Quantum mechanics – the theory that separates classical and modern physics

Resonance – the tendency of a system to absorb more energy at its resonance frequency in a given process

Semiclassical – refers to a combination of classical mechanics and quantum mechanics
Special theory of relativity – a theory published in 1905 by Albert Einstein that replaced Newton's notions of space and time
Statistical mechanics – the application of mathematical statistics to the collective motions of large populations of particles

Temperature – the average kinetic energy of molecules
Thermodynamics – the study of thermal processes in physical systems

Ultraviolet catastrophe – a false prediction made by classical mechanics preceding quantum mechanics

Velocity – the rate of change of position with respect to time.

Wave – a disturbance that propagates in a periodically repeating fashion, often transferring energy
Work – energy transferred by a force

X-rays – a form of ionizing electromagnetic radiation and magnetical ambiance's

Young's modulus – a measure of the stiffness of a body or material

Glossaries, Lists And Timelines Related to Physics

2015-10-13T03:08:00.002-07:00

Glossaries, Lists & Timelines Related to Physics

Research

2015-10-13T02:14:00.000-07:00

Research

Research in physics is continually progressing on a large number of fronts.
In condensed matter physics, an important unsolved theoretical problem is that of high-temperature superconductivity. Many condensed matter experiments are aiming to fabricate workable spintronics and quantum computers.
In particle physics, the first pieces of experimental evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model have begun to appear. Foremost among these are indications that neutrinos have non-zero mass. These experimental results appear to have solved the long-standing solar neutrino problem, and the physics of massive neutrinos remains an area of active theoretical and experimental research. Particle accelerators have begun probing energy scales in the TeV range, in which experimentalists are hoping to find evidence for the Higgs boson and supersymmetric particles.
Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet been decisively resolved. The current leading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.
Theoretical attempts to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity into a single theory of quantum gravity, a program ongoing for over half a century, have not yet been decisively resolved. The current leading candidates are M-theory, superstring theory and loop quantum gravity.
Although much progress has been made in high-energy, quantum, and astronomical physics, many everyday phenomena involving complexity, chaos, or turbulence are still poorly understood. Complex problems that seem like they could be solved by a clever application of dynamics and mechanics remain unsolved; examples include the formation of sandpiles, nodes in trickling water, the shape of water droplets, mechanisms of surface tension catastrophes, and self-sorting in shaken heterogeneous collections.
These complex phenomena have received growing attention since the 1970s for several reasons, including the availability of modern mathematical methods and computers, which enabled complex systems to be modeled in new ways. Complex physics has become part of increasingly interdisciplinary research, as exemplified by the study of turbulence in aerodynamics and the observation of pattern formation in biological systems.

Relation to Other Fields

2015-10-13T01:52:00.001-07:00

Relation to Other Fields

Role of Physics in Society
The technology is the practical application of Physics and other branches of science which has played important role in the development of various industries and in raising the standard of living of the society. Some application of Physics are as follows:

The Newton's law of motion find application in the flight of rockets, and Bernoulli's theorem in the designing of aeroplane wings.
The principles of thermodynamics have been utilised in heat engines (steam, petrol and diesel) and in refrigerators and in air-conditioners.
The electric bulbs, lamps and tubes are based on conversion of electric energy into light.
The electromagnetic induction, discovered by Faraday, has found application in electric generators, motors, furnaces, etc.
At hydroelectric power stations generating electricity for homes and industries, the gravitational potential energy of water stored at a height in a dam is converted into electrical energy.
At thermal power stations, the chemical energy of burning coal is converted into electrical energy.
The energy released in nuclear fusion process is utilised in nuclear reactors which produce electric power.
The tidal energy in the ocean and the solar energy (based on nuclear fusion process) are being converted into other forms of energy and used.
The properties and the theory of propagation of electromagnetic waves is applied in radio, television and wireless communication.
Lasers covering an extremely wide field of practical applications make use of the phenomenon of popular inversion.
The calculators and computers are based on digital electronics.

Physics in Relation To Other Sciences

Physics is the basis of all sciences and it has played a key role in the development of other sciences.

In Relation To Chemistry

The study of atomic structure, X-ray diffraction, radioactivity, etc., has helped chemists to re-arrange elements in the periodic table, to understand the nature of valency and chemical bonding in molecules, and to analyse complex chemical structures.

In Relation To Biological Sciences

The optical microscope of Physics is the main instrument of Biology students who use it to study samples of leaves and animals. The electron microscope is used to study the structure of cells. X-ray and radio-isotopes are used in the detection and treatment of a number of diseases. Electronic instruments are used in recording heart and head ailments.

In Relation To Astronomy

The giant astronomical telescopes of Physics are used to study planets and other heavenly bodies of the solar system. The radio-telescopes have led to the discovery of pulsars and quasars and enabled the astronomers to investigate the structure of the Milky Way.

In Relation To Mathematics

The theories in Physics are based on various mathematical concepts. For example, electromagnetic theory is just a set of mathematical equations. In fact, mathematics has been a powerful tool in the development of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, electrodynamics and other theoretical topics of Physics.

In Relation To Other Sciences

The laws and procedures used in Physics have led to the development of many new sciences like Biophysics, Geology, Meteorology, Seismology and Oceanography.

Scope of Physics

2015-10-13T01:45:00.001-07:00

Scope of Physics

The scope of physics is very wide. We find enormous ranges of length, mass and time in physical processes. For example, the length may range from 10^-15 m (size of nucleus) to 10²⁶ m (size of universe), 10^-30 kg (mass of electron) to 10³⁰ kg (mass of sun) and time-interval from 10^-23 s (time taken by light to cross a nuclear distance) to 10¹⁸ s (life of sun). In spite such a wide range of length, mass and time, the complex physical phenomena involving them can be easily understood. There are three ways:

A quantitative study of various natural phenomena shows that there is some regularity and symmetry even in the most complex phenomenon which helps us in understanding it.
In spite of the enormous diversity of scales of natural phenomena, all of them can be explained in terms of only a few basic laws . One such law is the law of conservation of energy.
In any complex phenomenon, we can separate the more important features from the less important ones. We can then understand the complex phenomenon in terms of the more important features and unfold the simplicity hidden behind the complexity.

Career Opportunities

National laboratories and organizations like BARC, DRDO, SSPL, ISRO, Space Application Centres (SAC), National Atmospheric Research laboratory of department of space, Inter university accelerator centres (IUAC), Indira Gandhi Centre for atomic research (IGCAR) Kalpakkam, Raja Ramanna Centre for advanced Technology (RRCAT) Indore, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC) Calcutta, Uranium Corporation of India Limited, Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited, Nuclear fuel complex, Heavy Water Board, Atomic mineral directorate; PRL Ahmedabad, IPR Gandhinagar, IUCAA, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics Calcutta, ARIES, Uttrakhand, Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Centre for Liquid Crystal Research (CLCR), UGC DAE CSR; Constituent laboratories & institutes of CSIR like National Physical Laboratory (NPL), National Geophysical Research Institute, Regional Research Laboratories, National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies (NISTADS), Institute of Materials & Mineral Technology (IMMT), National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), etc. provides enormous career opportunites as scientist/director/research fellow/research associate/research assistant/technician. Etc. in these laboratories and institutes.
Agricultural research services with soil physics & agricultural physics as specialization.
Teaching in secondary and higher secondary schools, degree colleges, poly techniques, engineering colleges and state and central Universities, prestigious institutions including IITs, IISc, IISERs. Moreover, many reputed coaching classes offer good pay packages.
Software field especially game developer (motion specialist) has more prospectuses.

Job Options

Aerospace and aviation jobs
Applied physics jobs
Astronomy and astrophysics jobs
Atmospheric science jobs
Atomic and molecular jobs
Biomedical Engineering jobs
Biophysics jobs
Computational physics jobs
Condensed physics jobs
Cosmology jobs
Electrical engineering jobs
Geophysics jobs
Instrumentation and measurement jobs
Materials jobs
Medical physics jobs
Nanotechnology jobs
Nuclear physics jobs
Optics and Laser jobs
Plasma particle jobs
Robotics jobs
Space physics jobs

Philosophy of Physics

2015-10-13T01:30:00.001-07:00

Philosophy

In many ways, physics stems from ancient Greek philosophy. From Thales' first attempt to characterize matter, to Democritus' deduction that matter ought to reduce to an invariant state, the Ptolemaic astronomy of a crystalline firmament, and Aristotle's book Physics (an early book on physics, which attempted to analyze and define motion from a philosophical point of view), various Greek philosophers advanced their own theories of nature. Physics was known as natural philosophy until the late 18th century.
By the 19th century, physics was realized as a discipline distinct from philosophy and the other sciences. Physics, as with the rest of science, relies on philosophy of science and its "scientific method" to advance our knowledge of the physical world. The scientific method employs a priori reasoning as well as a posteriori reasoning and the use of Bayesian inference to measure the validity of a given theory.
The development of physics has answered many questions of early philosophers, but has also raised new questions. Study of the philosophical issues surrounding physics, the philosophy of physics, involves issues such as the nature of space and time, determinism, and metaphysical outlooks such as empiricism, naturalism and realism.
Many physicists have written about the philosophical implications of their work, for instance Laplace, who championed causal determinism, and Erwin Schrödinger, who wrote on quantum mechanics. The mathematical physicist Roger Penrose has been called a Platonist by Stephen Hawking, a view Penrose discusses in his book, The Road to Reality. Hawking refers to himself as an "unashamed reductionist" and takes issue with Penrose's views.

Know More Here
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics