Physicsism

New Material Conduct Electricity at Speed of Light

2017-05-10T19:01:00.003+01:00

...That's where another two-dimensional cousin - chromium germanium telluride (CGT) - comes in. Using what Xia calls the most sensitive magnetic microscope in the world - the fibre-optic Sagnac interferometer - the team observed a microscopic flake of CGT measuring just two atoms thick, several microns long, and a few microns across. To put that into perspective, the width of a single human hair ranges from approximately 17 to 180 microns. At temperatures of -233 degrees Celsius (-387 degrees Fahrenheit) the team was able to confirm and measure CGT's magnetic properties...

Consciousness as State of Matter

2017-05-04T16:43:00.001+01:00

As Tegmark explains in his paper, published in the journal Chaos, Solitons & Fractals: "Generations of physicists and chemists have studied what happens when you group together vast numbers of atoms, finding that their collective behaviour depends on the pattern in which they are arranged: the key difference between a solid, a liquid, and a gas lies not in the types of atoms, but in their arrangement. In this paper, I conjecture that consciousness can be understood as yet another state of matter. Just as there are many types of liquids, there are many types of consciousness. However, this should not preclude us from identifying, quantifying, modelling, and ultimately understanding the characteristic properties that all liquid forms of matter (or all conscious forms of matter) share."

Bacteria Control Your Appetite

2017-05-01T14:56:00.000+01:00

...How could the bacteria act on the brain to alter appetite? "Our first hypothesis was that these bacteria might be providing the flies with the missing essential amino acids," Santos explains. However, the experiments did not support this hypothesis...

How Beam of a Particle Accelerator would Destroy your Body? | The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

2017-04-18T07:49:00.001+01:00

...A dosage of between 2,000 and 3,000 grays, if it was effectively absorbed by the human body (i.e. sieverts), would usually be more than enough to cause acute radiation sickness and death. In this case, though, the beam was so focused that it just passed straight through his body; if it had been more scattered, and fried a wider smattering of cells, Bugorski would certainly have died...

Is It Possible to Improve your Memory?

2017-04-13T20:49:00.001+01:00

The method that the researchers used on the strategic memory training group was something called “method of loci” training. It’s the brain training mechanism used by most participants in memory competitions and tournaments, and has been used for centuries—even by the ancient Greeks and Romans. It’s essentially a type of mnemonic device that trains your brain to memorize words by placing them in a location that is familiar to you (loci means place in Latin). This familiar place is often a specific route you know well, like the walk you take from home to work or school, or a specific room in your house. It becomes what’s known as your “memory palace”.

About 90% of all the brain’s neurons are located in the cerebral cortex, mainly in the "grey matter", which makes up the surface regions of the cerebral cortex, while the inner "white matter" consists mainly of myelinated axons, over 170,000 km of them. As many as five times that number of glial cells exist to support the active nerve cells.

3 Dimensional Comparison: from Strings to SuperClusters

2017-04-09T23:50:00.000+01:00

Size comparison of the entire universe 2017 in 3D. From the fabric of space-time itself, we journey outwards to subatomic elementary particles, to atoms, molecules, viruses, bacteria, cells, animals, planes, ships, buildings, mountains, countries, moons, planets, stars, solar systems, black holes, nebulas, galaxies, superclusters, supercluster-complex and finally the universe, but it goes beyond that...

Particles Size Comparison: 1:02
Atoms Size Comparison: 1:48
Macromolecules Size Comparison: 1:57
Viruses Size Comparison: 2:08
Bacteria Size Comparison: 2:18
Cell Size Comparison: 2:27
Micro Organisms Size Comparison: 2:38
Animals Size Comparison: 3:25
Sea Monsters Size Comparison: 3:32
Dinosaurs Size Comparison: 3:44
Aircraft Size Comparison: 4:02
Ships Size Comparison: 4:14
Building Height Comparison: 4:23
Longest Bridge Comparison: 4:38
Tallest Mountain Size Comparison: 4:41
Asteroids/Moons Size Comparison: 4:50
Planets Size Comparison: 5:01
Star Size Comparison: 5:31
Solar System Size Comparison: 6:13
Black Hole Size Comparison: 6:26
Nebula Size Comparison: 6:35
Galaxy Size Comparison: 7:24
Superclusters Size Comparison: 7:48
Beyond Universes Size Comparison: 8:23

Chemical Reaction Modification can Improve Vision

2017-04-06T18:52:00.001+01:00

Researchers successfully used a modified form of vitamin A, called locked retinal, to induce the recycling mechanism and engage proteins central to human vision. The targeted proteins include light-sensing rhodopsin, which belongs to a family of proteins -- G protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs -- that sit in cell membranes and transmit external cellular cues into internal cell signaling pathways. The discovery opens a new therapeutic opportunity for modified retinals that help improve vision, and offers a major improvement over current therapeutics designed to perturb cell signaling in the eye...

What Happened to Human Creativity?

2017-04-04T17:35:00.002+01:00

Creativity is a phenomenon whereby something new and somehow valuable is formed. The created item may be intangible (such as an idea, a scientific theory, a musical composition, or a joke) or a physical object (such as an invention, a literary work, or a painting).

SYNOPSIS:In a busy life,Copi is a father who tries to teach the right way to his son,Paste. But... what is the correct path?

Seawater Converted to Drinking Water by Graphene-based Filter

2017-04-04T13:14:00.002+01:00

The promising graphene oxide sieve could be highly efficient at filtering salts, and will now be tested against existing desalination membranes.

Light shakes Quantum Physics Laws, Again

2017-03-31T16:08:00.001+01:00

At the super-small level of all things quantum, most bets are off in terms of the rules of normal physics. Still, there are some behaviors in this arena that researchers felt they could count on – such as the way entangled photons operate. But new research out of the University of East Anglia (UEA) in the UK has now shown that even those tiny particles of light don't behave as we previously thought.

And while those entangled photons can separate after they emerge from the crystal, the thinking has always been that they originate from one single point inside the crystal. The new research has shown that they can actually be generated from different parts of the crystal.

Nano-Scale Endurance Race for 36 Hrs | CNRS.FR

2017-03-28T21:36:00.001+01:00

...Though the cars can only be 100 atoms in size—every racing league has its rules—teams are free to design them however they think is ideal. Some work like tiny windmills, while others roll on four reels like the human-scale race cars we’re more familiar with...

Spinach Leaf turned to Human Heart Muscle | Worcester Polytechnic Institute

2017-03-28T19:02:00.001+01:00

...Scientists have found a way to use spinach to build working human heart muscle, potentially solving a long-standing problem in efforts to repair damaged organs...

| Chaos – Entropy – Diversity |

2017-03-27T18:13:00.000+01:00

Harmony & Chaos

Classical Mechanics;

We have a system; Regular System

The system lives in place & time. This system has state A and cause it s regular system, next state will be state B, then state C & so on.

That s because when we have left, we also have right.

Time1 will change to time2 and etc.

100% predictable.

Quantum Mechanics;

We have a system; … system!

The system lives in …! This system has state A and next state will be state…!

We suppose left so we have down! Time1 will change to …, never mind!

100% nothing to say!

BUT It s Origin of Universe.

Completely Chaotic.

There is no rule to limit states so they change faster. These changing of states refer to Entropy and so more data. What will you create with 100KB of data?

What will you do with 100MB of data?

Diversity in Nature comes from Chaos; Dynamic System.

Beautiful flowers are completely chaotic/Asymmetric system with fractal geometry.

Imagine so beautiful forest, with sounds of birds, music of waterfall, long trees & etc.

Now think about; Where is Symmetry?

NO Symmetry at all.

You will enjoy with that forest but you will see crowded forest, full of chaotic sounds from movement of leaf, sounds of air and etc.

Chaotic Sound + Chaotic Movement

It means two chaotic (irregular) systems have communications and these communications means Harmony/Beauty.

But I Should say, these communications are also chaotic.

State A of forest will change to state X!

Sometimes we can study very small part of system and predict what will happen in future for it. Like some behaviors of animals. We can find few symmetrical frames.

It means Universe is Chaotic/Asymmetric Originally & Generally.

- To be continue…

| Heaven - Soul - Death |

2014-02-10T14:36:00.001+00:00

Note on Beyond!

After Dead Life?!

There s no life after dead.

Cause life means eating, sleeping, breathing & Growing up!

And there is no growing and improving in Heaven.

As un-scientific reports had said; In the heaven you can find good foods/fruits, normal weather & some female creature for men to have sex and maybe male creature for women.

The Question is; what else?!

If there is lots of prophets and etc with high knowledge & we will free to communicate with them and this might be important... But what is their knowledge value and importance when you cannot improve & grow more?

What will happen for all human achievement?

(2014: Is there any LTE coverage in heaven to use my smartphone?

what about 4K-TV and gaming consoles?)

& what about all sports? Is there any place to play basketball?

Or any music instruments there!?

On Earth eating, sleeping, breathing and have sex are not entertainment. There are instinct of human and it means human have to do these. (Some pre-installed root Apps that no one can remove them!)

And God will take our brains in Heaven to prevent our improvement and force us to forget what we developed. so we will just behave according to our pre-installed Apps.

Something Terribly Wrong in Heaven!

And another thing... What will go to Heaven? the Body or Soul(Ghost)?

In theory it s possible to reconstruct whole body after disintegrated (By restoring whole data). Again as Un-Scientific reports had said; In the End (Day of Judgment/resurrect day) God will resurrect all people & after judgment people will send to heaven/hell. So It means our body will go to heaven! but what about Soul?! The Un-scientific sources had said Body was not alive until God did blow or sent something into body. something from himself, called Soul. So God will re-send souls to bodies to resurrect people. This means Soul is depend on Body & Body needs Soul! Like ElectroMagnetic Fields That are not effective until get shape or contract with body.

So what is Soul?!

Is soul something from beyond the Nature?

something separate of human body? something to control human?!

Or...

There is lots of description about soul But How can we prove existence of soul?

Shake your hand - Close your eyes & fly to another place-space-time (Dreaming) - Ask someone to cut your hand! and after that you will feel still have your hand but you don't!

In an experiment scientists scanned body of human and find a halo like thing all over the body. Human Ghost! Evidence for Soul!

You can find lots of experiments about holographic body. someone call it Soul and others call it Field. And I Should say Bio-ElectroMagnetic Field.

Another Description is talking about predictions; Seeing an event in future (Dreaming) and then it happen exactly what you expect.

And for All of These I should say Information Processing.

There is no Biological explanation for them But our Brain is processing center and it means gathering data, mix & result. (Mechanism of Processing)

So No need for un-scientific word & description for new phenomena.

Nature is All about Information |

Read Also;
|>Death/Life - Nature - Information<|

Read more;
We are Quantum Computer.
Robotic DNA

| Information – Dark Energy – Universe |

2013-05-26T14:51:00.002+01:00

Information & Universe

After Finding Dark matter physicists discovered Dark Energy.

Dark Matter; unknown source of matters that cause more gravity force than visible-known matters.

Dark Energy; unknown source of energy that cause more anti-gravity force than visible-known energy.

And also before those they found Black-holes.

Black-Hole; very strong (infinite) gravity-force based on high (infinite) density of known-visible matters.

Then as always they tried to impute something to these discoveries based on earlier theories.

They proposed some particles based on Elementary particles theory and special strings based on string theory. They discovered some particles like neutrinos & bosons But strings are still just hypothesis.

They began with this kind of suggestion; Black String, Black Particle or dark particles or mass-les particles & … then they fall into hyper-dimensions to describe more their particles or strings.

But How about Information?

Dark Energy, dark matter, black hole and lots of other things from electron to super-novas may invisible for us IF we study them based on Particle physics or String theory but all of them are visible if we study their bits and be able to decode them correctly. There is not always direct way to receive bits and decode them so we should try to find new method of observation and decoding.

- Are the Bits of Dark matters need to be dark or black?

In different scale we have different basic element.

If we observe an apple we will talk about molecules and in scale of molecules we will talk about atoms.

And in scale of elementary particles we suppose strings of energy as basis of them. And nothing for basis of strings…

- Let do it again;

If we observe an apple we will talk about its structure and decoding its information.

There s no scale and even no time for information, Bits are always there.

If we don’t know what is exactly information we know at least it has properties of the most basic element of universe. No place, No space, No time, No scale, No dimension, No nothing ! it has everything. Information can be in all of those part but won’t get any effect. No change.

But all diversity are based on it that can make the most complex structure like human body OR Dark Energy & etc.

To be continue…

| Information – Harmony – Improvement | UbI1

2013-03-09T19:01:00.000+00:00

Unification by Information

Description of Music & Physics;

|| Music has a remarkable ability to affect and manipulate how we feel. Simply listening to songs we like stimulates the brain’s reward system, creating feelings of pleasure and comfort. But music goes beyond our emotions to our minds, shaping how we think. Scientific evidence suggests that even a little music training when we’re young can shape how brains develop, improving the ability to differentiate sounds and speech.

With education funding constantly on the rocks and tough economic times tightening many parent's budgets, students often end up with only a few years of music education. Studies to date have focused on neurological benefits of sustained music training, and found many upsides. For example, researchers have found that musicians are better able to process foreign languages because of their ability to hear differences in pitch, and have incredible abilities to detect speech in noise.

Music training had a profound impact on the way the study subject's brains responded to sounds. The people who had studied music even if only for a few years, had more robust neural processing of the different test sounds. Most importantly, though, the adults with music training were more effective at pulling out the fundamental frequency, or lowest frequency sound, of the test noises. The ability to differentiate fundamental frequencies is critical for perceiving speech, and is an integral part of how we recognize and process sounds in complex and noisy environments. Thus childhood music instruction has strong linguistic benefits and improves performance on everyday listening tasks. Music even seems to improve social development, as people believe music helps them to become better team players and have higher self-esteem.

The relationship between mathematics and music (vibrations of sound waves) is well known and in hindsight it is obvious that mathematics, math physics, music (sound of waves) and musical instruments exist because matter is a wave structure of Space. This is why all matter vibrates and has a resonant frequency.

Music, either performing it or listening to it has the power to enhance some kinds of higher brain function, spatial reasoning tasks, which are generally processed by the brain's right hemisphere, involve the orientation of shapes in space. Such tasks are relevant to a wide range of endeavors, from higher mathematics and geometry to architecture, engineering, drawing and playing chess.

One particular study showed that when groups of first graders were given music instruction that emphasized sequential skill development and musical games involving rhythm and pitch, after six months, the students scored significantly better in math than students in groups that received traditional music instruction.

The effect of music on math sometimes termed the Mozart effect. The Mozart effect gain its name after the discovery that listening to Mozart's compositions, which is very sequential, produces a short-termed enhancement of spatial-temporal reasoning. Some key reasoning features used in spatial temporal reasoning are

1. The transformation and relating of mental images in space and time

2. Symmetries of the inherent cortical firing patterns used to compare physical and mental images and

3. Natural temporal sequences of those inherent cortical patterns.

The spatial-temporal reasoning is crucial in math. The areas of math that require ST reasoning are geometry and certain aspects of calculus, which require transformations of images in space and time. In higher mathematics, the ability to write mathematical proofs is also associated with ST reasoning because proof writing is a task that requires intuitive sense of natural sequences and the ability to think ahead several steps.

Ask students how much they listen to music today. It’s certainly more than they spend reading or writing. And they listen to music while they are on Facebook, Google+, twitter & etc. That’s a powerful combination.

Albert Einstein dreamed of finding what he called a Unified Theory. By that he meant a single idea, a single principle, maybe even a single equation that might describe everything in the universe. He worked long and hard many decades to try to find the theory and he never did. Since his passing many physicists haven take up where he left off and many of us believe then an approach called String Theory may be the Unified Theory that he was looking for. And the basic idea of the unified description of all matter is pretty straightforward. If you take any piece of material, say a piece of wood, cut it in half, cut it in half again, keep on cutting it to ever smaller pieces, the basic question is what’s the smallest piece that you get to?

Now we all know if you cut fine enough you get molecules, if you cut them up, you get atoms, if you cut them up even further you get other particles, electrons going around the nucleus with neutrons and protons, even though the neutrons and protons are smaller entities called quarks. The conventional idea stopped there. String Theory comes along and says There may be one more layer of structure: inside an electron, inside a quark, inside any particle you have heard of, according to these ideas, is a little tiny filament. Looks like a tiny little string, that’s why it’s called String Theory, and the little strings can vibrate in different patterns.

You can call it a middle C if you want, by the musical analogy, a quark could be a string vibrating at a different pattern like an A. So the difference between one particle and another is simply the note that its string is playing. And this is the unified description that this theory puts forward: everything can be reduced to the notes these fundamental strings are playing. Now that’s metaphorical. There’s math behind this, that allows us to see all of the key elements of physics can find a home in this description, but in a nutshell that’s what this theory says.

Art and science have intimate connections, although these are often underappreciated. Western music provides compelling examples. The sensation of harmony and related melodic development are rooted in physical principles that can be understood with simple mathematics. The focus of this review is not the better known acoustics of instruments, but the structure of music itself. The physical basis of the evolution of Western music in the last half millennium is discussed, culminating with the development of the 'blues'.

Several conclusions are made: That music is axiomatic like mathematics and that to appreciate music fully listeners must learn the axioms; That this learning does not require specific conscious study but relies on a linkage between the creative and quantitative brain and that a key element of the musical 'blues' comes from recreating missing notes on the modern equal temperament scale. The latter is an example of art built on artifacts. Finally, brief reference is made to the value of music as a tool for teaching physics, mathematics and engineering to non-scientists.

Divorced from organized sound, music as a function of the brain can be seen as the ability to monitor interrelated and simultaneously changing systems. If there is no change, there is no perception of music. If the change is perceived as random, there is no sense of music. Only when we sense changes that are systematic do we sense music. Still, I’m not talking about music as that stuff we listen to I’m just talking about the perception of changing systems. For example, when we drive, we experience all the cars around us as simultaneously changing systems.

Seen in this way, music as a function of the brain is a necessary survival tool for the kind of animal we once were able to perceive multiple threats and opportunities. Like many of our essential skills, it also found form in a purer expression, organized sound.

UbI.1

Music is Physical.

It’s Sound and it has wave function so depend on functions and its parameters like energy, momentum, bits & etc it effects on human and generally on environment.

And it is algorithm of bits that called note in music.

The wave function of music sounds carry bits of information so actually it s bit that effect on human body. And that’s because of relevance between Structure and information. Information change structure < > new structure make new bits. So high quality music with high harmonic structure can be beneficial to grow up and help to think & etc But if music be just some regular sound without any difference can be wrecker. (Like some wrecker data file, called computer virus or malware …)

If there s no change so there s no new bit and no new structure >> improvement and evolution become meaningless.

It is vibration of string like new note, or better to say new data.

That u can suppose easily strings as string of data (bits) that change their shape and make new structure and then new bits (In Chaotic Dynamic System); New Particles, Waves, Forces…

So the GUT (Grand Unified Theory) is Information theory.

| Quantum Computer – Q.Encryption – Q.ErrorCorrection |

2013-03-01T10:37:00.000+00:00

Quantum Information Realm

Description of Quantum Computer;

|| Introduction into the Qubit processing abilities and quantum error correction protocols of a quantum computer

The Advanced processing efficiency and software compatibility of a Quantum Computer has obtained the awe of many physicist and programmers for years since the introduction of Conjugate Coding by physicist Stephen Weisner in the 1970's that acts as an essential structure of the model matrices of the "Calderbank-Shor-Steane (CSS") and "Low Density Parity Check code" (LPDC) Quantum stabilizer coding that prevents decoherence that were to come from the super-positional properties of the subatomic particles (Electrons/protons) inside of the stream of qubits becomes polarized inside of a confining magnetic Hyperfine structure (H= ub/Bo2 "electron" Gn/Un/Bo2 "nucleus" + Ao e/ 0 n " interaction with hyperfine structure") through entanglement of the particle's nucleus structure during a particle spin that were come from an electric quadrupole charge based from the symmetry of the particles dipole movement around the encompassing axis of the electric charge distribution of the nucleus's ellipsoid inside of the confining hyperfine structure utilizing the principals of the Bose-Eisenstein condensate of the spherical harmonic functions of the polar coordinates of the homeomorphic structure of the Qubit's bloch sphere that were to come from quantum noise (or Rabi Flopping that were to eliminate any atomic coherence) that occurs when a electron particle fluctuates at an optical frequency creating a spontaneous emission and collapse of the electron particle's eigenfunction within the Qubit inside of the structure of a Quantum Gate ( a singular qubit or classical gate NOT-gate {0}+B{1}/ a {1} + B {0} the Hadamard gate acts a medium to either polarize or to split the steam information between the position of the qubits pure state and mixed state based from unity matrices between the qubits superposition of a right circular and traverse (left to right ) polarized photons encoding 0 and 1 "pure state"( H{0}=1/2 (l 0} + l 1}) "mixed state" ( H{1}=1/2 (l0}-l 1}) ) the stream of the encoded information is transmitted by "alice and received by "bob" both "alice and bob" act as unitary operators as well as provide orthogonal measurements of the Qubits eigenvalues and the rotational axis of the Qubit's particle spin within the density matrix of the Qubit's blochsphere (following the assembly of the qubits being in a pure state when being transmitted by alice being "{0} + {1}/2 using the rotation formula of "Ry/-π2 amongst the X,Y and Z polar coordinates, when being received into a mixed state by bob) during the “Einstein- Podolsky- rosen” photon entanglement process between bob and alice using "Eve" as a quantum channel when transferring the encoded qubits that is generated into a lambda/2 or lambda/4 code that projects the bosons and fermion pairs into a symmetrical bell state when the fermions and bosons become entangled amongst the transmission wavelength to modularly exponentiation (example of the computation of modular exponentiation when using the multiple of 40 in a left to right binary program would be 5/41 mod 9= {4547474735088646111895751953125} mod 9 and when calculating the algorithm into a right to left binary it would use the modulation multiple of 60 such as the calculation of the 3/61 being 3/61 mod 8 ={12717347825648619542883299603}) the bell pairs into a RSA inverse algorithm using the Euclidean algorithm (used within GCD programming) and coprime integers between bob and alice. The fermions and the bosons would have to tunnel through the hadamard gate while "eve" acts as a QKG system (Quantum Key Generator that was purposed in 1984 by Charles Henry Bennett and Giles Brassard that is utilized within the BB84 ,BB92 and Ekert91 cryptographic protocols that uses the properties of the Von Neumann measurement of the Pi and Qi stacks in unitary dynamics inside of the eigenvalue of the encoded Qubit) specifically if eve were to intercept the QKG stream of data that is being transferred between the public channel of Bob and alice, Eve would have to be able to calculate the integer factorization of the transferring algorithm of the original qubit which the principals of the No-Cloning theorem (purposed in 1982 by William Wootters, Wojciech Hubert Zurek and Dennis Dieks) and Quantum non-locality of a particle can teleport based from the isomorphic structure of its unitary transformation inside of the ERP pair of particles within the lambda/4 coding structure enter into a ERP single state based from the encoded particle's density matrix being reduced by P= {Coa}2 {0}{0} + {C1b}2{1} {1} that is encoded by Bob before the particle is transferred into a mixed quantum state when the particle approaches the "SWAP" gate that would were to be constructed from a series of photonic "NOT" gates using quantum tunneling and the quantum dot as a vector point between the particle teleportation when being transmitted to alice.

Another pioneer within quantum encryption and modular exponentiation would be the physicist of the Architecture of the "Shor Algorithm" for integer factorization the computer scientist and mathematics professor of the Massachusetts institute of technology Peter Wilson Shor that is used within 300 qubit quantum simulation and the D-wave quantum computing system “Orion” that is used within an adiabatic 16 qubit superconducting quantum processor amongst the quasi-loops inside of its micro-circuitry similar to the architecture of a node graph inside of a 7 qubit Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Quantum Computer that uses the hamlitonian matrix to calculate the thermal equilibrium of the particle's nuclei during a half spin inside of the qubit's density matrix during the molecular tumbling of the particle's isotope when the particle spin rate is split in half and divides the bit pairs using the principals of quantum control and zeeman splitting (zeeman effect developed by physicist Pieter Zeeman in 1902 showcasing the studies of particle splitting with the particle's dipole movement inside of a plasma or electromagnetic field inside of a spectral line during a angular moment of the axis rotation of the nucleus inside of a particle when the particle is in a quantum state) . The processing recognitive functionalities of a quantum computer also had root within the work of physicist Richard Feynman with his studies on quantum electrodynamics and quark theory with its adjudication of quantum computing using the microstructure of Ion strings and how the encoded ions can reach a superposition based from the interaction of the atoms and protons generated by the attraction of the electron repulsion inside of a quantum logic gate that traps the atoms and acts as qubit quantum memory processor. the exponentional value of the trapped N-ions such as the variable calculation of 2N (2^5= 32 2^ 10=1034 2^50= 1,125,899,906,842, 624 2^100= 1,267,650,600,228,229,401, 496,703,205,376) which trapped ions inside of a qubit can become encoded as a photon based from the quantization properties of a liner optic transformation using the Hamilton matrix (e/uc^+ d-cd+ l 1 }a l 0 }b l 1}c l 0}d =e^-tan ucd+ {cos u^a}c^+c-d^+d /e^tan uc^+d l 1} a l 0}b l 1} c l 1} d =cos u^ a l 1} a l 0 }b l 1} c l 0}= -l 1} a l 0} b l 0} c l 1 } d hat is brought by polarization rotors and phase shifting between the orthogonal A and B acts as polarization nodes for the controlled Qubit when defining the Cross-Kerr effect formula inside of the Hamilton matrix using (H^Ckeer= ℏ ╥ /2 a^ + a (c^+d -cd+) ) and C and D act as annihilation operators inside of the hadamard and NOT gates that acts a harmonic oscillator within processing image and pattern recognition into an algorithm using quantum parallelism to process the unit cells and pixilation for example a 8 x 8 black and white square with an 32 X 20 array using photons to process the absorptive and reflective parallel line geometry within binary optimization.

Superconducting electrons in a cryogenic environment, Josephson Junctions the processing capacity of a silicon chip and software of a quantum computer, The conventional nano-photonic structure of a silicon chip that is used within quantum/micro processing, plasmonics and quantum key distribution by using photonic qubits as informational carriers for both photon-pair manipulation and entanglement using a "SOI" Silicon-on-Insulator material amongst the bulk of the Si-Mosfet (Silicon Metal Oxidate semiconductor field effect transistor) that acts as a wave guide when transmitting terahertz microwave signals to the chips connectors while having the qubit retrain it's quantum state when transferring to each nano-photonic connecter within a span of 100 microseconds amongst the chip's micro-ring's (containing about 5 -um radius and 400psi in measurement) photon detectors that absorbs the photons that are being transferred between the LC and RLC circuits using an electrical harmonic variable compactor to modulate the optical communication of quantum information between the LC and RLC circuits using ▲n=-00.1 as the index change among the photon absorption changes of the pump pluses around micro-ring through the probe input and output signals within the chip's micro-ring's nanocavities ▲n^NL= 21pump/▲a^NL=BTPA^nlpump. but of course the silicon chip has been surpassed by Niobium chips and the 28/128/512 adiabatic qubit chips that operates at a high efficiency with transmitting data faster than the silicon chop without draining the computers reserves where the Niobium chip operates within a speed of 6GHZ and consist of 1600 Josephson junctions and transmits up to 60 billion gigabits per second while the circuitry acts as a superconducting microprocessor

The Josephson effect or the Joseph junction was originally developed by Brain David Josephson in 1962 with converting a current of electrons inside of a non-conducting layers of metal and alloy between two thin layer superconducting ceramic materials with no additional voltage added to the layers while the non-conducting layers can cooled around 20 degrees kelvin/nanokelvin or around the absolute zero mark to have the metal reach a macroscopic phase transition once it reaches a critical temperature (using a phase gradient to describe the phase transition of the electron j= N8e ℏ /2m^ ∇φ using N as the number of electrons ) causing a repulsion effect with the electron particle's, causing the electron's to interact with the ionic lattice compounds of the cooled metal after the crystal structure of the lattice compound receives a positive charge when the electron are in low energy state creating a energy gap between the temporal oscillations of the electron's particle phase transition to cause the electrons to tunnel through superconducting material that used when creating Magnetic flux/rapid single flux quantum effects within quantum chips and "SQUID" Magnetometers to determine the equilibrium of the particle's thermal fluctuations within the material to detect miniature magnetic fields when the metal is an a meta-stable state due to the cryogenic temperatures that is used within the Qubit gigahertz processing capacity of a quantum chip when a sending a probe microwave signal that is used unitary quantum-lattice based algorithms and cryptography to simulate a Bose-Einstein condensate with the encodes qubits from the chip. that was originally developed in 1996 when showing the usage of lattice based mathematical compounds to encoded algorithms and homeomorphic encryptions

The Architecture of the Quantum Computing software and applications that is used to help run simulation protocols and processing speed that is used to solve prime factorization using exponential parallelism and matrix multiplication when calculating the swap aptitudes of unitary matrices of the qubits inside of the algorithm while being processed when creating a spectral decomposition into a diagonalizable matrix with using the quantum dot as an anchoring entanglement point for the qubit's eigenvalues using the Cosine-Sine and Cayley-Hamilton decomposition theorem when the Bell pair goes into a phase shift inside of isomorphism of Two Qubit’s matrice structure with exponentiating the qubits into digits. but normally if there is a complicated decomposition for a computer to compute into an encoding algorithm it would be incapable of doing so. Which many of the programming inside of the software uses the principals of the Dirac notation for modularizing the source program using syntax, lexical and semantic analysis to tokenize the algorithm strings which the data reaches the QCC (Quantum Computer Compiler) for the code generating process for error correction.

Quantum Computing compatibles to human neurobiology and cell structure.

The Relations between the quantum computer, the neurological processing abilities and the cytoarchitectural structure of the human brain has been synonymous for research and development with duplicating that functionality into cybernetics and robotics. The informational processing of the stimulus of thought can range to around 300 to 500 milliseconds based from neuron communication using the dorsal ("where?"system) and ventral ("what?" system) pathways between the sub-cortical, inferior temporal cortex and neocortex areas such as the singulate gyrus, isthmus, and thalamus that are beneath of the corpus callosum of the pre frontal sections of the cerebral cortex with ranging neuroactivity of 50-100 ms with processing the environmental surrounding such as the phonon particles of coloration and light refraction though the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the corpus callousm's brodmann areas that manages the melatonin levels and the Circadain rhythm of the brain's time perception during its active and sleeping phases with the superachiasmastic nucleus processes about 20,000 neurons for image processing. But the conundrum is how can a human brain exhibit any microscopic quantum behavioral patterns and how is the brain similar to a quantum computer's atomic structure? The brain holds similarities of experiencing a biological like decoherence within the higher brain’s functionalities depending on the thermal temperatures of the tissue structure(that were to exceed the temperatures -300 kelvin inside of the brain's Microtubule that manages the centrosomes and basal bodies that is consisted of motor proteins such as kinsein and dynein within the microtubule's substructure)of the mid-brain that acts as its own respective satellite when housing the brain's consciousness and other sensory functions that each section. And another similarity can be noted about how the brain shares it's simulates with nerve impulses inside of the Microtubles though the membranes proteins of the co-enzyme" Adenosine-5 triphosphate " (ATP) that act as a light harvesting protein Carotenoids and transfers electrons and other pigmentation absorbed by light particles using a singlet exciton energy transfer to the phototropic bacteria "Bacteriochlorophyll" that is studied by Quantum DNA simulation and DNA computation with calculating the particles kinect velocity inside of the mutli- component protein pigment assemblies inside of the bacteria using Visual Molecular Dynamics "VMD" programs to run simulations of the enzyme's helix strand structures to how a quantum computer would process the qubits that oscillates at similar wavelengths to neural spike patterns, which makes the microtubles a network of quantum computation between the Chla (Chlamydomonas-reinhardtii ) and flagella pathways inside of the Adenonsine-5 triphosphate structure of the microtubules

Another development within quantum computing is the development of a headband that consist intracranial nanowires to harness the neurological processing abilities of the brain into a biological computing interface/Brain computer interface or "BCI" that consist of an microthread electrospun carbon based fiber, the headband's electrodes magnetizes and entangles the electron particles inside glucose content of the cerebro-spinal fluid and the microglia cells near the spinal cord and brain tissue with using the brain's axon speed as the processing source of the headband that were to come from the dielectric properties of the myelin inside of the axon structure of the white matter of the brain. With this headband it becomes possible for the brain to interact with other users of this headband or other technological appliances or even to operate prosthetic limbs, with using the 64X64 glucose fuel cells as a superconducting material

- To be continue…

Read also;
We are Quantum Computer.

| Tunneling – Information - Transferring |

2013-01-01T13:44:00.000+00:00

Tunneling & Information

Description of Quantum Tunneling;

|| What is Quantum Tunneling?

Quantum tunneling is a term within Quantum mechanics to describe the phenomena of when a particle passes though a potential finite barrier (Ea energy barrier)that the particle would not have the sufficient kinetic velocity that would come from barrowed momentum that is expressed with the constant (∆/E) (delta/changing in distance or velocity)that is necessary to cross over the axis of the height of the confining barrier normally, but instead exhibits behavior similar to a wavelength with the particle having the probability of being detected on the other side of the barrier that the particle tunnels through using each points of the entry and exit as respective reservoir points on both sides of the potential barrier using those reservoir points of the barrier as a form of linear polarization with the particle having the equivalent electric energy that is comparable to the barrier's encompassing electric-volt energy inside of its energy wall and barrier Length which the particle reaches a transmission coefficient that is necessary to penetrate the finite barrier this process of "wave-function" or "eigen-functions" that the particle's behavior exhibits is described by physicist Erwin Schrodinger and his concept that was purposed within the year of 1935 that was known as "Schrodinger's cat" to explain when a physical system (particle) can enter a into a Quantum superposition to be able predict the possible outcomes of when a subatomic atom is trapped inside of confining mass without experiencing decay.

Erwin Schrodinger's equations of delta function potential wells and barriers (-h2/2m a2/ar2 u/ (r)= E u/(r) ) (a2/ar2 u/ (r) = -2mE/h2 u/ (r) =-k2 u/ (r)

Erwin Schrodinger's equations of partial derivatives inside of wave-function

th2/2m a2 Ψ(x,t)/ax2 + U(x)Ψ(x,t) =ith 2Ψ (x,t)/A=aT

Quantum tunneling in organic chemistry

Now that we know the basis of Quantum tunneling let's take a look within hydrogen tunneling and the intramolecular hydrogen atom transferring process within the cellular respiration of enzymes and gases in organic compounds. a hydrogen atom transfer between one compound and another begins when the hydrogen atoms inside of the monosaccharide of a carbohydrate begins to oxidate and accelerate during the transfer process while the reducing agents such as Nicotinamie adeine dinuleotide (NAD+) Flavin adeine dinuleotide (FAD) polymerize during the Kreb's cycle or the tricarbioloxic cycle which is the process of accelerating the carbohydrates inside of gliosis forming the reducing agents of Nicotinamie adeine dinuleotide dehydrogense (NADH) and (FADH2) which becomes an electron accepter during the polymerization of the reducing agents acts as a terminal enzyme inside of the complex of the cytochrome enzyme which is also used during an electron atom transferring process, which the agents (NADH) and (FADH2) become part of the cytochrome's respiratory chains. The hydrogen atoms inside of the reducing agents are deposited inside of the cytomchrome's transport chain and the agents (NADH) and (FADH2) become oxidated and the particle can polymerize with gases such as oxygen and becomes H2O

How is quantum tunneling evolved within this process?

When the hydrogen particle is being accelerated though the kreb’s cycle after the reducing agents from the glyoisis has been polymerized the orbital momentum of the neutron begins to spin inside of the nucleus of the isotope (deterium)of the hydrogen atom which begins to create a molecular vibrational state utilizing the plank constant of speed and velocity inside of the enzymes "matter chain" or the "De Broglie wavelength" that was purposed by the physicist Louis de Broglie within 1924 about the kinetic energy of a particle and was soon adapted by Erwin Schrodinger's of the equation of matter and the hydrogen atom itself in the year of 1933 and the reaction path acting as an enzyme catalysis/enzyme catalytic power for the transition state within particle tunneling while the increasing thermal temperatures escalate between a kinetic velocity of 5 to 77 K per millisecond (Bose-Einstein condensate)during the oxidation process of the cytpochrome which normally this process would allow for the particle to jump over the activation barrier inside of the enzyme, but depending on the temperatures of the environment then enzyme is in for example if the enzyme was frozen at cryogenic temptures which cools the deterium isotope or causes it to crysalize and slows the veloctiy of the particle spin inside of the nucleus the particle would not have the sufficient velocity to cross over the activation barrier. in this instance the particle will go into a degenerate ground state or quantum annealing (manufactured particle spin) while the trapping potential of the particle wave-function expressed with the constant V(r) the particle begins to rotate into a vortex to tunnel though the barrier if the linear pathway is narrow and if the barrier is of a higher temperature of the particle, which will cause the enzyme to eject the particle during the kreb cycle reaction

Semiconductor Hetro-structures & Quantum effects in Hetro-structures in Quantum Tunneling

We will first focus on the quantum hetro-structures of quantum tunneling with the electron particle and what a quantum hetro-structure is for example. A quantum hetro-structure is a subtract of the original hetro-structure which are series of layered materials of different properties stacked upon one another such as aluminium gallium arenside/gallium arenside which is a ferroelectric semiconducting material which electrically absorbs the atoms inside of the polar planes in the process of quantum entanglement inside of the hetro-structures and charges the electrons though a electromagnetic current that travels though the aluminum nano-structure utilizing the nano-structure as axis points for the direction of the electron polarization though the tunneling junctions inside of the aluminum gallium arenside utilizing the principals for "Fowler–Nordheim tunneling and field emission" that was purposed by the physicists Ralph Howard Fawler and Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim in the year 1928 about how a electron can tunnel though a tringular energy barrier using wave-function and the semiconducting material such as the aluminum arenside while inside of a strong electric flied which would be demonstrated with the Fawler-Nordheim formula for electron tunneling density see this link here (http://www.iue.tuwien.ac.at/phd/gehring/node112.html)

Quantum Tunneling in nuclear fusion and solar hetrostructures:

For an example of quantum tunneling within solar hetro-structures we will use the UNSM PERL c-si and Sayno HIT solar cells and the photovoltaic structuralization inside of the hetrojunction of these cells. Quantum tunneling begins when the particles inside of the hydrogenerated silicon solar cells begins to experience a recombinative velocity by doping diffusion (formula for doping profiles AC{x,t}/At=D A2c{x,t}/Ax2) this process of doping diffusion is to redistribute the atoms inside of the semiconducting materials of a hetrostrcure such as Silicon, Germanium, aluminium Antimondie, Gallium Aresnoide, Gallium phospheride, Indium Arenside, Indium phosperide and Indium Antimondie when the doping agents (Boron,Alliuminum,Gallium,Indium,Phophorus,Aresnic,Antimony,Bismuth,Copper,Lithum,Sodium,Potassium,Hydrogen and Helium) inside of the flims of the hetrostrure into a gas based structure with the temperatures ranging from 150% C from the I-layer of the heterostrucure and 200 % C for the n-layer created a chemical process known as chemical vapor deposition which is used for micro-waving plasma inside of materials. this process of chemical vapor deposition causes the hetro-structure layers to experience surface diffusion when the adatomic clusters become isolated from increasing temperatures and magnetization curves of the photovoltaic cells as the I-layers becomes oxidated the temperatures of the lattice inside of the adatomic clusters causes the equilibrium of the cluster to vibrate as described by the physicist Ludwig Boltzmann with the constant R divided by the Avogadro constant NA by physicist Amedo Avogadro when the creating the constant of K=R/na to explain the microscopic relationship between the adatomic particle's vibration, pressure and the absolute temperature in mobile diffusion which the formula constant (R=ve-Ediff/kbt) explains when the particle jumps or hops when layers the I and N layers have low particle mass

Formula for tunneling jump

R tun=2w/╥3/2 2Ea/hw exp(2Ea/thw)

Nuclear fusion

The conceptualization of nuclear fusion was highlighted within the 1940's with both the successes of nuclear transmutation by physicist Ernest Rutherford and fusion of hydrogen isotopes by Mark Olipant which is applied into military research with the deployment of the hydrogen-bomb "ivy mike" on November 1 1952. the hydrogen bomb's schematics and materials are a phenomena within nuclear fusion such as the reactive properties of the polyethylene casing, the Uranium-238 fission booster and the TX-5 fission bomb around the plutonium -239 core sphere containing the metals of beryllium and polonium which under intense stress caused by raising temperatures and velocity of the thermal neurons inside of the tx5 fission bomb splits the nucleus of polonium and causes the promium to eject alpha particles into the atomic structure of the berylium while the neutron inside of the alpha particle contains about 3.27 MeV of energy while the proton inside of the alpha particle contains a energy of 4.03 MeV as it heats the fusing deuterons that is being compressed around the uranium-238 fission booster as it causes the compressed deuterium plasma to push pass the barriers created by electrostatic repulsion while the tritium nucleus polymerizes with the deuterium isotope to form a alpha particle containing a energy of 17.59 MeV while the deuterium isotopes inside of the nucleus of the plasma creates a heavy helium isotope. Another example of nuclear fusion occurs inside of the formation of the sun's core itself (the sun's core contains a compacted density of 151,300 kilograms) this formation occurs due to the ionization of methane gas of core reaches a temperature of 15.6 million Kelvin or (1.56X10 7 or utilizing the Stefan-Boltzmann constant of o=5.670 x 10 -8 j m-2 k-1 s-1 with the sun's radius constant R=6.955 x 10 8 meters creating the formula solution of Te={L/4╥R2}1/4=5780 kelvin while the boltzman law can also apply for other stars and while the protons inside of the core must be heated and have the appropriate velocity to counteract the gravitational composition from the mass of the sun which the gravitational thermal energy of the sun can be expressed with the formula of T= 3/2Tc=GMpM/R being the gravitational energy and the mass of the protons being mp=1.6726 x 10 - 27 with the solving formula being Tc=2Gmp M/3kR=1.56 x 107 kelvin ) which causes the hydrogen particles to burn to create the compounds of helium (named after the greek god Helios by Norman lockyer) which quantum tunneling occurs within this reaction process utilizes electric potential energy from the notion of coulomb's law within inverse physics of electrostatic repulsion by Charles-Augustin De Coulomb in 1785 with the formula of barrier penetration from the projectile neucli Vl (r)= Vn(r) + Vc(r) +th2 l ( l+1)/2ur2=Vo(r)+th2 l ( l+1)/ T l (E) = {1 +exp (2Se(E))}-1 and the formula for the penetration integral Se(E)2u/th2 {r2l/r1l dr {Vo(r)+th2 l (l+1)/ 2ur2-E ] -1/2 formula for wave potential barrier Vo(r) =V Bo -1/2u 2(omega)2 (r-r o)2/ To(E)={1+exp{2╥/th(omega)(E-V Bo} -1

Hawking Radiation/Quantum tunneling in black holes

We will first cover the realms of Quantum tunneling inside of black holes which stephen hawking showed the radius inside of thermal equilibrium of a black body will never decrease in size and that the black hole contains an entropy amongst the tidal gravity of the black holes horizon (formula for horizon's geometrical points or Schwarzschild radius ds2= - {1-rs/r}dt2+[1-rs/r}-1dr2+r2 do2} ) (formula for Kruskal-Szekeres metric rK +tK =2e{R+t}2/rK-tK=2e{R-t}2)which the black body's emissivity would absorb the encompassing electromagnetism that would come from phonons ( light particles) and antiparticles that were to enter the radius of the black holes horizon being inversely proportional to the black holes mass as the thermal energy increases as the mass of the black hole decreases the trapped quark orbital oscillations inside of the magnetic flied of the gravitational red-shift exhibits negative ionic charges while the phonons receive a positive ionic charge during the quantization intervals that effects the trajectory of the encompassing mass that is received with a positive ionic charge creating a stochastic fluctuation of phonons resulting in linear particle acceleration which during the transmission process of the particle accleration(x2-T2=1/a2) utilizing the Minokowski coordinates the pinpoints the axis of the phonon's acceleration. the phonon travels at the speed of light being 299,792.458 kilometers per second that is necessary to escape the black hole which is supported with Newton's formula of escape velocity with the constant of G=6.67 X 10 - 11 . Many other physicists have theorized that quantum tunneling is involved in Hawking's radiation theory of how a particle can escape a black hole and the hyperbolic properties of the Unruh effect. while it is imagined that when a pair of subatomic particles are formulated on the outside of the black holes horizon the pair of particles goes though a multiplicity state that is caused by the tidal gravity of the Unruh radiation as the particle that has exhibit the positive ionic charges tunnels though the gravitational barrier of the black holes event horizon causing the particle to tunnel backwards

Rectangular barriers

Unlike the traditional barrier within quantum tunneling the Rectangular barrier utilizes a reflection coefficient along with the standard transmission coefficient from one-dimensional particle tunneling of when a particle enters into a superposition and becomes a wavelength the reflection coefficient transmits the wave-vector of the particle into either a free state, scattering state or a bound state when it approaches the quantum curb of the barrier, when the particle becomes magnetically trapped inside of a Bose-condensate such as how cold thermal temperatures can be trapped inside of an alkali adatomic compounds the particle can obtain a superposition known as a "bare state" in which the atomic nuclei utilizes the "Coulomb energy shift" which the molecules inside of the nuclei begins to spin or orbit outside of the shell of the neuceli creating a quasiparticle (radical matrix element of quasiparticle {^n1/1ur/un2/2}) the quasimomentum of which utilizing the constants of the de broglie wavelength the quasiparticle can tunnel though the adjacent walls using the axis points of the rectangular geometry of the barrier as anchoring semiconductors to guide the quasiparticle though the barrier

Triangular barriers

With the geometry of the triangular barrier is compatible with that of an electron and opto-electronic particle while tunneling which can be indicated with the quantum dot that is also used within nano-electronics. The quantum dot acts as an energy profile during the electron tunneling junection though barrier while quantum dot mass iis used as an insulator from distances of axis points entry an " exit inside confinement structure process doping diffusion particles along has not exhibted negative kinetic voltage energy when the semiconducting tunneling diodes on the oppositional ends of the quantum dot transmits the wave-function of the electron after the subatomic structure has been configured when tunneling though the triangular barrier. Triangular barriers also quasi-perdiodic based structure that can formulate with a rectangular barrier to create a multi-barrier, with multi-barrier tunneling or double barrier penetration the electron's transition states is dependent on the height and the width of the barriers that is theorized by the physicist Thomas Hartman that when a particle tunnels through a larger barrier that acts as a prism for the transmission coefficient of the particle transition, the particle will travel across the gap which while the virtual particles can travel across the barrier gap at the speed of light. the particle will tunneling though the gap when the wave-function is being transmitted between one part of the barrier of the gap and the other which this would be known as the "Hartman effect" which was purposed in 1962

Trapezoidal barriers

We will discuss on how particle tunneling occurs inside of trapezoidal barriers in graphene based insulators. particle tunneling inside of a trapezoidal barrier parameter (obtained by exploiting the parameters of a normal barrier potential Uo(x)+Ui(x) when measuring the geometry of the parameter of the trapezoidal barrier being Uo(x)-Ui(x)) when the particle is penetrating the through the density of the barrier utilizing a scale factor to determine the particle's spin control through the quantum dot's bandgap which the energy-shifts and oscillations acts as a tunneling switching device or a quantum well when molecular beam epitaxy is introduced in the hetero-structure of the barrier when the particle's wave-function is being transported by a valance bond inside of the trapezoidal barrier when tunneling. When a particle is tunneling inside of the mono-layers of graphene the bandgap inside of the graphene exhibits magneto inductive based properties when it's electric field which begins to quantize and absorb electrons inside of the trapezoidal barrier when the temperatures of the metal or a lower percentage then the width of the bandgap would affect the electron's velocity and momentum inside of the free charge carriers in the hetro-structure of the graphene, while the hetero-structure contains a hexagonal based crystalline compound known as Boron nitride, which the boron nitrides density is thin and acts as a stepping stone for the electron to tunnel through the trapezoidal barrier

What is Quantum Information?

Quantum information was founded by Claudie Shannon's theorem of a signal containing qubits can be compressed to the length of nHx(X)+ o (n) while the original signal still retains the probability of being transmitted from the sender and receiver arcs of signal transmission within the year of 1948. This is utilized within data compression in quantum computing, quantum mechanics and within quantum tunneling on how a particle can enter into a superposition through a "noiseless" protocol during the transfer of the qubits which is utilized the Dirac Notation that was introduced in 1939 by Paul Dirac. This notation aided in the possibility of how linear functional can act as a vector when transferring information that is used with quantum lambda calculus in quantum computation.

Photonic crystals

Photonic crystals acts as wavelength reflectors inside of the Nitrogen-vacancy center of the diamond while utilizing the properties of quantum electrodynamics for entangling atoms and protons inside of the nano-cavities of the diamond within quantum information processing, while the atoms and protons are entangled the particle exhibits a magneto-electronic based property known as spintronics inside of the nano-cavity structure in the fluorescent center of the membrane of the diamond which goes into a form of dielectric material-manpluation during atoms/protons polarized spin while the diaelectric material can absorb the fluctuation of light-pulses that travels through the optical properties of the diamond within a femto-second while the atoms/protons exhibits rabi oscillations inside of the magneto-electronic field. These rabi oscillations occur when the atom becomes embedded inside of the photonic crystal structure's bandgap which acts as a semiconducting super-lattice which causes the rabi frequencies to oscillations at a high speed

Quantum computing

Quantum computation is based off the work of integer factorization, algorithm mathematics and cryptanalysis that was purposed by Charles Babbage and engernied into the first computer system by Konad Zuse in 1941. Within Quantum computation utilizes the quantic structures of the qubit within a programming language that begins with the logical state of 0 and 1 while the qubit can obtain a superposition though quantum parallelism when the data fluctuation is being transferred between processor and another as the pair of qubits inside of the data information can be divided by the Boolean logic gates which acts as an electronic switch which was recognized by Richard Feynman when he saw that when 500 qubits can enter into a quantum super-position being of 2/500 states which is used within radio waves.

Bloch sphere

The bloch sphere is a isometric geometrical representation of a pure state containing a set of convex states that acts as of a one-dimensional density matrix projector in the state space of the qubit which allows for a qubit to enter into a quantum superposition inside of the sphere's ket vectors which the coefficient is represented as (u/) =cos0 {0}+eio/ sin 0 {1} while each of the polar coordinates and half angles inside of the bloch sphere can represent as R= sin 20/ X cos 0/ Y= sin 20/ X sin 0/ z=cos 20 which would make a pure state orthogonal in nature when utilizing Hilbert space and the hadamard matrix, as the surface of the bloch sphere effects the polarization process of particles during entanglement.

As we discussing a lot about information that it is not depend on time, place, space and so these parameters are meaningless for information.

Now study all formulas of energy, from E = mc^2 of Relativity to quantum formulas.

(That read before in this essay.)

There is no also independent definition for energy. We study it as parameter after coordinates and mass and sometimes. Whether in classical scale or tiny scales or relativistic, energy is depend on these spatial parameters. So information can do tunneling through all potential barrier in all frames. To do this we should just change algorithm of storing and protocol of communication.

(That it s happening nowadays in lots of lab.)

More;

Entanglement

First it is superposition between bits that occurs as communication with minimum of data transferring then Entanglement that can transfer data about all features and properties of system A to system B. It is time to ensemble copy of A in coordinates of B or completely move A to B place.

Cause Potential Barrier is meaningless for Information.

| Death/Life – Nature – Information |

2012-11-15T23:20:00.001+00:00

Death & Life

Explanation of death & life based on Information theory.

Biological Description of Death & Life;

||It is estimated The Earth was formed four billion years ago by Lava, so at the first life was Impossible. Gradually Earth was cooled & the rock layers were formed. Clouds were formed by the Condensing of water vapor in the atmosphere. For another two thousand years it rained slowly which caused the appearance of the oceans.

Some theorists suggest that the atmosphere of the early Earth may have been chemically reducing in nature, composed primarily of methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2) or carbon monoxide (CO), and phosphate (PO43-), with molecular oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) either rare or absent. In such a reducing atmosphere, electrical activity can catalyze the creation of certain basic small molecules (monomers) of life, such as amino acids (monomers of proteins) & carbohydrates.

After many years mixture of amino acids formed small spherical shells about 2 μm in diameter, called Microspheres. Some refer to microspheres or protein protocells as small spherical units postulated by some scientists as a key stage in the origin of life. Microspheres, like cells, can grow and contain a double membrane which undergoes diffusion of materials and osmosis. Although they do reproduce asexually by budding, they do not pass on any type of genetic material; so they are not alive!

These microspheres became more complex, they would carry on more lifelike functions. Gradually they could make Short strands of RNA by Nucleic acid. The RNA was capable of self- replication & during the budding, passed to the next generation. RNA molecules could manage synthesis of special enzymes and proteins, determined their microspheres Feature. When we know a cell is alive that it grows, does metabolism & does reproduce to transfer the genetic information to the next generation.

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing.

There are two types of cells; eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are usually independent, while eukaryotic cells are often found in multicellular organisms.

The prokaryotic cells are simpler, without some specific Organelles such as Mitochondria & Chloroplasts. The prokaryotes are Primary cells that are origin of Eukaryotic cells. The genetic material of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. Here, the undefined nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Bacteria and cyan bacteria are prokaryote. All of the prokaryotes are unicellular.

Some parts of prokaryotic cells:

- Cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome (DNA) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions.

- The Cell membrane or plasma membrane surroundes cytoplasm.

- The Cell wall acts to protect the cell mechanically and chemically from its environment, and is an additional layer of protection to the cell membrane.

- A gelatinous capsule is present in some bacteria outside the cell membrane and cell wall.

- Flagella for cellular mobility, is long & thick, made of protein. The bacterial flagellum stretches from cytoplasm through the cell membrane and extrudes through the cell wall.

- Fimbriae (pili) made of proteins that are short & thick, responsible for attachment of bacteria to specific receptors of human cells or Sticking to various surfaces.

The eukaryotic cell seems to have evolved from a symbiotic community of prokaryotic cells; because:

- Both use RNA and DNA which are the genetic material

- Both use the same 20 amino acids

- Both have ribosomes and DNA and RNA

- Both have a lipid layer cell membrane.

Plants, animals, fungi & algae are all eukaryotic. The major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place. Eukaryotes like prokaryotes have Cytoplasmic, Cell membrane and some of them like plant Cells have Cell wall. Different types of cells have cell walls made up of different materials; plant cell walls are primarily made up of pectin, fungi cell walls are made up of chitin and bacteria cell walls are made up of peptidoglycan. The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules, called chromosomes, which are associated with histone proteins. All chromosomal DNA is stored in the cell nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane. Some eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria also contain some DNA.

Some specific Organelles in the Eukaryotic cells:

Ribosome is a large complex of RNA and protein molecules. They each consist of two subunits, and act as an assembly line where RNA from the nucleus is used to synthesise proteins from amino acids. Ribosomes can be found either floating freely or bound to a membrane or on the rough endoplasmatic.

Lysosomes are to serve as digestion compartments for cellular materials that have exceeded their lifetime or are otherwise no longer useful. They are manufactured by the Golgi apparatus. They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles or bacteria with breaking down cellular waste products, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and other macromolecules into simple compounds, which are then transferred back into the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials.

Peroxisomes are involved in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids, branched chain fatty acids, polyamines, and biosynthesis of plasmalogens. One of the important functions is to Breakdown the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially dangerous product of fatty-acid oxidation. It is catalyzed by the enzyme catalase.

Lysosomes & Peroxisomes do their tasks by helping Enzymes. Enzymes are catalysts and responsible for the thousands of chemical reactions taking place. Most are proteins, so Ribosomes make them with amino acids.

Golgi apparatus processes and packages the macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell.

Mitochondria provide the energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract - in short; they are the power centers of the cell. The Origin of Mitochondria was an aerobic prokaryote.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a system of membrane-enclosed sacs and tubules in the cell. ER is a site that manufactures most of the membranes of the cell, lipids, transmembrane proteins and secreted proteins. The ER has two forms: the rough ER, which has ribosomes on its surface and secretes proteins into the cytoplasm, and the smooth ER, which lacks them. Smooth ER plays a role in calcium sequestration and release; also does detoxification.

All of these Organelles are common in the eukaryotic cells. But there are some organelles that only can be found in some specific cells. For example Centrosome can only be found in animals cells (acts as the main microtubule-nucleating organelle in animal cells and plays a critical role in mitotic spindle orientation and in genome stability.) Or vacuoles that store extra water, waste & food, can be found in plant cells and some fungis.

The purpose of these organelles & their mechanisms is life. Prokaryotic-eukaryotic or Unicellular-multicellular try to survive and live more. Also for this purpose do reproduction. But each living organism - unicellular or multicellular - has a limited lifetime. For example Red blood cells can be alive max. 120 days.

What happens after a cell dies?

Death is a part of life.

At the cellular level, it's essential for life. There are two types of eukaryotic cell death: necrosis and apoptosis. Apoptosis or programmed cell death is like a cell committing suicide! When a cell is compelled to commit suicide proteins called caspases go into action. Some cellular components which are necessary for survival are broke down by caspases. The DNA in the nucleus condenses and breaks into regular-sized fragments by DNases. The cell shrinks and sends out distress signals, which are answered by vacuum cleaners known as macrophages. After that, it breaks into several smaller pieces containing the cell components and destroyed nucleus.

Necrotic means the cell dies due to some sort of outside stimulus; Mechanical stress, lack of oxygen & etc.

Macrophages play an important role in both types of cell death. They remove remaining cell components & break down them with their enzymes. Obtained materials come back to a new cell cycle.

In the nature when an animal, a human or a type of plant dies, all parts of their body is disintegrated by Bacteria, some fungis & Protista to monomers like amino acid, nucleotide acid & Lipid. These monomers can make a new system that is alive or affects on living organisms, like viruses.

Technical Description of Death & Life;

|| How to destroy or kill information:

There are some ways to kill or destroy our data in formal ways, for example if you have some special data on your HDD and want to fordo all of that, what should you do?

1) Shift + Delete

2) Format your HDD

3) Format your HDD and install another OS

But does Microsoft or Google or some other companies like them kill their important information of database by these regular ways?

Of course not! For example Microsoft kills its information by some ways that are not logical at the first in people mind.

Microsoft has some powerful programs to encrypt data like Bitlocker & etc.

But when a HDD in Microsoft company has serious problem Microsoft reformat it, if the problem solved HDD comes back to the normal working but if the problem didn`t solve Microsoft will not use bitlocker and take HDD away because it afraid of losing its important data. The Microsoft`s engineers rendered some solution to safe data. One of these powerful ways is this: The Microsoft`s engineers write some program with special algorithm that format one HDD and change the HDD table and write spurious data on HDD and repeat these actions up to 1,000,000 times, by this you can safe your data up to ~90% but you can recovery your data yet. So Microsoft, Google, Intel and giant companies don`t want to risk so they use another ways to kill their important information; destroy HDDs one by one.

Maybe it s not good for Microsoft, Google, Apple & etc to use this way to keep their data secure! But really they cannot do anything else...

Cause Information is Physical.

Information can be stored on/in everything;

Mechanical waves, EM waves, cellules, Hyper Molecule like DNA & RNA, Atomes, LED board in a city, alphabets, eyes & ears (How you see and hear), Quantum fluctuation, Elementary Particles and etc.

You can store 1MB on a big page and 1TB on few amounts of molecules (1gram DNA; 700TB).

Human’s complex body is because of more information. Each new movement means new structure.

From simple Algae to Human body, from simple atoms to complex system of life. It is Entropy, it s increasing the information. One bit to 700TBytes. All these are because of chaotic universe; Dynamic System.

Several years ago human needed large volume to store just one word (few amounts of bits). For example 500KB in a room (3*4*3m)! but you have now 1TeraBytes in your packet as external HDD.

Suppose 1m for 1MB (50 yrs ago) and 1nm for 1MB now.

We know just bit as unit of information but we cannot explain it by place/space/time, (x,y,z,t). But Bit is physical parameter cause we can measure it.

If you have storage device with good (acceptable) quality, it s not important for your data How long and How many years they are in that device. For example after 50 yrs, you can play music that stored on a device by your father or grandpa. Maybe quality of music reduce but that s because of materials of device. The Information exists but you cannot read, however you can recover & repair them like photos and videos.

So there is no scale for information. (x,y,z,t) is surface of structures coordinates. But actually there s no dependency for info on structures. Even you can recover info after destroy almost of surface. (As we talk before.)

To Be or Not To Be of surface is not important for Nature of Information.

Your info will remain at least at the surface of NATURE. However information is Free in time & space/place.

So after Death, Information will be alive.

Read more;
We are Quantum Computer.
Robotic DNA

| Elementary Particle – Light - Information |

2012-10-20T11:21:00.001+01:00

How to measure by ElementaryParticle?

Description of ElementaryParticle/Light;

||The laws of physics describe light and matter, and the quantum revolution rewrote both descriptions. Radioactivity was good example of matter's behaving in a way that was inconsistent with classical physics, but if we want to get under the hood and understand how non-classical things happen it will be easier to focus on light rather than matter. A radioactive atom such as uranium 235 is after all an extremely complex system, consisting of 92 protons, 143 neutrons, and 92 electrons. Light, however, can be a simple sine wave.

However successful the classical wave theory of light had been allowing the creation of radio and radar, for example, it still failed to describe many important phenomena. An example that is currently of great interest is the way the ozone layer protects us from the dangerous short-wavelength ultraviolet part of the sun's spectrum. In the classical description, light is a wave. When a wave passes into and back out of a medium, its frequency is unchanged, and although its wavelength is altered while it is in the medium, it returns to its original value when the wave reemerges.

For a long time, physicists tried to explain away the problems with the classical theory of light as arising from an imperfect understanding of atoms and the interaction of light with individual atoms and molecules. The ozone paradox, for example, could have been attributed to the incorrect assumption that the ozone layer was a smooth, continuous substance, when in reality it was made of individual ozone molecules. It wasn't until 1905 that Albert Einstein threw down the gauntlet, proposing that the problem had nothing to do with the details of light's interaction with atoms and everything to do with the fundamental nature of light itself.

In those days the data were sketchy, the ideas vague, and the experiments difficult to interpret; it took a genius like Einstein to cut through the thicket of confusion and find a simple solution. Although Einstein was interpreting different observations, this is the conclusion he reached in his 1905 paper: that the pure wave theory of light is an oversimplification, and that the energy of a beam of light comes in finite chunks rather than being spread smoothly throughout a region of space.

We now think of these chunks as particles of light, and call them photons, although Einstein avoided the word particle, and the word photon was invented later. Regardless of words, the trouble was that waves and particles seemed like inconsistent categories. The reaction to Einstein's paper could be kindly described as vigorously skeptical. Even twenty years later, Einstein wrote, there are therefore now two theories of light, both indispensable, and as one must admit today despite twenty years of tremendous effort on the part of theoretical physicists without any logical connection.

We have seen evidence that light energy comes in little chunks, so the next question to be asked is naturally how much energy is in one chunk. The most straightforward experimental avenue for addressing this question is a phenomenon known as the photoelectric effect. The photoelectric effect occurs when a photon strikes the surface of a solid object and knocks out an electron. It occurs continually all around you. It is happening right now at the surface of your skin and on the paper or computer screen from which you are reading these words.

The photoelectric effect was discovered serendipitously by Heinrich Hertz in 1887, as he was experimenting with radio waves. He was not particularly interested in the phenomenon, but he did notice that the effect was produced strongly by ultraviolet light and more weakly by lower frequencies. Light whose frequency was lower than a certain critical value did not eject any electrons at all. This dependence on frequency didn't make any sense in terms of the classical wave theory of light. A light wave consists of electric and magnetic fields. The stronger the fields, i.e., the greater the wave's amplitude, the greater the forces that would be exerted on electrons that found themselves bathed in the light. It should have been amplitude (brightness) that was relevant, not frequency. The dependence on frequency not only proves that the wave model of light needs modifying, but with the proper interpretation it allows us to determine how much energy is in one photon, and it also leads to a connection between the wave and particle models that we need in order to reconcile them, therefore, light must be both a particle and a wave. It is a wave because it exhibits interference effects. At the same time, the fact that the photographs contain discrete dots is a direct demonstration that light refuses to be split into units of less than a single photon.

One possible interpretation of wave-particle duality that occurred to physicists early in the game was that perhaps the interference effects came from photons interacting with each other. By analogy, a water wave consists of moving water molecules and interference of water wave results ultimately from all the mutual pushes and pulls of the molecules, if interference effects came from photons interacting with each other, a bare minimum of two photons would have to be present at the same time to produce interference. By making the light source extremely dim, we can be virtually certain that there are never two photons in the box at the same time.

If a single photon can demonstrate double-slit interference, then which slit did it pass through? The unavoidable answer must be that it passes through both! This might not seem so strange if we think of the photon as a wave, but it is highly counterintuitive if we try to visualize it as a particle.

If a photon had a well defined path, then it would not demonstrate wave superposition and interference effects, contradicting its wave nature.

A second possible explanation of wave-particle duality was taken seriously in the early history of quantum mechanics. What if the photon particle is like a surfer riding on top of its accompanying wave? As the wave travels along, the particle is pushed, or piloted by it. Imagining the particle and the wave as two separate entities allows us to avoid the seemingly paradoxical idea that a photon is both at once. The wave happily does its wave tricks, like superposition and interference, and the particle acts like a respectable particle, resolutely refusing to be in two different places at once. If the wave, for instance, undergoes destructive interference, becoming nearly zero in a particular region of space, then the particle simply is not guided into that region.

Around the turn of the twentieth century, experiments began to show problems with the classical wave theory of light. In any experiment sensitive enough to detect very small amounts of light energy it becomes clear that light energy cannot be divided into chunks smaller than a certain amount. Measurements involving the photoelectric effect demonstrate that this smallest unit of light energy equals hf, where f is the frequency of the light and h is a number known as Planck's constant. We say that light energy is quantized in units of hf, and we interpret this quantization as evidence that light has particle properties as well as wave properties.

The only method of reconciling the wave and particle natures of light that has stood the test of experiment is the probability interpretation: the probability that the particle is at a given location is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the wave at that location.

One important consequence of wave-particle duality is that we must abandon the concept of the path the particle takes through space. To hold on to this concept, we would have to contradict the well established wave nature of light, since a wave can spread out in every direction simultaneously.

To conclude it, during 2012 many physicists were hoping that photons particles of light could help us to piece together the nature of the mysterious stuff thought to make up 85 per cent of the universe's matter.

Some theories had hinted that heavy photons, hypothetical versions of the more familiar mass-less particles, might be dark matter. According to that idea, the heavy photon would have a small amount of mass and might carry an unknown fundamental force that allows it to interact only with ordinary photons effectively hiding it from the visible world.

When most particles with mass get too near to a black hole, they fall in, never to be seen again. Photons with no mass can skirt past danger if they are on the right trajectory. But a photon with a very tiny in between mass can enter into an orbit of the spinning black hole and steal some of its angular momentum. If conditions are right, this process can continue until orbiting particles slow the hole down so much that it stops spinning.

Some scientist have calculated how long photons of given masses would take to sap a black hole's spin. Then they examined data on the ages and rotation speeds of eight super-massive black holes.

(QED; QuantumElectroDynamics: Angle of Incidence is not equal to angle of reflection.)

One of the best devices to download information is eye that sometimes cannot work correctly because holographic structure of our brain, but for weak mind without enough concentration. Weak mind cannot process information fast & correct.

Anyway eyes are not just measuring device. We can measure by touching or hearing & etc directly but still we have another tools to measure; Measuring by others. Like measuring attributes & properties of black-holes, dark-matters and dark energy by effects of them on others so it is indirect measuring. We can use it to measure elementary particles specifications like spin so we can use Quantum Effects to measure something we cannot directly get information about it. Like Quantum Tunneling to measure what happen inside Black-Holes. That because if we send Entangled Bits to Black-Holes we can observe effect of them on Entangled Bits in our labs so we decode the behavior and analysis to understand what happened for those entangled Bits inside black-holes; how their spin change and how fast it happened & etc. And it s exactly the mechanism of nature is measuring.

| Modern Life - Future Technology - Computer/Human |

2012-10-10T09:41:00.003+01:00

Future of Humanity

Description of Modern Life;

||Technology is very big part of modern life. Many people see technology as a force that has escaped from human control. Others feel that technology has improved the quality of life. Do you think that the contribution technology has made to modern life has been positive or negative?
We all think that technology is getting better everywhere. But the truth is most of the advanced things has been hidden in their production policy. In the world trade we can point out that very clearly. These problems are started from every necessary need. It begins from the consumable items to modern computerized system. Consumable goods are usually excluded from warranty policies, as it is considered that covering them would excessively increase the cost of the premium. So we most getting problem with this because of global competition has caused manufacturers to raise the bar for products performance and productivity. Many have realized the importance of proper maintenance when it comes to maximizing product effectiveness. Far fewer have recognized the potential impact of wear parts and consumables on overall production. With current technology, consumable parts can play a critical role in the overall success of a machine investment. Similar to the way inexpensive cartridges can eliminate the benefits of a high-performance printers, low quality consumables can result in subpar machine.

The photocopier industry is one key industry that can help to maintain the planet as we know it and help to reduce the impact we have on our environment. Many of the photocopier manufacturers are putting into place processes that will reduce CO2 output by recycling toner bottles and looking to integrate as many bio-materials into their products as possible as the following study shows cheaper photocopiers are increasing the recycling energy and it will lead the poor environment policy.
Recycling is all about reusing wasted material and if we don't recycle then the waste material ends up in land-fill.
According to the BBC, the UK disposes of more waste into land-fill than any other EU country. Traditional plastics tend have been estimated to take more than a thousand years to degrade according to the Times online.

With these statistics in MIND, the responsibility to dispose of waste in an environmentally friendly way should be on every company’s agenda. Considering the majority of photocopiers, network printers and toner bottles are made from some sort of plastic. Recycling is the only feasible way to dispose of your toner bottle or old photocopier while traditional plastics are still in use. According to the lack products quality, consumers need to buy that more and more. It is indirectly increases their expenses and effects our environment policy. When we like to have the inexpensive and easy way for recycling all our consumables, Definitely it will effect of our environment policy and indirectly .as you know the office fax machine, laser printer or photocopier finally dies or gets replaced you may be wondering what to do with it. It’s not commonly known but the incorrect disposal of office printers & copiers is extremely hazardous to the environment as these machines contain materials that can pollute the earth. That is why some specialized companies guarantee that “NO LANDFILLS” will be used with our “recycle the right way” company policy. When it comes to the disposal of laser printers, fax machines, photocopiers and all desktop printers is the right choice.
Those authorized business provides the environmentally safe service of fax machine disposal and the disposal of all office printers. Then we can achieve the maximum environmental benefit for the disposal of obsolete office printing and copying equipment.

They dismantle faxes (facsimile machines), office printers (laser printer, office jet printer, inkjet printer, etc) and Copiers (photocopiers, Ricoh, Kyocera, Utax, NRG, Samsung, Rex Rotary, Intimus, HP, Cannon, Xerox) into their composite materials so these materials can be recycled and placed back into the manufacturing process as feedstock. The generations of feedstock through their processes help to preserve our natural resources that are usually used for manufacturing. According to this statement we can understand that the technology been hidden there because of our hesitation. Whatever the technology is there which is created few years before. It never comes to the market. Because it may effects the production cost of manufacturer. They might think that the new arrivals hold their stock which is selling by them presently. Also the demand of the people needs to be cheap and best. They are getting it but not everything. In the smart phones we can understand that better than anything. Because their software designed by few months before. But it will not come to the world market soon. It will come with small dimension & icon changes. But they never reveal their full updated device. It will come with their next version of smart phones only. Therefore whatever we are using as our present technology. It is revealed few years before only. So welcoming our technology to gives us everything at right time and using by our present generation not by our grand children’s. We wish them to have a very useful and innovative technology ever.

Description of Future Technology by Mostafa Hussain;

||If we want to speak about technology we should first speak about companies that release new tech in all over the world because technology is the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, achieve a goal or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures .so this definition of technology made us that everything that you can use and is accessibility is tech.

But nowadays unfortunately we see that companies whom have heavy responsibility to publish the technology and new resolution of problems in humans life have quarrel together .and this quarrel has stupid reasons .for example Apple thinks that any company don’t have right to build tablets because it was the first company that made Ipad and has complained about Samsung that Samsung`s designer designed Galaxy SII like one of its products. Because of these stupid reasons our companies spend their time and energy in court of justice instead of tech laboratory .so this is clear that Iphone5 is the same as Iphone4.

Our companies can solve these quarrels by some protocols and laws like open source and these are not against the copyright. These companies must raise their capacity and think about new tech instead of earning money.

The advantage and benefit of open source is that technology will be complete with high speed and companies can observe new product and after that release new tech .now we can use at least the product of 2017 in 2012 because companies think only about money ,we can see it Sony company .Sony and Ericsson dissented on early 2012 but Sony release its new product by Sony Ericsson brand yet .this is just story that we could find but if you compare current knowledge and current tech you can understand that tech is really lagging.

But now we want to speak about some technology that can be accessible in the future:

Processing data is expensive action, nowadays we have to spend our money to buy CPUs for our PCs, Laptops, & etc. So companies want to create processing units and sell these technology to public and people can buy the power of processing that required, this is clear that we aren`t far from this and we can see it in few years later. (This is something like cutting DVD-ROMs and HDD from laptops because you can get your data from powerful database called Internet.)

In fact future technology will mix Humans with Machines.

Because of magical ability of human`s brain that no one can know it correctly and completely cause we are quantum computers, Engineers want to deposit processing of new computers to human`s brain. Because brain is flexible so can get new responsibility. By this you can connect to internet and download your necessary data by thinking about this action.

But as you know information in our brain is transferring by ions. And this means your speed for transferring of information and processing information is lower than processing with electrons. In fact this is the logical result of information that we have, as I said we are quantum computer, perhaps we will see high speed of processing with ion.

By this technology you can write and read and understand Chinese language but you are not from china, you see a line that wrote with Chinese language so your eyes sent information to your brain, because your brain can`t analysis these data so sent that packet to your new part of brain that connect you to an online dictionary and finally you can analysis Chinese line, these are compute in very short time because info transfer by ion and electron.

By this tech you can compute math very quickly, for example if I ask you 9*9=? You can answer very fast because you answered this question by using some ability of your brain like cache (in a computer CPU has some space to saving some information that is very necessary called ROM) and perhaps your brain use something like ROM to cached data. But if I ask you (13^3)*tan37=? You should use some manual way and spend a lot of time to answer it. By this tech you can find answer of this question like 9*9.

And finally by this tech you are a computer. You can do anything that now you done it with your laptop, tablet, smart phone & etc. you can play song and video and listen to your favorite music without forwarding signal around you.

You get your facebook notification and E-mail only by thinking about your wall and your inbox of E-mail, you can set your body to get pain in your left eye when important notification like “friend request confirm” is available.

And now you are a powerful human-machine that can complete together.

The next logical iteration of the computer-in-your-pocket (which we still call a “phone”) is a computer implanted into you. This I think will be the basis of personal technology for Concordia: a chip planted into the skull that acts as the personal computer/communication device for each citizen.

It would be inherently wireless, able to access the internet and interface with other devices. It would have voice and sound modules in the jaw, and probably some kind of heads-up-display. Would that be able to be displayed directly on the eyeball with Nano-projectors, or would it need something a little more device-y over the eye?

There would need to be a way to interface with it as well, beyond what would likely have to be simple brain controls. Perhaps a touch-screen-like environment that gets projected onto a surface in front of you Or if you’re interfacing with an existing terminal, you can use its screen?

Of course, real tech-heads would go all out with this thing, and similar implanted techs, extending their cybernetic abilities. But there would probably be legal regulations against going too far, for safety reasons – I imagine as much as technology has advanced, it’s certainly not perfect yet. Major enhancements would also be expensive – since each requires surgery.

These may be a little more common in the technological underworld. I love the cyberpunk criminal tech world of Neuromancer, and imagine similar things, with black market hospitals for the surgery, experimental chips and programs, etc.

But at the same time, where an iphone might be stolen from someone or a computer accessed from a public terminal, these personal computers would have to be implanted surgically. And while they might be ubiquitous enough that basically everyone has one by twin-hood, there would be one exception: people who grew up outside of the normal societal structure.

Sure, someone on the streets in the under-city would have access to the black market clinics, but if they never had the money to get it, they would be completely cut off from “normal” cultural awareness, cut off from the communications grid, and in a way cut off from each other. What a divide that would create.

Would there still be computer terminals that people could access without a chip? What purpose would they serve? Who would be expected to use them? Or are they relics of the last generation, before the chips were so ubiquitous? Ah, but they would still have had something personal, the beginnings of a chip, perhaps linked to a handheld device closer to what we have today.

Don't Forget to See Back to The Future movies. The movies that may reveal some hidden project at that time & after years some of those technology get out to the markets
Back to the Future (1985)
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
Back to the Future Part III (1990)

| DNA & Information & Chemical Reaction |

2012-10-01T12:19:00.002+01:00

Chemical Reaction & Information

Description of Chemical Reactions;

||Reactions are the verbs of chemistry. The activity that chemists study. Many reactions move to their conclusion and then stop, meaning that the reactants have been completely transformed into products, with no means of returning to their original state. In some cases, the reaction truly is irreversible, as for instance when combustion changes both the physical and chemical properties of a substance. There are plenty of other circumstances, however, in which a reverse reaction is not only possible but an ongoing process, as the products of the first reaction become the reactants in a second one. This dynamic state, in which the concentration of reactants and products remains constant, is referred to as equilibrium. It is possible to predict the behavior of substances in equilibrium through the use of certain laws, which are applied in industries seeking to lower the costs of producing specific chemicals. Equilibrium is also useful in understanding processes that preserve or potentially threaten human health.

A chemical reaction is a process whereby the chemical properties of a substance are altered by a rearrangement of the atoms in the substance. The changes produced by a chemical reaction are fundamentally different from physical changes, such as boiling or melting liquid water, changes that alter the physical properties of water without affecting its molecular structure.

Though chemical reactions are most effectively analyzed in terms of molecular properties and behaviors, there are numerous indicators that suggest to us when a chemical reaction has occurred. It is unlikely that all of these will result from any one reaction, and in fact chances are that a particular reaction will manifest only one or two of these effects. Nonetheless, these offer us hints that a reaction has taken place.

Signs that a substance has undergone a chemical reaction:

Water is produced, A solid forms, Gases are produced, Bubbles are formed, There is a change in color, The temperature changes, the taste of a consumable substance changes, The smell changes.

Many of these effects can be produced simply by changing the temperature of a substance, but again, the mere act of applying heat from outside (or removing heat from the substance itself) does not constitute a chemical change. Water can be produced by melting ice, but the water was already there it only changed form. By contrast, when an acid and a base react to form water and a salt, that is a true chemical reaction.

Similarly, the freezing of water forms a solid, but no new chemical substance has been formed. In a chemical reaction by contrast, two liquids can react to form a solid. When water boils through the application of heat, bubbles form, and a gas or vapor is produced; yet in chemical changes, these effects are not the direct result of applying heat.

In this context, a change in temperature, noted as another sign that a reaction has taken place, is a change of temperature from within the substance itself. Chemical reactions can be classified as heat producing (exothermic) or heat absorbing (endothermic). In either case, the transfer of heat is not accomplished simply by creating a temperature differential, as would occur if heat were transferred merely through physical means.

At one time, chemists could only study reactions from the outside, as it were, purely in terms of effects noticeable through the senses. Between the early nineteenth and the early twentieth century, however, the entire character of chemistry changed, as did the terms in which chemists discussed reactions. Today, those reactions are analyzed primarily in terms of subatomic, atomic, and molecular properties and activities.

Despite all this progress, however, chemists still do not know exactly what happens in a chemical reaction but they do have a good approximation. This is the collision model, which explains chemical reactions in terms of collisions between molecules. If the collision is strong enough, it can break the chemical bonds in the reactants, resulting in a re formation of atoms within different molecules. The more the molecules collide, the more bonds are being broken, and the faster the reaction.

Considering all other kinetic parameters constant, an increase in the numbers of collisions can be produced in two ways: either the concentrations of the reactants are increased, or the temperature is increased. By raising the temperature, the speeds of the molecules themselves increase, and the collisions possess more energy. A certain energy threshold, the activation energy must be crossed in order for a reaction to occur. A temperature increase raises the likelihood that a given collision will cross the activation energy threshold, producing the energy to break the molecular bonds and promote the chemical reaction.

Raising the temperature and the concentrations of reactants can increase the energy and hasten the reactions, but in some cases it is not possible to do either. Fortunately, the rate of reaction can be increased in a third way, through the introduction of a catalyst, a substance that speeds up the reaction without participating in it either as a reactant or product.

A chemical equation, like a mathematical equation, symbolizes an interaction between entities that produces a particular result. In the case of a chemical equation, the entities are not numbers but reactants, and they interact with each other not through addition or multiplication, but by chemical reaction. Yet just as a product is the result of multiplication in mathematics, a product in a chemical equation is the substance or substances that result from the reaction.

Instead of an equals sign, between the reactants and the product, arrows are used. When the arrow points to the right, this indicates a forward reaction; conversely, an arrow pointing to the left symbolizes a reverse reaction. In a reverse reaction, the products of a forward reaction have become the reactants, and the reactants of the forward reaction are now the products.

Chemical equilibrium, which occurs when the ratio between the reactants and products is constant and in which the forward and reverse reactions take place at the same rate.

Chemical equations usually include notation indicating the state or phase of matter for the reactants and products: (s) for a solid; (l) for a liquid; (g) for a gas. A fourth symbol, (aq), indicates a substance dissolved in water that is, an aqueous solution.

Not all situations of equilibrium are alike: depending on certain factors, the position of equilibrium may favor one side of the equation or the other. If a company is producing chemicals for sale, for example, its production managers will attempt to influence reactions in such a way as to favor the forward reaction. In such a situation, it is said that the equilibrium position has been shifted to the right. In terms of physical equilibrium, mentioned above, this would be analogous to what would happen if you were holding your arms out on either side of your body, with a heavy lead weight in your left hand and a much smaller weight in the right hand.

Your center of gravity, or equilibrium position, would shift to the left to account for the greater force exerted by the heavier weight.

Suppose we add more of a particular substance to increase the rate of the forward reaction. In an equation for this reaction, the equilibrium symbol is altered, with a longer arrow pointing to the right to indicate that the forward reaction is favored. Again, the equilibrium position has shifted to the right just as one makes physical adjustments to account for an imbalanced weight. The system responds by working to consume more of the reactant, thus adjusting to the stress that was placed on it by the addition of more of that substance. By the same token, if we were to remove a particular reactant or product, the system would shift in the direction of the detached component.

If the volume of gases in a closed container is decreased, the pressure increases. An equilibrium system will therefore shift in the direction that reduces the pressure; but if the volume is increased, thus reducing the pressure, the system will respond by shifting to increase pressure.

However, that not all increases in pressure lead to a shift in the equilibrium. If the pressure were increased by the addition of a noble gas, the gas itself since these elements are noted for their lack of reactivity would not be part of the reaction. Thus the species added would not be part of the equilibrium constant expression, and there would be no change in the equilibrium.

In an exothermic, or heat-producing reaction, the heat is treated as a product. Thus, when nitrogen and hydrogen react, they produce not only ammonia, but a certain quantity of heat. If this system is at equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle shows that the addition of heat will induce a shift in equilibrium to the left in the direction that consumes heat or energy.

The reverse is true in an endothermic, or heat-absorbing reaction. Chemical reactions involve the making and breaking of bonds. It is essential that we know what bonds are before we can understand any chemical reaction. To understand bonds, we will first describe several of their properties. The bond strength tells us how hard it is to break a bond. Bond lengths give us valuable structural information about the positions of the atomic nuclei. Bond dipoles inform us about the electron distribution around the two bonded atoms. From bond dipoles we may derive electronegativity data useful for predicting the bond dipoles of bonds that may have never been made before.

From these properties of bonds we will see that there are two fundamental types of bonds covalent and ionic. Covalent bonding represents a situation of about equal sharing of the electrons between nuclei in the bond. Covalent bonds are formed between atoms of approximately equal electronegativity. Because each atom has near equal pull for the electrons in the bond, the electrons are not completely transferred from one atom to another. When the difference in electronegativity between the two atoms in a bond is large, the more electronegative atoms that can strip an electron off, of the less electronegative one, to form a negatively charged anion and a positively charged cation. The two ions are held together in an ionic bond because the oppositely charged ions attract each other, when in the solid state, can be described as ionic lattices whose shapes are dictated by the need to place oppositely charged ions close to each other and similarly charged ions as far apart as possible. Though there is some structural diversity in ionic compounds, covalent compounds present us with a world of structural possibilities.

Conclusively, the number of possibilities of new chemical reactions for the industry is greatly enhanced by the capacity of modern computers.

How little change in small scale makes big different in large scale?!

It is Dynamic System. The system that always its elements are moving and there is no rule & role how to move!

It is always Chaotic.

Because of this we get, How DNA strings shape live organs and How simple bits of information generate complex system.

But we can predict what happen in the end of chemical reactions. For example if we mix A and B we can predict to have AB. However we can guess correctly results of reactions But we cannot mark each element. We can guess about congeries of materials. Even if we suppose that can mark some molecules we cannot mark electrons and of course we cannot predict about spins of electrons.

Chemical Reactions are depend on electrons when you observe them in small scale (on classical physics).

String of Information becomes observable at first step of classical viewpoint on spin & wave.

At second step its spinal state that shapes our universe; life & another structures.

But at the first step it is information, that can be stored on spinal state, atoms, molecules, wave state, quarks, sea, mountain, cells, trees, … & nothing!

When you chemically mix A & B it changes their structures so their information generate new structure with new properties and features it is How DNA can build completely new structure: with new internal & external features.

To be continue…

| Neural Net. - Computer Net. - Information |

2012-09-20T12:45:00.001+01:00

Natural Network

Brief Introduction of Neural Networks & Control Center(Brain);

|| The brain is the control centre of human’s body and it sits in the skull at the top of spinal cord.

Brain is the most powerful & cleverest system in body. It acts quickly and accurately, it is too complex that scientists believe many actions of brain is unknown yet.

It collects all of the signals inside the body or from outside of body constantly and then sent a suitable order. Hearing, tasting, smelling, touching, seeing & moving are senses which get information for brain. These information are making neural signals. Neural signals cross nerve cells all over the body when get order from brain.

Brain has three important parts:

1- The cerebrum; which has two parts, the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

This area of the brain is involved in several functions of the body, like perception, thought, judgment, imagination, and decision. It includes about 10 billion neurons, with about 50 trillion synapses! It has four areas which called Lobes. Each lobe does its special task. For example neural signals of eyes, sent to Occipital Lobes or opinion and personality processing center is Frontal lobe.

2 - The cerebellum;

The cerebellum is under the cerebrum that does some important Task like learning & body’s balance. It gets the signals from muscles, Joints & skin by helping brain & spinal cord and after data processing sends an order.

3- The brain stem that controls a lot of the 'automatic' actions of the body such as breathing and heart beat, and links the brain to the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

The brain and spinal cord together make up the central nervous system (CNS).

The spinal cord has three major functions: as a conduit for motor information, which travels down the spinal cord, as a conduit for sensory information in the reverse direction, and as a center for coordinating certain reflexes.

Neuron cells

Brain and spinal cord are made a big group of neuron cells that estimated only a brain has 100 billion neurons.

A neuron is an electrochemical cell that Irritated easily. It transmits information by electrical and chemical signals. Neurons connect to each other to form neural networks, called Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

All neurons are electrically excitable. Ions motion such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium produce voltage gradients across neuron's membranes. Voltage gradients changing generate electrical Signals-called an action potential that cross all over the neuron. When action potential arrive the end of cell's axon, synaptic connections with other cells are acted. In synapses chemical molecules release and cause action potential at the next neuron.

There are 3 types of neurons:

1- Motor neurons, receive signals from the Central Nervous System to muscles, glands & elsewhere in the body.

2- Sensory neurons, respond to touch, sound, light and other sensory organs that then send signals to CNS. This neuron has long dendrites & short axon.

3- Relay Neuron, located within the brain and spinal cord, relay neurons transmit the electrical impulses generated by the stimuli to other nerves.

Description of Neural Network by Miriam Strauss;

||Artificial neural networks are systems implemented on computer programs as specialized hardware or sophisticated software that loosely model the learning and remembering functions of the human brain. They are an attempt to simulate the multiple layers of processing elements in the brain, called neurons. These elements are implemented in such a way so that the layers can learn from prior experience and remember their outputs. In this way, the system can learn to recognize certain patterns and situations and apply these to certain priorities and output appropriate results. These types of neural networks can be used in many important situations such as priority in an emergency room, for financial assistance, and any type of pattern recognition such as handwritten or text to speech recognition.

The most basic elements of a neural network, the artificial neurons, are modeled after the neurons of the brain. The real neuron is composed of four parts: the dendrites, soma, axon, and the synapse. The dendrites receive input from other neuron's synapses, the soma processes the information received, the axon carries the action potential which fires the neuron when a threshold is breached, and the synapse is where the neuron sends its output, which are in the form of neurotransmitters, to the dendrites of other neurons. Each neuron in the human brain can connect with up to 200,000 other neurons. The power and processing of the human brain comes from a multitude of these basic components and the many thousands of connections between them.

The artificial neurons simulate the four basic functions of the real neuron. The artificial neuron is much simpler than the neuron of the brain. It takes inputs just as the real neuron but also multiplies these inputs by a weight value. Then they are sent to a processing unit which does what it needs to do to the value and then sends this value to the output path. In the simplest case, the products of these values are simply summed up and then put through a transfer process and output. This is the basic building block of all artificial neural networks, although there are many different implementations of this simple block and fundamental differences which allow for different artificial networks to be built.

The neurons are constructed in many different layers. There is an input layer which receives the inputs from the world or user, then there are hidden layers, sometimes many, that are only connected to other layers and not the real world; and finally there is the output layer which sends the results to the world or user. Neurons that are grouped into layers can be connected to other neurons on their layers and to neurons of other layers. When the input layers receives input, it produces an output, which then is the input of the neurons it is connected to, and then they in their turn produce an output to other neurons. This continues until a certain condition is met and then the results are output.

The brain basically learns from prior experience. Artificial neural networks change their connection weights, usually by training, which causes the network to learn the problem to a solution. So when a system learns a new solution, it changes the connection weights to the inputs of some or all of the artificial neurons of the system. Network systems learn this by being put through training, which usually consists of being given inputs and then feedback on how they do on the outputs. The network uses this feedback information to adjust the weights to its neurons to better solve the problem. There are a few good training methods, but the best seems to be by back propagation. In back propagation, feedback is given and then fed back through the layers so that each of the neurons involved may change their weights. This improves performance and proves to be the best form of learning. Neural networks may also be used on-line or off-line. Off-line is a form where the neurons are taught information in a domain and then when in use, they no longer change their weights. This is the most common type of neural network. In the on-line form, the neural networks are taught originally and then continue to learn while in use. This design is much more complicated in design than the off-line form.

Neural networks are performing successfully where other methods do not recognize nor match complicated, vague, or incomplete patterns. Neural networks have been applied in solving a wide variety of problems. One of the most used methods for neural networks is to tell of what will most likely happen. One use is in emergency rooms where it can become so hectic and priorities are sometimes hard to find for humans that the neural network can place priorities and enable a more successful operation in the emergency room. Neural networks are also used in financial institutions where recommendations for financial plans can be acquired. One very important use that the government uses neural networks for is the device called Snoop. Snoop is installed as a bomb detector in some U.S. airports. It uses a neural network that can determine the presence of certain compounds from the chemical configurations of their components. This is a type of recognition system that only a neural network can perform.

Neural networks are important because they can be used in a variety of situations in which other means are not possible. They can be used for prediction analysis and recognition. Not only can they outperform other means, they also can be taught to perform on different input or even taught while performing the tasks they have already learned. In the future, they will be able to teach themselves and to learn infinitely many things. This will allow for a more generalized neural network to be created without all the trial and error processes and it will be able to be applied to any situation and can learn any other situations. This is the main idea behind building computer systems that can learn and have Artificial Intelligence.

Recently, as an example, a new research have determined the complete wiring diagram for the part of the nervous system controlling mating in the male roundworm Caenorhabditis elegance, an animal model intensively studied by scientists worldwide.

The study represents a major contribution to the new field of connectomics, the effort to map the myriad neural connections in a brain, brain region or nervous system to find the specific nerve connections responsible for particular behaviors. A long-term goal of connectomics is to map the human connectome all the nerve connections within the human brain.

The Einstein scientists solved the structure of the male worm's neural mating circuits by developing software that they used to analyze serial electron micrographs that other scientists had taken of the region. They found that male mating requires 144 neurons, nearly half the worm's total number and their paper describes the connections between those 144 neurons and 64 muscles involving some 8,000 synapses. A synapse is the junction at which one neuron (nerve cell) passes an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron.

As we can see that the structure of a network has spatial characteristics that help explain how it exerts neural control over the multi step decision making process involved in mating.

Neural networks take a different approach to problem solving than that of conventional computers. Conventional computers use an algorithmic approach i.e. the computer follows a set of instructions in order to solve a problem. Unless the specific steps that the computer needs to follow are known the computer cannot solve the problem. That restricts the problem solving capability of conventional computers to problems that we already understand and know how to solve. But computers would be so much more useful if they could do things that we don't exactly know how to do.

Neural networks process information in a similar way the human brain does. The network is composed of a large number of highly interconnected processing elements (neurons) working in parallel to solve a specific problem. Neural networks learn by example. They cannot be programmed to perform a specific task. The examples must be selected carefully otherwise useful time is wasted or even worse the network might be functioning incorrectly. The disadvantage is that because the network finds out how to solve the problem by itself, its operation can be unpredictable.

On the other hand, conventional computers use a cognitive approach to problem solving; the way the problem is solved must be known and stated in small unambiguous instructions. These instructions are then converted to a high level language program and then into machine code that the computer can understand. These machines are totally predictable; if anything goes wrong, it is due to a software or hardware fault.

Neural networks and conventional algorithmic computers are not in competition but complement each other. There are tasks are more suited to an algorithmic approach like arithmetic operations and tasks that are more suited to neural networks. Even more, a large number of tasks, require systems that use a combination of the two approaches (normally a conventional computer is used to supervise the neural network) in order to perform at maximum efficiency.

Both Neural Net. & Computer Net. are about how components (clients) communicate together.
A Client as user in computer network cannot order server to do something more than its permissions, as such a cell cannot order a cell in brain. cause brain is Administrator and each parts of it are as user with Administrator Privilege. And there is policy! like group policy and local policy & etc. in computer net to set permissions and state, to define important system with some special features and properties.
Like Heart as a pumping system of Oxygen and energy. but cells of skin is not important like heart cause always they are changing. but if there s virus in surface system (like skin) it can effect on all internal network.
like skin concern.
In Part1 of We are Quantum Computer, you can find some more informatique viewpoint on network in society.

Now check these Scientific explanation & compare with these two essays;

We are Quantum Computer -Part1

We are Quantum Computer -Part2

| Measure – Relativity - Illusion |

2012-09-10T15:15:00.001+01:00

What we See & What we Observe!

Description of illusion;

||That the ancients sensed the existence or possibility of optical illusions is evidenced by the fact that they tried to draw and to paint although their inability to observe carefully is indicated by the absence of true shading. The architecture of ancient Greece reveals knowledge of certain optical illusions in the efforts to overcome them. However, the study of optical illusions did not engage the attention of scientists until a comparatively recent period.

Undoubtedly, thoughtful observers of ages ago would have noticed optical illusions, especially those found in architecture and nature. When it is considered that geometrical figures are very commonly of an illusory character it appears improbable that optical illusions could have escaped the keenness of Euclid. The apparent enlargement of the moon near the horizon and the apparent flattened vault of the sky were noticed at least a thousand years ago and literature yields several hundred memoirs on these subjects.

The purpose of visual processing is to take in information about the world around us and make sense of it. Vision involves

the sensing and the interpretation of light. The visual sense organs are the eyes, which convert incoming light energy into electrical signals.

However, this transformation is not vision in its entirety. Vision also involves the interpretation of the visual stimuli and the processes of perception and ultimately cognition.

The visual system has evolved to acquire veridical information from natural scenes. It succeeds very well for most tasks. However, the information in visible light sources is often ambiguous; and to correctly interpret the properties of many scenes, the visual system must make additional assumptions about the scene and the sources of light. A side effect of these assumptions is that our visual perception cannot always be trusted. Visually perceived imagery can be deceptive or misleading. As a result, there are situations where seeing is not believing, i.e., what is perceived is not necessarily real. These misperceptions are often referred to as illusions.

Physical illusions are those due to the disturbance of light between objects and the eyes, or due to the disturbance of sensory signals of the eyes (also known as physiological illusions). Cognitive illusions are due to misapplied knowledge employed by the brain to interpret or read sensory signals. For cognitive illusions, it is useful to distinguish specific knowledge of objects from general knowledge embodied as rules.

An important characteristic of all illusions is that there must be some means for demonstrating that the perceptual system is somehow making a mistake.

Usually this implies that some aspect of the scene can be measured in a way that is distinct from visual perception (e.g., can be measured by a photometer, a spectrometer, a ruler, etc.). It is important to recognize that these mistakes may actually be useful features of the visual system in other contexts because the same mechanisms underlying an illusion may give rise to a veridical percept for other situations. An illusion is only an illusion if the mistakes are detectable by other means.

The visual system processes information at many levels of sophistication. At the retina, there is low-level vision, including light adaptation and the center-surround receptive fields of ganglion cells. At the other extreme, there is high-level vision, which includes cognitive processes that incorporate knowledge about objects, materials and scenes. In between there is mid-level vision. Mid-level vision is simply an ill-defined region between low and high. The representations and the processing in the middle stages are commonly thought to involve surfaces, contours, grouping and so on. Lightness perception seems to involve all three levels of processing.

The low-level approach to lightness is associated with adaptation and local interactions at a physiological level, as the crucial mechanisms. This approach has long enjoyed popularity because it offers an attractive connection between physiology and psychophysics. The high-level approach is historically associated with the product of unconscious inference. What we perceive is our visual system's best guess as to what is in the world. The guess is based on the raw image data plus our prior experience.

The eye is a fantastic organ being very complex in construction, even though we only need to know about a few of its structures. Light enters the eye through the cornea; a tough transparent tissue covering the front of the eye. It then passes through the pupil—the black hole in the middle of the colored part of the eye (the iris). The lens then focuses the light on the retina, which contains the photoreceptors—light-sensitive cells called rods and cones.

The electro-magnetic energy that we know as light energy is converted by the rods and cones into electro-chemical nerve impulses. This allows the visual information to travel along the fibers of the optic nerve onto the brain.

The next task for the rods and cones is to send the nerve impulses along the optic nerve to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes, at the very back of the brain where specialized receptor cells respond as the process of visual perception continues.

We can’t possibly pay attention to all the millions of stimuli that enter the eye at the same time, so we pick out the ones that are important to us and pay attention to those. At this stage of the process, the image is broken up by specialized cells called feature detectors. Feature detectors are cells that individually

respond to lines of a certain length, lines at a certain angle or lines moving in a certain direction.

When visual information reaches the brain (visual cortex), it is reorganized so that we can make sense of it. We do this by using certain visual perceptual principles: perceptual constancies, Gestalt principles, depth and distance cues.

Once the image is reassembled using these principles, it travels along two pathways simultaneously: to the temporal lobe, to identify the object and to the parietal lobe, to judge where the object is in space in relation to our visual field and our selves.

The process whereby the visual stimulus object is given meaning. The temporal lobes identify what the object is by comparing incoming information with information already stored in memory.

The more familiar we are with the observed object, the more likely it is that we will maintain perceptual constancy of it.

Size constancy: This term refers to the fact that we maintain a constant perception of an object’s size even though the size of the image on the retina alters as the object moves nearer to

or further from us.

Shape constancy: An object is perceived to maintain its known shape despite the changing perspective from which it is observed. This is a learnt skill. A toddler may have difficulty perceiving a

familiar toy if it is viewed from an unusual angle.

Depth and distance cues are vital to us. This is because we exist in a three-dimensional world but have only two-dimensional images on our two retinas from which to judge depth and distance.

Optical illusions are legion. They greet the careful observer on every hand. They play a prominent part in our appreciation of the physical world. Sometimes they must be avoided, but often they may be put to work in various arts. Their widespread existence and their forcefulness make visual perception the final judge in decoration, painting, architecture, landscaping, lighting and in other activities. The ultimate limitation of measurements with physical instruments leaves this responsibility to the intellect. The mental being is impressed with things as perceived, not with things as they are. It is believed that this intellectual or judiciary phase which plays such a part in visual perception will be best brought out by examples of various types of static optical illusions coupled with certain facts pertaining to the eye and to the visual process as a whole.

In vision, judgments are quickly made and the process apparently is largely outside of consciousness. Higher and more complex visual judgments pass into still higher and more complex intellectual judgments. All these may appear to be primary, immediate, innate, or instinctive and therefore, certain, but the fruits of studies of the psychology of vision have shown that these visual judgments may be analyzed into simpler elements. Therefore, they are liable to error.

Do you have a fascination with Einstein's theory of relativity? What I mean is, do you find yourself fascinated by the weird predictions of this theory and would you like to get to the bottom of it once and for all? While relativity Is not a light read, pieces of it can be easily understood. This is particularly the case with Special Relativity.

We attempt to explain in an intuitive way, why the time of a rapidly traveling object seems (from your point of view) to slow down. That is, why an object seems to age more slowly when it travels at very high speeds.

Our brains are wired for survival purposes for a 3 dimensional and very slow moving environment. Compared to the speed of light, the everyday objects that our brains perceive and reason about are barely moving at all. Our common sense about how the world works is specialized for dealing with an almost non-moving or static environment (again, that's compared to the speed of light).

What this means, is that what our common sense tells us about our sluggish everyday world is mostly correct but otherwise its judgements cannot be trusted when dealing with extremely fast things.

So when experiments and mathematics tell us things that are contrary to our crude perceptions about how things should work, we find it to be totally bizarre.

Our everyday common sense tells us that if while standing on a moving barge we hit a golf ball off the front, the speed of the barge adds to the speed of the golf ball. If we were to shine a flashlight in the same direction as we had hit the ball we would find that the speed of the barge does not add to the speed of the light beam. Its speed would be the same as if the barge were not moving at all.

In 1905, Einstein explained that this was simply the way that light behaved and that it only seemed strange because our common sense notions of how relative speeds were supposed to add up were only true for very slow moving objects (as compared to the speed of light).

Alternatively, if we know about the physics of water, air and light, we can explain the effect in terms of air blowing across a water surface and producing ripples, which produce a rippling effect. However, since we cannot predict precisely how gusts of air will cause a certain pattern of ripples to be in, say, one hour's time, the "classical" explanation may not be any more accurate than the abstract quantum mechanical description, and if we do not know about the precise behavior of air and water (or do not know whether these are the real cause of what we see), the QM description may be seen as more efficient. Where the interpretative approach scores is in its ability to deal robustly with a wider range of dynamic situations it allows us to immediately imagine the sort of image that should result if we throw a stone at the reflected image: using a quantum description, the calculations might be theoretically possible, but might be unmanageably complex, and it might be difficult to be certain whether or not the calculations had been done correctly and how far they could be trusted, or how their results could be visualized.

But There is no illusion actually, unless for weak mind…

If you concentrate on illusionary images you can understand what are they?!

There is just visual effect always base on different colors that mixed together to interact and make illusion image on our brain. All of us have experience of illusionary Because always there is new structure presented by artists. But concentrate on an image and look at it several times and zoom on different part of it after few days it becomes like normal image or with less effect on your mind.

And illusionary happens because of holographic structure of our brain. Brain, automatically, tries to combine colors or texts and fix some sketchy parts. So make new image on brain thats because we cannot understand it exactly.

Also illusionary effect on scientific observations & results. Base on viewpoint of Relativity to observe an object it s important how you observe it!

Which coordinates, which angle, what is your speed, what isyour acceleration, & etc.

Different frame effect on your measurement. So I know what that you cannot even see!

It s type of illusion for you in my frame. We can define some solutions for it; Be patient!

First try to measure from different frames carefully then collect the results & then talk about it.

(First Think, Then Talk)

Some results of Relativity are not scientific. They are just illusion. Like change in length on high speed & …

| Quantum Computer – Operating System - Human |

2012-09-03T11:55:00.002+01:00

Quantum Computers Operating System

We are Quantum Computer -Part2

Robot/Human is Human/Robot.

We learn how to connect to others.
We LEARN everything.
It is just Information Storing; Data + Mechanism(Algorithm).
So it is process of thinking, contraction between data and mechanism. Then we learn how to control this process. So by combination of data or mechanism or both we can imagine new information. New strings of Bits & then we can control our hardware (body).
After that, body will perform orders and commands of data centers & processors. All these, after holographic aspect, appear as Chemical interaction.
We receive information from environment or ourselves by imagination and then store on our storages (cells) then use by electromagnetic pulse(Spin).

Everything depends on Information storing.

There is same way to store but not same information and effects from environments; So different Personality & Mentality > different tact and taste (desire). But there s no something from beyond of our understanding, there s no some weird force that called Love, Sentiment, Kindness & etc. there are just How Hardware works based on Software.

It s about which hormones not enough or more than enough!

Which Vitamins decrease Or increase! & etc.

- For example; What s meaning Beauty?

Someone define it according to regularity But someone base on propriety or symmetry BUT someone define beauty as part of Chaotic System like fractals. According to how we define beauty we look at or observe universe.

From a particle or flowers, butterflies, stone, quantum system, light, stars, sky, could, sea, boy, dust, ash, girls & etc.

- What is this?!

It s not something more than sensors & parameters set on them.

We can programming sensors to detect humans face (that u can see on smartphones) or detect smile. So we can do it with more detail to find beautiful smile or face or set more parameters for all part of human body or landscape or …

After surfaces there are parameters for personality & behavior.

Internal & External parameters.

All of humans when connect to others just waiting to see how others treat with them. And then they decide to continue with them or not. Sometimes two persons become so similar & compatible so they will be together forever.

Like compatible system in network or healthy computer on a private network. Each person has its private network; networks of you with your things in your room: books, mobile, laptops, pc & etc.

Maybe your mobile will be more compatible with you than others!

And there are network (society) with your close friends, family & others.

So you have your own parameters according to some basis to communicate with others. Scientific parameters or another kind…

But we can of course behave more advance than simple computers because we are Quantum Computer. And this is our different with animals and things that we can learn; store data and mechanism of how using data.

So OperatingSystem of Quantum Computer will have ability to learn.

Store Data and then learn how to use them; that called experience. How we experience?! We do or we observe how others do. So let Computers search on youtube! Just search topics and then get several video or search on google to observe images. Computer can recognize the pictures and videos. (like face detection or motion detect on Smart TVs & etc.) However we have smart materials (Nano-Material) that react because of motion or light or new state.

We will complete it with more details about Quantum Computer OS; To explain what kind of new feature it can include?!

So get it that Robots can love others. (because of beauty parameters Or Personality-Mental parameters)