Plant Science 4 U

Quiz on Pteridophytes | Plant Science Quiz

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 09 Mar 2022 11:16:00 +0000

1. Dehiscence of sporangia takes place by a vertical splitting in
Lycopodium
Selaginella
Equisetum
Marselia
2. In the prothallus of the fern plant
The nuclei of all cells including sex organs and gametes have monoploid number
Only the sex organs and gametes have monoploid number
Only the gametes have monoploid number
The cells have mixploid condition
3. A Pteridophyte member with ridged stem consists of alternating vallecular and carinal canal with V-shaped poorly developed xylem

Selaginella
Equisetum
Microsorium
Marsilea
4. Sporophyte with Synangium, homosporous with eusporangiate development is seen in the pteridophyte
Psilotum
Lycopodium
Isoetes
Marselia
5.Which of the following is called ‘walking fern’?
Selaginella rupestris
Selaginella bryopteris
Adiantus incisum
Adiantum caudatum
6. Which among the following is a tree fern?
Pteris
Cyathea
Adiantum
Dryopteris
7.The fossil fern, Rhynia was discovered by
Sir William Dawson
Kidson and Lang
De Bary
Captain Cooke
8.Smallest fern among the following is
Drynaria
Anogramma
Cyathea
Woodsia
9. The most advanced parallel-banded stele in the Pterdophyta
Haplostele
Plectostele
Actinostele
Mixed protostele
10. The protostele of --------------species shows variations with respect to its shape and arrangement of vascular tissue such as actinostele, plectostele, mixed protostels and plectosteles
Marsilea
Salvinia
Equisetum
Lycopodium
Score =
Correct answers:

Image Credit: Heino Lepp

Multiple Choice Questions on Fungi | Mycology MCQ

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 26 Feb 2022 16:36:00 +0000

1. Yeast is an important source of

A) Vitamin C

B) Riboflavin

C) Sugar

D) Fat

2. Total length of the life cycle in yeast

A) 90 minutes

B) 1 hour

C) 12 hours

D) 24 hours

3. Rhizopus, Penicillium, and Aspergillus are examples of

A) Parasitic fungi

B) Symbiotic fungi

C) Saprophytic fungi

D) Predacious fungi

4. The following is not cultivated as an edible fungi

A) Coprinus comatus

B) Agaricus bispora

C) Volvariella volvacea

D) Pleurotussa jorcaju

5. The following is not a vegetative mode of reproduction in fungi

A) Fragmentation

B) Rhizomorph

C) Sclerotia

D) Somatogamy

6. Which fungal group shows Clamp Formation?

A) Basidomycota

B) Ascomycota

C) Chytridiomycota

D) Deuteromycota

7. Which of these spores are characteristic of the black bread mold Rhizopus?

A) Basidospores

B) Arthrospores

C) Sporangiospores

D) Ascospores

8. Resting spores are called

A) Siderophore

B) Statospore

C) Planospore

D) Phialospore

9. The genus Rhizopus belongs to the family

A) Mucoraceae

B) Saccharomycetaceae

C) Pilobolaceae

D) Rhodomycetaceae

10. Powdery mildews of crops are caused by

A) Bacteria

B) Ascomycetes

C) Phycomycetes

D) Basidiomycetes

Learn more: Quiz On Fungi

Answers
1. B) Riboflavin

2. A) 90 minutes

3. C) Saprophytic fungi

4. B) Agaricus bispora

5. D) Somatogamy

6. A) Basidomycota

7. C) Sporangiospores

8. B) Statospore

9. A) Mucoraceae

10. B) Ascomycetes

MCQ on Plant Breeding | Backcross breeding and Mutation breeding

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 25 Feb 2022 10:55:00 +0000

1. Triticale has been evolved by hybridization between

A) Rice and Maize

B) Wheat and rice

C) Wheat and rye

D) Ragi and Maize

2. Which is the hexaploid species of Wheat?

A) Triticum monococcum

B) Triticum durum

C) Triticum aestivum

D) Triticum turgidum

3. Elite plants of a population are selected at the time of harvest and their seeds are bulked for sowing in the next season is termed as

A) Pure line selection

B) Mass selection

C) Linebreeding

D) Recurrent selection

4. Emasculation in coconut trees is done by

A) Removing anthers from the male flowers

B) Removing anthers from the bisexual flowers

C) Removing the male flowers from the inflorescence

D) Removing anthers from the male flowers before anthesis

5. Heterosis results from

A) Harmful effects of recessive alleles and heterozygosity

B) Homozygosity

C) Heterozygosity

D) Heterozygosity and masking of harmful effects of recessive alleles

6. Production of a double-cross hybrid involves

A) Two inbreds

B) Four inbreds

C) Six inbreds

D) Three inbreds

7. Which of the following crops are sterile due to triploid chromosome number?

I. Banana II. Citrus III. Watermelon IV. Grapes

a) I and II

b) I and III

c) II and IV

d) III and IV

8. If the somatic chromosome number for an organism is 2n = 16, the hexaploid number would be

A) 16

B) 32

C) 48

D) 64

9. ‘Gamma garden’ is used for

A) Growing plantlets produced by tissue culture

B) Eradicating pathogen from infected plants

C) Growing genetically engineered plants on trial basis

D) Mutation breeding for crop improvement.

10. Which phrase is not true about backcross breeding?

A) It is a practice that has been used by plant breeders for decades

B) Backcross breeding is repeated until the offspring has 99+% elite genes and the transgene

C) Backcross breeding is a new technique developed for genetically engineered plants

D) Backcross breeding is often used to reduce yield drag

Learn more: Quiz on Plant Breeding

Answers:

1. C) Wheat and rye

2. C) Triticum aestivum

3. B) Mass selection

4. C) Removing the male flowers from the inflorescencee

5. D) Heterozygosity and masking of harmful effects of recessive alleles

6. B) Four inbreds

7. b) I and III

8. C) 48

9.D) Mutation breeding for crop improvement.

10.C) Backcross breeding is a new technique developed for genetically engineered plants

MCQ on Plant Taxonomy | Angiosperm Family Characteristics

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 19 Feb 2022 16:49:00 +0000

1. Plants with stellate hairs, mucilaginous, free lateral stipule, solitary flowers, free petals with contorted aestivation, monoadelphous stamen, ovules with axile placentation is seen in the family

A) Malvaceae

B) Rutaceae

C) Caryophyllacea

D) Meliaceae

2. A family having unisexual flowers with parietal placentation is

A) Cruciferae

B) Euphorbiaceae

C) Orchidaceae

D) Cucurbitaceae

3. The family Lythraceae belongs to the series

A) Disciflorae

B) Calyciflorae

C) Heteromerae

D) Inferae

4. The family Amaryllidaceae differs from Liliaceae in having

A) Actinomorphic to slightly zygomorphic flowers

B) Inferior ovary

C) Axile placentation

D) Perianth of six tepals

5. Labellum in Orchidaceae comes to anterior side by the twisting of the ovary through 180 degree. This process is called

A) Adnation

B) Articulation

C) Resupination

D) Attenuation

6. Endosperm is absent in

A) Orchidaceae

B) Compositae

C) Poaceae

D) Malvaceae

7. The Commelinaceae family is commonly known as the

A) Spiderwort family

B) Aster family

C) Grass family

D) Lilli family

8. Foeniculum vulgare belongs to the family

A) Rutaceae

B) Meliaceae

C) Apiaceae

D) Brassicaceae

9. The family Lamiaceae is characterized by the inflorescence

A) Scorpiod cyme

B) Helicoid cyme

C) Verticellaster

D) Cyathium

10. Marginal placentation and monocarpellary pistil are found in

A) Poaceae

B) Asteraceae

C) Fabaceae

D) Liliaceae

Learn more: Quiz on Plant Systematics

Answers:

1. A) Malvaceae

2. D) Cucurbitaceae

3.B) Calyciflorae

4. B) Inferior ovary

5. C) Resupination

6. A) Orchidaceae

7. A) Spiderwort family

8. C) Apiaceae

9. C) Verticellaster

10. C) Fabaceae

Notes on Fungi - Mycology Notes

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 03 Jun 2021 06:34:00 +0000

Notes

Ainsworth Classification of Fungi

Classification of Fungi - Kingdom Fungi

Classification of Fungi into 5 phyla

Life cycle of plasmodial slime molds

Fungi and its common names

Definition of Fungus

Types of Fungal tissues

Mode of Nutrition in Fungi

Parasexuality or Parasexual Cycle

Rusts and Smuts

Puccinia

Life cycle of Puccinia

Plant Science Videos Mycology Videos

Life Cycle of Plasmodial Slime molds Simple Step Wise Explanation

noreply@blogger.com (Jazir Haneef) — Wed, 02 Jun 2021 05:26:00 +0000

What are Slime molds?

Slime moulds are ‘fungus like protists’. This group is further classified into “cellular” and “acellular” slime molds. Slime molds exhibit characteristics of both fungus and protozoans. Both grow in moist soil or decaying plant matter often white, yellow, or red in color.

What are plasmodial Slime molds?

In plasmodial slime molds, vegetative state is multi nucleate, diploid, amoeboid coenocytic mass called plasmodium.

Lets divide the life cycle into simple steps for better understanding

Steps in Life cycle of plasmodial Slime mould

Step 1:large multinucelate diploid cell that glides along engulfing food particles including microorganisms such as bacteria

Step 2: On maturity, plasmodium has a net like appearance

Step 3: Formation of sporangia

Sporangia arise from the basal net like plasmodial mass. Sporangia consist of a stalk and head region. Many diploid nucleus moves to the head region.

Step 4:Diploid (2n) nucleus undergoes meiosis forming haploid (1n) spores. Spores are thick walled and highly resistant to extreme environment. It can act like a resting spore.

Step 5:Spore Germination on return of favorable condition

Depending on the environment; spore can geminate in two ways

Step 5 a: forming swarm cells when there is enough moisture. These are biflagellated motile cells.

Step 5 b: or amoeboid cell formation in dry condition

Step 6:fusion of pair of Amoeboid cell /or swarm cell (withdraws flagella at the time of fusion)

Step 7: The resulting diploid zygote undergoes mitosis to form multinucleate plasmodium. It later forms a large super cell with many diploid nuclei.

Classification of Fungi into 5 Phyla flow chart with Examples

noreply@blogger.com (Jazir Haneef) — Sat, 22 May 2021 05:55:00 +0000

Classification of Fungi into 5 Phyla

Lets us begin with definition of fungus.

Fungi are microscopic or macroscopic, eukaryotic, haploid, non-chlorophyllated, spore bearing, filamentous, heterotrophic thallophytes which reproduce asexually and sexually.

Which are the 5 phyla of fungi?

This classification is based on mode of reproduction and Molecular data which include DNA sequence comparison and 18S rRNA (ribosomal RNA). 18S rRNA is widely used as fungal phylogenetic markers for classification

The 5 Phyla of Eumycota (True fungus) are

1.Chytridiomycota

2.Zygomycota

3.Glomeromycota

4.Ascomycota

5.Basidiomycota

1. Chytridiomycota

Simplest and most primitive; appeared during the late pre-Cambrian period, more than 500 million years ago
Mostly aquatic and unicellular
Aseptate, coenocytic hyphae
Asexual reproduction by zoospores with single flagella
Sexual reproduction is rare; if present, gametes are flagellated isogametes
Eg: Allomyces, Synchytrium

2. Zygomycota

Aseptate coenocytic hyphae
Asexual reproduction by non motile spores produced inside sporangium.
Flagellated cells absent
Sexual reproduction by gametangial fusion followed by resistant Zygospore formation
Eg: Rhizopus

3. Glomeromycota

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,
Fungus in symbiotic association with roots of higher plants or bryophytes
Coenocytic hyphae
Molecular systematic studies suggests that Glomeromycota are the sister group to the Dikarya (basidiomycota and ascomycota)
Asexual reproduction by blastospores.
Sexual reproduction absent
Eg: Geosiphon pyriformis

This is the summarized video for better understanding

4. Ascomycota(Sac fungus)

Called as Sac fungi as sexual ascospores are formed inside a sac like structure called ascus.
Septate, well developed mycelium
Asexual reproduction by nonmotile conidia, flagellated cells absent.
Sexual reproduction by ascospores (often 8 in number)
Ascocarp or fruiting body may be apothecium (cup shaped as in Peziza), Perithecium (flask shaped as in Xylaria) or cleistothecium (closed as in Penicillium)
Eg: Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Peziza

5. Basidiomycota (Club fungus)

Most abundant and advanced group of fungus
Called as club fungi as basidiospores are formed on club shaped structure called basidium
Septate well developed mycelium with dolipore septum; a special type of septum.
Asexual reproduction by non-motile exogenously produced conidia.
Sexual reproduction by basidiospores formed on basidia
Eg: Agaricus, Puccinia

Ainsworth classification of Fungi - Flow chart with Example and Salient Features

noreply@blogger.com (Jazir Haneef) — Tue, 18 May 2021 11:43:00 +0000

Lets us begin with a definition of fungus.

Fungi are microscopic or macroscopic, eukaryotic, haploid, non-chlorophyllated, spore-bearing, filamentous, heterotrophic thallophytes which reproduce asexually and sexually.

Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth (1905-1998)

He published this classification as a paper in a journal in 1966. Then modified and published in "Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi" (1971) and "The Fungi. An Advanced Treatise" (1973)

Kingdom Mycota (Fungi) is divided into 2 Divisions

1. Myxomycota (Slime moulds)

Slime moulds
Characters of both animals and plants
Not cellular, holocarpic diploid
Amoeboid protoplasm without a cell wall
Plasmodium: single, large multinucleate protoplast (coenocytic)
Example: Physarum

2. Eumycota (True Fungus)

True Fungus which is Cellular, filamentous, haploid, Unicellular or multicellular with Chitinous Cell wall
Thallus made up of Hyphae and mycelium
Example: Agaricus, Penicillium,

Myxomycota further divided into 4 classes

1. Acrasiomycetes (Cellular slime molds)

Free-living assimilatory phase forming psuedoplasmodium

Example: Dictyostelium

2. HydroMyxomycetes (Net slime molds): network like appearance

Example: Labyrinthula

3. Myxomycetes (True slime molds): free-living saprobic plasmodium

Example: Physarum

4. Plasmodiophoromycetes (endoparasitic slime molds) that lives inside a host

Example: Plasmodiophora

This is a summarized video on Ainsworth classification of Fungi:

Eumycota is divided into 5 Subdivisions
1.Mastigomycotina

Aseptate coenocytic, Asexual reproduction by zoospores (flagellated motile spores)
Sexual reproduction: gametangial copulation
Example: Albugo, Pythium, Saprolegnia

2. Zygomycotina

Aseptate coenocytic, Asexual reproduction by non motile spores produced inside sporangium.
Flagellated cells absent
Sexual reproduction by gametangial fusion followed by resistant Zygospore formation
Example: Rhizopus

3.Ascomycotina (Sac fungus)

Called as Sac fungi as sexual ascospores are formed inside a sac-like structure called ascus.
Septate, well developed mycelium
Asexual reproduction by nonmotile conidia, flagellated cells absent.
Sexual reproduction by ascospores (often 8 in number)
Ascocarp or fruiting body may be apothecium (cup-shaped as in Peziza), Perithecium (flask-shaped as in Xylaria) or cleistothecium (closed as in Penicillium)
Example: Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Peziza

4.Basidiomycotina (Club fungus)

Most abundant and advanced group of fungus
Called club fungi as basidiospores are formed on club shaped structure called a basidium
Septate well-developed mycelium with dolipore septum; a a special type of septum.
Asexual reproduction by non-motile exogenously produced conidia.
Sexual reproduction by basidiospores formed on basidia
Example: Agaricus, Puccinia

5. Deuteromycotina

Called Fungi imperfecti as sexual reproduction is absent
Septate well-developed mycelium
Asexual reproduction non-motile conidia sometimes organized to form sporodochia.
Sexual reproduction absent
Example: Fusarium, Cercospora

Ainsworth’s paper: Ainsworth, G. C. (1966). A general-purpose classification of fungi. Bibl. Syst. Mycol, 1, 1-4.

Difference Between

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 17 May 2021 15:31:00 +0000

Difference between

Plants vs Animals

Plant cell vs Animal cell

Primary Cell wall vs Secondary Cell wall

Algae vs Fungi

Liverworts vs Mosses / Pteridophytes vs Gymnosperms

Dicot vs Monocot plant / Monocot vs Dicot Leaf / Dicot vs Monocot Embryo

Monocot vs Dicot Seed

Endospermic vs Non endospermus seed

Mitospores vs Meiospores / Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction / Gametic meiosis vs Zygotic meiosis vs Sporic Meiosis

Artificial vs Natural Classification / Natural vs Phylogenetic Classification

Photosystem I vs Photosystem II (PS I vs PS II) / Cyclic vs Non cyclic Classification

Light Reaction vs Dark reaction

C3 vs C4 Plants / C3 vs C4 vs CAM plants

Photorespiration vs Aerobic Respiration / Glycolysis vs Krebs cycle

Osmosis vs Imbibition / Apoplast vs Symplast Transport

Transpiration vs Guttation / Transpiration vs Evaporation

Hydroponics vs Aeroponics

Green vs Fertilizer

Food chain vs Food web

True vs False Indusium

Similarities between

Algae and Bryophytes

Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

Plant Science Videos

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 17 May 2021 05:21:00 +0000

General Topics

The Importance of Plants in Life

ABC Model of Flower Development

What is Binomial Nomenclature? Explained with an example

Why do we need a Scientific Name?

Algae

Classification of Algae by Fritsch || 11 classes with characteristics and examples

Range of Thallus Variation in Algae

Fungi

Fungi and its common name

Life Cycle of Cellular Slime molds Stages

Plasmodial Slime mold Life Cycle

What is Dolipore Septum in Basidiomycetes?

Ainsworth Classification of Fungi with Example

Life Cycle of Agaricus Mushroom

Pteridophytes

Types of Stele and its Evolution in Pteridophytes

Difference between Eusporangiate and Leptosporangiate ferns?

What is the Difference Between Homosporous and Heterosporous Plant Life Cycle?

Different types of Steles found in Lycopodium

Fern Life cycle

Plant Morphology

Types of Fruits -Drupe

Difference between Bisexual, Monoecious and Dioecious

Plant Physiology Videos (Photosynthesis)

Translocation of Solutes in Plants? Mass Flow Hypothesis simplified in 6 steps

Plant Anatomy

Anomalous Secondary Thickening in Bignonia.

Plant Tissue Culture

Difference between Differentiation, Dedifferentiation & Redifferentiation with examples

Difference between Plasticity and Totipotency in Plant Tissue Culture

General Topics - Content

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 17 May 2021 05:18:00 +0000

Plant Kingdom:Various Plant Groups –Cryptogams and Phanerogams

# Algae # Bryophytes # Pteridophytes # Gymnosperms

Mycorrhizae: Ectomycorrhizae & Endomycorrhizae # Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM) # Ectendomycorrhizae

Phytohormones (Plant Hormones): Auxin # Gibberellins #Cytokinins # Abscisic acid (ABA)
#Ethylene #Vernalin, Florigen, Caulines, Brassinosteroids & Morphactins

Drug Yielding Plants or Medicinal Plants : List of some medicinally Important Plants & their active ingredients
Biotechnological Application: # Golden Rice # Plant Based Vaccines
Secondary Metabolities: Alkaloids, Essential oils

Plant Morphology & Anatomy

Dicot and Monocot Embryo

Tyloses

Mitospores and Meiospores

Insect pollinated and Wind pollinated flowers

Notes on Wood anatomy: Sap wood vs Heart wood, Spring wood vs Autumn wood, Hard wood vs Soft wood , Manoxylic vs Pycnoxylic wood, Tension wood vs Compression wood

Economic Botany

Important Plant Products - Food yielding crops

Plant Taxonomy

Bentham and Hooker’s Classification :Key (Summary), Merits and Demerits

Engler and Prantl System of Classification

Bessey’s System of Classification

Hutchinson’s System of Classification of Angiosperms

Photosynthesis

History of Photosynthesis # An overview of Photosynthesis # Plant Photosynthesis and Bacterial Photosynthesis # Light Reaction and Dark Reaction # Photosystem I and Photosystem II # Cyclic and Non cyclic phosphorylation # C3 and C4 Cycle # Photosynthesis and Chemosynthesis

Plant Pathology

Citrus Canker

Resemblances between Rusts and Smuts

Difference between Rusts and Smuts

Horticulture

Vegetative Propagation: Advantages and Disadvantages

Seed Propagation: Advantages and Disadvantages

Hydroponics and Aeroponics

Transpiration and Guttation

Hydathodes or Water Stomata

Parasexual cycle or Parasexuality

Allelopathy

Mitospores and Meiospores

Insect pollinated and Wind pollinated flowers

# Videos

Difference between Eusporangiate and Leptosporangiate ferns?

What is the Difference Between Homosporous and Heterosporous Plant Life Cycle?

Types of Stele and its Evolution in Pteridophytes

Different types of Steles found in Lycopodium

The importance of plants in life

Last Updated on :11/5/2014

Type Method or Typification in Taxonomy

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 21 Apr 2021 00:43:00 +0000

Type method is a legal device to provide the correct name for a taxon. The name of different taxonomic groups is based on the type method, by which a certain representative of the group is the source of the name for the group. This representative is called the nomenclature type or simply the type, and methodology is typification.

According to Article 9 of ICBNthe type of a genus is a species (e.g. the type of genus Vernonia is V. noveboracensis (L.) Michx.), and the type of a family is a genus (e.g Aster is the type genus of Asteraceae).

The code recognizes several kinds of types, depending on the way in which a type specimen is selected. Several kinds of types designated by ICBN are included. These include -

• Holotype- It is a specimen used by the author in the original publication as the nomenclature type

A particular specimen or illustration designated by the author to represent the type of a species. It is now essential to designate a holotype when publishing a new species.

Isotype: It is a duplicate specimen of the holotype, i.e from the same collection, with the same locality, date, and number as the holotype.

A specimen which is a duplicate of the holotype, collected from the same place, same time and by the same person. Often the collection number is also the same, differentiated as a, b, c, etc.

Nomenclature type: It is that element with which the name of a taxon is permanently associated.

Syntype: It is one of the two or more specimens cited by an author of a species when no holotype was designated; or, a syntype is any one of the two or more specimens originally designate as types.

Any one of the two or more specimens cited by the author when no holotype was designated, or any one of the two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types.

Paratype or ‘’Co-types’’: It is a specimen other than isotype or holotype. If two or more specimens have been cited as types by the author, the remaining cited specimens are called co types or paratypes.

A paratype is a specimen cited in the protologue that is neither the holotype nor an isotype, nor one of the syntypes if two or more specimens were simultaneously designated as types.

Lectotype: It is a specimen selected by a competent worker from the original material studied by the author of the species, when no holotype was designated, or when the holotype has been destroyed or lost.

A specimen or other element selected from the original material cited by the author when no holotype was originally selected or when it no longer exists. A lectotype is selected from isotypes, paratypes or syntypes.

Neotype: It is a specimen selected to serve as a substitute for the holotype when all material, on which the name of the taxon was based, is missing.

A specimen or illustration selected to serve as nomenclatural type as long as all of the material on which the name of the taxon was based is missing A specimen or an illustration selected when no holotype, isotype, paratype, or syntype exists.

Epitype: A specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when the holotype, lectotype or previously designated neotype, or all original material associated with a validly published name is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be critically identified for purposes of the precise application of the name of a taxon. When an epitype is designated, the holotype, lectotype, or neotype that the epitype supports must be explicitly cited.

Topotype: It is a specimen collected from the same locality from where the holotype was collected.

Topotype is often the name given to a specimen collected from the same locality from which the holotype was originally collected.

Fungi and its common names

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 08 Apr 2021 17:59:00 +0000

Agaricus - Gill fungi or Button Mushroom
Amanita caesarea - Toad stool (Poisonous mushroom)
Aspergillus and penicillium -Pigmented moulds
Aspergillus flavus - Guinea pig of plant kingdom
Clavaria - Coral fungi
Cyanthus - Bird's nest fungus
Hydnum- Tooth fungi or Hedgehog fungi
Lycoperdon - Puffballs
Morchella - Sponge Mushroom
Mucor mucedo- Dung mould
Neurospora crassa - Drosophilia of plant kingom
Penicillium - Blue or Green mould
Peziza - Cup fungi
Phallus- Stick horns
Pleurotus ostreatus - Oyster mushroom
Polyporus - Bracket / Shelf fungi
Polyporus - Wood fungi
Rhizopus - Black mould or Bread mould
Saccharomyces - Yeasts (Sugar fungus)
Tremella - Jelly fungi
Xylaria - Death man finger

Learn more:

Notes on Fungi - Classification of Fungi - Examples of Fungi -MCQ on Fungi

A New Nutmeg species (Myristica trobogarii) from Western Ghats, India

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 02 Jul 2020 09:27:00 +0000

Western Ghat is one of UNESCO World Heritage Centre and also biodiversity hotspot in India. It traverse the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and Gujarat.

JNTBGRI Research team spotted the wild nutmeg in the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, Southern Western ghats and given the name Myristica trobogarii

Nutmeg traces its origins to the Mollucas (Maluku Islands) in Indonesia. Myristica fragrans, widely cultivated in Kerala, with the reddish mace (aril, or the seed covering) of the nutmeg.

Myristica trobogarii has yellow mace & fruit is egg-shaped rather than round and bigger.

The discovery of new species of nutmerg is reported in Phytotaxa, an international plant taxonomic journal.

For more:

Govind, M.G., Dan, M. and Rameshkumar, K.B., 2020. Myristica trobogarii (Myristicaceae), a new species from southern Western Ghats, India. Phytotaxa, 437(4), pp.206-212.

For more videos

Phloem Translocation and Mass Flow Hypothesis Simplified in 6 Steps

noreply@blogger.com (Jazir Haneef) — Tue, 23 Jun 2020 06:36:00 +0000

Definition of Phloem Translocation: Phloem Translocation or Translocation of solute is the movement of organic food or organic solutes from site of synthesis (green parts) to site of utilization (non green parts) for consumption and storage.

Translocation of solute can be downward, upward or lateral or radial

Upward from leaves to buds, flowers and fruits, Downward from leaves to stem and roots, Lateral from Pith to cortex and epidermis

Two important terms for understanding Mass Flow Hypothesis

Source: site of synthesis or green parts of the plant like leaves
Sink: Is the site of storage like fruits, seeds, tubers

Mass Flow Hypothesis (Munch, 1930):

Most accepted theory on Phloem translocation

Mass flow of solute is a passive process occurs from source to sink along a hydrostatic pressure gradient or Turgor pressure gradient
HPG exists between source and sink
This difference drives the movement of solutes from leaves to other parts through phloem
The movement is always from the region high HPG to region of low HPG

Explanation

Step 1: Sugar concentration in Mesophyll cells increases by photosynthesis. Water is absorbed from nearby cells increasing hydrostatic pressure in mesophyll cell

Hydrostatic pressure or turgor pressure is the pressure exerted on the wall due to entry of water by osmosis

Step 2: Phloem loading occurs. Transfer of organic food or sugar from mesophyll cells to sieve tube of phloem due to turgor pressure or hydrostatic pressure

Step 3: Water entry from xylem to sieve elements by osmosis as the concentration inside sieve elements has increased by phloem loading

Step 4:This hydrostatic pressure forces the solute to the next sieve tube element. Thus hydrostatic pressure difference (hydrostatic pressure gradient) drives solute movement from sieve tube to sink

Step 5: Phloem unloading

Transfer of organic food from sieve tube to sink, the site of storage

Step 6: This decreases the concentration in sieve elements and water moves back to xylem vessels by osmosis and transpiration pulls up water

This is a summarized video for better understanding

Demerits:

1. Recent studies suggest that Phloem loading is an active process that requires ATP. Active phloem loading is the transport of sugars from the mesophyll cells into the phloem against a concentration gradient.

2. This hypothesis proposes the unidirectional flow of solutes but in plants bi directional flow is quite common.

3. The active role of cytoplasm in phloem translocation is not considered.

4. Turgor pressure may not always be higher at the supply end.

Why Transpiration is known as Necessary Evil?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 18 Dec 2018 18:53:00 +0000

Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the surface of leaf cells in actively growing plants .

many authors described this phenomenon of transpiration from time to time in the following words:

Transpiration is the loss of water in the form of water vapour from stem and leaves. (Miller 1930)
The loss of water vapour from aerial parts of living plants is known as transpiration (Meyer, 1953)
Transpiration is giving off of water vapour from the surface of a plant. (Meyer, 1956)
Transpiration is necessary evil - Curtis

Why Transpiration is known as Necessary Evil?

Transpiration causes loss of huge amount of water absorbed by plants and leads to wilting and injury in plants. It also check photosynthesis, reduces growth and if too severe may cause death from desiccation.

Inspite of various detrimental disadvantages the plant cannot avoid transpiration due to their peculiar structure of leaves which is basically meant for gaseous exchange during respiration and photosynthesis. Therefore, transpiration is also regarded as “necessary evil” by Curtis or “unavoidable evil” by Steward.
Read more: Difference between Transpiration vs Guttation

Definition of Fungus in Biology

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 21 Nov 2018 17:36:00 +0000

Fungi are microscopic or macroscopic, non-chlorophyllated, spore bearing,

filamentous, heterotrophic thallophytes which reproduce asexually and sexually.

Some important characters

Septate and coenocytic hyphae

Septate hyphae: Hyphae are multi-cellular with cross walls called septa between adjacent cells

Eg: in Agaricus,

Coenocytic hyphae or aseptate : Hyphae with multinucleate mass of protoplast in Rhizopus

Dolipore septum:

A complex septum seen in Basidiomycetes .

Each septum has a central opening called dolipore which has a cap like double membrane on each side of the septum called parenthesome.

Protoplasm is continues as septa is porous.

5 Different types of Fungal Tissue

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 21 Nov 2018 17:26:00 +0000

Fungi are microscopic or macroscopic, non-chlorophyllated, spore bearing, filamentous, heterotrophic thallophytes which reproduce asexually and sexually.

Individual filaments are called hyphae and network of hyphae forms mycelium. Sometime

hyphae often organize into compact tissue like structures.

They are as follows

1. Plectenchyma: network of closely or loosely interwoven hyphae

A) Prosenchyma: loosely arranged network of hyphae, unfused and parallel o one another without losing their individuality

B) Pseudoparenchyma: closely arranged network of hyphae, fused and have lost their individuality

2. Sclerotia: thick compact masses of fungal hyphae (pseudoparenchymatous)

· Acts as resting bodies and highly resistant to unfavorable conditions

· During favorable condition, they form mycelia or fruiting bodies

· Rhizomorphs: rope like, tough and compact fungal hyphae.

· Helps in transport of food materials from one part of the thallus to another

· To spread from one favourable location to another substrata

3. Rhizomorphs: rope like, tough and compact fungal hyphae.

· Helps in transport of food materials from one part of the thallus to another

· To spread from one favourable location to another substrata

4. Sporophore

Spore producing hyphae or structure in some fungus

At maturity, in some fungus like Agaricus, spores are produced either directly on the somatic hyphae or, more often, on special sporiferous (spore-producing) hyphae, which may be loosely arranged or grouped into intricate structures called fruiting bodies, or sporophores.

5. Stromata: The hyphae form aggregations to produce club shaped psuedoparenchymatous structures called stromata

It is erect, stalked, unbranched or branched and forked

At maturity, Stroma contains large number of perithecia with ascospores embedded on the outer side. White or black in colour

What is the Mode of Nutrition in Fungi?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 21 Nov 2018 17:02:00 +0000

Fungi are microscopic or macroscopic, non-chlorophyllated, spore bearing, filamentous, heterotrophic thallophytes which reproduce asexually and sexually.

• Mode of Nutrition is Heterotrophic and absorptive

• Secrete digestive enzymes

• Fungus actually “lives on the food”

• Feed by absorption

Modes of Nutrition:

A) saprotrophic: feeds on dead and decaying organic matter

B) parasitism: obtain nutrients from the host

• Ectoparasites : seen on the surface of the host eg: Erysiphae

• Endoparasites: Mycelium present inside host tissue eg: Puccinia

• Obligatory parasitism: Strict parasites eg: Puccinia

• Facultative parasites: can live as parasites or saprobes eg: Fusarium

C) Symbiosis: mutually beneficial association with other organisms

Eg: Lichen: Algae fungal symbiosis, Mycorrhizae: Symbiosis of fungus with higher plants

Crustose Lichen

Mycorrhizae

D) Predatory fungus: Carnivorous fungi or predaceous fungi are fungi that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and eating microscopic or other minute animals.

Eg: Arthrobotrys

Watch this video for better understanding

Nostoc Taxonomic Position, Habitat, thallus and Cell structure

noreply@blogger.com (Jazir Haneef) — Sun, 14 Oct 2018 10:33:00 +0000

Nostoc: Taxonomic Position and Habitat

• Class: Cyanophyceae (Blue Green Algae)

• Order: Nostocales; Family: Nostocaceae

• Terrestrial Aquatic habitat

• Fresh water ponds, pools, puddles

• Damp soil N.commune

• Symbiotic association with some Plants Coralloid root Cycas, Anthoceros thallus

• Gelatinous grouping called “star jelly” witches butter”

Thallus structure

• Colonial, filamentous algae as mucilaginous balls

• Filaments: uniseriate, unbranched, beaded appearance

• 3 types of cells: Vegetative cells, akinete and heterocyst

Cell structure

• Spherical, oval, barrel shaped cells

• Prokaryotic, two layers of mucopolysachride

• Protoplasm divided into centroplasm and chromoplasm

• Centroplasm contains DNA

• Chromoplasm contains pigments and thylakoids

• Reserve food: Cyanophycean strach and cyanophycean protein granules
More on Nostoc: Heterocyst of Nostoc: Structure and Function
Reproduction in Nostoc 5 Different types

Heterocyst of Nostoc Structure and Function

noreply@blogger.com (Jazir Haneef) — Sun, 14 Oct 2018 10:33:00 +0000

Nostoc is a Colonial, filamentous algae seen as mucilaginous balls that belongs to the class cyanophyceae (Blue green algae)

• Heterocysts are Large sized, colourless, spherical, thick walled cells present in the filaments of blue green algae like Nostoc

• Position intercalary or terminal

• A prominent granule is present at each pole of the heterocyst called polar nodule.

Functions

-Main site of Nitrogen fixation

-Helps in vegetative reproduction; function as “point of breakage” of filaments; sometimes germinate into new filament

-Stimulate production of akinetes

-Serves as storage organs
More on Nostoc: Nostoc Taxonomic position, Habitat and Cell structure
Reproduction in Nostoc

Reproduction in Nostoc 5 different types

noreply@blogger.com (Jazir Haneef) — Sun, 14 Oct 2018 10:33:00 +0000

Nostoc is a Colonial, filamentous algae as mucilaginous balls that belongs to the class cyanophyceae (Blue green algae)

Sexual reproduction is absent

Asexual Reproduction

1. Fragmentation: the colony breaks up into many pieces and each forms a new colony or old trichomes breaks up into fragments and each forming new filaments

2. Hormogonia: are short, small motile filaments with rounded ends. These small filaments are without heterocyst and come out of the mucilage sheath, undergo division and form new colonies

3. Akinetes: Large sized, unicellular, thick walled, resting spores with plenty of reserve food in the cytoplasm

Highly resistant to high temperature and extreme environments

It can tide over unfavourable conditions

On return of favourable condition, it germinate to form new filaments

4. Heterocyst germination: In species like N.commune, heterocysts serves as resting spores and directly germinate to form new filaments.

The protoplasm undergoes continuous division and forms a germling

On favourable condition, wall of heterocyst rupture and germling comes out and forms a new trichome.

5. Endospores: Non flagellated, thin walled, naked spores formed within cells by the division of protoplast.

Protoplast of the cell divides into small bits and each bit forms an endospore

In species like N.commune
More on Nostoc: Nostoc Taxonomic position, Habitat and Cell structure
Heterocyst of Nostoc: Structure and Function

Tree of the 21st Century Neem (Azadirachta indica)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 27 Aug 2018 17:50:00 +0000

Neem (Scientific name- Azadirachta indica) family-Meliaceae, is a native tree of India. The Neem tree is an incredible plant that has been declared the “Tree of the 21st Century” by the United Nations. The leaves, seeds, bark, fruits, twigs, gum, root and kernels of neem have medicinal properties. High concentration of active ingredients are present in oil and seed; they are present in lesser amounts in leaves and barks

Neem is used for a wide range of ailments, such as influenza, sore throat, common cold, fungal infections, skin diseases, malaria, and many more ailments. It is one of the the main ingredients in every blood purification formula, used in Ayurveda. It is present in diabetic formula. It is also used in arthritis, rheumatism, external and internal parasites, treatment of malaria etc.

Source:
United Nations environment Programme Neem, 2012. "The UN’s tree of the 21st Century. Nairobi: United Nation’s Environment programme."
Available: http://www.unep.org/wed/tree-a-day/neem.asp

10 Medicinal Plants and their Uses with Pictures | Botanical Name - Family - Useful part

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Fri, 10 Aug 2018 16:50:00 +0000

10 Medicinal Plants and their uses

1. Adhatoda

Botanical name: Justicia adhatoda (Adhatoda vasica)
Family: Acanthaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Leaves and roots

Uses:

The plant is the source of the drug Vasaka, particularly in the treatment of Bronchitis.
Several alkaloids are present in the drug of which the important ones are Vasicine and Vasicinone.
Adhatoda is extensively used for treating cold, cough, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.

2. Aloe

Botanical name: Aloe vera
Family: Liliaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Leaf

Uses:

The pulp of leaves is given in fever, enlargement of liver, spleen, skin diseases, piles, jaundice, rheumatism.
The pulp of roasted leaves, mixed with honey, is given in cold and cough.

3. Bacopa

Botanical name: Bacopa monnieri
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plants

Uses:

Triterpene glycosides, bacopa saponins, luteolin, apigenin, and bacoside. It is a classic and nerve tonic.
Brahmi juice, prepared in ghee, is given orally to the infants in small doses for good memory.
5-10 ml leaf juice is given to children in case of constipation.

4. Catharanthus

Botanical name: Catharanthus roseus (Vinca rosea)
Family: Apocyanceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Roots and leaves

Uses:

Root bark contains three alkaloids ajmalicine, serpentine, reserpine. These alkaloids possess hypotensive, sedative, and transquilling properties.
Anti-cancer drugs: Vinblastine, Vincristine, and leucocrostine.

5. Eclipta (False Daisy)

Botanical name: Eclipta alba
Family: Asteraceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plant

Uses:

The leaf extract of Eclipta was found to be a powerful liver tonic. It is good for hair growth.
A black dye is obtained from Eclipta, is used as a dye.
The plant essence is extracted as a Rasayana for longevity and rejuvenation.
It is used against dysentery, anemia, eye diseases, asthma, and liver cirrhosis.

6. Neem

Botanical name: Azadirachta indica
Family: Meliaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Leaf and seeds

Uses:

Its different parts are used in Ayurvedic treatment. Neem oil, extracted from the seeds, has insecticidal and medicinal properties.
Neem seed cake is rich in organic contents and it enhances soil fertility. It is also an effective nematicide.
Neem has anti-bacterial properties and it is used again skin infections.
Neem leaf capsules are used as an insect repellents.
Neem oil and leaf extract are used to manufacture beauty care products.

List of 10 Medicinal plants and their uses from Biology Exams 4 U

7. Ocimum (Sacred basil or Holy basil)

Botanical name: Ocimum sanctum
Family: Lamiaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Leave and flowers

Uses:

leaf juice is given against chronic fever, hemorrhage, dysentery.
It is also used to check vomiting and as an anti-helminthic.

8. Phyllanthus amarus

Botanical name: Phyllanthus amarus
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plant

Uses:

This plant has a reputed position in Ayurveda and Unani systems of medicine. It is used against bronchitis, anemia, urinary problems, asthma, and also as a diuretic.
In the Unani system, it is stomachic and useful against chronic dysentery.
Fresh roots serve as an excellent remedy for jaundice.
Bark yields a Vitter principle, called phyllanthin.

9. Rauwolfia (Sarpagandha)

Botanical name: Rauwolfia serpentina
Family: Apocyanaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Root

Uses:

It lowers blood pressure and controls schizophrenia-like symptoms or mental illness.
Reserpine obtained from Rauwolfia, is an effective remedy for hypertension.
Root decoction is given for uterine contraction.

10. Sida (Flannel weed)

Botanical name: Sida cordifolia
Family: Malvaceae
Morphology of the useful plants: Whole plant

Uses:

The plant is used in Ayurvedic medicine.
Used for the treatment of inflammation of the oral mucosa, nasal congestion.

Learn more: MCQ on Economic Botany

10 Minor Forest Products (MFPs)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 17 Jul 2018 12:38:00 +0000

Forests are large treasure house of a huge wealth of natural resources. They significantly contain nearly 50% of the terrestrial species of plants and animals

Importance of forests( Economical or commercial aspects)

• Provide fuel wood for domestic and industrial uses, and timber for buildings, furniture, boats, railway sleepers and several other purposes.

• Supply raw materials for wood pulp in the manufacture of paper, rayon, ply woods, card boards.

• Provide food items in the form of roots, tubers, leaves, fruits, berries, nuts, spices etc

• Medicine like quinine and camphor, products like turpentine, resins, oils, alkaloids, dyes, gum, charcoal etc are obtained from forest trees.

• Serves as a source of sustainable income through ecotouism.

Minor Forest Products(MFPs) include all the forest products, other than wood and timber. They consists of both animal products and plant products.

• Plant products: grasses, canes, bamboos, oils, leaves, oils, gums, tannins and resins

• Animal products: lac, honey, wax, Ivory, horns, hides

Download (ppt1)Grasses, bamboo, Canes and leaves:

• Bamboo is generally considered as poor man’s timber

• Used for Roofing, walling, flooring and mat making, basketery, paper pulp

• • Tendu leaf of Bauhinia vahlii are used for making leaf plates and leaf cups

2)Oils

• sandal wood oil, cedar wood oil, oilve oil, clove oil, lemon grass oil, eucalyptus oil

3) Gums used in textiles, cosmetics, medicines, pastes

• Karaya perhaps the most important gum (Sterculia urens and S villosa)

4) Resins:

• Resins- Turpentine oil from pines and conifers

5) Tannins and dyes: amla, hemlock, wattle,

• Dyes: Red sander, khair, flowers of Palash, fruits of mallotus, bark of wattle, roots of morinda etc

Minor Forest Products (MFPs) from Biology Exams 4 U

6)Drugs and poisons:

Drug

• Quinine- Ant malarial from Cinchona tree

• Digitalis- heart stimulant- foxglove plant

• Morphine-analgesic from opium poppy

• Reserpine-anti hypertension from Rauwolfia

Poisons- Aconite, Datura

7)Spices

• Cinnamom, cardamom, galangal (Alpnia galanga)

8) Edible plant products: tubers, flowers, fruits, berries, seeds, nuts etc

9) Lac- is a resinous substance, secreted by the lac insect (Tachardia lacca, Laccifer lacca, or Kerria lacca)

• It is formed mainly of resin, coloring pigments, wax, proteins, sugars etc

• • Finest form of lac is called shellac

10)Honey and Beeswax

• • Honey used as food

• • Used as medicine