<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237</id><updated>2026-10-25T16:44:58.130-06:00</updated><category term="Asia"/><category term="África"/><title type='text'>Política y otras cosas</title><subtitle type='html'>Se presenta información de corte científico para su conocimiento y divulgación.</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>98</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-3190208598312637497</id><published>2026-10-15T19:12:19.939-06:00</published><updated>2026-10-15T19:12:19.939-06:00</updated><title type='text'>La Unión Europea, la Zona Euro y el Espacio Schengen</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;En la Unión Europea se encuentran los siguientes países:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;Alemania&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Austria&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Bélgica&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Bulgaria&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Chequia (República Checa)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Chipre&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Croacia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Dinamarca&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Eslovaquia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Eslovenia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;España&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Estonia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Finlandia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Francia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Grecia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hungría&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Irlanda&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Italia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Letonia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Lituana&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Luxemburgo&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Malta&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Países Bajos&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Polonia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Portugal&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Rumanía&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Suecia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEavmasXiv_rqLGYn2yB-QgjbeGO4QHVGOqBghn_gH_Clpc58qZnWt7TuL1MecZUOlhZks6Bf73VII19y-69ZweIiGhH0VNo3tYyQpHmHg1S3bKtofY4cUU3jmQ_dypSl4l7nwjHsbA-GoR3mw5R30B0mRwZLFn4J57XLKRRI47BTGM5hBonb4Z-CaWbOk/s1600/image.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;783&quot; data-original-width=&quot;921&quot; height=&quot;345&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEavmasXiv_rqLGYn2yB-QgjbeGO4QHVGOqBghn_gH_Clpc58qZnWt7TuL1MecZUOlhZks6Bf73VII19y-69ZweIiGhH0VNo3tYyQpHmHg1S3bKtofY4cUU3jmQ_dypSl4l7nwjHsbA-GoR3mw5R30B0mRwZLFn4J57XLKRRI47BTGM5hBonb4Z-CaWbOk/w404-h345/image.png&quot; width=&quot;404&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Países pertenecientes a la zona Euro&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;Alemania&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Austria&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Bélgica&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Bulgaria&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Chipre&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Croacia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Eslovaquia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Eslovenia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;España&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Estonia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Finlandia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Francia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Grecia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Irlanda&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Italia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Letonia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Lituania&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Luxemburgo&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Malta&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Países Bajos&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Portugal&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqN9p4i898E3rEJkza4uECYK_GeDNao5qoAzKdozpMCiUcRAG4w6KHGrk0K94Gbtrdb_7wfQRghX__42inPZYXVyuf1ch5AbzLjR90jn-0ukd4gsMglTolN3Nxbq1mUkIibYkZjOUm2SPfaT8Pbi4YNeT9KnW0PyWD3wadOq85HTgOf3jegPEB_OHI9H5V/s1600/image.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;967&quot; data-original-width=&quot;772&quot; height=&quot;448&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqN9p4i898E3rEJkza4uECYK_GeDNao5qoAzKdozpMCiUcRAG4w6KHGrk0K94Gbtrdb_7wfQRghX__42inPZYXVyuf1ch5AbzLjR90jn-0ukd4gsMglTolN3Nxbq1mUkIibYkZjOUm2SPfaT8Pbi4YNeT9KnW0PyWD3wadOq85HTgOf3jegPEB_OHI9H5V/w396-h448/image.png&quot; width=&quot;396&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Países pertenecientes al espacio Schengen&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;Alemania&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Austria&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Bélgica&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Croacia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Dinamarca&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Eslovaquia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Eslovenia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;España&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Estonia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Finlandia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Francia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Grecia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Hungría&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Islandia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Italia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Letonia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Liechtenstein&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Lituania&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Luxemburgo&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Malta&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Noruega&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Países Bajos&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Polonia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Portugal&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;República Checa&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Rumanía&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Suecia&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Suiza&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGVNCNYNW7v4GcTxU02Z26Lo_xfTCWg0ayCQtUML6-5OEbuyUZqJDJWZBQDmdRUK_LoOS3PwlYnP-iV6b965Qg_MPRcxMWgsjr9QztNsbdZHLobzVG-ZkX6pVLfQYlwsnxFKmIFePzZv_Bwdxnj2yR7La2Y5ZQeu1DHvoADAZ9_QKrFiSYWs1mR8C0xzOG/s1600/image.png&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;698&quot; data-original-width=&quot;698&quot; height=&quot;448&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGVNCNYNW7v4GcTxU02Z26Lo_xfTCWg0ayCQtUML6-5OEbuyUZqJDJWZBQDmdRUK_LoOS3PwlYnP-iV6b965Qg_MPRcxMWgsjr9QztNsbdZHLobzVG-ZkX6pVLfQYlwsnxFKmIFePzZv_Bwdxnj2yR7La2Y5ZQeu1DHvoADAZ9_QKrFiSYWs1mR8C0xzOG/w448-h448/image.png&quot; width=&quot;448&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Referencias&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries_es&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;https://www.axa-schengen.com/es/visa/espacio-schengen&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/3190208598312637497/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/10/la-union-europea-la-zona-euro-y-el.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/3190208598312637497'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/3190208598312637497'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/10/la-union-europea-la-zona-euro-y-el.html' title='La Unión Europea, la Zona Euro y el Espacio Schengen'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEavmasXiv_rqLGYn2yB-QgjbeGO4QHVGOqBghn_gH_Clpc58qZnWt7TuL1MecZUOlhZks6Bf73VII19y-69ZweIiGhH0VNo3tYyQpHmHg1S3bKtofY4cUU3jmQ_dypSl4l7nwjHsbA-GoR3mw5R30B0mRwZLFn4J57XLKRRI47BTGM5hBonb4Z-CaWbOk/s72-w404-h345-c/image.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-6883715883325035153</id><published>2026-09-25T19:57:43.810-06:00</published><updated>2026-09-25T19:57:43.810-06:00</updated><title type='text'>La invasión soviética a Afganistán: una guerra que marcó el final de la Guerra Fría</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Introducción&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
invasión soviética de Afganistán, ocurrida entre 1979 y 1989, constituye uno de
los conflictos más importantes de la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Lo que comenzó
como una intervención militar destinada a sostener a un gobierno aliado se
transformó en una prolongada guerra de desgaste que afectó profundamente a
Afganistán, debilitó a la Unión Soviética y redefinió la dinámica internacional
de la Guerra Fría. Diversos historiadores consideran que este conflicto
contribuyó al colapso soviético y sentó las bases para futuros problemas de
seguridad en Asia Central y Oriente Medio. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;[history.state.gov]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhmRH3lTedD_NMgy-mfqV9uw1rHY1Jqr1D3wZp-z71CYsqQDcEYUqnBbSTufMhKwN2BsiybdUa9kk2-o8RzjmcR59Py1Qk5uLEVeEW006BopFwa62tZqCgntOiYn1UCBVLC_QPJ09omsqv2ryO3_GzZwnyCkRaNwLavT1stYZgWjrwdNhmhVcxcadsOKM8y&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;356&quot; data-original-width=&quot;524&quot; height=&quot;217&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhmRH3lTedD_NMgy-mfqV9uw1rHY1Jqr1D3wZp-z71CYsqQDcEYUqnBbSTufMhKwN2BsiybdUa9kk2-o8RzjmcR59Py1Qk5uLEVeEW006BopFwa62tZqCgntOiYn1UCBVLC_QPJ09omsqv2ryO3_GzZwnyCkRaNwLavT1stYZgWjrwdNhmhVcxcadsOKM8y&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Antecedentes
del conflicto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Durante
la década de 1970, Afganistán atravesó una etapa de gran inestabilidad
política. En abril de 1978, la llamada Revolución de Saur llevó al poder al
Partido Democrático Popular de Afganistán (PDPA), una organización de
orientación marxista que mantenía estrechos vínculos con la Unión Soviética.
Una vez en el gobierno, el PDPA impulsó reformas agrarias, educativas y
sociales que encontraron una fuerte resistencia entre sectores tradicionales,
tribales y religiosos de la población afgana. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;[history.state.gov]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
creciente oposición derivó en una insurgencia armada que amenazó la estabilidad
del nuevo régimen. Ante el riesgo de perder influencia en un país considerado
estratégico para la seguridad de sus fronteras del sur, la dirigencia soviética
comenzó a evaluar una intervención directa. &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;[history.state.gov]&lt;/a&gt;,
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El
inicio de la invasión&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El
24 de diciembre de 1979, la Unión Soviética desplegó miles de soldados en
Afganistán. En cuestión de días, tropas de élite soviéticas ocuparon puntos
clave de Kabul y participaron en la operación que depuso y dio muerte al
presidente Hafizullah Amin. Posteriormente, Moscú instaló en el poder a Babrak
Karmal, considerado más favorable a los intereses soviéticos. &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;[history.state.gov]&lt;/a&gt;,
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjes6y3hHjn6F_MZ26UuD6i253EQoiEBBfL1R7Ap7y_kn9hST-tifsOE35ejCefdl-5UvwfLTCj1HC1VIPGx1vnpLwuREEDD370NHFdH0K04CIrmOs06oOh7M2nIYQ3eBwXJsQewf3vPHPmouBZ_qf_MKuvRw8jT2Nwe6kOMaZciq6GyVe5WgSoZ5mxn_6_&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;521&quot; data-original-width=&quot;377&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjes6y3hHjn6F_MZ26UuD6i253EQoiEBBfL1R7Ap7y_kn9hST-tifsOE35ejCefdl-5UvwfLTCj1HC1VIPGx1vnpLwuREEDD370NHFdH0K04CIrmOs06oOh7M2nIYQ3eBwXJsQewf3vPHPmouBZ_qf_MKuvRw8jT2Nwe6kOMaZciq6GyVe5WgSoZ5mxn_6_&quot; width=&quot;174&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
dirigencia soviética justificó la intervención como una ayuda solicitada por un
gobierno aliado. Sin embargo, gran parte de la comunidad internacional la
interpretó como una invasión militar y una violación de la soberanía afgana. La
acción provocó una condena generalizada y generó un aumento de las tensiones
entre Estados Unidos y la Unión Soviética. &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;[history.state.gov]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
resistencia de los muyahidines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
ocupación soviética estimuló el crecimiento de grupos insurgentes conocidos
como muyahidines, término árabe que significa &quot;combatientes de la
fe&quot;. Estas organizaciones estaban integradas por diferentes comunidades
étnicas, tribales y religiosas que compartían el objetivo de expulsar a las
fuerzas extranjeras del país. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War&quot;&gt;[en.wikipedia.org]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
resistencia afgana recibió apoyo internacional significativo. Estados Unidos
financió y suministró armamento a través de Pakistán, mientras que Arabia
Saudita y otros países contribuyeron con recursos económicos y logísticos.
Durante la década de 1980, el envío de misiles antiaéreos Stinger permitió a
los insurgentes contrarrestar la superioridad aérea soviética, alterando el
equilibrio militar del conflicto. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;[history.state.gov]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhaEzBMJthB0Tz6ffboSBNd9G02qo3wR3BV7G-oOP-L1VUR9B3bVjNYMMjn8REJqXxGIhMCxX17USU-fNSWkQIlrG_DcHocyhV3V6FxxD9lyS7I4a5dXjf4KU8amcmX2kqk8OTyW-5X5fGPCB_W-IF543FUz0Rlh78n6qi0eRmNlHgsgOmhDuHUbTk7EhKm&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;288&quot; data-original-width=&quot;433&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhaEzBMJthB0Tz6ffboSBNd9G02qo3wR3BV7G-oOP-L1VUR9B3bVjNYMMjn8REJqXxGIhMCxX17USU-fNSWkQIlrG_DcHocyhV3V6FxxD9lyS7I4a5dXjf4KU8amcmX2kqk8OTyW-5X5fGPCB_W-IF543FUz0Rlh78n6qi0eRmNlHgsgOmhDuHUbTk7EhKm&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Una
guerra de desgaste&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A
pesar de contar con tecnología militar avanzada y una de las fuerzas armadas
más poderosas del mundo, la Unión Soviética encontró enormes dificultades para
controlar el territorio afgano. Las montañas, los valles aislados y el apoyo
local a la insurgencia favorecieron las tácticas de guerrilla utilizadas por
los muyahidines. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;,
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.loc.gov/item/93036111/&quot;&gt;[loc.gov]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Con
el paso de los años, la guerra se convirtió en un conflicto costoso tanto en
términos humanos como económicos. De acuerdo con diversas estimaciones, más de
15,000 soldados soviéticos murieron durante la guerra, mientras que cientos de
miles de afganos perdieron la vida y millones se vieron obligados a abandonar
sus hogares, convirtiéndose en refugiados en países vecinos como Pakistán e
Irán. &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War&quot;&gt;[en.wikipedia.org]&lt;/a&gt;,
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
retirada soviética&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En
1985, Mijaíl Gorbachov asumió el liderazgo de la Unión Soviética e inició una
serie de reformas políticas y económicas. Consciente del alto costo del
conflicto, calificó la guerra en Afganistán como una &quot;herida
sangrante&quot; para su país. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;[history.state.gov]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Tras
negociaciones internacionales, en 1988 se firmaron los Acuerdos de Ginebra, que
establecieron el cronograma para la retirada soviética. El repliegue comenzó en
mayo de 1988 y concluyó oficialmente el 15 de febrero de 1989, cuando las
últimas tropas soviéticas abandonaron territorio afgano. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War&quot;&gt;[en.wikipedia.org]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Consecuencias
del conflicto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para
Afganistán&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
salida soviética no puso fin a la violencia. La guerra civil continuó durante
varios años, provocando una profunda crisis política y económica. La
destrucción de infraestructura, el desplazamiento de millones de personas y la
fragmentación del poder facilitaron el surgimiento del movimiento talibán en la
década de 1990. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;,
&lt;a href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War&quot;&gt;[en.wikipedia.org]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para
la Unión Soviética&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
guerra debilitó la economía soviética, afectó la moral de las fuerzas armadas y
redujo la legitimidad del gobierno. Muchos analistas consideran que el
conflicto aceleró los problemas estructurales que culminaron con la disolución
de la Unión Soviética en 1991. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;[history.state.gov]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para
el mundo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
invasión intensificó temporalmente la Guerra Fría, fortaleció la cooperación
entre Estados Unidos, Pakistán y Arabia Saudita, y contribuyó a la formación de
redes transnacionales de combatientes islamistas que más tarde influirían en
diversos conflictos internacionales. &lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;[history.state.gov]&lt;/a&gt;,
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Conclusión&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
invasión soviética de Afganistán representa uno de los conflictos más
influyentes del siglo XX. Lo que inicialmente parecía una intervención rápida
para preservar la influencia soviética se convirtió en una guerra larga,
costosa y políticamente insostenible. Sus efectos trascendieron las fronteras
afganas y tuvieron repercusiones duraderas en la política internacional, el
desarrollo de la Guerra Fría y la configuración geopolítica del mundo
contemporáneo. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;[britannica.com]&lt;/a&gt;,
&lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;[history.state.gov]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referencias &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Encyclopedia
Britannica. (2026). &lt;i&gt;Afghan War (1978-1992).&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kakar, M.
H. (1995). &lt;i&gt;Afghanistan: The Soviet invasion and the Afghan response,
1979-1982&lt;/i&gt;. University of California Press.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Office of
the Historian, U.S. Department of State. (s.f.). &lt;i&gt;The Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan and the U.S. response, 1978-1980&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&quot;&gt;https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/soviet-invasion-afghanistan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Westad, O. A. (2017). &lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The Cold War: A world history&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. Basic Books.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Coll, S.
(2004). &lt;i&gt;Ghost wars: The secret history of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin
Laden, from the Soviet invasion to September 10, 2001&lt;/i&gt;. Penguin Books.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Grau, L.
W., &amp;amp; Gress, M. A. (Eds.). (2002). &lt;i&gt;The Soviet-Afghan war: How a
superpower fought and lost&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;University Press of Kansas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;













&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; 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font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/6883715883325035153/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/09/la-invasion-sovietica-afganistan-una.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/6883715883325035153'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/6883715883325035153'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/09/la-invasion-sovietica-afganistan-una.html' title='La invasión soviética a Afganistán: una guerra que marcó el final de la Guerra Fría'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhmRH3lTedD_NMgy-mfqV9uw1rHY1Jqr1D3wZp-z71CYsqQDcEYUqnBbSTufMhKwN2BsiybdUa9kk2-o8RzjmcR59Py1Qk5uLEVeEW006BopFwa62tZqCgntOiYn1UCBVLC_QPJ09omsqv2ryO3_GzZwnyCkRaNwLavT1stYZgWjrwdNhmhVcxcadsOKM8y=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-5450739641416490973</id><published>2026-09-16T13:24:19.915-06:00</published><updated>2026-09-16T13:24:19.916-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Sarajevo, Cuándo el Derecho Internacional Público se puso a prueba</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEixtxRn2DUGBe4cOdGfRPMNxxukP-uZPfnTHCXvxc2lfY0fS5BIZ1SZS_I1jhG1hYVWBPa_APNbFNkkUd_3sco9arx5nT03pe4Ev8EuJdgcrcq73Lt3s4KAjptyxSFoIVjdvfee9o_689EiHNYv7hwnG7xsgrD94SzHwkYz40Xu6b--XYy-JKc2w0h_KfOO&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;460&quot; data-original-width=&quot;921&quot; height=&quot;160&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEixtxRn2DUGBe4cOdGfRPMNxxukP-uZPfnTHCXvxc2lfY0fS5BIZ1SZS_I1jhG1hYVWBPa_APNbFNkkUd_3sco9arx5nT03pe4Ev8EuJdgcrcq73Lt3s4KAjptyxSFoIVjdvfee9o_689EiHNYv7hwnG7xsgrD94SzHwkYz40Xu6b--XYy-JKc2w0h_KfOO&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
historia de los conflictos armados contemporáneos demuestra que la guerra no
solamente destruye infraestructuras y Estados, sino que puede erosionar los
fundamentos mismos de la dignidad humana. Entre los episodios más dramáticos
del final del siglo XX destaca el sitio de Sarajevo (1992-1995), un
acontecimiento que puso a prueba la eficacia del Derecho Internacional
Humanitario (DIH), la capacidad de respuesta de la comunidad internacional y
los límites de los mecanismos jurídicos destinados a proteger a la población
civil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Durante
1,425 días, la capital de Bosnia y Herzegovina permaneció rodeada por fuerzas
serbobosnias, convirtiéndose en el asedio más prolongado de la historia
contemporánea. Lejos de constituir únicamente una operación militar, el sitio
representó una estrategia de terror urbano sistemático dirigida contra una
población civil atrapada entre los objetivos políticos y militares de la
guerra. La experiencia de Sarajevo se transformó posteriormente en un caso
paradigmático para el desarrollo del Derecho Penal Internacional y para la
consolidación de la responsabilidad penal individual de líderes políticos y
mandos militares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
República Federativa Socialista de Yugoslavia fue durante décadas un complejo
Estado multinacional integrado por diversas identidades étnicas, religiosas y
culturales. Bajo el liderazgo de Josip Broz Tito, las tensiones nacionalistas
permanecieron contenidas mediante una combinación de federalismo, control
político y equilibrio institucional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Sin
embargo, tras la muerte de Tito en 1980, la crisis económica y el
debilitamiento de las instituciones federales favorecieron el ascenso de
movimientos nacionalistas. La llegada de Slobodan Milošević al poder en Serbia
impulsó una política centralizadora que generó resistencia en otras repúblicas
yugoslavas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEil3ndFJvnTib3lkuXxXd0ian7ngR5SmD656MXz1ralANZJOV88Ra1fG1ecB_5OIlWfYAPI0_v5lstFysVeXx0Tu24HB1yqQGf1YoYxOy-UePioucwZFKnjKCR25Bv0tDmFbo0IWK2gu9JsLxsvTNytohPyTg1TdJF2LMGaTckc8rKFGa_yZYUmb7x4-f7q&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;768&quot; data-original-width=&quot;635&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEil3ndFJvnTib3lkuXxXd0ian7ngR5SmD656MXz1ralANZJOV88Ra1fG1ecB_5OIlWfYAPI0_v5lstFysVeXx0Tu24HB1yqQGf1YoYxOy-UePioucwZFKnjKCR25Bv0tDmFbo0IWK2gu9JsLxsvTNytohPyTg1TdJF2LMGaTckc8rKFGa_yZYUmb7x4-f7q&quot; width=&quot;198&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
proclamación de independencia de Eslovenia y Croacia en 1991 aceleró la
desintegración de la federación. Bosnia y Herzegovina quedó atrapada en una
situación especialmente delicada debido a su composición multiétnica:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Bosniacos
     (44%)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Serbios
     de Bosnia (31%)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Croatas
     de Bosnia (17%)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La diversidad que durante décadas había constituido una
riqueza cultural terminó siendo instrumentalizada políticamente por proyectos
nacionalistas incompatibles.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;Tras el reconocimiento internacional de la independencia de
Bosnia y Herzegovina el 5 de abril de 1992, las fuerzas serbobosnias, dirigidas
militarmente por Ratko Mladić y apoyadas por estructuras militares procedentes
del antiguo Ejército Popular Yugoslavo, rodearon Sarajevo.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Desde las colinas que dominaban la ciudad, las fuerzas
sitiadoras establecieron una red de posiciones artilleras y de francotiradores
que transformaron la vida cotidiana en un escenario permanente de
supervivencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Las características principales del asedio fueron:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1. Bombardeos sistemáticos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Se estima que diariamente impactaban cientos de proyectiles
sobre la ciudad. Hospitales, escuelas, mercados, viviendas y edificios
históricos fueron alcanzados reiteradamente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Uno de los episodios más devastadores fue la destrucción de
la Biblioteca Nacional y Universitaria de Bosnia y Herzegovina, donde
desaparecieron millones de documentos y obras de valor histórico incalculable.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;2. La “Avenida de los Francotiradores”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La denominada &lt;i&gt;Sniper Alley&lt;/i&gt; se convirtió en símbolo de
la guerra moderna. Civiles que intentaban cruzar calles para obtener alimentos,
agua o asistencia médica eran blancos deliberados de disparos efectuados por
francotiradores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;









&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La selección intencional de objetivos civiles convirtió el
simple acto de caminar por la ciudad en una actividad potencialmente mortal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3. Las masacres de Markale&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Los ataques contra el mercado Markale en 1994 y 1995
constituyen algunos de los ejemplos más evidentes de ataques indiscriminados
contra la población civil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;



&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Las explosiones provocaron decenas de muertos y
cientos de heridos, generando una fuerte condena internacional y acelerando la
intervención de la OTAN.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Bosniacos
(musulmanes bosnios), Constituyendo aproximadamente el 44% de la población,
representaban la mayoría relativa del territorio. Tradicionalmente desprovistos
de un estatus nacional propio dentro de la nomenclatura de la Yugoslavia titina
hasta su reconocimiento como &quot;musulmanes en sentido nacional&quot; en la
década de 1960, experimentaron un fuerte despertar identitario a principios de
los noventa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Serbios
de Bosnia, Con cerca del 31% de la población, se concentraban mayoritariamente
en las zonas fronterizas con Serbia y en regiones rurales del norte y el este.
Mantenían fuertes vínculos culturales, políticos y religiosos con Belgrado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Croatas
de Bosnia, Comprendiendo aproximadamente el 17% de la población, se asentaban
primordialmente en la región de Herzegovina y en áreas del centro y norte del
país, manteniendo una afinidad natural y política con las directrices emanadas
desde Zagreb.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Esta
estructura impedía la consolidación de un Estado-nación bajo los cánones
tradicionales del nacionalismo europeo del siglo XX, ya que cualquier
configuración política afectaba directamente las aspiraciones hegemónicas de
los grupos colindantes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Derecho Internacional Humanitario: normas que fueron
ignoradas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Desde una perspectiva jurídica, el sitio de Sarajevo
representó una violación grave de los principios fundamentales del Derecho
Internacional Humanitario.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Los Convenios de Ginebra de 1949 y sus Protocolos
Adicionales establecen obligaciones precisas para las partes en conflicto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Principio de distinción&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Los combatientes deben diferenciar permanentemente entre
objetivos militares y población civil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;En Sarajevo esta obligación fue quebrantada de forma
reiterada mediante ataques dirigidos contra:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Mercados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Hospitales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Escuelas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Viviendas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Sistemas
     de transporte público.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Principio de proporcionalidad&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Incluso cuando existe un objetivo militar legítimo, los
daños colaterales sobre civiles no pueden ser excesivos respecto de la ventaja
militar esperada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Los bombardeos indiscriminados sobre zonas densamente
pobladas evidenciaron una vulneración sistemática de este principio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Prohibición del terror contra la población civil&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;El Derecho Internacional Humanitario prohíbe expresamente
utilizar el terror como método de guerra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;























&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La estrategia de francotiradores, los bombardeos constantes
y la privación deliberada de bienes esenciales tuvieron precisamente la
finalidad de generar miedo, desesperación y sometimiento psicológico entre los
habitantes de Sarajevo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;¿Crímenes de guerra o crímenes de lesa humanidad?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Una de las contribuciones más importantes de la
jurisprudencia internacional fue demostrar que los hechos ocurridos en Sarajevo
no podían ser interpretados exclusivamente como crímenes de guerra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Crímenes de guerra&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Son violaciones graves de las normas aplicables durante un
conflicto armado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Entre ellas se encuentran:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Ataques
     contra civiles.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Destrucción
     injustificada de bienes protegidos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Tortura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Tratos
     inhumanos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Crímenes de lesa humanidad&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Requieren la existencia de un ataque generalizado o
sistemático contra una población civil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;No basta con actos aislados de violencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Lo que caracteriza a los hechos ocurridos en Sarajevo es
precisamente su naturaleza permanente, coordinada y organizada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Las conductas observadas incluyeron:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Asesinatos
     masivos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Persecución
     por motivos étnicos y religiosos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Privación
     deliberada de agua, alimentos y electricidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Hostigamiento
     psicológico permanente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Desplazamientos
     forzados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;























&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Por ello, numerosos actos cometidos durante el sitio fueron
calificados jurídicamente como crímenes de lesa humanidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHJCedo7bFm6m1rYDfgMgJCurqabfX8dyP6nl8YDcqfQA3cXm0Tn9vhsxFUnxO3w8kz0-g9kF0QJme0urWGIBtTIMj5VzpbIjaRFJ31sdkhZbHA3uBrnJncbEAT_oxl4XOryDeGLxYRtz32164I2BKLX_jZ-Z4ae2j50PoyD2rDTwJpGdXgmNM-8LTQuyd&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;1065&quot; data-original-width=&quot;703&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhHJCedo7bFm6m1rYDfgMgJCurqabfX8dyP6nl8YDcqfQA3cXm0Tn9vhsxFUnxO3w8kz0-g9kF0QJme0urWGIBtTIMj5VzpbIjaRFJ31sdkhZbHA3uBrnJncbEAT_oxl4XOryDeGLxYRtz32164I2BKLX_jZ-Z4ae2j50PoyD2rDTwJpGdXgmNM-8LTQuyd&quot; width=&quot;158&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;El Tribunal Penal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La incapacidad de los mecanismos diplomáticos para detener
las atrocidades llevó al Consejo de Seguridad de la ONU a crear, mediante la
Resolución 827 de 1993, el Tribunal Penal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia
(TPIY).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Este tribunal constituyó el primer órgano penal
internacional desde Núremberg y Tokio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Su competencia incluyó:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Violaciones
     graves de los Convenios de Ginebra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Violaciones
     de las leyes y costumbres de guerra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Genocidio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Crímenes
     de lesa humanidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La creación del TPIY marcó un punto de inflexión histórico
porque reafirmó que los responsables de atrocidades internacionales podían ser
procesados independientemente de su rango político o militar.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Dos sentencias fundamentales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Stanislav Galić&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Como comandante del Cuerpo Sarajevo-Romanija del Ejército de
la República Srpska, Galić dirigió gran parte de la campaña de bombardeos y
francotiradores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;El TPIY concluyó que existió una estrategia deliberada
destinada a sembrar terror entre la población civil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La condena a cadena perpetua estableció un precedente
histórico: el uso sistemático del terror urbano puede constituir
simultáneamente un crimen de guerra y un crimen de lesa humanidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Radovan Karadžić&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Karadžić, líder político de la República Srpska, fue
considerado uno de los principales arquitectos de la política de limpieza
étnica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;El tribunal determinó que participó en una Empresa Criminal
Conjunta orientada a perseguir y expulsar poblaciones no serbias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;















&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Su condena a cadena perpetua consolidó la idea
de que los líderes políticos también pueden ser penalmente responsables aunque
no ejecuten personalmente los actos criminales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;La doctrina de la responsabilidad penal individual&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Uno de los mayores aportes del TPIY fue fortalecer el
principio de responsabilidad penal individual.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La defensa tradicional basada en la obediencia debida o en
la distancia jerárquica perdió fuerza frente a la evidencia de que muchos
crímenes eran resultado de planes organizados desde las más altas estructuras
de poder.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;





&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;La doctrina de la Empresa Criminal Conjunta
(Joint Criminal Enterprise) permitió atribuir responsabilidad a quienes
diseñaron, coordinaron o facilitaron políticas criminales, incluso cuando no
participaron físicamente en su ejecución.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;El legado de Sarajevo para el Derecho Internacional&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Las lecciones jurídicas derivadas del sitio de Sarajevo
siguen teniendo enorme relevancia para el análisis de los conflictos
contemporáneos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Entre sus principales aportaciones destacan:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Consolidación de la Corte Penal Internacional&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;La experiencia del TPIY sirvió de antecedente directo para
la aprobación del Estatuto de Roma de 1998 y la creación de la Corte Penal
Internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evolución de los crímenes de lesa humanidad&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Los tribunales ampliaron la comprensión de la persecución
sistemática, el terror urbano y la privación de bienes esenciales como formas
de criminalidad internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fin de la impunidad de los líderes políticos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Los casos Karadžić, Mladić y otros responsables demostraron
que la posición política o militar no constituye un escudo frente a la justicia
internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Fortalecimiento del Derecho Internacional Humanitario&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;



















&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Sarajevo reafirmó que la protección de la
población civil debe permanecer como núcleo esencial de cualquier sistema
jurídico aplicable a los conflictos armados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Reflexión final&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Sarajevo representa una de las mayores tragedias
humanitarias de la Europa contemporánea. Sin embargo, también constituye un
parteaguas en la evolución del Derecho Internacional Público y del Derecho
Penal Internacional. El sufrimiento de miles de víctimas impulsó la creación de
mecanismos judiciales capaces de perseguir la responsabilidad individual de
quienes utilizaron el terror como instrumento político y militar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;



&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;A más de tres décadas del inicio del asedio,
Sarajevo continúa siendo una advertencia para la comunidad internacional: la
existencia de normas jurídicas es insuficiente si no van acompañadas de
voluntad política, mecanismos efectivos de prevención y tribunales capaces de
aplicar justicia. La verdadera relevancia de este caso radica en haber
demostrado que incluso en medio de la barbarie es posible construir precedentes
jurídicos orientados a proteger la dignidad humana y fortalecer la lucha global
contra la impunidad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Bibliografía&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cassese, Antonio. &lt;i&gt;International
     Criminal Law&lt;/i&gt;. Oxford University Press, 2013.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cryer, Robert; Friman, Håkan;
     Robinson, Darryl; Wilmshurst, Elizabeth. &lt;i&gt;An Introduction to
     International Criminal Law and Procedure&lt;/i&gt;. Cambridge University Press,
     2019.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Schabas, William A. &lt;i&gt;The
     International Criminal Court: A Commentary on the Rome Statute&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;Oxford
     University Press, 2016.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Shaw, Malcolm N. &lt;i&gt;International
     Law&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;Cambridge University Press, 2021.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Tribunal
     Penal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia (ICTY). &lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Prosecutor v. Stanislav Galić&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, Case No. &lt;/span&gt;IT-98-29-A,
     Appeals Judgment, 30 November 2006.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Tribunal
     Penal Internacional para la ex Yugoslavia (ICTY). &lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Prosecutor v. Radovan Karadžić&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, Case No. IT-95-5/18-T,
     Judgment, 24 March 2016.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Organización
     de las Naciones Unidas. Resolución 827 (1993) del Consejo de Seguridad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Convenios
     de Ginebra de 1949 y Protocolos Adicionales de 1977.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;Convención
     para la Prevención y la Sanción del Delito de Genocidio, 1948.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;



&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Estatuto de Roma de la Corte Penal
Internacional, 1998.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; 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mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Aptos&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Aptos, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/5450739641416490973/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/09/sarajevo-cuando-el-derecho.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/5450739641416490973'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/5450739641416490973'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/09/sarajevo-cuando-el-derecho.html' title='Sarajevo, Cuándo el Derecho Internacional Público se puso a prueba'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEixtxRn2DUGBe4cOdGfRPMNxxukP-uZPfnTHCXvxc2lfY0fS5BIZ1SZS_I1jhG1hYVWBPa_APNbFNkkUd_3sco9arx5nT03pe4Ev8EuJdgcrcq73Lt3s4KAjptyxSFoIVjdvfee9o_689EiHNYv7hwnG7xsgrD94SzHwkYz40Xu6b--XYy-JKc2w0h_KfOO=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-5828939134369327587</id><published>2026-09-06T19:44:20.135-06:00</published><updated>2026-09-06T19:44:20.135-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Unificación alemana en el siglo XIX.</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;En 1806, se decretó la disolución del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico,
por parte del último emperador de Austria, Francisco I, derivado de la victoria
de las tropas napoleónicas sobre el imperio austriaco &lt;/span&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-486173861&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;(Guillen, 2019)&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Napoleón, con
el objeto de proteger las fronteras orientales de Francia, crea la
Confederación del Rin. La cual, fue sustituida, en 1815, por la Confederación
Germánica, en donde se agruparon 39 estados alemanes, bajo el control de la
casa de Austria &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;1254629902&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION esa19 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;(esacademic, 2019)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnswPC3Gml8sh3ZJHyt-0JRFcwST0kOCPYVwIEhMIXp5sp_jBpWVi2wNLIRuAmm44AuFlv5Ym6pp5JokUsZ_ylzieWjDaJo7k5ugcaJDZvradAuj2NafHoX_jjIyLPJzakEByCVMoBEeS2epMr_214Voe02an1NqbulvExwdDI3kXdsjgJk7Qa9Ab-DIq4&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;468&quot; data-original-width=&quot;468&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnswPC3Gml8sh3ZJHyt-0JRFcwST0kOCPYVwIEhMIXp5sp_jBpWVi2wNLIRuAmm44AuFlv5Ym6pp5JokUsZ_ylzieWjDaJo7k5ugcaJDZvradAuj2NafHoX_jjIyLPJzakEByCVMoBEeS2epMr_214Voe02an1NqbulvExwdDI3kXdsjgJk7Qa9Ab-DIq4&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Fuente:&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9pt;&quot;&gt;Esacademic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Con la
Confederación se presentaron dos aspectos, la primera fue la unión aduanera
entre los territorios germánicos, presentándose los resultados de dicha unión
hasta 1850. La otra situación un movimiento popular liderado, por un lado, por
los estudiantes, con una corriente liberal, y por otra, por los gobernadores de
los territorios germánicos, con una tendencia nacionalista &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;1784610676&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Ign08 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Vidal, 2008)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los estudiantes
había luchado en contra de las tropas napoleónicas, quienes se uniformaron con
ropas negras, puños rojos y botones dorados, dando nacimiento a la bandera
alemana &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-533421625&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Ign08 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Vidal, 2008)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgRx75GWSI9-j90d7R3V3jehsYBPcMnKs7kJyYZf-wchTTnCYFVoxgBBRIsVLz3DVKwaJ_CoFCUqWHu_e5DY5Jw1Ep8PtNS1KfE9FObTEuY0HKwl_UHt4mbim7YZyZIJ7esE6tiDtWzzZp5xhDnZR9Qt-OxHnd_VMrWAjuMbmIwrvDOTIiu6XXjVDKb_Gh8&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;332&quot; data-original-width=&quot;443&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgRx75GWSI9-j90d7R3V3jehsYBPcMnKs7kJyYZf-wchTTnCYFVoxgBBRIsVLz3DVKwaJ_CoFCUqWHu_e5DY5Jw1Ep8PtNS1KfE9FObTEuY0HKwl_UHt4mbim7YZyZIJ7esE6tiDtWzzZp5xhDnZR9Qt-OxHnd_VMrWAjuMbmIwrvDOTIiu6XXjVDKb_Gh8&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Fuente: El reto
histórico&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En 1848 se
presentó la llamada Revolución, en donde los grupos liberales buscaron mayores
libertades políticas y económicas. Presentándose levantamientos populares en
todos los estados de la Confederación, derivado de lo anterior, surgen los
primeros Parlamentos representativos&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-501286380&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; CITATION esa19 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt; (esacademic, 2019)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Surgiendo
igualmente una persona que se convertirá en el artificie de la unificación
alemana. Otto von Bismarck, quien se convirtió en líder del ala conservadora,
luchando en contra de los liberales, convirtiéndose en Canciller de la
Confederación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El Canciller
aprovecho una situación crítica, en 1852, que se tenía con el reino de
Dinamarca, el cual disputaba con Prusia y el Imperio Austriaco, algunos
territorios con mayoría germánica. Enfrentándose con Dinamarca, Prusia y
Austria salen victoriosos del conflicto, repartiéndose los territorios en disputa.
Sin embargo, el Canciller vuelve a utilizar su astucia, obteniendo mayor
ventaja a costa del Imperio Austriaco, en 1863, lo que originaría conflictos
posteriores con esa nación &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-265997434&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Víc13 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Muñoz, 2013)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por otro lado,
en los estados germánicos de la Confederación, incluyendo Prusia, se empieza a
dar una industrialización, lo que genera, entre otras cosas, un mejor nivel de
vida, así como la modernización del ejército prusiano &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1793046439&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Elp18 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(pensante, 2018)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En 1866, se
presenta el conflicto entre Prusia y el Imperio Austriaco, quien este último
pierde en contra del ejército moderno prusiano, mostrando a este Imperio como
decadente &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;576945063&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Elp18 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(pensante, 2018)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Lo anterior
ayudó a la unificación italiana. Así mismo, Francia, con Napoleón III como
gobernador, se preocupó de dicha situación. La cual empeoró cuando España buscó
a un sucesor en el trono español, alguien descendiente de la familia imperial
prusiana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Esta situación
fue utilizada por el Canciller von Bismarck, quien modificó un telegrama en
donde se muestra un insulto por parte de los franceses a Guillermo I, rey de
Prusia. Provocando así la guerra entre Francia y Prusia en 1870 &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-682827215&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Elp18 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(pensante, 2018)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los prusianos
movilizaron a 1’183,000 soldados, con armamento moderno, mientras que los
franceses únicamente movilizaron a 288,000 soldados, obteniendo los franceses
una derrota humillante. Prusia obligó a Francia a pagar una fuerte
indemnización, así como ceder a Prusia los territorios de Alsacia y Lorena, así
mismo, Guillermo I fue proclamado en el Palacio de Versalles como el Kaiser
(emperador de toda Alemania) &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;841206004&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Elp18 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(pensante, 2018)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAirpM918b39eLsbI4UTLe5mI9XPitmqfptqIYaq2VP7O9EwNnjDR4WO52J3mpYZwHIMQCxgQRLIKNwgAunv793wcgR3f8a_jFlqvdtc3CsEcxN2PDVTBfbBE_yr12xl0lnIzm9xWaEAI5-qdSpYS0FNahCoVfvVpbtblee7xh7YzqY90r5uBfPmCInRQE&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;385&quot; data-original-width=&quot;521&quot; height=&quot;236&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgAirpM918b39eLsbI4UTLe5mI9XPitmqfptqIYaq2VP7O9EwNnjDR4WO52J3mpYZwHIMQCxgQRLIKNwgAunv793wcgR3f8a_jFlqvdtc3CsEcxN2PDVTBfbBE_yr12xl0lnIzm9xWaEAI5-qdSpYS0FNahCoVfvVpbtblee7xh7YzqY90r5uBfPmCInRQE&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://historiayguerra.net/2015/05/25/resumen-la-guerra-franco-prusiana-1870-1871/&quot;&gt;https://historiayguerra.net/2015/05/25/resumen-la-guerra-franco-prusiana-1870-1871/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Esta humillación fue otro más de los factores que provocaron la Primera
Guerra Mundial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhD8EkWl-3LkeNQdWrFBPzJ2l_1OlbnnOoc1lfJAEbHF65fdoyythcovB8YIAvt1b9Hq7w4riesZLQVP8DkFwvQL7AFmKGa-U5_OKvstuww8O149W74watudp0MmJZBODxR4qWtNklbm98N46ixmXg1_rd8wVu2U1pMCGvh1jgemdZsE5w0qrzGYt6yqGF&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;531&quot; data-original-width=&quot;921&quot; height=&quot;184&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjhD8EkWl-3LkeNQdWrFBPzJ2l_1OlbnnOoc1lfJAEbHF65fdoyythcovB8YIAvt1b9Hq7w4riesZLQVP8DkFwvQL7AFmKGa-U5_OKvstuww8O149W74watudp0MmJZBODxR4qWtNklbm98N46ixmXg1_rd8wVu2U1pMCGvh1jgemdZsE5w0qrzGYt6yqGF&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mundoantiguo.net/unificacion-alemana/&quot;&gt;https://mundoantiguo.net/unificacion-alemana/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Bibliografía&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
  style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;BIBLIOGRAPHY&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
  field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;esacademic. (24 de 07 de 2019). &lt;i&gt;ACADEMIC&lt;/i&gt;.
  Recuperado el 24 de 07 de 2019, de
  https://esacademic.com/dic.nsf/eswiki/292610#&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Guillen. (24 de 07 de
  2019). &lt;i&gt;Español 302&lt;/i&gt;. Recuperado el 24 de 04 de 2019, de
  https://sites.oxy.edu/guillenf/espanol302/recursos/mapas/Sacro%20Imperio%20Romano%20Germ%C3%A1nico.html&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Muñoz, V. (16 de Agosto
  de 2013). &lt;i&gt;Redhistoria&lt;/i&gt;. Recuperado el 24 de 07 de 2019, de
  https://redhistoria.com/la-guerra-de-los-ducados-el-inicio-de-la-unificacion-alemana/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;pensante, E. (29 de
  julio de 2018). &lt;i&gt;El pensante&lt;/i&gt;. Recuperado el 25 de 07 de 2019, de
  https://www.elpensante.com/el-telegrama-que-empezo-una-guerra/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Vidal, I. (15 de 11 de
  2008). &lt;i&gt;El reto histórico&lt;/i&gt;. Recuperado el 24 de 07 de 2019, de
  https://elretohistorico.com/los-estudiantes-que-construyeron-alemania-tras-vencer-a-napoleon/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt docparttype=&quot;Bibliographies&quot; docpartunique=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1639262526&quot; sdtdocpart=&quot;t&quot;&gt;
 
 &lt;w:sdt bibliography=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;111145805&quot;&gt;
  
  
  
  
  
  &lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/5828939134369327587/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/09/unificacion-alemana-en-el-siglo-xix.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/5828939134369327587'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/5828939134369327587'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/09/unificacion-alemana-en-el-siglo-xix.html' title='Unificación alemana en el siglo XIX.'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjnswPC3Gml8sh3ZJHyt-0JRFcwST0kOCPYVwIEhMIXp5sp_jBpWVi2wNLIRuAmm44AuFlv5Ym6pp5JokUsZ_ylzieWjDaJo7k5ugcaJDZvradAuj2NafHoX_jjIyLPJzakEByCVMoBEeS2epMr_214Voe02an1NqbulvExwdDI3kXdsjgJk7Qa9Ab-DIq4=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-5964885865450859271</id><published>2026-08-24T14:14:26.868-06:00</published><updated>2026-08-24T14:27:17.971-06:00</updated><title type='text'>The digital enviroment</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The &lt;b&gt;digital
environment&lt;/b&gt; can be understood through several complementary definitions:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is a set of channels,
     platforms, and tools available to individuals, which do not necessarily
     require the use of the Internet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is defined as a context or a
     &quot;place&quot; enabled by technology and digital devices, which are
     often transmitted over the Internet or other digital means.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It is ubiquitous, permeating
     everyday life to the point where even non-digitized media are impacted and
     take on digital characteristics.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;It comprises a complete
     continuum ranging from the tangible aspects of computing devices, their
     programming and information systems, the network technologies connecting
     them, and the resulting interactivity between people and between people
     and the digital interface.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Basic
Aspects and Characteristics&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The basic
aspects of the digital environment are divided into its &lt;b&gt;core characteristics&lt;/b&gt;
and its &lt;b&gt;functional domains&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;1. Core Characteristics&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Immediacy and speed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: Information is delivered
     almost instantly, which has conditioned modern society to expect immediate
     responses and access to services.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;De-localization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: Digital systems transcend
     physical and spatial boundaries, enabling anyone from anywhere in the
     world to access and use them at any time.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Quantity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: A massive volume of
     information is constantly available, which defines modern hyper-informed
     &quot;knowledge&quot; or &quot;network&quot; societies, though it also
     requires individuals to develop strong filtration skills.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Hypertextuality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: Electronic texts are
     structured non-linearly and connected through hyperlinks, allowing users
     to store, recover, and navigate information through customized,
     non-sequential routes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Multimodality&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: Diverse formats such as text,
     sound, and images can be combined within a single document, making the
     content more engaging and easier to absorb.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Portability-Proximity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: Digital devices are highly
     portable and designed to be comfortable to carry, ensuring they remain
     constantly nearby and within reach.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Hybridization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: Unlike standard multimedia
     where different components coexist but fragment the user experience,
     hybrid media integrate all elements through a common software component to
     deliver a unified, singular experience.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;







&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;2. Functional Domains&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The digital
environment operates and exerts pressure on human life through five primary
domains:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Digital transformation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: Foundational changes in
     organizations driven by automation, digital data, and networking to
     improve productivity, shifting activities like shopping, learning, and
     working from the physical to the virtual space.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Digital health&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: The use of information and
     communication technologies (such as wearables, smartphones, and
     telemedicine) to personalize and address individual or community health
     problems.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Digital technology&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: Tangible electronic devices
     functioning through binary computational code and microprocessors,
     including laptops, tablets, and smartphones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Digital identity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;: The virtual representation
     and cumulative online footprint of an individual, community, or
     organization.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Digital media&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;: Media encoded in
     machine-readable formats that can be created, stored, and broadcasted via
     electronic devices, enabling a constant stream of information.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Having &lt;b&gt;strong
filtration skills&lt;/b&gt; means you have a great ability to sort through
information, data, or physical substances to keep only what is useful and block
what is harmful. Depending on the context, it refers to either a technical
talent or a mental habit.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Technical and Workplace Context&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;System management:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Knowing how to set up, run,
     and fix physical or digital filters.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Contaminant removal:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Keeping liquids, air, or
     chemical processes clean and safe.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Equipment care:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Fixing parts and keeping
     machines running well.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Information screening:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Spotting fake news, rumors, or
     bad data quickly.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Focus:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ignoring distractions to focus
     on important tasks.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Decision making:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Sorting out good ideas from
     bad ones before you act.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Mental and Cognitive Context&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;







&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The
importance of the digital environment is reflected in how deeply it has
integrated into modern human life, transforming individual well-being, societal
structures, and institutional operations. Its significance is highlighted
across several key areas:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;1.
Satisfying Human Needs and Daily Activities&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Meeting Essential Needs:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Based on Maslow&#39;s hierarchy of
     needs, the digital environment (particularly the internet) allows
     individuals to directly satisfy secondary needs such as &lt;b&gt;socialization,
     affection, recognition, and self-actualization&lt;/b&gt;. While it cannot
     directly satisfy physical primary needs (like food), it facilitates them
     indirectly, such as ordering food online.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Daily Dependency:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Digital tools have radically
     altered how people relate to others and the world. Connected digital tools
     are now involved in almost every routine daily activity—including how we
     work, learn, play, and socialize—making it difficult for many to imagine
     life without them.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Public and Environmental
     Health:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;
     Equitable accessibility and availability of digital technology has rapidly
     become recognized as a critical &lt;b&gt;social determinant of health&lt;/b&gt;. The
     digital environment anchors itself as a core determinant because of its
     direct cascading effects on healthcare systems, individual lifestyles, and
     the physical environment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Access and Equity:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Having access to digital
     technology positively drives social equality by &lt;b&gt;enhancing connectivity,
     financial inclusion, and access to trade and public services&lt;/b&gt;.
     Conversely, a lack of access causes systematic exclusion for vulnerable
     populations.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Transforming Businesses and
     Governance:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;
     For organizations and governments, the digital environment enables
     foundational digital transformations. It automates processes to reduce
     costs, errors, and time, while facilitating data collection to generate
     knowledge and improve decision-making.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Academic Advancement:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; For modern higher education
     institutions, operating effectively is now considered unimaginable without
     integrating digital tools and robust knowledge management systems. The
     digital environment allows modern universities to remain competitive,
     manage knowledge transfer, and actively shape the economic and social
     strategies of their local regions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;2.
Serving as a Social Determinant of Health&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Public and Environmental
     Health:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;
     Equitable accessibility and availability of digital technology has rapidly
     become recognized as a critical &lt;b&gt;social determinant of health&lt;/b&gt;. The
     digital environment anchors itself as a core determinant because of its
     direct cascading effects on healthcare systems, individual lifestyles, and
     the physical environment.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Access and Equity:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; Having access to digital
     technology positively drives social equality by &lt;b&gt;enhancing connectivity,
     financial inclusion, and access to trade and public services&lt;/b&gt;.
     Conversely, a lack of access causes systematic exclusion for vulnerable
     populations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;3. Driving Institutional and Economic Growth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;











&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;T&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;ransforming Businesses and
     Governance:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;
     For organizations and governments, the digital environment enables
     foundational digital transformations. It automates processes to reduce
     costs, errors, and time, while facilitating data collection to generate
     knowledge and improve decision-making.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Academic Advancement:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; For modern higher education
     institutions, operating effectively is now considered unimaginable without
     integrating digital tools and robust knowledge management systems. The
     digital environment allows modern universities to remain competitive,
     manage knowledge transfer, and actively shape the economic and social
     strategies of their local regions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;The
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;digital environment&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt; is integrated by a variety of components. Based on
your sources, these elements can be organized into four distinct but
overlapping frameworks: the technical structure, the requirements for access,
its functional domains, and the elements of digital communication.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Aptos, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;1&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;.
Technical and Interactive Structure (The Digital Continuum)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;At its most
fundamental level, the digital environment is not a single tool but a
continuous spectrum composed of:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Physical Devices (Hardware):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt; The tangible aspects of
     computing and electronic devices.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Information and Programming
     Systems (Software):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt; The programs, applications, and operating systems that run on
     hardware.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Network Technologies:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt; The telecommunications
     infrastructure that connects these devices together.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Interactivity:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; The dynamic relationship and
     reciprocal actions that occur between people, as well as between people
     and the digital interface.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;2.
Elements of Meaningful Participation (The &quot;Three-Legged Stool&quot; of
Access)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;To
participate in the digital environment in a meaningful way, individuals require
three closely linked elements. Lacking even one of these elements creates
significant distress and exclusion, much like a stool missing a leg:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Connectivity:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; The ability to access
     affordable, reliable, and high-speed broadband internet. Reliability is
     critical for remote work, education, and telehealth, while speed allows
     multiple users to connect simultaneously without lag.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Adequate Devices:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Access to appropriate hardware
     like laptops, desktops, or tablets. Dependable access is restricted when
     families are forced to share a single device or rely solely on a
     smartphone, which is inadequate for complex tasks like remote learning or
     applying for social services.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Skills and Support:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; The necessary training to
     operate devices and software effectively, alongside technical support to
     troubleshoot issues as they arise. These skills range from basic computer
     navigation to using email and office suites safely.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;3.
Functional Domains of the Digital Environment&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The digital
environment manifests itself and influences human society through five core
domains:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Digital Technology:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Microprocessor-based physical
     devices functioning through binary computer code (e.g., computers,
     tablets, mobile phones).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Digital Media:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Information encoded in
     machine-readable formats that can be created, stored, and broadcasted via
     electronic devices.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Digital Identity:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; The virtual representation and
     cumulative online footprint of an individual, community, or organization
     (such as email accounts or profiles on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Digital Health:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Information and communication
     technologies used to address individual or community health needs (such as
     wearables, electronic medical records, and telemedicine).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Digital Transformation:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; The deep reorganization of
     business, administrative, and learning processes through automation,
     networking, and digital data to improve productivity and outreach.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;4.
Conscious Elements of Digital Communication&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;In physical
spaces, people unconsciously integrate various communicative markers. However,
in the digital environment, we must consciously construct our communication
because we lose non-verbal languages like physical gestures, immediate
feedback, and vocal intonation. &lt;/span&gt;The six essential elements of this
process are:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sender:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; The social actor who
     consciously produces and builds the digital message.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Receiver:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; The social actor who receives
     and decodes the message.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Message:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; The core content or
     information transmitted.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Code:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; The shared system of reference
     (such as text, icons, images, or sounds) used to encode and decode the
     message so it carries the same meaning for both parties.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Channel:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; The physical or environmental
     medium used to carry the message (e.g., email, blogs, social networks, or
     video platforms like YouTube).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Context:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt; The socio-historical situation
     in which the sender and receiver are situated, which defines, completes,
     or sometimes alters the meaning of the message.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;References&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Skillmine (2026). 6 core elements of Digital Transformatio.&amp;nbsp;https://skill-mine.com/6-core-elements-of-digital-transformation/&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;The Patterson Foundation (2020). The Three essential elements of digital access.&amp;nbsp;https://www.thepattersonfoundation.org/blog/the-three-essential-elements-of-digital-access.html&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;What is the digital envieroment? (w/d)&amp;nbsp;https://es.scribd.com/document/956366565/RRII-M1-and-M2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Syamimi Masrani, Afiqah &amp;amp; Nik Hussain, Nik Rosmawati (2022). Digital enviroment: An evolutionary component in enviroment health. Journal of public Health Research.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Lukovics, Miklós &amp;amp; Zuti, Bence (2016). Modern university in a digital enviroment. ECONSTOR.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;György, Katalin (Ed.): 15th International Scientific Days „Challenges and Prospects&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;for Innovation between 2014-2020”, ISBN 978-963-9941-92-2, Károly Róbert College, Gyöngyös, pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;1069-1075,&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.227112 ,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;http://honlap.karolyrobert.hu/sites/honlap.foiskola.krf/files/media/upload/XV.NTN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;%202016.03.30-31.PRINTABLE.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/5964885865450859271/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/08/the-digital-enviroment.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/5964885865450859271'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/5964885865450859271'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/08/the-digital-enviroment.html' title='The digital enviroment'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-7369832278717572383</id><published>2026-08-11T18:04:29.069-06:00</published><updated>2026-08-11T18:04:29.069-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Derecho Internacional Público (segunda parte)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;El sujeto con plenitud de derechos y obligaciones es el Estado, el cual
se le reconoce porque contiene los siguientes cinco elementos, cabe hacer la aclaración,
que anteriormente se le reconocían los primeros tres, pero ya se le han
agregado dos elementos más (Sepulveda I. Ricardo J. et al. 2025):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Población.
Es el conjunto de personas que habitan en el territorio estatal, independiente de
su nacionalidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Territorio.
Es el espacio geográfico físico con fronteras definidas, donde reside la
población y se ejerce la autoridad del Estado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Gobierno:
Es el conjunto de instituciones y órganos que ejercen el poder político para
administrar y dirigir al Estado. Esto incluye los poderes Ejecutivo, Legislativo
y Judicial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Soberanía:
Es el poder supremo y autónomo del Estado para tomar decisiones y ejecutar sus
políticas sobre su propio territorio, sin estar sujeto a la voluntad de otro
poder externo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ordenamiento
jurídico. Es el conjunto de leyes, normas y reglamentos que rigen la conducta
de los ciudadanos y del propio Estado, garantizando su organización y
legitimidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Dentro
del territorio se tiene que aparte de la superficie terrestre, incluye el espacio
aéreo y subsuelo, el cual se limita por medio de las fronteras, las cuales
pueden ser naturales o artificiales. Estas fronteras, con fundamento en el
artículo 42 constitucional que a la letra dice así (Cámara de Diputados, 2014):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“&lt;i&gt;Artículo
42. El territorio nacional comprende:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El
de las partes integrantes de la Federación&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El
de las islas, incluyendo los arrecifes y cayos en los mares adyacentes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El
de las islas Guadalupe y Revillagigedo situadas en el Océano Pacífico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La
plataforma continental y los zócalos submarinos de las islas, cayos y
arrecifes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Las
aguas de los mares territoriales en la extensión y términos que fija el Derecho
Internacional y las marítimas interiores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;











&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El
espacio situado sobre el territorio nacional, con la extensión y modalidades
que establezca el propio Derecho Internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Dentro de este territorio, ejerce el Estado sus funciones por medio del
gobierno. En cuanto al gobierno hay diferentes tipos de gobierno a nivel
mundial, por ejemplo (Hurtado, Javier. s/f):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;República
presidencialista, en donde el poder se divide en tres, Poder Ejecutivo,
Legislativo y Judicial, y el jefe del poder ejecutivo es el jefe de gobierno y
en algunos actos protocolarios se convierte en el jefe de Estado. Ejemplo de
ello, son México, Estados Unidos y la mayoría de los países de América Latina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;República
semipresidencial o República Parlamentaria, en donde el jefe de Estado es
elegido por medio del voto directo de los ciudadanos y el jefe de gobierno o
primer ministro es designado por el Parlamento. Algunos ejemplos son Francia,
Portugal y Alemania.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Monarquía
Parlamentaria, en donde el Monarca es el jefe de Estado, mientras el jefe de
Gobierno es designado por medio del Parlamento, ejemplo de ello son El Reino
Unido, Canadá, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, España, Japón, Dinamarca, Suecia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;





&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Dictadura:
Una persona tiene el control absoluto de lo que ocurre en la región por medio
de la violencia y las armas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El individuo es otro sujeto del Derecho Internacional Público, sin
embargo, en el Derecho Internación Público clásico, los individuos eran
considerados objetos de protección indirecta a través de los Estados; sin
embargo, después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y con la creación de la Organización
de Naciones Unidas (ONU) y la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, el
individuo empieza a ser reconocido como sujeto del Derecho Internacional
Público (ONU, s/f).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Derivado
de lo anterior, el individuo goza de una personalidad jurídica internacional
limitada, ya que puede:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ser titular de derechos reconocidos
     internacionalmente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Presentar denuncias ante determinados órganos
     internacionales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Exigir protección frente a violaciones de derechos
     humanos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ser
responsable internacionalmente por crímenes como genocidio, crímenes de guerra
o crímenes de lesa humanidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;No
obstante, a diferencia de los Estados, los individuos no poseen plena capacidad
para celebrar tratados ni para participar directamente en la creación de normas
internacionales. Los derechos y obligaciones que tiene el individuo a nivel internacional
son los siguientes (ONU, s/f):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Derechos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Derecho a la vida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Derecho a la libertad y seguridad
     personal.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Libertad de expresión.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Libertad religiosa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Derecho a la educación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Derecho al trabajo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Derecho a la igualdad y no discriminación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;



&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Dentro
de las obligaciones, con las cuales los individuos también pueden ser
responsables de actos que afecten a la comunidad internacional, especialmente
cuando cometen:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Genocidio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tortura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Crímenes de guerra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Crimenes de lesa humanidad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los
derechos humanos cuentan con un fundamento jurídico el cual es el siguiente:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Carta de
las Naciones Unidas (1945)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La
Carta establece entre los propósitos de la ONU promover el respeto universal de
los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales sin distinción alguna de
raza, sexo, idioma o religión.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b)
Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos (1948)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La
Declaración constituye el principal instrumento de referencia en materia de
derechos humanos y proclama derechos civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales y
culturales para todas las personas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los
Derechos Humanos se dividen en dos los civiles y políticos y los económicos,
sociales y culturales, siendo los siguientes (Naciones Unidas, 2026):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Derechos civiles y políticos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;. Conocidos como libertades clásicas,
protegen al individuo de los abusos de poder. Su cumplimiento exige que el
Estado no interfiera en la vida privada y garantice las reglas del juego
democrático, por ejemplo, derecho a la vida, libertad de expresión, derecho a
un juicio justo, derecho al voto y protección contra la tortura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Derechos económicos, sociales y
culturales. Garantizan el bienestar material y espiritual, asegurando que las
personas puedan vivir con dignidad. Exigen una acción activa (inversión y
políticas públicas) por parte del Estado para su realización progresiva, por
ejemplo, derecho al trabajo y a un salario justo, derecho a la salud, derecho a
la educación gratuita, derecho a la vivienda, y el derecho a participar en la
vida cultural.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Para
la protección de los derechos humanos a nivel internacional se cuenta con los siguientes
organismos internacionales:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Consejo
de Derechos Humanos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Es el principal
órgano intergubernamental encargado de promover y proteger los derechos humanos
en todo el mundo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sus funciones
incluyen:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Examinar situaciones de violaciones
     de derechos humanos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Realizar el Examen Periódico
     Universal (EPU).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;







&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Crear
procedimientos especiales y relatorías temáticas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Oficina
del Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Coordina
las actividades de protección y promoción de los derechos humanos en el sistema
de Naciones Unidas y brinda asistencia técnica a los Estados&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c) Comités
de tratados&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Son órganos de
expertos independientes encargados de supervisar el cumplimiento de los
tratados internacionales sobre derechos humanos por parte de los Estados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Entre ellos
destacan:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comité de Derechos Humanos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comité contra la Tortura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comité para la Eliminación de la
     Discriminación contra la Mujer.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comité de los derechos del niño&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;







&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Regresando
al Individuo, la forma en que se tiene un vínculo jurídico y político con un Estado
es por medio de la nacionalidad, teniendo las siguientes características:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Vínculo jurídico:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Es una relación legal establecida
     por la ley interna de cada país y que genera derechos y deberes para el
     individuo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Elemento de pertenencia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Permite a una persona
     identificarse con un Estado y formar parte de una comunidad nacional,
     compartiendo, en ocasiones, elementos culturales como idioma, historia y
     tradiciones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Marco legal:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Las condiciones para adquirir,
     conservar y perder la nacionalidad son establecidas por la legislación
     interna de cada Estado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Protección del Estado:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Otorga al individuo la protección
     diplomática de su país cuando se encuentra en el extranjero.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ciudadanía:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; La nacionalidad es fundamental
     para el ejercicio de la ciudadanía, que incluye derechos políticos, como
     votar o ser elegido para cargos públicos, aunque algunos autores la
     distinguen de la nacionalidad.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En
la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, en su artículo 30 se
menciona lo siguiente (Cámara de Diputados, 2014):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 23.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Artículo 30. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La nacionalidad mexicana se adquiere por nacimiento o por
naturalización. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 23.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Son
mexicanos por nacimiento: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 23.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;I. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los
que nazcan en territorio de la República, sea cual fuere la nacionalidad de sus
padres. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 23.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;II. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los
que nazcan en el extranjero, hijos de padres mexicanos nacidos en territorio
nacional, de padre mexicano nacido en territorio nacional, o de madre mexicana
nacida en territorio nacional; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 23.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;III. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los
que nazcan en el extranjero, hijos de padres mexicanos por naturalización, de
padre mexicano por naturalización, o de madre mexicana por naturalización, y&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 23.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;IV. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los
que nazcan a bordo de embarcaciones o aeronaves mexicanas, sean de guerra o
mercantes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 23.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;B) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Son
mexicanos por naturalización: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 23.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;I. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los
extranjeros que obtengan de la Secretaría de Relaciones carta de
naturalización. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 8.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 23.7pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;II. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La
mujer o el varón extranjeros que contraigan matrimonio con varón o con mujer
mexicanos, que tengan o establezcan su domicilio dentro del territorio nacional
y cumplan con los demás requisitos que al efecto señale la ley.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;

















&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La
nacionalidad tiene ciertos aspectos clave como a continuación se mencionan:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Aspecto jurídico y político:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Se refiere a la condición legal
     que une a un individuo con un Estado y le otorga derechos específicos,
     como la libertad de expresión y el derecho al voto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Participación:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Implica la intervención activa en
     los asuntos públicos y políticos de un país, lo que puede incluir desde
     votar en elecciones hasta participar en debates públicos o iniciativas
     comunitarias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Deberes y responsabilidades:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Ser ciudadano conlleva la
     obligación de cumplir con las leyes, pagar impuestos, respetar a los demás
     y contribuir al bien común.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Identidad y pertenencia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; También se relaciona con un
     sentimiento de pertenencia a una comunidad, fomentando la cohesión entre
     sus integrantes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Evolución del concepto:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; La noción de ciudadanía ha
     evolucionado históricamente, pasando de ser restrictiva a ser más
     inclusiva, incorporando a grupos como jóvenes, migrantes y personas
     indígenas, entre otros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;



&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por
otro lado, otro sujeto del Derecho Internacional Público son los pueblos,
quienes han adquirido reconocimiento jurídico con relación con determinados
derechos colectivos, como el derecho a la autodeterminación (ONU, s/f).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Un
pueblo puede entenderse como una comunidad humana que comparte elementos
históricos, culturales, lingüísticos, étnicos o territoriales y que posee
conciencia de identidad propia. Aunque no siempre constituye un Estado
independiente, el Derecho Internacional reconoce ciertos derechos colectivos a
los pueblos (Blog, 2026)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;



&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Este
principio está reconocido en la &lt;b&gt;Carta de las Naciones Unidas&lt;/b&gt;, cuyo
artículo 1 establece que uno de los propósitos de la ONU es fomentar relaciones
amistosas entre las naciones basadas en el respeto al principio de la igualdad
de derechos y de la libre determinación de los pueblos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Asimismo, los
Pactos Internacionales de Derechos Humanos de 1966 señalan que:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&quot;Todos
los pueblos tienen el derecho de libre determinación. En virtud de este derecho
establecen libremente su condición política y proveen asimismo a su desarrollo
económico, social y cultural&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;El derecho de
autodeterminación puede expresarse de diversas formas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ol start=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Independencia política&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;, especialmente en procesos de
     descolonización. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Libre asociación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; con otro Estado. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Integración voluntaria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; en un Estado ya existente. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Autonomía o autogobierno interno&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;, respetando la integridad
     territorial del Estado al que pertenece el pueblo. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por
otro lado, es importante profundizar acerca de lo que es el territorio y como
se regula a nivel internacional, lo anterior es con el objeto de evitar
conflicto entre los Estados y garantizar el uso pacífico y ordenado de los
espacios terrestres, marítimos, aéreos y ultraterrestres. Para ello, es
necesario dividirlo en espacios de competencia estatal y espacios de
competencia internacional:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1. Espacios
de competencia estatal&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Son aquellos
espacios sobre los cuales un Estado ejerce soberanía plena o determinados
derechos soberanos reconocidos por el Derecho Internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a)
Territorio terrestre&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comprende la
superficie terrestre delimitada por fronteras internacionales. Sobre este
territorio, el Estado ejerce soberanía exclusiva, lo que implica la facultad de
legislar, administrar justicia y hacer cumplir sus leyes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Aguas
interiores&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Incluyen ríos,
lagos, puertos, bahías y demás aguas situadas dentro del territorio estatal. El
Estado posee soberanía plena sobre ellas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c) Mar
territorial&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Es la franja
marítima adyacente a las costas del Estado. De acuerdo con la Convención de las
Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (CONVEMAR), puede extenderse hasta 12
millas náuticas desde las líneas de base. En este espacio el Estado ejerce
soberanía, aunque debe permitir el paso inocente de buques extranjeros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;d) Espacio
aéreo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Se extiende
sobre el territorio terrestre y marítimo del Estado. Cada Estado tiene
soberanía completa y exclusiva sobre su espacio aéreo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;



















&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;e) Zona
contigua&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Se extiende
hasta 24 millas náuticas desde las líneas de base. En ella el Estado puede
ejercer controles para prevenir y sancionar infracciones aduaneras, fiscales,
migratorias o sanitarias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;f) Zona
Económica Exclusiva (ZEE)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Abarca hasta
200 millas náuticas desde las líneas de base. El Estado no ejerce soberanía
plena, pero sí derechos soberanos para la exploración, explotación,
conservación y administración de los recursos naturales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;g)
Plataforma continental&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;







&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comprende el
lecho y subsuelo marinos que se prolongan más allá del mar territorial. El
Estado ribereño posee derechos soberanos para la exploración y explotación de
recursos minerales y biológicos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;2. Espacios
de competencia internacional&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Son aquellos
espacios que no pertenecen a ningún Estado y cuyo uso está regulado por normas
internacionales en beneficio de toda la comunidad internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;a) Alta mar&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Es la parte del
mar no comprendida en la Zona Económica Exclusiva, mar territorial o aguas
interiores de ningún Estado. Se rige por el principio de libertad de
navegación, pesca, investigación científica y tendido de cables submarinos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;b) Los
fondos marinos internacionales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Conocidos como
&quot;La Zona&quot;, comprenden los fondos marinos y oceánicos fuera de la
jurisdicción nacional. Son considerados patrimonio común de la humanidad y
están administrados por la Autoridad Internacional de los Fondos Marinos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;c) Espacio
ultraterrestre&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Incluye la Luna
y demás cuerpos celestes. El Tratado del Espacio Ultraterrestre de 1967
establece que ningún Estado puede apropiarse de estos espacios y que deben
utilizarse con fines pacíficos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;d) Antártida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;

















&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Regulada por el
Tratado Antártico de 1959, se destina exclusivamente a fines científicos y
pacíficos, quedando prohibidas las actividades militares y las reclamaciones
territoriales nuevas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En
la actualidad se tienen diversos sistemas jurídicos contemporáneos,
entendiéndose como sistemas jurídicos es el conjunto organizado de normas,
instituciones, principios y prácticas jurídicas vigentes en una sociedad
determinada, lo que incluye:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Normas (leyes, reglamentos)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Instituciones (tribunales,
     legisladores)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Métodos de interpretación&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cultura jurídica (valores y
     concepciones del derecho)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Es
importante el estudio de los diversos sistemas lo que ayuda a comprender como
los diferentes países regulan problemas similares, las ventajas y desventajas
de cada uno y poder mejorar el sistema nacional. Por lo que se tiene los siguientes
sistemas jurídicos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sistema
romano-germánico o Civil Law&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Predomina en Europa continental y
     América Latina (incluido México)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Fuente principal: la ley escrita
     (códigos)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El juez aplica la ley, no la crea&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ejemplos:
Francia, Alemania, México&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Características:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Codificación (Código Civil, Penal,
     etc.)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Seguridad jurídica&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Método deductivo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;









&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sistema
anglosajón o Common Law&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Originado en Inglaterra y difundido
     en EE.UU., Canadá&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Fuente principal: la jurisprudencia
     (precedentes judiciales)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los
jueces crean derecho mediante sus decisiones&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Características:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Principio de precedente (stare
     decisis)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Método inductivo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Flexibilidad jurídica&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sistema
socialista&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Basado en principios ideológicos
     del socialismo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El Estado tiene un papel central en
     la creación del derecho&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ejemplos:
China, Cuba, Vietnam&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sistema
religioso&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Se fundamenta en &lt;b&gt;textos sagrados&lt;/b&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Relación estrecha entre derecho y
     moral/religión&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ejemplos:
derecho islámico (Sharía)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sistemas
mixtos o híbridos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Combinan elementos de varios
     sistemas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Ejemplo:
Sudáfrica (civil law + common law)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;





















&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Así
mismo, la soberanía, la cual en su concepción clásica se puede entender como el
poder supremo, absoluto y exclusivo del Estado sobre su territorio y población.
Sin embargo, La globalización, la interdependencia y el desarrollo del derecho
internacional han transformado profundamente este concepto. Derivado de que la
soberanía se encuentra condicionada por los tratados internacionales, derechos
humanos y/U organismos supranacionales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por
último, se puede mencionar que la jurisprudencia internacional es el conjunto
de decisiones judiciales emitidas por tribunales internacionales, como la Corte
Internacional de Justicia (CIJ), el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos o la
Corte Penal Internacional y la doctrina internacional consiste en las
opiniones, estudios y teorías elaboradas por juristas especializados
(publicistas) sobre el Derecho Internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;







&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Referencias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Blog
(2026). &lt;i&gt;¿Qué es el derecho a la autodeterminación?&lt;/i&gt; Recuperado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.unrepresentedunitednations.org/es/blog/noticias-uun/que-es-el-derecho-de-autodeterminacion&quot;&gt;https://www.unrepresentedunitednations.org/es/blog/noticias-uun/que-es-el-derecho-de-autodeterminacion&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cámara de Diputados del
H. Congreso de la Unión (2014). &lt;i&gt;Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos
Mexicanos.&lt;/i&gt; Última Reforma 10 de febrero de 2014.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Hurtado, Javier (s/f). &lt;i&gt;Sistemas
de gobierno y democracia.&lt;/i&gt; Cuadernos de divulgación de la cultura
democrática. Instituto Federal Electoral. Recuperado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://portalanterior.ine.mx/documentos/DECEYEC/gobiernos_y_democracia.htm&quot;&gt;https://portalanterior.ine.mx/documentos/DECEYEC/gobiernos_y_democracia.htm&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Naciones Unidas (2026). &lt;i&gt;Derechos
económicos, sociales y culturales&lt;/i&gt;. Recuperado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ohchr.org/es/human-rights/economic-social-cultural-rights&quot;&gt;https://www.ohchr.org/es/human-rights/economic-social-cultural-rights&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Organización de las
Naciones Unidas (ONU) (s/f). &lt;i&gt;Carta de las Naciones Unidas&lt;/i&gt;. Recuperado de
&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.un.org/es/about-us/un-charter/full-text&quot;&gt;https://www.un.org/es/about-us/un-charter/full-text&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sepúlveda I., Ricardo J.
&amp;amp; Fernando Rosas, Luis (2025). Revista de Investigaciones Jurídicas. Año
49. México 2025. Núm. 49. Recuperado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eld.edu.mx/Revista-de-Investigaciones-Juridicas/RIJ-49/Capitulos/11-EL-ESTADO-NACION-SUS-ELEMENTOS-Y-NOTAS-CARACTERISTICAS-EN-LAS-VICISITUDES-DEL-SIGLO-XXI-AUTORES-RICARDO-J-SEPULVEDA-I-Y-LUIS-FERNANDO-ROSAS.pdf&quot;&gt;https://www.eld.edu.mx/Revista-de-Investigaciones-Juridicas/RIJ-49/Capitulos/11-EL-ESTADO-NACION-SUS-ELEMENTOS-Y-NOTAS-CARACTERISTICAS-EN-LAS-VICISITUDES-DEL-SIGLO-XXI-AUTORES-RICARDO-J-SEPULVEDA-I-Y-LUIS-FERNANDO-ROSAS.pdf&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/7369832278717572383/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/08/derecho-internacional-publico-segunda.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/7369832278717572383'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/7369832278717572383'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/08/derecho-internacional-publico-segunda.html' title='Derecho Internacional Público (segunda parte)'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-119896289317252715</id><published>2026-08-05T16:59:49.086-06:00</published><updated>2026-08-05T16:59:49.087-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Administración y prospectiva estratégica</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Como se ha mencionado en el artículo de administración estratégica, es
necesario realizar un análisis tanto interno como externo. En cuanto al
análisis interno se recomienda entre otras técnicas, el FODA, el cual, como se
menciona, nos ayuda a conocer nuestras fortalezas y debilidades, o, mejor
dicho, las fortalezas y debilidades de la organización. Así mismo, nos
proporciona información acerca de las amenazas y oportunidades que la
organización tiene en el entorno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;También se recomienda realizar un análisis del entorno más profundo,
utilizando las herramientas como el modelo PESTEL en donde se analizan los
elementos como tendencias demográficas, tendencias sociales, económicas,
ambientales, entre otras, tema que se abordó en el artículo antes mencionado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Otro de los elementos que se tienen que tomar en consideración es la
identificación de variables las cuales se pueden dividir de la siguiente
manera:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgqco2K6jHab1o91-3QAh4LVvMLoikMUpzu4j-BchWCSRNhO6t2vD34TGlejOsNKygEa8T8_ULH6oXT7a0I-SX0WquWY5ULrsqavVAETLsg86UKXdTnYPIMJ4oOYS9Yaa4OTWWsiGSwCVa_AzLymvOEa0UmqLm5yosAIZPTprREBzCXbS2uZ2QNeJkAJ0at&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;501&quot; data-original-width=&quot;742&quot; height=&quot;216&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgqco2K6jHab1o91-3QAh4LVvMLoikMUpzu4j-BchWCSRNhO6t2vD34TGlejOsNKygEa8T8_ULH6oXT7a0I-SX0WquWY5ULrsqavVAETLsg86UKXdTnYPIMJ4oOYS9Yaa4OTWWsiGSwCVa_AzLymvOEa0UmqLm5yosAIZPTprREBzCXbS2uZ2QNeJkAJ0at&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Siendo cada una de ellas las siguientes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQBiyAlqQZ9vdF76jQBoyK-aMAhkboVsmtFdHv73_RRG8ooozr7PRZNR_fdxkB_VnajK5szwEaFQb-5lXrtzRRY86kPswVo5tUprktbQFJdF_WJUtGxyZ0u_V0lF2OfZJMyjqloK9yVlxesIAe8HqpUw5QsQ5ScY8bPwYhAnP05TWK9ierXyoK3p_UBhQh&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;542&quot; data-original-width=&quot;828&quot; height=&quot;209&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiQBiyAlqQZ9vdF76jQBoyK-aMAhkboVsmtFdHv73_RRG8ooozr7PRZNR_fdxkB_VnajK5szwEaFQb-5lXrtzRRY86kPswVo5tUprktbQFJdF_WJUtGxyZ0u_V0lF2OfZJMyjqloK9yVlxesIAe8HqpUw5QsQ5ScY8bPwYhAnP05TWK9ierXyoK3p_UBhQh&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhEeWVoHSkJxRaEXPPow7oWYS-Cf4In8-pKSm0y10ZB0S7lbASA-8VKrqy9upKXKeowCLbTfx0rCM8FkBzLTmINphcYAtUe7wgAe3uDt8YvoZiHqPDBAJJtaI8vpUYvzqTgI2Z2tG1EWdghZlBBRHpfCRSGHH1CQ6brKRRfxiVynA2C3bDWkZtfjfdMiefV&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;581&quot; data-original-width=&quot;947&quot; height=&quot;196&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhEeWVoHSkJxRaEXPPow7oWYS-Cf4In8-pKSm0y10ZB0S7lbASA-8VKrqy9upKXKeowCLbTfx0rCM8FkBzLTmINphcYAtUe7wgAe3uDt8YvoZiHqPDBAJJtaI8vpUYvzqTgI2Z2tG1EWdghZlBBRHpfCRSGHH1CQ6brKRRfxiVynA2C3bDWkZtfjfdMiefV&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbs7ZMvS0x2gW5fTUiOOPejGVtTcLeTSFNs1g-u8lAHHISf-Eenc6XOBHjskFsHy2NYFFLR24Rc6qwdTs4z0Z3v-jjbP9zN_NEfYpODoyL-DCiMpSHclfY2eu8PlTy1m3G4aH_onwP3njGfno4Pkva_7S2npeRdhjK0ednBLDrol_w_0T11IwYylHMQZ3Y&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;565&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1003&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgbs7ZMvS0x2gW5fTUiOOPejGVtTcLeTSFNs1g-u8lAHHISf-Eenc6XOBHjskFsHy2NYFFLR24Rc6qwdTs4z0Z3v-jjbP9zN_NEfYpODoyL-DCiMpSHclfY2eu8PlTy1m3G4aH_onwP3njGfno4Pkva_7S2npeRdhjK0ednBLDrol_w_0T11IwYylHMQZ3Y&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgk-uiQIRSNzgRwBBvV91mXCCV5S-M8wIJdleSTKQJNE7AWO8oslUcEq04yEqUcZ5DTXtE4e3qdUFklXlTtzYl94U-6hcVvgPqudJxttdgRP3wOb0Hj3l1egizDfvX_BcZASoqGbMiJUUwtLjMW-muHWRl43tJAI55uorpL63O1rtkHbvrVYARubDOcrnwU&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;587&quot; data-original-width=&quot;967&quot; height=&quot;194&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgk-uiQIRSNzgRwBBvV91mXCCV5S-M8wIJdleSTKQJNE7AWO8oslUcEq04yEqUcZ5DTXtE4e3qdUFklXlTtzYl94U-6hcVvgPqudJxttdgRP3wOb0Hj3l1egizDfvX_BcZASoqGbMiJUUwtLjMW-muHWRl43tJAI55uorpL63O1rtkHbvrVYARubDOcrnwU&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLf7JNHMMJPOOtuI3gZnM-AfcXYceeagQLlOVt37BG40WK28UuehgRQXM0Bm--w3aOV7ZtQ5Dk7XOEeXo7K9T1EC_N4u9l7gECJuWx791IF4wMunXyr-0TWCvX29hbppiBYhB1oPzel6PO4fbjaC4VqyVUq9aZI7M6gWq88RqM3EkRyj_rjmwX1Kym38HN&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;560&quot; data-original-width=&quot;952&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLf7JNHMMJPOOtuI3gZnM-AfcXYceeagQLlOVt37BG40WK28UuehgRQXM0Bm--w3aOV7ZtQ5Dk7XOEeXo7K9T1EC_N4u9l7gECJuWx791IF4wMunXyr-0TWCvX29hbppiBYhB1oPzel6PO4fbjaC4VqyVUq9aZI7M6gWq88RqM3EkRyj_rjmwX1Kym38HN&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgzvo3eF7nfMd3klH_lbkM8bOCvQp0fjT3dQ4CE14CFKID8R1vdY1xEuRBUz9kBz_KGP7bi0qRe1GBHhCQ-yLduoBekDLM43UJtkTVgvM4WFO3lWv_6PYJMXpp9bDQr8sIhlbdZ1YSevNHC2VikT1DjN4FzYoyMVlwFHZELMbxAfRV4fQi0dwLQdof6Jq_d&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;617&quot; data-original-width=&quot;882&quot; height=&quot;224&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgzvo3eF7nfMd3klH_lbkM8bOCvQp0fjT3dQ4CE14CFKID8R1vdY1xEuRBUz9kBz_KGP7bi0qRe1GBHhCQ-yLduoBekDLM43UJtkTVgvM4WFO3lWv_6PYJMXpp9bDQr8sIhlbdZ1YSevNHC2VikT1DjN4FzYoyMVlwFHZELMbxAfRV4fQi0dwLQdof6Jq_d&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Determinando
las variables antes mencionadas, se puede ahora utilizar los métodos
prospectivos, los cuales son técnicas y herramientas para estudiar el futuro,
construyendo posibles escenarios, probables y deseados. Para ello se utilizan
los siguientes métodos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Análisis
de tendencias, el cual, por medio del estudio de datos pasados y actuales,
ayuda a proyectar comportamientos futuros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Método
Delphi, el cual es una técnica basada en la opinión de los expertos, por medio
de consultas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Construcción
de escenarios, en donde se construyen diversos escenarios, planteando
alternativas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;





&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Análisis
estructural, en donde se identifican las variables de un sistema y la relación
que se tienen entre ellas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Son
algunos de los métodos que se utilizan para la construcción de posibles
escenarios. El método que se va a profundizar es el relacionado con la
construcción de escenarios, el cual, con el análisis de las tendencias,
variables estratégicas, incertidumbres clave y factores contextuales ayudan a
explorar posibles futuros para la toma de decisiones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;



&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Para
ello se requiere realizar los siguientes pasos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Definición del problema, en donde se
delimita el ámbito que se va a estudiar.}&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Identificación de variables clave, las
cuales influyen en el sistema.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Análisis de las tendencias y fuerzas del
cambio, como las políticas públicas, avances tecnológicos disruptivos o crisis
globales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;





&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;d)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Identificación de incertidumbres
críticas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Con base en lo anterior se pueden construir escenarios:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Optimista&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pesimista
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tendencial&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Alternativo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;







&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Estratégico&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Independientemente del tipo de escenario, todos tienen las mismas
características:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pausibles, lo que significa que deben
ser razonables no imaginarios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;2)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Coherentes, deben de tener lógica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;3)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Múltiples, existen muchas alternativas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;4)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Dinámicos, ya que deben de considerar la
evolución y el cambio constante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;5)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Prospectivos, deben de analizar lo que
puede ocurrir, no lo que está ocurriendo en estos momentos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;6)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Exploratorios, lo que permite analizar
incertidumbre y complejidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;7)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sistémicos, se presenta relación entre
los elementos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;8)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Narrativos, se presentan como historias
o descripciones del futuro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;9)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Estratégicos, ya que orientan decisiones
y planificaciones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;

















&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;10)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Flexibles, adaptándose a nuevos cambios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Ahora vamos a ver las características de cada escenario&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tendencial.
En este se describen las tendencias actuales, en otras palabras “todo sigue
igual”, siendo sus características la proyección lineal del presente al futuro;
baja incertidumbre, no considera cambios disruptivos y se apoya en datos
históricos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Optimista.
Representa un futuro favorable y positivo, siendo sus características las
condiciones ideales o cercanas a las ideales, alta innovación y mejora del
sistema, resolución de problemas actuales y enfoque en oportunidades.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Pesimista.
En este escenario predomina las condiciones negativas o problemáticas, en donde
prevalece la crisis, la baja innovación o mal uso de la tecnología, el
incremento de las desigualdades y la alta incertidumbre.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Alternativo.
En este escenario se contrasta diferentes posibilidades combinando variables opuestos,
integrando elementos positivos y negativos, realizando análisis comparativo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;







&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Estratégico.
En donde se define el futuro deseado realizando las acciones suficientes para
alcanzarlo. En donde sus características son: orientado a la toma de decisiones,
incluye estrategias, integra la visión y planificación y es proactivo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Después de realizar todas las actividades, ahora se construye la visión
del futuro, en donde se menciona el propósito institucional, se plantean los
resultados que se esperan a largo plazo, así como el posicionamiento de la
organización en el futuro. Posteriormente se diseñan las estrategias, en donde
se plantean los objetivos estratégicos, las líneas de acción, los programas,
los proyectos y los indicadores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Después de lo anterior, se desarrolla el plan de acción en donde se
plantean las actividades, los responsables, los recursos (humanos, materiales,
financieros y tecnológicos), cronograma e indicadores. De lo que se tendrá que
darle un seguimiento y evaluar el avance de las acciones. Con base en todo lo anterior,
se desarrolla la prospectiva estratégica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/119896289317252715/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/08/administracion-y-prospectiva-estrategica.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/119896289317252715'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/119896289317252715'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/08/administracion-y-prospectiva-estrategica.html' title='Administración y prospectiva estratégica'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgqco2K6jHab1o91-3QAh4LVvMLoikMUpzu4j-BchWCSRNhO6t2vD34TGlejOsNKygEa8T8_ULH6oXT7a0I-SX0WquWY5ULrsqavVAETLsg86UKXdTnYPIMJ4oOYS9Yaa4OTWWsiGSwCVa_AzLymvOEa0UmqLm5yosAIZPTprREBzCXbS2uZ2QNeJkAJ0at=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-5362848837414291000</id><published>2026-06-21T18:38:02.089-06:00</published><updated>2026-06-21T18:38:02.090-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Administración estratégica</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi2pWZ5XdMinO65u0C24mCUFVkfRvxZJlUT9WmcoD6wsK9FHdsizIZkpLnHKvgtdgDY4nFfiuw_-sRHqPwh4DmZ0ryvgvWEwryEDZIuYv8CDAIaPvSPcCSsaUyihbW8WvBoSzyHC4uW1zAH1Oy1_0rVaPMS29he0SkST3UThqqr2EGCiQvmlI7rYKbHTRME&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;205&quot; data-original-width=&quot;300&quot; height=&quot;219&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi2pWZ5XdMinO65u0C24mCUFVkfRvxZJlUT9WmcoD6wsK9FHdsizIZkpLnHKvgtdgDY4nFfiuw_-sRHqPwh4DmZ0ryvgvWEwryEDZIuYv8CDAIaPvSPcCSsaUyihbW8WvBoSzyHC4uW1zAH1Oy1_0rVaPMS29he0SkST3UThqqr2EGCiQvmlI7rYKbHTRME&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La administración estratégica es la ciencia que nos permite formular,
implementar y evaluar decisiones multidisciplinarias que permiten a una
organización alcanzar sus objetivos. Lo que se busca es que las áreas
administrativas, de marketing, finanzas, contabilidad, producción y operaciones
se integren para lograr el éxito de la organización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La administración estratégica busca, entre otras cosas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Cómo superar a los competidores&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Cómo responder a las cambiantes condiciones económicas y
de mercado, aprovechando las oportunidades de crecimiento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Cómo manejar cada parte funcional de la organización&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Como mejorar el&amp;nbsp;desempeño financiero y de mercado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;





&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Dentro de la administración estratégica se contemplan varias etapas,
siendo la primera la formulación, para ello es necesario desarrollar los
elementos principales de la cultura organizacional de la empresa, es decir,
definir la visión, misión, valores, objetivos estratégicos, entre otros
elementos, cabe mencionar que el desarrollar una cultura organizacional
adecuada le da una ventaja competitiva a la empresa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Dentro de los elementos de la cultura organización se encuentra la
visión, la cual se describe como las aspiraciones de la administración en el
futuro y plantea y dibuja el curso estratégico a largo plazo, siendo unos
ejemplos de ello los siguientes (Peteraf, Thompsion I et al, 2012):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Levi
&amp;amp; Strauss &amp;amp; Company: “Vestiremos al mundo vendiéndole la ropa informal
más atratctiva y popular del mundo”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Nike: “Llevar innovación e inspiración a cada
atleta del mundo”&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El siguiente elemento es la misión, la cual se describe como “Qué somos,
qué hacemos y por qué estamos aquí”, en otras palabras “Cómo hacemos las cosas
aquí”. Un ejemplo de ello es lo siguiente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;“La misión de Trade joe es dar a nuestros clientes el mejor valor en
alimentos y bebidas que puedan encontrar en cualquier otro lugar y brindarles
la información necesaria para que realicen una compra sensata”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En el desarrollo de los objetivos estratégicos, se deben de tomar en
cuenta varios elementos, tanto internos como externos. En cuanto internos, se
recomienda hacer un análisis utilizando la técnica FODA, en donde se pueden
apreciar las fortalezas, debilidades, oportunidades y amenazas de la
organización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;En cuanto al análisis externo, se
recomienda dos tipos de análisis, uno de ellos es el modelo de las cinco
fuerzas de Porter, el otro es el análisis de las fuerzas externas, como a
continuación de observa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiS0K3mQBcMmiXMYGiiHDaLtlwsYKgqyNHiYPEvLyBESZBBN_p97gK7Na3miq7FTdMn1g-MK7-N4c70zqV_4u7nhcqhh9Qi249Rid6SNPVe6DLca4aP2C-qBKa9rLx-5JIcc-QfN3x9wa5qiSO4wXM0e2rRRHPvxYt1FvojZkHsJB187KqaR6_dNw2RCZpA&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;459&quot; data-original-width=&quot;921&quot; height=&quot;243&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiS0K3mQBcMmiXMYGiiHDaLtlwsYKgqyNHiYPEvLyBESZBBN_p97gK7Na3miq7FTdMn1g-MK7-N4c70zqV_4u7nhcqhh9Qi249Rid6SNPVe6DLca4aP2C-qBKa9rLx-5JIcc-QfN3x9wa5qiSO4wXM0e2rRRHPvxYt1FvojZkHsJB187KqaR6_dNw2RCZpA=w491-h243&quot; width=&quot;491&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: Peteraf, Thompsion I et al, 2012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dentro de las cinco fuerzas de Porter, el primer elemento es la
rivalidad entre competidores existentes, en donde se evalúa lo siguiente
(Porter, Michael E. 2015):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Número de competidores&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Crecimiento de mercado&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Diferenciación de productos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;





&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Barreras de salida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Cabe hacer la mención que entre mayor rivalidad se tiene una menor
rentabilidad potencial, lo que significa que, entre más competidores, menos
mercado se tendrá.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Con la amenaza de nuevos competidores, se analiza las economías de
escala, los requerimientos de capital, el acceso a los canales de distribución
y la regulación gubernamental. En países en donde se tienen barreras
arancelarias y no arancelarias altas, las empresas establecidas tienen
protegida su rentabilidad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;En el caso de los proveedores, cuando existen pocos proveedores, ellos
pueden aumentar los precios, disminuir la calidad e imponer condiciones
contractuales, en caso de que se tengan muchos proveedores, el poder lo tiene
la empresa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;en el caso de los clientes, cuando se tienen muchas empresas vendiendo
productos similares, los clientes tienen el poder, exigen precios más bajos,
demandan mayor calidad y cambian fácilmente de proveedores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;En el caso de productos sustitutos, cumplen con la misma función y
ofrecen una mejor relación precio – valor. Lo anterior limita los precios y la
rentabilidad de las empresas establecidas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Con respecto al &amp;nbsp;entorno externo, se tiene los siguiente
(Peteraf, Thompsion I et al, 2012):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Aspectos demográficos: Abarcan el tamaño, tasa de
crecimiento y distribución por edades de diferentes sectores de la población,
su distribución geográfica y la distribución del ingreso. Los aspectos
demográficos tienen consecuencias en la industria de la salud.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Fuerzas sociales: Son los valores, las actitudes,
factores culturales y estilos de vida de la sociedad que impacta en los
negocios. Las fuerzas sociales varían por localidad y cambian con el tiempo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Factores políticos, legales y regulatorios: Son las
políticas como la normatividad, leyes que las compañías deben de cumplir.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Factores tecnológicos: Es el ritmo de cambio tecnológico
y los avances técnicos que llegan a tener amplios efectos en la sociedad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Fuerzas globales: Son as condiciones y cambios en los
mercados globales, como los sucesos políticos y políticas hacia el comercio
internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Ambiente natural: Las fuerzas ecológicas y ambientales
como el clima y el cambio climático.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;











&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Condiciones económicas generales: Son los factores
económicos a nivel local, regional, nacional o internacional que afectan a las
organizaciones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Para ello es necesario llevar a cabo
un análisis PESTEL, el cual es una herramienta de planeación estratégica que
ayuda a monitorear, a visualizar el entorno macro en donde opera una
organización e identificar los factores que no puede controlar esta organización
pero que son afectados por dichos factores. Para ello, es recomendable elaborar
un FODA previamente para empezar a determinar las oportunidades y las amenazas
de la empresa (Amador – Mercado, César Y. 2022).&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;PESTEL significa:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;P&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;olíticos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;conómicos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;ociales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;T&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;ecnológicos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;cológicos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;











&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;egales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Después de realizar ambos análisis se elaboran los objetivos,
recomendando que en ambos se utilice la técnica SMART para la creación de estos
objetivos (Cornelis Janssen, Camiel Herman. 2024).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Específicos (Specific), deben de ser claros y precisos en
cuanto a lo qué se quiere lograr, cuándo se quiere lograr, quiénes se
encuentran involucrados, etc.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Medibles (Measurable), los objetivos deben de ser
cuantificados para evaluar su progreso y éxito, para ello se requiere la
elaboración de indicadores.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Alcanzables (achievable). Los objetivos deben de ser
realizas, se tienen que elaborar considerando los recursos y capacidades con
los que cuenta la organización en el momento, disponibles.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Relevantes (relevant). Los objetivos deben de estar
alineados con la visión y misión de la organización.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;







&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Cada objetivo debe de tener su propio tiempo para
llevarlo a cabo (tome bound), los objetivos deben de tener un plazo para su
logro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dentro de los objetivos, se tiene la siguiente clasificación:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Nivel jerárquico (apd. 2023):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Objetivos estratégicos: define la dirección de la
organización a largo plazo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Objetivos tácticos: Traduce los objetivos estratégicos en
planes que aterrizan en las áreas o unidades.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Objetivos operativos: Son metas específicas de corto
plazo y de ejecución diaria.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Según su naturaleza:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Objetivos financieros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Objetivos comerciales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Objetivos productivos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Objetivos sociales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Objetivos de innovación&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Después de establecer los objetivos de
la empresa, hay que verificar la posición competitiva de la empresa, lo que
significa que hay que evaluar la posición financiera de la empresa, lo anterior
por medio de un benchmarking financiero, lo que significa que hay que comparar
los principales indicadores financieros de la empresa con las del sector, a
través de los siguientes indicadores (BBVA. 2026)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Análisis financiero comparativo: Se realizan comparaciones
de los estados financieros de la empresa con los de la competencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Evaluación de la rentabilidad: Se evalúa la recuperación
de inversión de activos y de patrimonio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Eficiencia operativa y gestión de costos: en donde se
analiza la eficiencia operativa de la organización y su capacidad para
controlar y gestionar costos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Posición en el mercado: Se evalúa la posición de la
empresa en el mercado, así como cuota en el mismo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Fortaleza financiera y capacidad de endeudamiento: en
donde se analiza la solides de la organización y su capacidad para obtener
financiamiento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Inversiones estratégicas: las inversiones que realiza la
organización para mejorar su posición competitiva.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Alineación con la estrategia empresarial: Los gerentes
tienen que cuidar que la estrategia de cada área este alineada con la estrategia
organizacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;La
evaluación de la posición competitiva es esencial para que la empresa se
mantenga en una posición ventajosa en su mercado y tome decisiones financieras
estratégicas. Permite identificar áreas de mejora, ventajas competitivas y
oportunidades para el crecimiento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Referencias&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Amador – Mercado, Cesar Y (2022). &lt;i&gt;El análisis PESTEL&lt;/i&gt;. Uno Sapiens
Boletín Informativo de la Escuela Preparatoria 1. Universidad Autónoma del
Estado de Hidalgo. Recuperado de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Documentos/UNITEC/Administraci%C3%B3n%20y%20prospectiva%20estrat%C3%A9gica/Informaci%C3%B3n/webmaster,+1.-+EL+ANALISIS+PESTEL+(1-2).pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;file:///D:/Documentos/UNITEC/Administraci%C3%B3n%20y%20prospectiva%20estrat%C3%A9gica/Informaci%C3%B3n/webmaster,+1.-+EL+ANALISIS+PESTEL+(1-2).pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;APD (2023). &lt;i&gt;3 niveles de gestión empresarial: estratégico, táctico y
operativo&lt;/i&gt;. Recuperado de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.apd.es/niveles-gestion-empresarial/&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;https://www.apd.es/niveles-gestion-empresarial/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;BBVA (2026). &lt;i&gt;Qué es el benchmarking financiero y por qué es esencial
para el crecimiento de tu negocio&lt;/i&gt;. Recuperado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbva.com/es/empresas/que-es-el-benchmarking-y-por-que-es-esencial-para-el-crecimiento-de-tu-negocio/&quot;&gt;https://www.bbva.com/es/empresas/que-es-el-benchmarking-y-por-que-es-esencial-para-el-crecimiento-de-tu-negocio/&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Cornelis Janssen, Camiel Hernan (2024). &lt;i&gt;La introducción de objetivos
SMART en un entorno educativo.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Educación Química, 35(2). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.22201/fq.18708404e.2024.2.86489&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.22201/fq.18708404e.2024.2.86489&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;Peterraf, Thompson I et Strickland, Gamble I. (2012). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Administración estratégica. Teoría y
casos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;. McGraw
Hill7Interamericana Editores. Ciudad de México, México.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Porter, Michael E.
(2015). &lt;i&gt;Ventaja Competitiva. Creación y sostenimiento de un desempeño
superior&lt;/i&gt;. Grupo Editorial Patria. Ciudad de México. México.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/5362848837414291000/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/06/administracion-estrategica.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/5362848837414291000'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/5362848837414291000'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/06/administracion-estrategica.html' title='Administración estratégica'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi2pWZ5XdMinO65u0C24mCUFVkfRvxZJlUT9WmcoD6wsK9FHdsizIZkpLnHKvgtdgDY4nFfiuw_-sRHqPwh4DmZ0ryvgvWEwryEDZIuYv8CDAIaPvSPcCSsaUyihbW8WvBoSzyHC4uW1zAH1Oy1_0rVaPMS29he0SkST3UThqqr2EGCiQvmlI7rYKbHTRME=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-4314501027534254879</id><published>2026-06-15T19:57:14.548-06:00</published><updated>2026-06-15T19:57:14.548-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Fuentes del Derecho Internacional Público</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Las fuentes del Derecho Internacional se encuentran anunciadas en el
artículo 38 del Estatuto de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, cabe mencionar
que este Estatuto es el documento en donde se fundamente y constituye las
reglas organización, competencia y funcionamiento del principal órgano judicial
de la ONU, siendo las funciones principales de este organismo (Google, 2026):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Procedimiento
de lo contencioso, resuelve disputas legales entre los países, como por ejemplo
fronteras, derechos humanos, violación de tratados, entre otros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Procedimiento
de los consultivo, emitiendo dictámenes y opiniones jurídicas solicitadas por
la Asamblea General, el Consejo de Seguridad y otros organismos
internacionales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;El artículo 38 del Estatuto de la Corte Internacional de Justicia, a la
letra dice (Monroy Cabra, Marco Gerardo. 2005):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;1.- La Corte,
cuya función es decidir conforme al derecho internacional las controversias que
le sean sometidas, deberá aplicar:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;a) Las
convenciones internacionales, sean generales o particulares, que establecen
reglas expresamente reconocidas por los Estados litigantes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;b) La costumbre
internacional como prueba de una práctica generalmente aceptada como derecho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;c) Los
principios generales de derecho reconocidos por las naciones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;d) Las
decisiones judiciales y las doctrinas de los publicistas de mayor competencia
de las distintas Naciones, como medio auxiliar para la determinación de las
reglas de derecho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;









&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Dentro de este artículo, se menciona que las principales fuentes del
Derecho Internacional Público, son los tratados (se les menciona en el artículo
como convenciones internacionales) y la costumbre. Por otro lado, las fuentes
auxiliares, las cuales no pueden operar solas, sino en función de otra fuente
principal (Monroy Cabra, Marco Gerardo. 2005).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cabe hacer
mención, que otras fuentes manejan a los principios generales del derecho como
parte de las fuentes primarias del Derecho Internacional Público (Copilot,
2006).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los tratados
internacionales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Con base en la
Convención de Viena de 1969, en su artículo 2° menciona lo siguiente:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“&lt;i&gt;Se entiende
por tratado un acuerdo internacional celebrado por escrito entre dos Estados y
regido por el derecho internacional, ya conste de un instrumento único o en dos
o más instrumentos conexos y cualquiera que sea su denominación particular”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;





&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por
lo que se puede mencionar que no importa si este acuerdo se le llama tratado,
convenio, pacto, convención, si cumple con este requisito es jurídicamente
vinculante. Por lo que esta vinculación jurídica se le va a llamar “Tratado”.
Los tratados tienen las siguientes características (Peña Neira, Sergio. 2012):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Es
un acuerdo de voluntades entre naciones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Esta
regido por el Derecho Internacional Público.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Crea
derechos y obligaciones para los Estados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Se
basa en el consentimiento libre de los Estados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Con
fundamento en &lt;i&gt;pacta sunt servanda &lt;/i&gt;los tratados son obligatorios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;













&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Así
mismo, los tratados se clasifican de la siguiente manera &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;(UNAM, s/f.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Bilaterales,
entre dos Estados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Multilaterales,
entre tres o más Estados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Universales,
su alcance es global&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Regionales,
su alcance es regional, como un continente o subcontinente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tratados
contratos: crean obligaciones concretas entre las partes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;









&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tratados
ley, establecen normas generales de conducta para la comunidad internacional,
como los derechos humanos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por
último, se tienen elementos que dan existencia a los tratados, los cuales son
los siguientes &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;(UNAM, s/f.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Acuerdo
de voluntades.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sin consentimiento no hay tratado, por lo que la voluntad
se debe expresar de forma objetiva.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sujetos
con capacidad internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los estados y los organismos internacionales, los cuales
participan únicamente en tratados específicos. Cabe hacer mención, que los
individuos no pueden ser partes de un tratado por su naturaleza.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Forma
escrita&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Los tratados deben de celebrarse por escrito.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Régimen
jurídico internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El tratado debe de estar regido por el Derecho
Internacional Público.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;





























&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Otra fuente primaria del Derecho Internacional Público es la Costumbre&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Costumbre&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La
costumbre se puede definir como: “La existencia de una práctica reiterada y con
carácter uniforme llevada a cabo por sujetos del derecho internacional público &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;(UNAM,
s/f.), lo anterior significa que cuando la relación que se presenta entre dos
naciones de forma reiterada acerca de un tema en específico se puede calificar
como costumbre.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Esta relación constante y uniforme no
tiene un plazo específico para ser clasificado como costumbre, solamente es
necesario que haya una amplia y representativa participación de los Estados
involucrados. Por lo que se puede mencionar que la Costumbre es una actitud de
un Estado en sus relaciones con otro. Es un patrón uniforme, por lo que no
deben de presentarse alteraciones sustanciales con relación a hechos
anteriores. Así mismo, esta práctica constante debe de tener un grado de
conciencia por las partes, por los sujetos del Derecho Internacional Público,
por lo que se le conoce está práctica consiente como &lt;i&gt;Opinio juris&lt;/i&gt;, lo
que significa que un acto entre dos países se realiza porque es una obligación
legal y no por mera cortesía, hábito o conveniencia política (UNAM, s/f.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por último, los
principios generales del Derecho Internacional Público son los siguientes:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Principios Generales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Los principios generales se encuentran en el artículo 2° de la Carta de
las Naciones Unidas y en la Resolución 2625 de la Asamblea General de las
Naciones Unidas &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;(UNAM, s/f.), siendo las siguientes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Igualdad
     soberana:&lt;/b&gt; Todos los Estados tienen los mismos derechos y deberes, y
     son iguales por ser miembros de la comunidad internacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Prohibición
     de la amenaza o el uso de la fuerza:&lt;/b&gt; Los Estados deben abstenerse de
     recurrir a la guerra o la agresión contra la integridad territorial de
     cualquier otro Estado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Arreglo
     pacífico de controversias:&lt;/b&gt; Los conflictos internacionales deben
     resolverse por medios pacíficos sin poner en peligro la paz y la
     seguridad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;No
     intervención:&lt;/b&gt; Ningún Estado tiene derecho a intervenir, directa o
     indirectamente, en los asuntos internos o externos de otro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cooperación
     pacífica:&lt;/b&gt; Los Estados tienen la obligación de cooperar entre sí para
     mantener la paz y promover el desarrollo económico y social. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Libre
     determinación de los pueblos:&lt;/b&gt; Los pueblos tienen el derecho a
     determinar libremente su condición política y su desarrollo. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cumplimiento
     de buena fe de las obligaciones internacionales:&lt;/b&gt; Los Estados deben
     cumplir de manera honesta y leal los compromisos asumidos bajo el derecho
     internacional.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Referencias&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Copilot (2026)
Microsoft Copilot IA. Recuperado de &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Google (2026). Google
Gemini. &amp;nbsp;Recuperado de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://share.google/aimode/lgttO7YD2HAVyMhW9&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://share.google/aimode/lgttO7YD2HAVyMhW9&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Monroy Cabra, Marco Gerardo (2005). &lt;i&gt;Aproximación
al concepto de fuentes del derecho internacional&lt;/i&gt;. Estudios socio jurídicos.
Bogotá, Colombia. Aproximación. Julio diciembre 2005.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Naciones Unidas (1969). Convención de
Viena sobre el derecho de los tratados. Recuperado de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.oas.org/36ag/espanol/doc_referencia/convencion_viena.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://www.oas.org/36ag/espanol/doc_referencia/convencion_viena.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Peña Neira, Sergio (2012). &lt;i&gt;Las
fuentes del Derecho Internacional Público, diversidad de tribunales
internacionales y generación del Estado de Derecho Internacional Público&lt;/i&gt;.
Revista de Derecho Público. Volumen 77.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;UNAM (s/f). &lt;i&gt;Derecho
Internacional Público&lt;/i&gt;. Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM.
Recuperado de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;

























&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/4314501027534254879/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/06/fuentes-del-derecho-internacional.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/4314501027534254879'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/4314501027534254879'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/06/fuentes-del-derecho-internacional.html' title='Fuentes del Derecho Internacional Público'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-362730192002678146</id><published>2026-06-07T15:46:03.475-06:00</published><updated>2026-06-07T15:46:03.475-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Derecho Internacional Público</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNdVBg9hbDLc3o2gnbh1IBsUqvRmf1jm6Mibjx-OMNt_IeSOJx7jr2LXA11APTzfqaaijNNjSzrP_UvbgZjzRAq-Jw_xWFcytIbJK23dG7C2QDTCs_ave0hLrhgKHrESrYOQ8qt4_pKaiqhiPfwog4aaoMj48FXbB0zDDGORES_Ml-F5r-n70WbzuvRpmU&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;159&quot; data-original-width=&quot;318&quot; height=&quot;160&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNdVBg9hbDLc3o2gnbh1IBsUqvRmf1jm6Mibjx-OMNt_IeSOJx7jr2LXA11APTzfqaaijNNjSzrP_UvbgZjzRAq-Jw_xWFcytIbJK23dG7C2QDTCs_ave0hLrhgKHrESrYOQ8qt4_pKaiqhiPfwog4aaoMj48FXbB0zDDGORES_Ml-F5r-n70WbzuvRpmU&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Antes de definir el concepto de Derecho Internacional Público (DIP), es
necesario hablar acerca de los antecedentes de esta forma de relacionarse entre
los Estados. Su origen se presenta en la época del Imperio Romano, con la creación
por parte de los romanos de un sistema conocido como “ius Gentium”, el cual era
un sistema jurídico que regulaba las relaciones entre los romanos y los pueblos
conocidos como “bárbaros” (UNAM, s/f.).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Posteriormente, en el siglo XVII se creó el primer tratado con base en
el DIP, en donde se reconoció la soberanía de los Estados. Después de la guerra
de los 30 años se firmó la Paz de Westfalia en 1648, en donde, figurativamente
se dio por terminado la Edad Media y empezó la creación y nacimiento de los
Estados Nación. Derivado de lo anterior, en este tratado se dieron las primeras
pautas para las relaciones entre estos Estados (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Gutiérrez Posse, Hortensia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt; 2012).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOnwnLHSzSxmOBK5QMszT4g3vxoeIIpWi3gnMSW27wcVWZ4vTYg0fd9CVRAXT5o68VbcjNrslljyC2ZvyYn7_Z-HbIcRTxVdIu-7751bcGC2kxDk2-JxZD1B2vQHf4Crtgzp4dI1bEasFT42H8zBdrZKdv2ku9v3TbMCw2zlXAoWbTgWrWciFz3wxJhgSB&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;193&quot; data-original-width=&quot;261&quot; height=&quot;237&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOnwnLHSzSxmOBK5QMszT4g3vxoeIIpWi3gnMSW27wcVWZ4vTYg0fd9CVRAXT5o68VbcjNrslljyC2ZvyYn7_Z-HbIcRTxVdIu-7751bcGC2kxDk2-JxZD1B2vQHf4Crtgzp4dI1bEasFT42H8zBdrZKdv2ku9v3TbMCw2zlXAoWbTgWrWciFz3wxJhgSB&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;No es sino hasta después de la Primera Guerra Mundial, con la creación
de la Sociedad de Naciones, la Corte Permanente de Justicia Internacional y la Organización
Internacional del Trabajo, que se da inicio en la construcción de una comunidad
internacional basada en el derecho (Podesta Costa, L.A et al. s/f).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Derivado del individualismo internacional surgió la Segunda Guerra
Mundial, conflicto de gran magnitud, que afortunadamente no se ha vuelto
presentar. Después de esta guerra se creó la Organización de Naciones Unidas
(ONU), se restableció el anterior tribunal internacional con un nuevo nombre “Corte
Internacional de Justicia”, así como se crearon organismos internacionales,
universales y regionales, reconociendo que el ser humano requiere de esos vínculos
con otros seres humanos y que dichos vínculos no pueden ser limitados por
fronteras. Estos vínculos dan como resultado el intercambio comercial,
económico, cultural, social entre comunidades globales (Podesta Costa, L.A et
al. s/f), lo anterior dio por terminado el Derecho Internacional Público Clásico,
dando inicio el Derecho Internacional Público Contemporáneo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEizgVOOumemLqKMlVW_wlK2g-6nPTil9aAbHOT_VUyytWxWqkD2Dnia99EqAzIEWFpHa8rUMCODQiQOHCX-Dzp7xwWa6dpC7tFbYfIdL-eTsTYiIY4WKblLGlKYHO1uVwPEYp3xBbO4TYSWOBJgOTKmTmjnyiMXYtpW6hl_55nQ6Fu8u5KsxsPDnNPShQnS&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;159&quot; data-original-width=&quot;318&quot; height=&quot;160&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEizgVOOumemLqKMlVW_wlK2g-6nPTil9aAbHOT_VUyytWxWqkD2Dnia99EqAzIEWFpHa8rUMCODQiQOHCX-Dzp7xwWa6dpC7tFbYfIdL-eTsTYiIY4WKblLGlKYHO1uVwPEYp3xBbO4TYSWOBJgOTKmTmjnyiMXYtpW6hl_55nQ6Fu8u5KsxsPDnNPShQnS&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;El Derecho Internacional Público
Clásico entró en crisis derivado de los siguientes elementos o factores
(Google, 2026):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;La revolución rusa y la creación de la Unión de Repúblicas
Soviéticas Socialistas (URSS).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Fin de la época colonial&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Prohibición del uso de la fuerza en las relaciones
internacionales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;







&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Revolución científica y
tecnológica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Con la creación de la ONU se reconoció que la sociedad internacional es
compleja, heterogénea, fragmentada, diversa, multicultural y que se presentan
muchos intereses colectivos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Por lo que se puede definir al DIP como el conjunto de normas jurídicas
que regulan las relaciones entre los sujetos del DIP (UNAM, s/f), por lo que
los sujetos son los siguientes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Sujetos originarios y plenos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Los Estados son los
sujetos principales y originarios, su personalidad es plena, lo que significa
que poseen la capacidad jurídica internacional más amplia y completa posible.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Deben de contar con
las siguientes características (Tarre Moser, Patricia, 2023): &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Población permanente&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Territorio determinado&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Gobierno efectivo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;

















&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;d)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Capacidad para entablar relaciones con otros Estados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Las organizaciones internacionales (Sujetos derivados) (Tarre
Moser, Patricia, 2023):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Se les conoce como
sujetos derivados ya que su personalidad jurídica emana de los Estados que las
crean mediante tratados. Estas organizaciones solamente pueden actuar dentro de
las competencias atribuidas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;El individuo (Tarre Moser, Patricia, 2023):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;









&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Es un sujeto
limitado de DIP, pero es titular de derechos humanos, es portador de
obligaciones internacionales como la prohibición de genocidio, crímenes de
guerra, lesa humanidad y puede acceder a tribunales internacionales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Otros sujetos atípicos o especiales (Acevedo Cruz, Carlos
Alberto. 2023):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;La Santa Sede, la
Orden de Malta y el Comité de la Cruz Roja.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Sujetos colectivos no estatales con una subjetividad
discutida&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Movimientos de liberación nacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Comunidades beligerantes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Pueblos sometidos a dominación colonial&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;La personalidad de
estos sujetos es transitoria y funcional, derivado de que no reúnen todas las
características de un Estado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;





















&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por el otro lado, las fuentes del DIP
son las siguientes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Los tratados internacionales&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Son los acuerdos
firmados entre Estados y entre estos y Organismos Internacionales, creando así
obligaciones jurídicas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Costumbre internacional &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;La cual es la
práctica general y reiterada de los Estados &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Los principios generales de derecho&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Son los principios comunes
de los sistemas jurídicos los cuales tienen los siguientes elementos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;a)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Buena fe&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;b)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Responsabilidad por daño&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;c)&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Prohibición del abuso del derecho, el cual se entiende como
el evitar que se utilice el DIP de manera desleal, desviada o dañina.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Las decisiones judiciales y la doctrina&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;



&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Estos dos elementos
son auxiliares que ayudan a determinar el derecho aplicable, siendo la primera
las sentencias de tribunales internacionales y la segunda la opinión de especialistas
en DIP.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Referencias&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Acevedo Cruz, Carlos Alberto (2023). &lt;i&gt;Sujetos del derecho internacional
público&lt;/i&gt; (Generación de contenidos impresos N. 90). Ediciones Universidad
Cooperativa de Colombia. &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.81&quot;&gt;http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.81&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Google (2026). Gemini. Recuperado de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://gemini.google.com/&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://gemini.google.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Gutiérrez Posse, Hortensia (2012). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Derecho
Internacional Público&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;. Revista Jurídica de Buenos Aires 2012. Facultad de
Derecho, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Podesta
Costa, L.A. &amp;amp; Ruda José María (s/f). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Derecho Internacional Público&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;.
Tipografía Editora, Buenos Aires, Argentina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;

















&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/362730192002678146/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/06/derecho-internacional-publico.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/362730192002678146'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/362730192002678146'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/06/derecho-internacional-publico.html' title='Derecho Internacional Público'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNdVBg9hbDLc3o2gnbh1IBsUqvRmf1jm6Mibjx-OMNt_IeSOJx7jr2LXA11APTzfqaaijNNjSzrP_UvbgZjzRAq-Jw_xWFcytIbJK23dG7C2QDTCs_ave0hLrhgKHrESrYOQ8qt4_pKaiqhiPfwog4aaoMj48FXbB0zDDGORES_Ml-F5r-n70WbzuvRpmU=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-3435380025213883046</id><published>2026-05-05T13:12:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2026-05-05T13:12:01.320-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Asociación de Naciones del Sureste Asiático (ANSEA)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;“Una
visión, una identidad, una comunidad”.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Antes de hablar de la Asociación de Naciones del Sureste Asiático, es
necesario comentar acerca de los antecedentes de intentos de agrupación en la
región. El primer intento fue en 1961, cuando Filipinas, Malasia y Tailandia
crearon la Asociación del Sudeste de Asia (ASA). Para 1963, se llevó a cabo
otro intento con la creación de Maphilindo, por parte de Malasia, Indonesia y
Filipinas. Ambas asociaciones representan intentos desafortunados de los nuevos
Estados independientes para enfrentar a la compleja política regional. Las dos
fracasaron por una serie de razones, de las cuales aparentemente las más
evidentes fueron que descansaban sobre supuestos lazos de afinidad, que
debieron haber reforzado las relaciones bilaterales entre sus miembros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Uno de los problemas que enfrentaron ambas agrupaciones es que cada
miembro podía vigilar e influir en el vecino, sobre todo en aquellos años en
que no se había concluido la etapa formativa de los nuevos estados
independientes, que surgieron de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, situación que
derivo al fracaso de ambas asociaciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;Los países de la región realizaron otro intento de asociación, en 1967
se llevó a cabo la primera reunión ministerial de la Asociación de Naciones del
Sudeste de Asia (ANSEA), en donde os representantes de Filipinas, Indonesia,
Malasia, Singapur y Tailandia, firmaron la “Declaración de la ANSEA”, que marcó
el nacimiento de una nueva organización regional (ASEAN, 2016). En 1984 se unió
Brunei, Vietnam en 1995, Laos y Myanmar en 1997 y Camboya en 1999. Actualmente
cuenta con 10 países miembros.&lt;/span&gt;Los países de la región realizaron otro intento de asociación, en 1967
se llevó a cabo la primera reunión ministerial de la Asociación de Naciones del
Sudeste de Asia (ANSEA), en donde os representantes de Filipinas, Indonesia,
Malasia, Singapur y Tailandia, firmaron la “Declaración de la ANSEA”, que marcó
el nacimiento de una nueva organización regional (ASEAN, 2016). En 1984 se unió
Brunei, Vietnam en 1995, Laos y Myanmar en 1997 y Camboya en 1999. Actualmente
cuenta con 10 países miembros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El documento de creación de la Asociación contiene únicamente 5
artículos, en donde se declara el establecimiento de una Asociación Regional de
Cooperación de Países del Sudeste Asiático, conocida como Asociación de
Naciones del Sudeste Asiático. Siendo su espíritu y su propósito la cooperación
económica, social, cultural, técnica, educativa y de otras ramas, así como
promover la paz regional y la estabilidad a través del respeto por la justicia,
las leyes y los principios de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas (ASEAN, 2016). En
el momento de la creación de esta asociación, los países que firmaron el
acuerdo se encontraban en problemas que tendían a separarlos por cuestiones de
religión, nacionalismo, etnicidad, tribalismo y regionalismo. Además, había
grandes diferencias entre los cinco países en los aspectos económico, así como
problemas geográficos como las reclamaciones territoriales de Singapur y de
Malasia, Malasia e Indonesia, Filipinas y Malasia, entre otras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Se pensaba que la asociación regional no iba a perdurar, como se ha
comentado, las relaciones bilaterales entre los miembros fundadores no
auguraban un futuro positivo para la nueva organización; tampoco contaba con un
ambiente internacional favorable, ya que era vista en algunos lugares como una
agrupación inspirada por Estados Unidos, y su creación fue recibida con una
franca hostilidad por otros países como la Unión Soviética y China (ASEAN,
2016).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Algunas de las razones por las cuales esta agrupación ha tenido éxito
son las siguientes (ASEAN, 2016):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los intentos cuidadosos y deliberados que hacen todos los miembros por
mantener el espíritu de la ANSEA en el tratamiento de cualquier asunto de la
región y su espíritu de no intervención en los asuntos internos de cualquiera
de los miembros, aun en el caso de que ese miembro lleve acciones o tome
medidas que puedan considerarse anti democráticas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Otro principio es el énfasis que ponen sobre las metas sociales y
económicas de la ANSEA y el rech&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;azo de cualquier propósito militar. Por esa
razón, la asociación ha evitado la negociación de algún acuerdo de defensa
colectiva.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLRiUN2BPiZqOJKpHzQbBzpZ6FtmAibQwEaZsnpgvoTm3ZssrLbCduHo4X-YIglFFohAxDBq0QucJM4ggeIjhj9YkjL20ldDfW029FJVQov089XoBVF0Kovzd4igwJ3una-33mBHGW0ue1tqMuStPWfWeiPDikqWpo2V4NEhJWy3Ab9DfrdwT4WP72598w&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;614&quot; data-original-width=&quot;921&quot; height=&quot;263&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLRiUN2BPiZqOJKpHzQbBzpZ6FtmAibQwEaZsnpgvoTm3ZssrLbCduHo4X-YIglFFohAxDBq0QucJM4ggeIjhj9YkjL20ldDfW029FJVQov089XoBVF0Kovzd4igwJ3una-33mBHGW0ue1tqMuStPWfWeiPDikqWpo2V4NEhJWy3Ab9DfrdwT4WP72598w=w396-h263&quot; width=&quot;396&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente:
http://www.asiaeducation.edu.au/programmes/go-global-programs/australia-asean-youth-forum&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;•&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;El
éxito del ANSEA es el resultado del éxito de cada uno de sus miembros, los que
han alcanzado un crecimiento económico impresionante y una relativa estabilidad
política.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los objetivos de la ANSEA son los siguientes (ASEAN, 2016):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Acelerar el crecimiento económico, el progreso social y el desarrollo
cultural de la región, a través de los esfuerzos conjuntos, con espíritu de
igualdad y con el fin de reforzar las bases de una comunidad próspera y
pacífica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Promover la paz y la estabilidad regionales mediante el respeto por la
justicia y el estado de derecho en la relación entre los países de la región y
la adhesión a los principios de la Carta de las Naciones Unidas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Promover la colaboración activa y la asistencia mutua en asuntos de
interés común en los campos económicos, sociales, culturales, técnicos,
científicos y administrativos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Proporcionar asistencia entre sí en forma de formación de investigadores
y en instalaciones de investigación, en los ámbitos educativos, profesionales,
técnicos y administrativos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Colaborar con mayor eficacia, para la mayor utilización de su
agricultura y de las industrias, la expansión de su comercio, incluyendo el
estudio de los problemas del comercio internacional de productos básicos, la
mejora de sus instalaciones de transporte y de las comunicaciones y la
elevación de los niveles de vida de sus pueblos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Mantener una cooperación estrecha con las organizaciones internacionales
y regionales existentes, con objetivos y propósitos similares, y explorar todas
las posibilidades de cooperación aún más estrecha entre sí.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En el 30 aniversario de la creación de la ANSEA se adoptó la visión
2020, la cual buscaba que las naciones miembros de esta agrupación vivan en
paz, con estabilidad y prosperidad, trabajando conjuntamente en un desarrollo
dinámico y en una comunidad atenta de sus sociedades. Para lo cual se
estableció, en el 2003, la Comunidad de la ANSEA, se constituyera sobre tres
pilares (ASEAN, 2016):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Comunidad de Seguridad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Comunidad Económica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Comunidad sociocultural.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para el 2018, la ANSEA contaba con un territorio de 4’493,516 kilómetros
cuadrados, en donde habitan 649 millones de habitantes, de los cuales,
Indonesia es el país más poblado de la comunidad con un total de 265 millones,
mientras que Singapur cuenta con 5.6 millones de personas. En cuanto al
comercio y economía, para el mismo año, esta comunidad exportó 1’425,471
millones de dólares, e importó 1’375,312 millones, convirtiéndose en la sexta
economía más grande del mundo. En cuanto al ingreso per capita, se puede
observar una gran disparidad entre las naciones, por ejemplo, en Singapur se
tiene un ingreso de 64,567 USD, mientras en Camboya el ingreso es de 1’541 USD
(ASEAN, 2018). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;AActualmente se tiene un
programa de “Acción estratégica consolidada para el 2025”, en donde se busca lo
siguiente (ASEAN; 2020):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Una
alta integración económica cohesiva.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Competitividad,
innovación y dinamismo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Conectividad
y cooperación sectorial.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Resilencia,
incluyente y orientada a la sociedad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;La estructura de la ANSEA se
compone de tres comunidades:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comunidad
política y de seguridad.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comunidad
económica&lt;br /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Comunidad
socio cultural.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;





















&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;El objetivo de la primera
comunidad es que los países de la región vivan en paz entre ellos y con el
resto del mundo, en un ambiente de democracia y cuidado del medio ambiente.
Esta comunidad busca solucionar las diferencias que se presentan por medio de
protocolo que anuncia la prevención de conflictos, la resolución de conflictos,
la construcción de la paz posterior al conflicto y la implementación de
mecanismos (ASEAN, 2018). En la segunda comunidad, en el 2015 se presentaron
los objetivos del 2025 para la ANSEA:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Mayor
integración y cohesión económica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ANSEA
competitivo, innovador y dinámico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Una
mejorada conectividad y cooperación sectorial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ANSEA
resiliente, inclusiva, orientada a las personas y centrada a las personas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;ANSEA
global.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Para lograr lo anterior, la
ANSEA ha llevado a cabo los siguientes pasos (ASEAN, 2018):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tratado
de libre comercio sobre bienes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Tratado
de libre comercio sobre servicios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Entorno
de inversiones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Facilidad
de movilidad para trabajadores calificados y hombres de negocio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Para la tercera comunidad,
la comunidad socio cultural, es la comunidad que busca un alto nivel de vida
para los habitantes de la ANSEA, la promoción de un desarrollo sostenible, la
creación de una comunidad con responsabilidad social, con equidad de acceso a
las oportunidades, defensora de los derechos humanos y que sea una comunidad
orgullosa de su identidad, cultura y herencia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/3435380025213883046/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/05/asociacion-de-naciones-del-sureste.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/3435380025213883046'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/3435380025213883046'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/05/asociacion-de-naciones-del-sureste.html' title='Asociación de Naciones del Sureste Asiático (ANSEA)'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiLRiUN2BPiZqOJKpHzQbBzpZ6FtmAibQwEaZsnpgvoTm3ZssrLbCduHo4X-YIglFFohAxDBq0QucJM4ggeIjhj9YkjL20ldDfW029FJVQov089XoBVF0Kovzd4igwJ3una-33mBHGW0ue1tqMuStPWfWeiPDikqWpo2V4NEhJWy3Ab9DfrdwT4WP72598w=s72-w396-h263-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-8781053820921600241</id><published>2026-03-21T16:37:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2026-03-21T16:37:14.892-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Irán</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWTDEtRVBEuvnyv9cxEmPpO5374vTEJPgnz_7unf7DEg73UdxcgXKnlk041OmDchx7NATR9wnxgMIDUz2nySbLueN4fLGkulDhPjP_-loaO0m7vQQvfAOFWP3PW6dX4zvk5xv2ZCNmg1ld2OwFbv1XxWJ_ICEKxZswh3Inr9hwBz3ey3L6D8uOQEKKyLSu&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;254&quot; data-original-width=&quot;486&quot; height=&quot;167&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWTDEtRVBEuvnyv9cxEmPpO5374vTEJPgnz_7unf7DEg73UdxcgXKnlk041OmDchx7NATR9wnxgMIDUz2nySbLueN4fLGkulDhPjP_-loaO0m7vQQvfAOFWP3PW6dX4zvk5xv2ZCNmg1ld2OwFbv1XxWJ_ICEKxZswh3Inr9hwBz3ey3L6D8uOQEKKyLSu&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Irán es un territorio superior a un millón y medio de kilómetros
cuadrados, en el año 2026, habitaban 92´939,934 millones de personas,
presentando una densidad poblacional de 57 personas por kilómetro cuadrado. El
73% de la población había en las ciudades y se presenta una edad media de casi
35 años &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-406223140&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Worsf \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Worldometers, s/f)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;. Aproximadamente el 95% de la población
iraní son chiitas, la cual es la religión oficial del país, el resto son
sunnitas. Cabe mencionar que se tienen kurdos chiitas y kurdos sunnitas&lt;w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;1018898009&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt; CITATION Goo26 \l 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&amp;nbsp;(Google, 2026).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;En la región de lo que ahora es Irán, se encontraba el Reino de Persia,
el cual, entre el 224 y el 651 DC fue invadido por el islamismo, religión que
hasta la fecha sigue en el territorio &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-722130851&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION KavSF \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Kavanagh, S/F)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;, como bien se comenta en el artículo
publicado en Política y otras cosas (2025), en el 657 D.C. se dio la división
del mundo árabe, surgiendo los sunnitas, lidereados por Muawiya y los chiitas,
los seguidores de Alí Ibn Abi Talib &lt;w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-155687533&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;CITATION
 Cui25 \l 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Oviedo, 2025).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Durante el periodo de 1500 a 1736 se empoderó una dinastía llamada
Safávida en Irán, quienes dieron concesiones a los líderes religiosos,
conocidos como &lt;i&gt;ulama,&lt;/i&gt; como territorial, el monopolio de la justicia, de
la educación, autonomía, entre otros, situación que ha perdurado en Persia.
Posteriormente a los Safávida, surgió la dinastía Qajar (1794 – 1921), quienes
trataron de modernizar a Persia &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1804913022&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Mar03 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Marin, 2003).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9t6dANua_uPzK6nVAgLoHPDwaE02UzCo7KER8ZPUrWnQ0SGIM8LMQTAzes1YAzNclr7mV1wdG4d8fX9hN_WoJniCqhuAkAOV1VVXSFRioAAm_0q2LDhgijF8jnI0jVvnKnXK0aOdzT73fn2PAWAYrTBYw00R8d-hOBt9Q_xymz3SfhASlo1E5VTOWIwqo&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;286&quot; data-original-width=&quot;429&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi9t6dANua_uPzK6nVAgLoHPDwaE02UzCo7KER8ZPUrWnQ0SGIM8LMQTAzes1YAzNclr7mV1wdG4d8fX9hN_WoJniCqhuAkAOV1VVXSFRioAAm_0q2LDhgijF8jnI0jVvnKnXK0aOdzT73fn2PAWAYrTBYw00R8d-hOBt9Q_xymz3SfhASlo1E5VTOWIwqo&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Cabe mencionar que los chiitas o shi’itas creen que toda la autoridad
reside en el &lt;i&gt;imam,&lt;/i&gt; ya que Dios delega toda la autoridad a la comunidad,
la que a su vez delega a sus representantes o representante, quien es el &lt;i&gt;imam&lt;/i&gt;,
quien es infalible, no peca, conoce lo oculto, lo esotérico, lo exotérico, por
lo que todo gobierno es ilegítimo, traidor al Islam, por lo que no existe una
separación Iglesia Estado, por tal razón, los gobernantes han perseguido a los
líderes chiitas &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1309779003&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Mar03 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Marin, 2003).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;Al inicio del siglo XIX se presentaron dos enfrentamientos con Rusia por
el control del Cáucaso, perdiendo Persia, la primera de ellas fue entre 1804 -
1813 y la segunda entre 1826 – 1828, teniendo como consecuencia la anexión de
los territorios de Geogia, Azerbaiyán y Armenia, así como el control del mar
Caspio por parte de Rusia&amp;nbsp;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;679780297&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;(Google, 2026)&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;. Lo anterior empujó al Reino Unido a
aumentar su presencia en el territorio, derivado de que temía por su colonia en
la India, convirtiéndose Persia en un Estado Tapón entre los intereses rusos y
los ingleses.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Lo anterior es porque a principio del siglo XX, en forma particular, al
terminar la Primera Guerra Mundial, y derivado de la anarquía que existía en el
país, y con el apoyo del Reino Unido, Reza Khan derrocó a la dinastía Qayar,
instaurando la nueva dinastía la Pahlevi, al proclamarse Sha en 1925 &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-315264571&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Kob07 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Kobeh, 2007).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Reza Khan realizó reformas en el país con el objetivo de modernizarlo,
sin embargo, implemento al mismo tiempo medidas dictatoriales, como restringir
la libertad de expresión, utilizó la censura, suprimiendo los partidos
políticos y los sindicatos, entre otros actos apoyándose en las fuerzas armadas
para mantener el poder. Como se comentó en el párrafo anterior, la
modernización fue selectiva, porque no le dio el voto a las mujeres, ni tampoco
prohibió la poligamia, sin embargo, creó universidades, con el propósito de
crear personas preparadas para el proceso de modernización en el país, así
mismo, buscó la eliminación del Islam como fuerza política, social y cultural.
También incorporó leyes occidentales que iban en contra a la Shari’a, rompiendo
el monopolio de la justicia que tenían los líderes religiosos &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;1383292311&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Kob07 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Kobeh, 2007).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;Para 1935, Reza Pahlaví cambió el nombre del país, dejando a un lado el
nombre de Persia, el cual se deriva del griego y adoptó el nombre de Irán, el
cual proviene del término “&lt;i&gt;Aryanam&lt;/i&gt;”, que significa “&lt;i&gt;Tierra de los
Arios&lt;/i&gt;” &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;325710709&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Goo26 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Google, 2026)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;, cabe mencionar que el Shah simpatizaba
con el régimen nazi de Alemania, lo anterior era derivado de los problemas que
le provocaba la empresa petrolera británica Anglo – Iranian Oil Company (AIOC),
la cual había ganado tanto poder, sobre todo en la región de Juzistán, que había
creado un Estado dentro del Estado iraní &lt;w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;382377956&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Kob07 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Kobeh, 2007).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Cuando la Alemania Nazi invadió la URSS, tropas soviéticas y británicas
invadieron Irán, lo que provocó que Reza Pahlaví renunciará para que su hijo
Muhammad Reza Pahlevi tomara posesión como el Shah de Irán. En la década de los
60, Reza Pahlaví implemento la educación laica, afectando los intereses de los
religiosos, así como llevó a cabo una reforma agrícola, en donde se buscó la
eliminación de latifundios, sin embargo, no se pudo concretar a profundidad
dicha reforma, pero si afectó sus intereses &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1362822510&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Mar03 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Marin, 2003).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Así mismo, un diputado de nombre Mossadegh, en la década de los 50,
empezó a denunciar y criticar la política entreguista del Sha Reza Pahlaví,
llegando a ser primer ministro de Irán. Logrando ese puesto político, en 1951
nacionalizó la industria petrolera lo que provocó que afectará los intereses
del Reino Unido y de Estados Unidos, quienes promovieron un golpe de estado en
contra del primer ministro en 1953 &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1915698022&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Gab22 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Gabriela, 2022).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Derivado de lo anterior, el Sha Reza Pahlaví se respaldó de ambas
naciones, Estados Unidos y Reino Unido, para gobernar el país, así mismo, creó
una agencia de inteligencia llamada “La Savak”, la cual persiguió a todos los
opositores del régimen del Sha, tanto políticos como religiosos &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1771998911&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Gab22 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Gabriela, 2022).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4iISvx_hl-jPf8zAeEg4t_Kv-5s8dCiUPJ92nGW1cEQG-n5AGrxIQShK6TPfLZI7YAHuAgSSlQXQie-iKLNO8OJOz0kfoBj_w6HsyUAZnHrnMmgypZpvnGoJTGZXeQQ6DTPN8SQp2c0JJ4vF8k2RWupSb7W2aOHwRLgmUQj5nDqLzxm_KpngpezfyQtjX&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;263&quot; data-original-width=&quot;469&quot; height=&quot;179&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj4iISvx_hl-jPf8zAeEg4t_Kv-5s8dCiUPJ92nGW1cEQG-n5AGrxIQShK6TPfLZI7YAHuAgSSlQXQie-iKLNO8OJOz0kfoBj_w6HsyUAZnHrnMmgypZpvnGoJTGZXeQQ6DTPN8SQp2c0JJ4vF8k2RWupSb7W2aOHwRLgmUQj5nDqLzxm_KpngpezfyQtjX&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;El Sha Reza Pahlaví, con el objetivo de presentar una imagen modernista,
empezó una campaña en donde defendía a la clase media iraní, así como a las
mujeres, dando la idea de que era un defensor de los derechos humanos, sobre
todo del género femenino &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1417019633&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Mar03 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Marin, 2003).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi-5AIS2xXh9mIQPAWuV_rgNckFIMMxLBgHl_uKuBPs2QtERpXWVq25LFhos1NzUEXVPTvdXQTGcwjyKcBOsSkfUeG7vXpRO6WVeXVWf-D3e9VeQnBgs-xdf8plZq1wa6kK9n1e9Km4AWMZSA8I0v4yVhnI77bzD_LCmpBtg4kDorWBwNv2cmVAXKfFy6H_&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;263&quot; data-original-width=&quot;469&quot; height=&quot;179&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi-5AIS2xXh9mIQPAWuV_rgNckFIMMxLBgHl_uKuBPs2QtERpXWVq25LFhos1NzUEXVPTvdXQTGcwjyKcBOsSkfUeG7vXpRO6WVeXVWf-D3e9VeQnBgs-xdf8plZq1wa6kK9n1e9Km4AWMZSA8I0v4yVhnI77bzD_LCmpBtg4kDorWBwNv2cmVAXKfFy6H_&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Sin embargo, como se puede observar, en el mandato de Reza Pahlaví, se
atacó los intereses de grupos importantes de la nación iraní, como los
religiosos y los latifundistas, quienes vieron perder su poder, lo que
aprovecharon los clérigos en atacar el gobierno monárquico, mencionando que el
país estaba perdiendo su identidad cultural, sus creencias, su religión y que
estaba cayendo en el abismo de la corrupción y la inmoralidad &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1879772677&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Gab22 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Gabriela, 2022).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Lo anterior provocó una mayor represión por parte del aparato de
espionaje del gobierno del Sha de Irán, persiguiendo a los clérigos, sobre todo
a la familia del Ayatola Rulloha Jomeini, líder chiíta quien estaba en contra
de la forma de gobernar de Reza Pahlaví &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;193426928&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Mar03 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Marin, 2003).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;Para enero de 1978, en una manifestación antigubernamental, el ejército,
conjuntamente con “La Savak”, reprimieron la manifestación a punta de balazos,
persiguiendo a los manifestantes por todo el país, lo que ocasionó que, a lo
largo de ese año, se acrecentaran las manifestaciones en contra del régimen,
provocando que las grandes empresas internacionales salieran del país,
llevándose el dinero que tenían invertido en Irán a otros países.&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Para enero de 1979, el Sha Reza Pahlaví se exilia en México, lo que
provocó que en febrero de ese año el Ayatolá Jomeiní regresara a Irán y tomara
el control del país, convirtiendo a la nación en la República Islámica de Irán &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;530078462&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Mar03 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Marin, 2003).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKe49jZMrJXCKVrT9pu6e525V5x4X5jvbNkdw7pbMmaN4lsjzUq2X1qo22E0nqNfue6jVTTCVdm7oJNKmXDdLUSIEdI2zWTojPJECDFSJfmDcIMjJDDppV9hQ8UUdQkgUlhN6d9X8wseQH-qT3aYuUmWtHcHolXRAQi5IxL17IYI-O75M1kOPEUfueR4TJ&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;260&quot; data-original-width=&quot;475&quot; height=&quot;175&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhKe49jZMrJXCKVrT9pu6e525V5x4X5jvbNkdw7pbMmaN4lsjzUq2X1qo22E0nqNfue6jVTTCVdm7oJNKmXDdLUSIEdI2zWTojPJECDFSJfmDcIMjJDDppV9hQ8UUdQkgUlhN6d9X8wseQH-qT3aYuUmWtHcHolXRAQi5IxL17IYI-O75M1kOPEUfueR4TJ&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Al inicio del gobierno islámico en Irán, se consolidó el poder,
convirtiendo al país en una teocracia, en donde se le otorgó el poder absoluto
a un líder religioso, en este caso al Ayatola. Se eliminó a la oposición, tanto
a los que apoyaban al antiguo régimen, como a los liberales, movimientos de
izquierda, y todos aquellos que no estaban de acuerdo con este tipo de gobierno
&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;280223096&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Goo26 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Google, 2026).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRm22uMPIbYpBWfqOfPTUPR2Vnx7rteMmniH6C-Xk0stp-kJLZ_xtQjq0_DwMHAGrpxtSZnuW-QiacPnAIr0djcJirS78QyIPrTLwKJ2q_tDSoTLc07K_M97SjnevJaAE7ywAdAG3887iTGs0iBO3J9rjh50SijIpoGii6S5pJPZeN5g4R7ZfQfdJr_a38&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;286&quot; data-original-width=&quot;429&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiRm22uMPIbYpBWfqOfPTUPR2Vnx7rteMmniH6C-Xk0stp-kJLZ_xtQjq0_DwMHAGrpxtSZnuW-QiacPnAIr0djcJirS78QyIPrTLwKJ2q_tDSoTLc07K_M97SjnevJaAE7ywAdAG3887iTGs0iBO3J9rjh50SijIpoGii6S5pJPZeN5g4R7ZfQfdJr_a38&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;En noviembre de 1979, un grupo de estudiantes revolucionarios asaltaron
y tomaron la embajada de Estados Unidos en Irán, tomando como rehenes a 52
estadounidenses, quienes estuvieron en cautiverio por 444 días, lo que provocó
que los radicales consolidaran el poder en contra de los moderados. Así mismo,
ayudó a profundizar en las reformas que se implantaron en el país, como en las
universidades, las cuales cerraron por dos años, mientras se revisaban los
planes de estudio, los cuales deberían de estar acordes con los valores del
islam; igualmente, las mujeres perdieron sus derechos que tenían durante el
periodo de la monarquía, se les obligó a utilizar el hiyab, entre otras cosas &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;2104290399&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Goo26 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Google, 2026).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;El dictador del país vecino, Saddam Hussein líder de Irak, temía que la
revolución chiíta llegara a su nación, así como se disputaba el control de
Shatt al-Arab, el cual es la desembocadura de los ríos Tigris y Éufrates, por
último, Saddam pensó que Irán estaba debilitado militarmente por consiguiente
sería fácil tomar el control de una parte de ese país &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1921095043&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Worsf \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Worldometers, s/f).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;La guerra duró 8 años, de 1980 a 1988, fue un conflicto de desgaste,
mientras Irak tenía una mejor tecnología militar, Irán, con mayor población
utilizó a voluntarios para que se sacrificaran por su nación, al final, se
estima que perdieron la vida más de un millón de personas. Este conflicto ayudó
a consolidar al régimen iraní en el país &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-2030169598&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Mar03 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Marin, 2003)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h1&gt;Referencias&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: Aptos; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Aptos; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
  style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;BIBLIOGRAPHY&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
  field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Google.
  (Febrero de 2026). &lt;i&gt;Google&lt;/i&gt;. Obtenido de Gemini, modelo de lenguaje
  extenso: gemini.google.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Kavanagh, A. G.
  (S/F). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Sociedad Española de
  Iranologia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt; Obtenido de
  https://www.iranologia.es/pdf-lector/SEI-LA%20MIRADA%20DE%20PERSIA.pdf&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Kobeh, M. d. (2007). &lt;i&gt;La influencia del factor
  externo en la conformación del Medio Oriente Moderno y sus relaciones
  internacionales.&lt;/i&gt; Ciudad de México, México: UNAM.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Marin, R. (2003). Irán Contemporaneo: De la
  monarquía a la República Islámica. Análisis de las luchas sociales y de la
  alternativa religiosa shi&#39;ita frente al secularimos. En M. Instituto
  Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, &amp;amp; I. T. Monterrey
  (Ed.), &lt;i&gt;Revista de Humanidades&lt;/i&gt; (págs. 91 - 126). Monterrey, Nuevo Léon,
  México: Tecnológico de Monterrey.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Oviedo, C. (18 de Septiembre de 2025). &lt;i&gt;Políticas
  y otras cosas&lt;/i&gt;. Obtenido de Los árabes:
  https://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/09/los-arabes.html&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Worldometers.
  (s/f). &lt;i&gt;Worldometers&lt;/i&gt;. Obtenido de Worldometers:
  https://www.worldometers.info/es/poblacion-mundial/poblacion-iran/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;w:sdt docparttype=&quot;Bibliographies&quot; docpartunique=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;331191452&quot; sdtdocpart=&quot;t&quot;&gt;
 
 &lt;w:sdt bibliography=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-573587230&quot;&gt;
  
  
  
  
  
  
  &lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/8781053820921600241/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/03/iran.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/8781053820921600241'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/8781053820921600241'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/03/iran.html' title='Irán'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgWTDEtRVBEuvnyv9cxEmPpO5374vTEJPgnz_7unf7DEg73UdxcgXKnlk041OmDchx7NATR9wnxgMIDUz2nySbLueN4fLGkulDhPjP_-loaO0m7vQQvfAOFWP3PW6dX4zvk5xv2ZCNmg1ld2OwFbv1XxWJ_ICEKxZswh3Inr9hwBz3ey3L6D8uOQEKKyLSu=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-7075446234508662434</id><published>2026-03-02T20:53:00.001-06:00</published><updated>2026-03-02T20:53:22.208-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Yibuti</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En la época colonialista
europea, los franceses compitiendo contra los británicos, llegaron a un acuerdo
con sultanes de la costa este de África, por el cuerno de este continente, para
empezar a construir la ciudad de Yibuti, la cual empezó a ganar espacio
internacional, el primero de ellos, fue el de contrarrestar la influencia
británica en la región, ya que éstos controlaban Yemen, al otro lado del
estrecho de Bab – el – Mandeb, posteriormente, los franceses firmaron un
acuerdo con el emperador de Etiopía, para designar a Yibuti como punto de venta
oficial del comercio etíope (Plantet, 2012).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSjNLYlp_zL-WNmvC-iM1pLzEhjUM5lf675nHe2jwNOPuvZO-IYgbgsM2xSIQbzYDzSSE6FtaWwNTrKkekzLbmEMmbYQdr5BTE82mScIOlAY6WibtpEk6V3NIPMHEHdiYsUK3OoSHv1NwrrLyJ_u5E7dts2KYrQG8TBsNQOZuaxYXBCw4RkM2lxVTeSETZ&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;466&quot; data-original-width=&quot;528&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSjNLYlp_zL-WNmvC-iM1pLzEhjUM5lf675nHe2jwNOPuvZO-IYgbgsM2xSIQbzYDzSSE6FtaWwNTrKkekzLbmEMmbYQdr5BTE82mScIOlAY6WibtpEk6V3NIPMHEHdiYsUK3OoSHv1NwrrLyJ_u5E7dts2KYrQG8TBsNQOZuaxYXBCw4RkM2lxVTeSETZ&quot; width=&quot;272&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Fuente: https://mapasmapa.com/tag/ciudades-mas-pobladas-de-yibuti/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;En 1949 empezaron los
movimientos independentistas en contra de los franceses, sin embargo, fue hasta
1977 que obtuvo su independencia, no sin antes expulsar al grupo étnico somalí
de la región (1967). Desde su independencia, conviven dos grupos étnicos en
este país, los afar y los issa, quienes han aprendido a aprovechar la ubicación
geográfica de su territorio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por ejemplo, en la primera
Guerra del Golfo Pérsico, se permitió que Francia aumentará su presencia
militar en el país, así como autorizó a los estadounidenses e italianos acceso
al puerto marítimo. En la guerra entre Eritrea y Etiopía, Yibutí se convirtió
en la puerta de salida y de entrada del comercio exterior de Etiopía (Plantet,
2021).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Durante la segunda Guerra
del Golfo, este país permitió la presencia de tropas francesas como
estadounidenses. Durante todo este tiempo Arabia Saudita y Kuwait financiaron
la modernización del puerto marítimo (Plantet, 2021).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Este país, que mide 23,000
kilómetros cuadrados, tiene puro desierto, no cuenta con petróleo ni gas, pero
se encuentra ubicado estratégicamente, en donde se une el Oriente con el
Occidente, ya que enfrente de sus costas pasan los barcos que van o proceden
del Mar Rojo (OLadipo, 2015). También hay que mencionar que la región presenta
una estabilidad volátil, por ejemplo, el vecino del sur, Somalía, en donde se
ubican los piratas de la región, así como los militantes del grupo terrorista
al Shabab. El vecino Yemen, con una distancia de 32 kilómetros, se encuentra
envuelta en una guerra civil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Por esas razones, varios
países han colocado bases militares en ese pequeño territorio, por ejemplo,
Estados Unidos tiene la base militar más grande de África, con 4,000 elementos;
sin embargo, no es la única base militar, los franceses también tienen su base
militar en esa región con un millar de soldados, la cual la comparten con
tropas españolas y alemanas; los italianos no se quedan atrás y cuentan,
igualmente con una base militar con 300 soldados. Japón también cuenta con una
base militar en ese país. Es la primera base militar de Japón, fuera de sus
fronteras, después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Así mismo, China cuenta con
una base militar en la región, la cual es la más grande ya que cuenta con
10,000 soldados, así como una fuerte inversión en la región (Rata, 2018).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgsoJtIGafGUNvVhCm3aV-8CmRVFtojF77DGMA3vF0UWE0sz5xGqVTNUDn-ZEn1xVuptAUUCmdscO7Cr8EUPeNoYY2Z0u9-EsurYqZDiuG0nunQnH8O6Q0to-BmIvEY8ZomtivUoamBnysgjB6SqY9yR5gAhYWXwJSkQdxwXnMf9rORAGoiKyohDJ7wzzN9&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;795&quot; data-original-width=&quot;916&quot; height=&quot;311&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgsoJtIGafGUNvVhCm3aV-8CmRVFtojF77DGMA3vF0UWE0sz5xGqVTNUDn-ZEn1xVuptAUUCmdscO7Cr8EUPeNoYY2Z0u9-EsurYqZDiuG0nunQnH8O6Q0to-BmIvEY8ZomtivUoamBnysgjB6SqY9yR5gAhYWXwJSkQdxwXnMf9rORAGoiKyohDJ7wzzN9=w415-h311&quot; width=&quot;415&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Fuente: La Vanguardia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Todo lo anterior apunta a
que ese pequeño país se puede convertir en algunos años en el Singapur de
África.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Referencias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Oladipo, T. (17 de Junio
de 2015). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;BBC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/06/150616_yibuti_bases_militares_men&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2015/06/150616_yibuti_bases_militares_men&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;plantet, l. (6 de 4 de
2021). &lt;i&gt;lonely plantet&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lonelyplanet.es/africa/yibuti/historia&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;https://www.lonelyplanet.es/africa/yibuti/historia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Rata, A. R. (14 de 5 de
2018). &lt;i&gt;lavanguardia.com&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20180514/443560790722/gps-yibuti-pocos-saben-ubicar-toda-potencia-quiere-estar.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;https://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20180514/443560790722/gps-yibuti-pocos-saben-ubicar-toda-potencia-quiere-estar.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/7075446234508662434/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/03/yibuti.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/7075446234508662434'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/7075446234508662434'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/03/yibuti.html' title='Yibuti'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiSjNLYlp_zL-WNmvC-iM1pLzEhjUM5lf675nHe2jwNOPuvZO-IYgbgsM2xSIQbzYDzSSE6FtaWwNTrKkekzLbmEMmbYQdr5BTE82mScIOlAY6WibtpEk6V3NIPMHEHdiYsUK3OoSHv1NwrrLyJ_u5E7dts2KYrQG8TBsNQOZuaxYXBCw4RkM2lxVTeSETZ=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-8222880598834163287</id><published>2026-02-26T18:23:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2026-02-26T18:23:12.853-06:00</updated><title type='text'>La guerra fría en el Medio Oriente.</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Al finalizar la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estados Unidos apoyó la creación
de dos monarquías, una de ellas fue la Dinastía del Shah en Irán, la otra, la
Casa Saud en Arabia Saudita, ambas con la finalidad de contener, por un lado, el
avance soviético en el Medio Oriente, y por el otro, la proliferación de
ideales panarabistas cuyo principal exponente fue el presidente de Egipto Gamal
Abdel Nasser&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiARhzOCwWamkK3JvoqBzXNyZEoga4RyWrm0G0VEfHApVo_dWRTljSrM2lnQpTJKPv3HNue3uYI2axJeen5P_yrvCsXZByneGm-bSzxXF6gGfhX2ZboGXGU4ork8nXYHHw0GVTEDyYyxT9IV2eM8Qk4GNIgN5iKmBJKIykFUVeJZLl3IZPqWq63GUTia1CX&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;302&quot; data-original-width=&quot;400&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiARhzOCwWamkK3JvoqBzXNyZEoga4RyWrm0G0VEfHApVo_dWRTljSrM2lnQpTJKPv3HNue3uYI2axJeen5P_yrvCsXZByneGm-bSzxXF6gGfhX2ZboGXGU4ork8nXYHHw0GVTEDyYyxT9IV2eM8Qk4GNIgN5iKmBJKIykFUVeJZLl3IZPqWq63GUTia1CX&quot; width=&quot;318&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Respecto a Irán, EEUU terminó su relación con este país en 1979, cuando
triunfó la revolución islámica que derrocó al Shah y en su lugar se implantó un
gobierno teocrático. Algunos factores que el gobierno monárquico creó para que
naciera esta revolución fueron la occidentalización de la sociedad iraní, que
no fue completa, solamente parcial, así como el enfrentamiento del régimen
monárquico con los religiosos chiítas, por último, la mala repartición de la
riqueza, que a pesar del aumento del precio del petróleo en la década de los 70´s,
no ayudo a mejorar el nivel económico de la población irani.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhnRKuNU_N-aS_4RpvtW_NGNV072XVhAGCgrwUmjQEGm4cbfSWZO84qQ4VE4C4045b3ACLqbT3dAWkINLHAQ0QAEeyL7-FTiK0URYKU6iu-aO55rKKfKWmp_npnnkk1EQ8g2o6wGajiJ5GoeY16yEScB-GdswXaugJ9TzWjeeyuYO9-jdT0b5MtrYMW-wiG&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;272&quot; data-original-width=&quot;452&quot; height=&quot;193&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhnRKuNU_N-aS_4RpvtW_NGNV072XVhAGCgrwUmjQEGm4cbfSWZO84qQ4VE4C4045b3ACLqbT3dAWkINLHAQ0QAEeyL7-FTiK0URYKU6iu-aO55rKKfKWmp_npnnkk1EQ8g2o6wGajiJ5GoeY16yEScB-GdswXaugJ9TzWjeeyuYO9-jdT0b5MtrYMW-wiG&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Posteriormente a la instauración de la República Islámica de Irán, este
país inició un conflicto armado con Irak, gobernado por el régimen baazista de
Sadam Hussein. Ambas naciones representaban una serie amenaza para la seguridad
e integridad de las monarquías instauradas en la península arábiga, por lo
cual, la causa Saud promovió entre los países de la península arábiga la
creación del Consejo de Cooperación del Golfo (CCG), con el propósito de defenderse
conjuntamente de una posible invasión procedente de Irán o de Irak. Aun con
esto, al inicio de la década de los 90, Irak invadió Kuwait, convirtiendo los
temores de los reinos de la península en realidad. Sin embargo, gracias a la
intervención de Estados Unidos y de una coalición internacional, se pudo aislar
al régimen iraki, restaurando la estabilidad de las monarquías en la región (González,
P. 2021).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjuguK4nnIIaaJD_xVNGyWvi-iroA7SI97HesJO7b1MoucmirppF8nrgVHOR5hTpatjeCNcPUF23tRY8XCpwPcZGbOw8QZCmmiEW9OB6ZC4gFzDDCeJDDJgDwazM0Vbtki73g9wfGuc7AuOBt7DEg-TUNDmOL2WYLwQuyT8OpR0G1trkVQeiszk9gE7Bb4R&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;236&quot; data-original-width=&quot;522&quot; height=&quot;145&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjuguK4nnIIaaJD_xVNGyWvi-iroA7SI97HesJO7b1MoucmirppF8nrgVHOR5hTpatjeCNcPUF23tRY8XCpwPcZGbOw8QZCmmiEW9OB6ZC4gFzDDCeJDDJgDwazM0Vbtki73g9wfGuc7AuOBt7DEg-TUNDmOL2WYLwQuyT8OpR0G1trkVQeiszk9gE7Bb4R&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Después de los ataques terroristas de 2001 a las torres gemelas de Nueva
York, por parte de Al-Qaeda, grupo terrorista financiado por miembros de la
realeza arábica y de Qatar, en 2003 Estados Unidos invadió a Irak por segunda
vez sin en el apoyo y respaldo de las monarquías de la península y logró destruir
el régimen de Sadam Hussein. Lo anterior provocó un rompimiento en el frágil
equilibrio de fuerzas en el Medio Oriente que ayudo a Irán a aumentar su
presencia en la zona, situación que se fortaleció con la guerra israelí contra
el movimiento de resistencia islámico – chiita Hezbollah, en el 2006, así como
las revueltas árabes de 2010 (Moya, S. 2018).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhiGQdat97i-UVl493IqWFdjumtKhEeWfsWYgZLeZhX-IYu_mcskLdbgnbazfjSrwoOMZGK3DwiDWLefPRSAYu6RFQwXx7vpHURpgNcCP6y8PFq8iUpmavPl-NsZMWwJ3pwJbnMbvK48v0yLb-DfZyvz9CRXCglVLheci5vG6A2pdrU0teCPJWEM9mGwsNs&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;298&quot; data-original-width=&quot;413&quot; height=&quot;231&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhiGQdat97i-UVl493IqWFdjumtKhEeWfsWYgZLeZhX-IYu_mcskLdbgnbazfjSrwoOMZGK3DwiDWLefPRSAYu6RFQwXx7vpHURpgNcCP6y8PFq8iUpmavPl-NsZMWwJ3pwJbnMbvK48v0yLb-DfZyvz9CRXCglVLheci5vG6A2pdrU0teCPJWEM9mGwsNs&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;La
influencia de Irán en la región del Medio Oriente se ha dado en los siguientes
países (Moya, S. 2018):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Dominio
político militar en el Líbano por parte de la organización terrorista Hezbollah
financiada y apoyada por Irán.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Dominio
político y militar de las milicias chiitas en Irak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Apoyo
al gobierno de Bashar al – Assad en Siria, frente a la sublevación de fuerzas
salafistas yihadistas apoyadas por Arabia Saudí, Qatar y Turquía.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Por
último, el apoyo que ha proporcionado el régimen iraní al movimiento
guerrillero de los houthis en Yemen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Se puede observar con lo anterior, que la invasión de Estados Unidos a
Irak provocó el surgimiento del conflicto entre Arabia Saudí e Irán por el
dominio de la región, mientras que la casa Saudí se apoya de Estados Unidos,
Irán se ha opuesto a la presencia de potencias extranjeras en la región.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Para
ello, la casa saudí ha buscado el control de los recursos energéticos en la
región, a través de una política petrolera que vaya de la mano con los
intereses de Estados Unidos, buscando la estabilidad del precio del petróleo, e
incluso, el bloqueo de la construcción del gasoducto Irán – Irak – Siria, lo
que ayudaría a Irán a mejorar su oferta petrolera (Ghotme, R et al. 2015). Sin
embargo, dicha política de buscar el control sobre las demás naciones en la
península arábiga ha empezado a generar controversias entre las naciones,
principalmente entre Qatar y la casa Saudí (Moya, S. 2018).&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Arabía
Saudí es la segunda economía del Medio Oriente, detrás de Turquía e Irán es la
tercera. Para Arabia Saudí el 90% de sus exportaciones son petroleras, mientras
para Irán son el 80%. Con respecto a las reservas petroleras, Arabia Saudí se
ubica en el segundo lugar a nivel mundial, e Irán en el cuarto lugar; en cuanto
a las reservas de gas, Irán se coloca en el segundo lugar, mientras que Arabia
Saudí en el quinto lugar (Moya, S. 2018).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Arabia
Saudí se enfrenta a un problema interno muy grave, el Fondo Monetario
Internacional pronosticó que las reservas petroleras de esa nación se podrían
acabar a corto plazo, es decir, en menos de diez años. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Se
puede decir que un posible conflicto entre ambas naciones provocaría un aumento
considerable en el precio del petróleo a nivel mundial, así como la entrada de
alianzas apoyando a ambos países, como por ejemplo, Estados Unidos y Reino
Unido a la monarquía Saudí, mientras, el Hezbollah, y posiblemente Rusia y
China apoyando a Irán, sin embargo, el costo económico y poblacional sería muy
alto para ambas naciones, por consiguiente, continuará la guerra proxy o guerra
indirecta entre estos países, en &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;diferentes
escenarios del Medio Oriente (Gutiérrez, F. 2018).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;Referencias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraph&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Ghotme,
R., Garzón, I., Cifuentes, P. (2015). &lt;i&gt;Las relaciones internacionales de la
guerra civil siria a partir de un enfoque regional, hegemonía y equilibrio en
el Medio Oriente&lt;/i&gt;. Estudios Políticos número 46. Instituto de Estudios
Políticos Medellín, Colombia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;González,
P. &amp;amp; Hernández, D. (2021). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;La estrategia de Arabia Saudí en el Consejo
de Cooperación del Golfo. Espacios de cooperación y conflicto&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;. Estudios de
Asia y África. Vol. 56. Número 1. Colegio de México.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Gutiérrez,
F. (2018). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Yemen: un escenario de guerra y crisis humanitaria&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;. Oasis,
número 27. 2018. Universidad Externado de Colombia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;·&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Moya,
S. (2018). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Irán y Arabia Saudí, rivalidades geopolíticas y escenarios de
confrontación.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt; Oasis, número 27. 2018. Páginas 47 – 66. Universidad
Externado de Colombia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: arial;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;





















&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/8222880598834163287/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/02/la-guerra-fria-en-el-medio-oriente.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/8222880598834163287'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/8222880598834163287'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2026/02/la-guerra-fria-en-el-medio-oriente.html' title='La guerra fría en el Medio Oriente.'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiARhzOCwWamkK3JvoqBzXNyZEoga4RyWrm0G0VEfHApVo_dWRTljSrM2lnQpTJKPv3HNue3uYI2axJeen5P_yrvCsXZByneGm-bSzxXF6gGfhX2ZboGXGU4ork8nXYHHw0GVTEDyYyxT9IV2eM8Qk4GNIgN5iKmBJKIykFUVeJZLl3IZPqWq63GUTia1CX=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-2364751522399473056</id><published>2025-12-30T22:35:00.001-06:00</published><updated>2025-12-30T22:35:57.167-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Creación del Estado</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe class=&quot;b-iframe-ws lTgB3 BLOG_object_iframe&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;198px&quot; jsaction=&quot;load:lzUY8e&quot; src=&quot;/share-widget?w=poi&amp;amp;u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DDunbar&amp;amp;ved=1t%3A269313&amp;amp;bbid=9120074936093140237&amp;amp;bpid=2364751522399473056&quot; width=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dunbar, quien es docente de la Universidad de Liverpool, menciona que el
número en el que está compuesto los grupos humanos tiene un límite para
mantener relaciones estables y cohesionadas, es decir, qué por medio del
conocimiento personal, la confianza mutua y la reciprocidad, los grupos humanos
podían establecerse. Ese número, según Dunbar son 150 personas, al superar
dicha cantidad de personas, fue necesario la creación de estructuras impuestas
para mantener la cohesión entre este grupo poblacional (Montiel Castro, Augusto
et al. 2012).&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Este tipo de estructuras estaban compuestas por reglas de
comportamiento, jerarquías, responsabilidades y funciones, lo anterior se dio
cuando cambio el tipo de sociedad de una cazadora a una agricultora, tejiendo una
estructura subjetiva con la creación de la religión, la cual empezó a dictar
normas de conducta. Esta evolución de la sociedad da como resultado, en el
siglo VI A.C., en la creación de la Ciudad, en la cual se reúnen individuos con
el fin de la supervivencia, así como ponerse de acuerdo entre los hombres para
organizarse políticamente. Lo anterior, como lo llegó a mencionar Aristóteles,
la ciudad es una polis, es una ciudad organizada, no sobre la fuerza bruta, ni
sobre intereses pasajeros, sino por la capacidad de los hombres en ponerse de
acuerdo entre ellos (cabe mencionar que, dentro de la sociedad ateniense, la
escala social dentro de Atenas era la siguiente: hombres, quienes eran los
ciudadanos, los metecos y los esclavos, las mujeres se encontraban entre estos
dos últimos), en otras palabras, el hombre no es un animal, tampoco un dios,
pero tiene la capacidad de hablar de manera sensata y reflexionar sobre sus
actos, por consiguiente el hombre es un animal político.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Grecia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En Grecia se crean las ciudades Estado, la llamada Polis, en donde el
hombre, quien no es un animal, tampoco un Dios, pero tiene la capacidad de
hablar de manera sensata y reflexionar sobre sus actos, por tal manera, el
hombre es un animal político que convive con otros animales políticos en la
Polis, en la ciudad organizada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En la Polis se busca la “eu Zeìn”, que quiere decir “vivir como conviene
que viva un hombre”, es decir, la convivencia se basa en la organización, no en
la fuerza bruta, ni en los intereses pasajeros, ni en las prescripciones de los
dioses, sino que el hombre, con base en su virtud logra la convivencia. Así
mismo, se tenía la idea de que la sociabilidad del hombre es producto de la
naturaleza, por consiguiente, había que aprovecharla.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En Atenas, el poder central estaba constituida por la Asamblea popular,
en donde se reunían los ciudadanos diez veces al año, donde se tomaban las
decisiones, así como seleccionaban a los miembros de las Cámaras de justicia,
surgiendo así el modelo democrático de gobierno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Este sistema fue criticado por Platón de la siguiente manera:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNcI2NTrDNZ3mSgYNyyX6S9I1r-UeF6UWJo-0ie42up3lEtq8wSEFNAnkILmkOcOq4r5cqNaPa1gwZmzxY__VHLiz9lSjM-kYUYMaevB2q-jC0VWRtR62fyIVHNHjFihNF1p1dEjp9-0kkk-SCwfvkjr2ToFDHojOrakV71GKcLpLTdhh8Gjp284hLjc7j&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;88&quot; data-original-width=&quot;3206&quot; height=&quot;9&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNcI2NTrDNZ3mSgYNyyX6S9I1r-UeF6UWJo-0ie42up3lEtq8wSEFNAnkILmkOcOq4r5cqNaPa1gwZmzxY__VHLiz9lSjM-kYUYMaevB2q-jC0VWRtR62fyIVHNHjFihNF1p1dEjp9-0kkk-SCwfvkjr2ToFDHojOrakV71GKcLpLTdhh8Gjp284hLjc7j&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;La masa popular es asimilable a un animal esclavo de sus pasiones y sus
intereses pasajeros, sensible a la adulación, confiarle el poder es aceptar la
tiranía de un ser incapaz de la menor reflexión y rigor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAb6-Rkk1d57_SK-RILOVPEzB5hffdavS97HRunfyWDSTIAKqxxpd5jIAYgHA1XgDNTnZr3jB6rmJnsh5D6h75oWloGcXUZ8G2OqN1JZ4ff_XbTBosNPHoO5ezhhm2mB1bNuZdXUSM_kURv6hyDvKlb2Jk-hvtW6vu1XjbJOC5sm8pJCklpb0w5TMS8IZj&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;330&quot; data-original-width=&quot;588&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhAb6-Rkk1d57_SK-RILOVPEzB5hffdavS97HRunfyWDSTIAKqxxpd5jIAYgHA1XgDNTnZr3jB6rmJnsh5D6h75oWloGcXUZ8G2OqN1JZ4ff_XbTBosNPHoO5ezhhm2mB1bNuZdXUSM_kURv6hyDvKlb2Jk-hvtW6vu1XjbJOC5sm8pJCklpb0w5TMS8IZj&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Cuando la masa designa a sus magistrados, lo hace con función de unas competencias que cree haber observado -cualidades oratorias en particular- e infiere de ello la capacidad política.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgoKHcGTyTMZVCRcCHiWahq_hn0OSqwcX887bUVp16BjXdlr1pWa0ZR-z0aaWJDKEWRQ5QX1hgoChVCsM9d2NLBuj7_srYglv1XjByM0RDb5eIXB0Iggd3y6O-xyHTCQXWwBlrhrph52rKWX4XwE5pEJVZsrRQ3bU6DelEMhAZ23IilY9ZZQkyei-JgUo7e&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;402&quot; data-original-width=&quot;589&quot; height=&quot;218&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgoKHcGTyTMZVCRcCHiWahq_hn0OSqwcX887bUVp16BjXdlr1pWa0ZR-z0aaWJDKEWRQ5QX1hgoChVCsM9d2NLBuj7_srYglv1XjByM0RDb5eIXB0Iggd3y6O-xyHTCQXWwBlrhrph52rKWX4XwE5pEJVZsrRQ3bU6DelEMhAZ23IilY9ZZQkyei-JgUo7e&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_v8Xf8h_yXP0xPmRO3MKQ5jAUydYlTWATSgXs_cXN7wsV7yhhDhQSa7ZShUVLS5DqVwtdPhzq5stUFo1sjh_dU7lV2PUDfPw9vfoZCT4VLeTvUT5DuBI4T3hH-s6KBoQDLyuZ-84X09hL3230yjpOXfNUehTptwjSavYuXANe6XEUIPUeRJ_04o7YM9Hy&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;401&quot; data-original-width=&quot;588&quot; height=&quot;218&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi_v8Xf8h_yXP0xPmRO3MKQ5jAUydYlTWATSgXs_cXN7wsV7yhhDhQSa7ZShUVLS5DqVwtdPhzq5stUFo1sjh_dU7lV2PUDfPw9vfoZCT4VLeTvUT5DuBI4T3hH-s6KBoQDLyuZ-84X09hL3230yjpOXfNUehTptwjSavYuXANe6XEUIPUeRJ_04o7YM9Hy&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;En cuanto a las pretendidas discusiones en la Asamblea, no son más que disputas que oponen opiniones subjetivas, inconsistentes cuyas contradicciones y lagunas traducen su ineficiencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIBMMuSLYWoKZtbX7k1QR9PnVzrRIuI3rR_E21V6Kwi0xgoKegMTg8GxetEelryoa0mijXCWdvIwBUyphJAtlNoGh6yn4MEVJ92A_4e4JrNqY6JDDvdqv-0j1i-mi75axg9pTYZ3iKpXN9m7xqvVrVpvaExTLom5509V9yJqF3OYTxdVkNkzsK5CqWbAfu&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;331&quot; data-original-width=&quot;588&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiIBMMuSLYWoKZtbX7k1QR9PnVzrRIuI3rR_E21V6Kwi0xgoKegMTg8GxetEelryoa0mijXCWdvIwBUyphJAtlNoGh6yn4MEVJ92A_4e4JrNqY6JDDvdqv-0j1i-mi75axg9pTYZ3iKpXN9m7xqvVrVpvaExTLom5509V9yJqF3OYTxdVkNkzsK5CqWbAfu&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Atenas perdió la guerra contra Esparta, surgiendo la tiranía como forma
de gobierno en Atenas.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;Aristóteles mencionó que el régimen moderado es mejor que el excesivo y
que una combinación entre democracia y oligarquía permitiría la mejor
existencia para el pueblo y el gobierno, siempre y cuando la ley este por
delante de todo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;El Imperio Romano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;El Imperio Romano, se basó en la cultura griega para desarrollar su
conocimiento, entre lo que destaca la creación de la “Ley de las XII tablas”,
con la cual se da la base del derecho romano, tomando en primer lugar a la
familia, la cual, esta manejada por el “pater familias”, quien es el hombre
libre, el dueño absoluto de la familia, el que soluciona los problemas y aporta
los bienes para el bienestar de la misma familia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Así mismo, se reafirman las instituciones republicanas, designándoles
las siguientes siglas “SPQR”, las cuales significan “Senatus Populusque
Romanus” (El Senado y el Pueblo de Roma), lo que representa la unión de la
clase gobernante (el Senado) y el pueblo (los ciudadanos).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Derivado de la extensión del Imperio Romano, que llegó a abarcar todo el
mar Mediterráneo, tanto en Europa, como en el Medio Oriente y el norte de
África, como la región de la península hispánica, la región gala, ahora
Francia, la Bretaña, provocando un flujo de mercancías, personas, culturas, lo
que debilitó la “Pax Romana”, así como la vocación ecuménica, es decir, la
integración de las personas al Imperio Romano. Para ello, en el siglo 212 D.C.,
se les otorgó la ciudadanía romana a todos los habitantes del Imperio, sin
embargo, eso no ayudo a evitar la desintegración de este.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;El monoteísmo.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;El surgimiento de las religiones monoteístas como el cristianismo y el
islamismo, cambiaron radicalmente la visión del mundo, mientras que las
culturas greco – latina, la relación de los dioses con los humanos era muy
cercana, e incluso se llegó a tener relaciones personales muy cercanas que
dieron como resultado el nacimiento de personas hijos de algún dios, como es el
caso de Hércules. Así mismo, el ciclo de vida en estas culturas era la
temporalidad, en el cristianismo se habla de una historia lineal iniciando con
la creación y terminando con la resurrección de los justos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En cambio, las religiones monoteístas manejan relaciones entre Dios y
las personas de una manera religiosa, surgiendo así las nociones de libertar y
del libre albedrio, sobre todo en la religión cristiana, ya que, en el
islamismo, se tiene una sumisión absoluta a la palabra de dios, en esa religión
no existe el libre albedrio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El cristianismo plantea que la obediencia a la autoridad civil es una
virtud cristiana, que, a pesar de los conflictos terrenales, el cristiano tiene
la obligación de trabajar por la salvación, así como asegurar el triunfo
espiritual de la Iglesia. También surgió la teoría de los dos poderes, el poder
eclesiástico era responsable de lo religioso, mientras el poder del rey se
basaba en lo terrenal, lo que provocó un conflicto entre los religiosos (el
papa) con los reyes, principalmente en Inglaterra, en donde surge una
transformación de la idea del poder, surgiendo la idea de soberanía y de los
derechos de las personas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;El principio del Estado&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A partir del siglo XVI se dieron eventos que convulsionaron a la Europa
occidental, transformando a las sociedades y a la autoridad, este periodo se le
conoce como Renacimiento:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Realidades técnicas y económicas, se desarrollaron las zonas urbanas, el
mercantilismo, la exploración y la manufactura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El encuentro de los dos mundos, dando como resultado el inicio de la
globalización, por los nuevos productos y los nuevos mercados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La exploración y los descubrimientos provocan el cambio en cómo se ve a
la naturaleza, de una realidad mágica a una realidad científica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Con el redescubrimiento de la cultura greco – latina, se da un cambio en
el estudio del humano, pasando de una especulación ético-religiosa a un hecho
natural.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Surgen conflictos religiosos que debilitan el poder del Vaticano, como
el surgimiento del movimiento protestante en Alemania, así como de la Iglesia
Anglicana en Inglaterra.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En esta época surge una persona que describe el poder, el poder
centralizado en el soberano y las acciones que debe de llevar a cabo para
mantener dicho poder, su nombre es Maquiavelo y su libro “El Principe”. En esta
obra se define la conducta que debe de llevar a cabo el soberano para instaurar
o restaurar el poder en un territorio, el soberano decide lo que es el bien
público y el mal público, se menciona que conviene más la violencia que repara
de la que destruye.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKAmBFpjo0BPxjgYoaRIsE_ANiF_ybarEdJZcJhyb8ZvX4oUCpeCFVBnZRTv7f-_bA9179eqc9D_1Ux8wkW8kBjBcmBKF-XDOQ3vjhDzvkqsL2HpgtOhqS4drjyZt5muPc_My5fSO_WroYFdscUygqoFSRU7aTx3IbRhZGaUQYwhQlc-4qUidJc4iwZG2j&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;928&quot; data-original-width=&quot;893&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiKAmBFpjo0BPxjgYoaRIsE_ANiF_ybarEdJZcJhyb8ZvX4oUCpeCFVBnZRTv7f-_bA9179eqc9D_1Ux8wkW8kBjBcmBKF-XDOQ3vjhDzvkqsL2HpgtOhqS4drjyZt5muPc_My5fSO_WroYFdscUygqoFSRU7aTx3IbRhZGaUQYwhQlc-4qUidJc4iwZG2j&quot; width=&quot;231&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Así mismo, se menciona en esta obra la virtud que deben de tener los
gobernadores, esa virtud es la cualidad relacionada con la firmeza del
carácter, el valor militar, la habilidad calculadora, la capacidad de
seducción, la inflexibilidad, ya que tiene como enemigos a los adversarios y a
la fortuna, por consiguiente hay que poner a esta última del lado del
gobernador, ya que en la política reina la violencia, la astucia, la voluntad
del poder, o mejor dicho, la ambición del poder, por lo que todo eso hay que
ponerlo al servicio del bien público.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Martín Lutero&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Por medio de la publicación de 91 tesis, Martín Lutero denuncia la
corrupción de la Iglesia Católica por la venta de indulgencias, es una crítica
moral sobre la corrupción del alto clérigo católico que se preocupaba por el
poder y la riqueza, dando como resultado la creación de los dos reinos, la
separación definitiva entre el poder civil y el poder religioso, reflejado en
el alma y el cuerpo físico de las personas. Mientras que el alma, libre, gracia
y misericordia le corresponde al reino de Dios, el cuerpo, que es servidumbre,
cólera, rigor y castigo le corresponde al poder temporal, debe de obedecer las
decisiones de los príncipes, dejando libre al poder absoluto, el monopolio de
la decisión y de la represión.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;El Estado como poder soberano: Jean Bodin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Jean Bodin inicia con la teoría moderna del Estado, ya que menciona la
necesidad de la existencia de un poder político para que pudiera existir la
sociedad, es decir, es vital que se tenga un poder soberano ejercido por varias
familias, las cuales ejercen el poder público sobre “sujetos francos”, sobre
sujetos libres, no son esclavos ni siervos, son libres.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El Estado es la sede del poder soberano, es el orden público, es el
dueño de crear leyes y de romperlas, el hacer la guerra y firmar la paz, por
consiguiente, tiene las siguientes características:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El poder soberano del Estado es absoluto, es decir, ordena y no recibe
órdenes de alguien, no depende de nadie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El poder soberano es indivisible, es uno, no se puede dividir, y si se
delega, se delega por completo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El poder soberano es perpetuo, no cambia en el transcurso del tiempo,
volviéndose trascendente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Thomas Hobbes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El autor del “Leviatán” menciona que los hombres actúan de una forma dispersa,
como una manada de lobos, sin embargo, el orden político surge de una decisión
colectiva, ya que el estado natural no lleva a nada, solo a violencia, de esa
decisión colectiva surge un artefacto, con el cual, ayuda a los hombres a vivir
en paz.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los hombres descubren la necesidad de construir una instancia superior
con el objeto de poner fin a la violencia natural, y sustituya la guerra entre
todos por la paz de todos con todos. En otras palabras, los hombres, que
después se convierten en ciudadanos, se despojan de su poder individual y lo
transfieren a la autoridad pública.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Esa autoridad solamente tiene la obligación de asegurar la seguridad y
el bienestar de los ciudadanos, que en este caso, se convierten en
contratantes; los contratantes reconocen la soberanía absoluta de esa persona
moral que ejerce el poder mediante decisiones de las que solo es dueña.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Esa persona moral se le nombra el Leviatán, el cual tiene solamente
derechos, es el juez de lo que es necesario para la paz y la defensa de los
sujetos y de las doctrinas que convienen enseñarles. El Leviatán es represor,
ya que el poder soberano es menos dañino que la ausencia de un poder soberano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;La naturaleza de las cosas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Montesquieu, filósofo francés, visitó Inglaterra con el objeto de
corroborar la forma de gobierno de ese país, mientras Francia vivía una
monarquía absolutista, Inglaterra ya vivía una monarquía parlamentaria.
Derivado de lo anterior, concluye que es necesario un poder limitado, ese poder
limitado depende de una distribución de las fuerzas, las cuales se dividen en
el poder legislativo, el cual está constituido por los representantes de pueblo
y de la nobleza. El segundo poder es el poder ejecutivo, el cual se le otorga
el derecho de mandar y ordenar y el tercer poder es el que tiene la potestad de
juzgar con base en las leyes que emite el legislativo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rousseau: Soberanía y voluntad general.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Rousseau planteó el contrato social, en el cual, cada individuo se
transforma en ciudadano, es cuando uno sede ese derecho a decidir por uno mismo
a ese algo o ese alguien que decida por todos buscando el bien común: “&lt;i&gt;al
darse cada uno a todos, no se da a ninguno, y como no hay un solo asociado
sobre el que no se adquiera el mismo derecho que tiene él sobre uno, se gana lo
equivalente de todo lo que se pierde y se tiene más fuerza para conservar lo
que se tiene&lt;/i&gt;”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Ese acto se le conoce como el acto de soberanía, la cual tiene las
siguientes características:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Es inalienable.- La soberanía es resultado de la voluntad general, toda
ley que no ratificada por el pueblo es nula.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Es indivisible.- La soberanía es resultado de la voluntad general, es la
del conjunto del pueblo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Es infalible y absoluta.- la voluntad general es correcta y tiende a la
utilidad pública, así como cada hombre otorga un poder absoluto al cuerpo
político.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los cambios que se dieron posterior a la época del renacimiento
permitieron u obligaron a la creación del Estado, siendo algunos cambios los
siguientes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Las formas de administración feudal resultaron inadecuadas para atender
las tareas administrativas que iban surgiendo en una sociedad y en una economía
más complicada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La burguesía tomó el poder y se separó de la Corona, como en las
Provincias Unidad de Holanda, en el siglo XVII o en Estados Unidos, con la
guerra de Independencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Las fuerzas emergentes controlan la monarquía por la vía parlamentaria.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La sinergia social derribó el antiguo régimen, como es el caso de
Inglaterra a partir del siglo XVII o Francia, en el siglo XVIII, siendo ambas
naciones los fundadores del capitalismo contemporáneo y del concepto del Estado
Nación.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La evolución del Estado se dio al mismo tiempo que el concepto de
nación, el cual surge cuando un grupo de personas, forman una sociedad, la
consiste en una relación entre sujetos de derecho libres e iguales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Creación de una de acción para la protección del territorio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Desarrollo de una ordenación unitaria para las relaciones sociales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Organización y activación de la cooperación social territorial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El nuevo Estado, para poder enfrentar a esos desafíos, fue necesario
utilizar las innovaciones técnicas de aquel tiempo, de lo contrario estaba
condenado a una decadencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El perfeccionamiento de la técnica administrativa solo fue capaz con la
división del trabajo, por medio de la jerarquización de las funciones y de la
autoridad, surgiendo así la burocracia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El surgimiento de la burocracia, como el mantenimiento del ejército,
obligaron a la planificación de la administración financiera del Estado por
medio de un sistema impositivo bien reglamentado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Por último, el Reino Unido, derivado de la proveeduría de las dos
empresas colonialistas más representativas del capitalismo salvaje, la East
Indian Company y la Hudson Bay, obligaron a esa nación a crear al Estado tal y
como lo conocemos actualmente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referencias.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Montiel
Castro, Augusto &amp;amp; Martínez Contreras Jorge (2012). &lt;i&gt;En busca del origen
evolutivo de la moralidad. El cerebro social y la empatía&lt;/i&gt;. Signos
filosóficos, vol. XIV, núm. 28. 2012. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana,
unidad Iztapalapa, Distrito Federal, México.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Olivier Duhamek, Francois
Châtelet y Évelyne Pisier (1925). Historia del pensamiento político.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;





&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/2364751522399473056/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/12/creacion-del-estado.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/2364751522399473056'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/2364751522399473056'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/12/creacion-del-estado.html' title='Creación del Estado'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhNcI2NTrDNZ3mSgYNyyX6S9I1r-UeF6UWJo-0ie42up3lEtq8wSEFNAnkILmkOcOq4r5cqNaPa1gwZmzxY__VHLiz9lSjM-kYUYMaevB2q-jC0VWRtR62fyIVHNHjFihNF1p1dEjp9-0kkk-SCwfvkjr2ToFDHojOrakV71GKcLpLTdhh8Gjp284hLjc7j=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-6241834092661094388</id><published>2025-09-24T14:24:00.001-06:00</published><updated>2025-09-24T14:24:41.702-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Ruanda</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEYn9ETfe_tER9b6cxFOvMSv1oR6fkJUacfULXHyjZ4e-ryR_uELzKq9XFijjKZHxTG09uSC608vjPBUm6FOd3RJQPIGv9dYS8qoBcp-i45VFD3-G4TKMF-Pu7tDHkXrCNOSx_mTnEju8UC6YXKiv8v4hVBQvrymSufRywHWLfc0m6_20VbaNeZdyIhEpM&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;268&quot; data-original-width=&quot;395&quot; height=&quot;217&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEYn9ETfe_tER9b6cxFOvMSv1oR6fkJUacfULXHyjZ4e-ryR_uELzKq9XFijjKZHxTG09uSC608vjPBUm6FOd3RJQPIGv9dYS8qoBcp-i45VFD3-G4TKMF-Pu7tDHkXrCNOSx_mTnEju8UC6YXKiv8v4hVBQvrymSufRywHWLfc0m6_20VbaNeZdyIhEpM&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://desinformemonos.org/la-historia-de-ruanda-no-termino-con-el-genocidio/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;https://desinformemonos.org/la-historia-de-ruanda-no-termino-con-el-genocidio/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;En 1994 se llevó a cabo un genocidio en Ruanda, en donde murieron
aproximadamente 800,000 personas pertenecientes de la etnia tutsis a manos de
la etnia llamada hutus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;A pesar de la magnitud de este genocidio, las fuerzas internacionales no
actuaron en tiempo ni en forma, es más, se menciona que algunos países europeos
tuvieron que ver en su hacer o en su no hacer nada durante el desarrollo de
esta guerra civil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Ruanda, cuyo nombre oficial es República de Ruanda, es un país ubicado
en África Central, sin salida al mar. Limita con Uganda, Burundi, la República
Democrática del Congo y Tanzania.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Su capital es Kigali; actualmente su forma de gobierno es un
parlamentarismo presidencialismo; los idiomas oficiales son: francés, inglés y
Kiñarwanda. Su moneda es el franco ruandes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Para el 2012, el país contaba con una población estimada de 11&#39;689,696
personas; siendo su distribución por edad la siguiente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;&quot;&gt;0-14 años, el 42.9%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;&quot;&gt;15-64 años: 54.7%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;&quot;&gt;65 años y más: 2.4%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Ruanda está conformado por tres comunidades:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;&quot;&gt;Twa 1%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;&quot;&gt;Tutsi 14%&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
 &lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX;&quot;&gt;Hutu 85%.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;L&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;os Twa eran un grupo pigmeo que vivía con base en la caza y la
recolección, sin embargo, tuvo que ceder terrenos a la llegada de los hutus,
quienes dominaron la zona hasta el siglo XV. Los primeros tutsis emigraron a
finales del siglo XV y principios del XVI, siendo grupos de pastores, formando
clanes independientes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;A finales del siglo XV, se unieron algunos de estos clanes y empezaron
con el periodo de expansión, llegando a dominar el territorio hasta el siglo
XIX. Derivado de lo anterior, los hutus se volvieron la clase baja, la base de
la pirámide, mientras que los tutsis se convirtieron en la clase dominante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Al ser colonizados por los alemanes y belgas, se agravó la rivalidad
entre las etnias, considerando que las diferencias físicas eran mínimas entre
ambos grupos; dicha situación empeoró derivado de la falta de tierras y de la
economía débil con la que se contaba, sin embargo, eso les benefició a los
europeos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Los alemanes se hicieron de los territorios de Ruanda y Burundi, los
cuales, al terminar la Primera Guerra Mundial, la liga de las Naciones aceptó
el control de los territorios por parte de Bélgica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;En 1952, Bélgica implementó un programa de desarrollo, el cual consistía
en una serie de reformas socioeconómicas para promover el desarrollo económico
y social, sin embargo, se le dio todo el control y dominación a la minoría
tutsi sobre la mayoría hutu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Para 1959, después de 7 años de disturbios sociales entre los hutus y
los tutsis, los belgas declararon estado de emergencia, de ese modo entraron
los militares extranjeros a restablecer el orden en el territorio. En ese mismo
año, estalló una sublevación campesina, en donde los campesinos hutus
realizaron una matanza masiva de tutsis, llegando a más de 20,000 personas
muertas. Los sobrevivientes huyeron del país y los hutus se hicieron del poder
(Oviedo, 2012). E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;n 1962 se reconoció la independencia de Ruanda, bajo el control de los
hutus, derivado de eso, se presentó otra migración tutsi a los países vecinos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;En 1973 se llevó a cabo un golpe de estado, perpetrado por un hutu de un
clan de noroeste, quien era radical y chovinista. La dictadura militar duro
hasta 1990. Durante ese lapso, los tutsis que seguían viviendo en Ruanda y los
hutus moderados buscaron derrocar al gobierno militar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Los tutsis que fueron a vivir a Burundi crearon el Frente Patriótico
Ruandes, el cual, en 1990, invadió Ruanda, comenzando así la guerra civil. El
gobierno militar solicitó apoyo a Francia, que como se había invadido la &lt;i&gt;Francophonie&lt;/i&gt;,
envió aviones y soldados franceses. Con el apoyo de las tropas extranjeras, el
gobierno militar realizó una guerra de baja intensidad contra los tutsis,
encubriendo matanzas masivas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Con el propósito de conservar el poder, el gobierno militar planteó el
objetivo de erradicar a todos los tutsis de la región, por lo que empezaron con
los preparativos, entre los cuales, el ejército de Ruanda aumento de 5,000
efectivos a más de 30,000 soldados. Asimismo, la adquisición de AK-47 se
llevaba a cabo llenando únicamente un formulario (Oviedo, 2012).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Lo que provocó la masacre fue el derribo del avión presidencial, en el
que viajaban los presidentes de Ruanda y de Burundi, ambos hutus, por medio de
un misil tierra aire que impacto con el avión.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;El dinero con el cual se financió al ejército de Ruanda fue el aportado
por el FMI y el BM para programas de ajustes estructurales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El 7 de abril de 1994, comenzó el asesinato de políticos de la
oposición; se le culpó a la ONU de haber derribado al avión, contrario a lo que
se pensaba, la ONU ordenó el retiro de los cascos azules, dejando sin
protección a la sociedad civil. Entre el 9 y 11 de abril, fueron retirados
3,300 extranjeros del país, mientras que la misión de la ONU se le ordenó
mantenerse al margen de la situación (News, 2005).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El 17 de abril comienzan las tácticas de exterminio, las cuales
consistían en llevar a un gran número de víctimas a lugares cerrados, como
estadios o iglesias, con escasos medios para defenderse.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Los hutus se aprovechan de las tarjetas de identidad, creadas en la
época colonial, para identificar a los tutsis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El 21 de abril la ONU aprueba el retiro de sus tropas; el 30 de abril el
Consejo de Seguridad emite una resolución en la cual no considera genocidio lo
que estaba ocurriendo en Ruanda. Mientras tanto se presentó un gran éxodo de
250,000 personas a Zaire.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El 17 de mayo, una resolución de la ONU mencionó que se había presentado
actos de genocidio por lo que solicitó el envío de 5,000 soldados, pero no fue
hasta el 22 de junio que el Consejo de Seguridad aprobó dicho envió.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El 28 de junio, se presentó un informe en Ginebra en
donde se muestra que las masacres fueron planificadas y que constituían una
campaña de genocidio. Siendo el medio principal de las matanzas, las armas
rústicas, palos, machetes y piedras. Asimismo, la brutalidad con que se perpetró
dejó con profundas huellas a la sociedad en general, y a los individuos en
particular. Las masivas violaciones, las muertes, abusos sexuales a niñas y
mujeres, mutilaciones genitales y demás actos perpetrados a los tutsis como a
los hutus moderados fueron graves violaciones a los Convenios de Ginebra de
1949, la Convención de los Derechos del Niño, derecho internacional de los
derechos humanos, entre otros (Sur, 2012).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Se estima que hubo unos 800,000 muertos, lo que representa el 11% de la
población y las 4/5 partes de la población tutsi que vivía en el país. 100,000
huérfanos; más de 2 millones de refugiados. La base económica del país fue
destruida en su totalidad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgOZ-1r1bXCW_VCdRELwqXS1NiM71YeAwRXnoX0_0t9T-d61BZV3s2VY1Ztqw5v7J2GRwHeZwkz5xIfFyXAuA57hL-u4GH0UiqBWuB3-zYySUyZzKRUIOgIWgNkPSAUHWOMtfnYeXNS6Q7mdmKAN-UTtGmjfBNFj8jGiuLQM6xkzto-3xs_DRtFvJ5ITFV-&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;280&quot; data-original-width=&quot;384&quot; height=&quot;233&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgOZ-1r1bXCW_VCdRELwqXS1NiM71YeAwRXnoX0_0t9T-d61BZV3s2VY1Ztqw5v7J2GRwHeZwkz5xIfFyXAuA57hL-u4GH0UiqBWuB3-zYySUyZzKRUIOgIWgNkPSAUHWOMtfnYeXNS6Q7mdmKAN-UTtGmjfBNFj8jGiuLQM6xkzto-3xs_DRtFvJ5ITFV-&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://esculturayarte.com/050392/Memorial-del-Genocidio-en-Ruanda-en-Cementerio-del-Padre-Lachaise.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;http://esculturayarte.com/050392/Memorial-del-Genocidio-en-Ruanda-en-Cementerio-del-Padre-Lachaise.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Como se puede observar la Organización de la Naciones Unidas fue
desbordada. La indiferencia de la organización permitió la escalada de la
masacre. Tropas de cascos azules, apostadas en el país vecino de Uganda,
recibieron noticias de la proximidad de la masacre, pidiendo autorización al
Consejo de Seguridad para actuar e impedir dicha situación, sin embargo, por
una falta de consenso en el Consejo no fue autorizado su intervención.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Con respecto a los Estados Unidos, ningún político de este país se
atrevió a utilizar la palabra genocidio, asimismo, se afirma que este país,
juntamente con el Reino Unido, boicotearon cualquier intervención de la
comunidad internacional para detener el genocidio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgki1vorDf3a1-2o7m-z8IvgCOhi54-PFpbA0y_c2atE_RePN42e_4eQWQGqGaQtNckQ5bjNG8F3BpQFmAbT1SFZygNW_AtUGcOuqEh7SYYHorLJFkj_dsVmohghp0_8A680F8vwCwkzJnj86GEFT10L9ULzQC3yVJjYILu36evkozV4ME9N5RQ4HaFatoI&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;357&quot; data-original-width=&quot;531&quot; height=&quot;215&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgki1vorDf3a1-2o7m-z8IvgCOhi54-PFpbA0y_c2atE_RePN42e_4eQWQGqGaQtNckQ5bjNG8F3BpQFmAbT1SFZygNW_AtUGcOuqEh7SYYHorLJFkj_dsVmohghp0_8A680F8vwCwkzJnj86GEFT10L9ULzQC3yVJjYILu36evkozV4ME9N5RQ4HaFatoI&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20190406/genocidio-ruanda-leccion-olvidada-7393302&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;https://www.elperiodico.com/es/internacional/20190406/genocidio-ruanda-leccion-olvidada-7393302&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Por parte de Francia, las tropas francesas crearon una &quot;zona de
seguridad&quot; en Ruanda, sin embargo, en dicha zona continuaron con los
asesinatos de los tutsis, asimismo, Francia y Egipto fueron los gobiernos más
activos en proveerles armas a los extremistas ruandeses (hutus). Como se
mencionó anteriormente, se financió por medio del dinero de préstamos otorgados
por el FMI y el BM (News, 2005).&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Los directivos del Banco Mundial conocían que el dinero que otorgaban
para Ruanda se utilizaba para fines bélicos, sin embargo, no lo comunicaron al
Consejo de Seguridad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Con respecto a Egipto, el ex ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de ese
país, y ex Secretario General de la ONU, Boutros-Ghali autorizó una venta
secreta, en 1990, de armas para Ruanda por un valor de 26 millones de dólares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Se menciona que lo hay detrás de todo esto son los recursos minerales,
el 80% del coltan, utilizado en los teléfonos móviles, GPS, consolas de video
juegos, entre otros, se encuentra en esta región; asimismo, se encuentran
grandes yacimientos de tungsteno, casiterita, cobre, cobalto, uranio, diamantes
y oro. Por último, se encuentra el agua del río Congo y las fuentes del río
Nilo (Oviedo, 2012).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Referencias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;news, A. (2005). &lt;i&gt;Web
Islam&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webislam.com/noticias/43608-ruanda_acusa_a_francia_del_genocidio_de_1994.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;http://www.webislam.com/noticias/43608-ruanda_acusa_a_francia_del_genocidio_de_1994.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;sur, F. (22 de 12 de
2012). &lt;i&gt;África Fundación sur&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.africafundacion.org/&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;http://www.africafundacion.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/6241834092661094388/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/09/ruanda.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/6241834092661094388'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/6241834092661094388'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/09/ruanda.html' title='Ruanda'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjEYn9ETfe_tER9b6cxFOvMSv1oR6fkJUacfULXHyjZ4e-ryR_uELzKq9XFijjKZHxTG09uSC608vjPBUm6FOd3RJQPIGv9dYS8qoBcp-i45VFD3-G4TKMF-Pu7tDHkXrCNOSx_mTnEju8UC6YXKiv8v4hVBQvrymSufRywHWLfc0m6_20VbaNeZdyIhEpM=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-931374763918881406</id><published>2025-09-23T19:06:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2025-09-23T19:06:05.018-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Reformas de China</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Después de la muerte de Mao, el Partido Comunista Chino (PCCh) inicia
discusiones para reformar al país, las cuales fueron aprobadas en diciembre de
1978. Cabe mencionar que después de la revolución y hasta la muerte del líder
chino, la economía de ese país se basaba en una economía planificada por parte
del Estado; en algunos años se obtuvieron grandes avances económicos, sin
embargo, en lo general, el desarrollo de China no cubrió con las necesidades de
toda su población, por lo que el Comité aprobó las reformas con orientación al
libre mercado, iniciándose con la reforma agrícola (Rueda et al, 2002).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La reforma agrícola se da, cuando se acepta de manera oficial el fracaso
del modelo de la producción comunal, y surge el modelo de la producción
individual/familiar, sin que por ello el Estado pierda la propiedad de la
tierra. Este modelo está basado en contratos con cada familia con una duración
de entre 15 y 50 años (UDLAP, 2006). La reforma agrícola comprende la
descolectivización de la producción agrícola, surgiendo las comunidades por
asignación en usufructo de un lote de tierra, la cual tiene cuotas de
producción y el exceso se podría vender, una parte a precios controlados y otra
al mercado libre.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Lo anterior da como resultado el surgimiento de una pequeña clase
burguesa campesina reactivando el consumo en el mercado regional y disminuyendo
así la migración campesina a las grandes ciudades. Gracias a lo anterior, se
produjo un aumento en la producción agrícola y una disminución en la pobreza,
incrementando el ingreso, durante el periodo de 1979 a 1984, en un 13.4% (Rueda
et al, 2002).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Con respecto al sector industrial, a mediados de la década de los 80, se
inició la reforma industrial, la cual tuvo los siguientes objetivos (Hernández,
2011):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Reducir
la participación del Estado en la actividad empresarial.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Conceder
una mayor autonomía de decisión a las empresas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;



&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Introducir
gradualmente los mecanismos del mercado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Se redujeron el número de empresas paraestatales durante el periodo de
1987 a 1995, pasando de 300,000 a menos de 150,000, así mismo, se calcula que
el 44% de las empresas obtenían pérdidas por lo ineficientes que eran, derivado
a diversos factores como el exceso de personal, la reforma en los precios,
introducción de modernos sistemas de contabilidad y a excesivos salarios de los
trabajadores (Rueda et al, 2002).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Dicha reforma al sector industrial originó una repercusión social,
generando un despido de hasta 59 millones de trabajadores (Biz, 2005),
actualmente, ese desempleo representa, según datos del Banco Mundial, entre el
4.2 y el 4.6, durante el periodo de 2010 al 2013 (Banco Mundial, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En 1980, se realizó la segunda reforma de mayor importancia, después de
la agrícola en el país, con la búsqueda de crear empleos en la nación, de
captar mayor inversión extranjera directa (IED) y de una mejor tecnología, así
como de incrustar al país en la economía de la parvada, se dio la apertura
comercial. Este proceso fue realizado en tres etapas (Rueda et al, 2002), en la
primera de ellas se establecieron cuatro zonas económicas especiales en las
provincias de Shenzen, Zhuhai, Shantou y Xiamen, presentando las siguientes
características:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Obtener
IED para producir bienes de exportación.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Leyes
especiales, exenciones a la importación de medios de producción y condiciones
impositivas favorables.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;



&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Acceso
a mano de obra barata.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para 1984, con el objeto de continuar fortaleciendo la producción de
bienes de exportación, y así obtener un mejor nivel de vida para la sociedad
china, se abrieron 14 puertos más, siendo está la segunda etapa, siendo uno de
ellos Shanghai. Para la última etapa, se extendieron los privilegios a algunas
provincias del interior como Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei y Sichuan (UDLAP,
2006).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8RfyH8NSUARTWweiEo0lWDMWVOYtKkX3aG7Quk55jtZWgYuQOScWZS1Ewk0HuMG8wkpqswUhWs9483nmiqrv-LcF1BZtXXAQHAg2SmfKZ9ohjsfRwI49OskLVhbsZuJfTw5MtwhlSjjChzT9buqeYzMKHkbS6MANi95kGjXBRXF6dd2UjBxfqDlF9TUKe&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;584&quot; data-original-width=&quot;717&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8RfyH8NSUARTWweiEo0lWDMWVOYtKkX3aG7Quk55jtZWgYuQOScWZS1Ewk0HuMG8wkpqswUhWs9483nmiqrv-LcF1BZtXXAQHAg2SmfKZ9ohjsfRwI49OskLVhbsZuJfTw5MtwhlSjjChzT9buqeYzMKHkbS6MANi95kGjXBRXF6dd2UjBxfqDlF9TUKe&quot; width=&quot;295&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente:
http://mapas.owje.com/2645_mapa-de-las-zonas-economicas-especiales-de-china.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Con lo anterior, China entró a la globalización, formalizando dicha
situación con la estrada de este país a la Organización Mundial del Comercio
(OMC), en el 2001. Dicha apertura económica y financiera ha permitido a China a
captar grandes inversiones foráneas, por ejemplo, para 1991 captaron 430
millones de USD, para 1995 16,372 millones de USD (Rueda et al, 2002), para
2013, obtuvieron 123,911 millones de USD (Santander Trade, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Una de las razones que argumentaban las autoridades chinas para
justificar esta apertura a la inversión extranjera era la confianza en que,
simultáneamente, traería consigo un flujo de tecnología y de &lt;i&gt;know how &lt;/i&gt;(conocimientos)
en la administración de empresas, que serían progresivamente asimilados por las
empresas chinas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Sin embargo, todas las condiciones anteriormente señaladas, han
provocado grandes desigualdades sociales, por ejemplo, las provincias
occidentales de China concentran el 85% de pobres de la nación (Rueda et al,
2002). Hablando de números, se tiene lo siguiente: de 1300 millones de
habitantes, 900 millones son campesinos de los cuales, 50 millones han sido
declarados en pobreza extrema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Asimismo, se presenta en las condiciones laborales que las empresas
ofrecen a los trabajadores chinos, por ejemplo, el 10% de las empresas
extranjeras y el 5% de las empresas nacionales o colectivas tienen sindicatos
(Rueda et al, 2002), situación impensable en un país socialista donde los
trabajadores ostentan el poder.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Otro de los problemas que se enfrenta la sociedad china es que derivado
de la política de un solo hijo, las familias chinas han preferido hijo varón
sobre mujer, lo que ha ocasionado una brecha de género de 18 millones de niños
de entre 0 a 15 años sobre las niñas (UDALP, 2006), situación que puede
provocar una crisis social cuando tengan la edad de formar una familia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;A partir del siglo XXI, China ha elaborado un plan expansionista el cual
se basa en dos proyectos, el primero de ellos es la ruta de la seda, la cual
consiste en la creación de una línea ferroviaria de más de 13,000 kilómetros,
la cual iniciará en la ciudad de Yiwu y terminará en la ciudad de Madrid, en
España&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhG6D_rJQFkwQixe_tu8vtbReTCE2pkE8Maw5f6ZsrjEqXr9OM3Jk3lg_BFVdlEkY91FZmaqP-_64NB3eQikdSWPrd9eZ614jd_stY9QfAakWFL3B0b69HuPiAcqVs2ZPyjl7f9-7mF7BNLFkEgQM9AN4BNEY8qDhg0SrkEoJgIb9E6BfuLBmRb-wbXar3p&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;489&quot; data-original-width=&quot;972&quot; height=&quot;161&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhG6D_rJQFkwQixe_tu8vtbReTCE2pkE8Maw5f6ZsrjEqXr9OM3Jk3lg_BFVdlEkY91FZmaqP-_64NB3eQikdSWPrd9eZ614jd_stY9QfAakWFL3B0b69HuPiAcqVs2ZPyjl7f9-7mF7BNLFkEgQM9AN4BNEY8qDhg0SrkEoJgIb9E6BfuLBmRb-wbXar3p&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: El orden mundial&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El otro proyecto, es el “collar de perlas”, el cual consiste en crear
una serie de bases militares y puertos marítimos, con el objetivo de mantener
segura sus rutas marítimas y tener influencia en la región, un ejemplo de ello &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHD0fMpIzjuu2kbosNZV074uRwG96Rs-BehXmwcnJkOatmNqexGiKUnahNaRNMcZGC_Jm895Ru69utr5Dqmcea_nT6XX9jMZgNQ2-cYEktEFcRjEl5-fRar61GxkNyvSB2ItXOBbeQzEhNF9X6Hs1anJJbr_VsjeyiTnSzQ5wOu5rNdcixIyCVfGwyJF-v&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;580&quot; data-original-width=&quot;1032&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHD0fMpIzjuu2kbosNZV074uRwG96Rs-BehXmwcnJkOatmNqexGiKUnahNaRNMcZGC_Jm895Ru69utr5Dqmcea_nT6XX9jMZgNQ2-cYEktEFcRjEl5-fRar61GxkNyvSB2ItXOBbeQzEhNF9X6Hs1anJJbr_VsjeyiTnSzQ5wOu5rNdcixIyCVfGwyJF-v&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: el español.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Un ejemplo de la influencia de China es su participación en Yibuti, un
pequeño país en África, en donde China tiene una fuerte presencia militar y de
inversiones (Oviedo, 2021)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 10.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Referencias:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Banco Mundial.
Datos. Población en China.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=CN&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=CN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Hernández, L. (2011).
Reformas económicas liberales: casos China e India. &lt;i&gt;Confines&lt;/i&gt;, 133-149. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S1870-35692011000200006&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;amp;pid=S1870-35692011000200006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Isabel Rueda, María Luisa
González. (2002). Crecimiento y cambios socio económicos en China: 1978-2000. &lt;i&gt;Revista
Latinoamericana de Economía, UNAM&lt;/i&gt;, 165-194.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/pde/article/view/7421&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;http://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/pde/article/view/7421&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Oviedo, C. (9 de abril de
2021). &lt;i&gt;cuitlahuacoviedo.com.mx&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cuitlahuacoviedo.com.mx/2021/04/09/yibuti/&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;https://cuitlahuacoviedo.com.mx/2021/04/09/yibuti/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;UDLAP. (2006). &lt;i&gt;catarina.udlap.&lt;/i&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lri/rivas_d_d/capitulo2.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lri/rivas_d_d/capitulo2.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 7pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/931374763918881406/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/09/reformas-de-china.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/931374763918881406'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/931374763918881406'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/09/reformas-de-china.html' title='Reformas de China'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj8RfyH8NSUARTWweiEo0lWDMWVOYtKkX3aG7Quk55jtZWgYuQOScWZS1Ewk0HuMG8wkpqswUhWs9483nmiqrv-LcF1BZtXXAQHAg2SmfKZ9ohjsfRwI49OskLVhbsZuJfTw5MtwhlSjjChzT9buqeYzMKHkbS6MANi95kGjXBRXF6dd2UjBxfqDlF9TUKe=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-3917393582248028927</id><published>2025-09-18T20:47:00.003-06:00</published><updated>2025-09-18T20:47:41.465-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Los árabes</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;Loa
a Alá, dueño del universo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;El
Clemente, el Misericordioso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;Soberano
en el día de la retribución.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;A
ti es a quien adoramos, de ti es de quien imploramos socorro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;Dirígenos
por el camino recto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;Por
el sendero de aquellos a quienes has colmado con tus beneficios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;No
por el de aquellos que han incurrido en tus iras, ni por el de los que se
extravían.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Sura Primero. Sagrado Corán.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Antes de iniciar el desarrollo de este tema, vale la pena aclarar el
título, en la península arábiga, habitan comunidades que practican diferentes
corrientes religiosas, como el judaísmo, cristianismo y musulmán.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;El árabe musulmán se identifica con su idioma, con su religión, con su
literatura, con el islam, el cual surge de los propios árabes. Los árabes&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Documentos/Art%C3%ADculos/Nuevo%20libro%20ESCA/PAMOA/Versi%C3%B3n%20con%20registro%20de%20autor%20e%20ISBN.docx#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, su historia, su
actualidad, su gobierno, su sociedad, su forma de vida, depende del islam, y la
historia del islam es la historia de los musulmanes (Antaki, 1989).&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Antes del surgimiento del islam, los árabes eran un conjunto de tribus
que hablaban diferentes dialectos, al surgir Mahoma o mejor dicho, cuando
Mahoma empezó a predicar el Corán, la palabra ayudó a crear una identidad en
esos pueblos, les ayudó a identificarse entre ellos. Cabe mencionar que, a
diferencia de otros pueblos, en donde consideran la lengua como un desarrollo
cultural de los mismos, los árabes piensan que la lengua es un invento de Dios,
y que Dios les prestó la palabra (Antaki M. 2016), por consiguiente, como el
idioma árabe es de origen divino, luego entonces es perfecta. Derivado de lo
anterior, el futuro, dentro del idioma, no existe, porque Dios es presente. El
idioma árabe tiene tres tiempos simples, el &lt;i&gt;madi&lt;/i&gt; (pasado), el &lt;i&gt;madarè&lt;/i&gt;
(en acción y presente) y el &lt;i&gt;amr&lt;/i&gt; (imperativo) (Antaki, 1989).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Con anterioridad al surgimiento del islam, la religión que existía en la
región, que hasta cierto punto se podría decir politeísta, era la Kaaba, el
cual es un cubo negro, el cual estaba rodeado por más de 300 ídolos (McHugo,
2015), la Kaaba ha estado en la Meca. Siendo el destino de una peregrinación
anual, la cual coincidía con un mercado importante.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La Meca es una ciudad de Arabia Saudita, con más de un millón de
habitantes, aumentando una vez al año, cuando se realiza la peregrinación
anual, la cual es uno de los cinco pilares del islam (Ros, 2019). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhBpMUvjOXq0ipmrXqnUgrQZ0qsQSkBO7lc0QdcCLY2PeNpqparRAUUruNDP0T81yqkGs4cvAHfnawV6KbB2uSjIDH9m0o4Jt1OJVDKbTft_Cxy9e6vSpSRyKhCgoF6JzqtDnvglrltRSdIEhC8czrSK4gIpLYPbVyG8xY_o7pHR5SfwUimZywFXXsnMDWy&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;477&quot; data-original-width=&quot;648&quot; height=&quot;236&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhBpMUvjOXq0ipmrXqnUgrQZ0qsQSkBO7lc0QdcCLY2PeNpqparRAUUruNDP0T81yqkGs4cvAHfnawV6KbB2uSjIDH9m0o4Jt1OJVDKbTft_Cxy9e6vSpSRyKhCgoF6JzqtDnvglrltRSdIEhC8czrSK4gIpLYPbVyG8xY_o7pHR5SfwUimZywFXXsnMDWy&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://tucutap.blogspot.com/2012/09/de-que-esta-hecha-la-piedra-negra-de-la.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;http://tucutap.blogspot.com/2012/09/de-que-esta-hecha-la-piedra-negra-de-la.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los cinco pilares del islam son los siguientes (Report, 2019):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Shahada&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt; o testimonio, es el principal precepto,
en donde el musulmán acepta a Alá como único dios y a Mahoma como su &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;profeta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;Salat
&lt;/i&gt;u oración&lt;i&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; los
musulmanes tienen que rezar u orar cinco veces al día.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;Zakat
&lt;/i&gt;o caridad, todos los
musulmanes tienen la obligación de ejercer y practicar la caridad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;Sawn
&lt;/i&gt;o ayuno, en la
festividad religiosa más importante del islam, el Ramadán, los musulmanes
realizan ayuno. Actualmente se tienen consideraciones para aquellas personas
con situaciones especiales.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hajj&lt;/i&gt; o peregrinación a la Meca. Los
musulmanes tienen la obligación de hacer la migración, cuando menos una vez en
su vida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Para los árabes, esa piedra representa a un ángel petrificado que
cuidaba el árbol del pan, y que Adam (Adán) lo sacó del paraíso, y como lo tocó
con sus manos pecaminosas, cambio de un color blanco a un color negro. En el
día de la resurrección la piedra se convertirá nuevamente en el ángel y
testificará para todos los que lo tocaron con respeto y reverencia (Islam,
2018).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjps0wYnzywQQQAZDwrVmeWrI8BIetq-01H4xWxnIp1RdbZ9tbpfPmip0TtEt14PhiNY1ZYzq53TDkjEgxgHMn7QV477luWFf1R79VhmC57T4VfJvdzCZz3vYNGZIg0E5g2lt89XNar0ixmQOXBiG2jjIzXxJSHYKPgKq1KYlAd17PxMGG9BFyD3PdKSBye&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;453&quot; data-original-width=&quot;578&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjps0wYnzywQQQAZDwrVmeWrI8BIetq-01H4xWxnIp1RdbZ9tbpfPmip0TtEt14PhiNY1ZYzq53TDkjEgxgHMn7QV477luWFf1R79VhmC57T4VfJvdzCZz3vYNGZIg0E5g2lt89XNar0ixmQOXBiG2jjIzXxJSHYKPgKq1KYlAd17PxMGG9BFyD3PdKSBye&quot; width=&quot;306&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.pinterest.co.kr/pin/350084571016289366/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;https://www.pinterest.co.kr/pin/350084571016289366/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Continuando con la religión, la musulmana tiene mucha influencia de las
religiones judía y cristiana, tan es así, que Mahoma, en su momento, confirmo
las revelaciones que los anteriores profetas habían tenido. Por lo que es el
mismo Dios, utilizando el temor hacia él, con el fin de construir un sistema
moral más humanitario (McHugo, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8kodJlcOZH1zd57U4qUf8g7zBfN-S_xGDeJw0RwSZEdlRULgfeL4ZjTtP8QoYlP57n5pBEPkhAtqgYLkgjJqFT0j1kIFlN5NNsqnrfZAhZj5o3NgCx7xfRW0oEFRO2_DbkBq1Du6GyxyPVJ_3iR7jdCgrYs6yXKCMSzAczAPCRxO4vBo27NNjkNGorkjQ&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;381&quot; data-original-width=&quot;618&quot; height=&quot;197&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi8kodJlcOZH1zd57U4qUf8g7zBfN-S_xGDeJw0RwSZEdlRULgfeL4ZjTtP8QoYlP57n5pBEPkhAtqgYLkgjJqFT0j1kIFlN5NNsqnrfZAhZj5o3NgCx7xfRW0oEFRO2_DbkBq1Du6GyxyPVJ_3iR7jdCgrYs6yXKCMSzAczAPCRxO4vBo27NNjkNGorkjQ&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mundoislam.com/islam/2018/08/06/piedra-negra-kaaba/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;https://mundoislam.com/islam/2018/08/06/piedra-negra-kaaba/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Dentro de la religión, se busca que los musulmanes emulen la vida del
profeta, la cual se encuentra plasmada en la &lt;i&gt;Sunna&lt;/i&gt;, la cual incluye
temas legales, como el matrimonio, el divorcio, herencias, contratos. La
religión musulmana invade la vida pública, ya que al musulmán se le ordena orar
cinco veces al día, al amanecer, al mediodía, a la media tarde, al anochecer y
después de cenar (McHugo, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Como se ha comentado anteriormente, la palabra, dentro de la religión
musulmana, ha sido muy importante, se menciona que Mahoma llamó a Alá
utilizando 99 nombres diferentes, mencionándose que aquel que los recita de
memoria es capaz de entrar al paraíso (Buendía, 2014):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Allah.
El único Dios.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Ar-Rahmân.
El todo compasivo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Ar-Rahîm.
El más misericordioso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Malik.
El supremo soberano.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Quddûs.
El más santo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;As-
Salâm. La paz y la bendición.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Mu´min.
El fiador de seguridad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Muhaymin.
El guardián y protector.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;9.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-´Azîz.
El todo poderoso y autosuficiente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;10.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Jabbâr. El poderoso e irresistible.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;11.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Mutakabbir. El tremendo e imperioso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;12.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Khâliq. El creador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;13.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Bâri. El fabricante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;14.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Musawwir. El forjador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;15.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Gaffâr. El indulgente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;16.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Qahhâr. El dominante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;17.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Wahhâb. El dador de todo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;18.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Ar-Razzâq. El proveedor y sustentador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;19.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Fattâh. El que abre, el que da la
victoria.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;20.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-‘Alîm. El sabio y omnisciente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;21.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Qâbid. El que contiene y constriñe.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;22.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Bâsit. El que da abundantemente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;23.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Khâfid. El que da humildad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;24.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Ar-Râfi´. El exaltado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;25.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Mu’izz. El que da honor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;26.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Mudill. El que humilla.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;27.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;As-Samî. El que oye todo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;28.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Basîr. El que ve todo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;29.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Hakam. El juez.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;30.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-‘Adl. El más justo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;31.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Latif. El sutil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;32.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Khabir. El todo pendiente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;33.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Halim. El paciente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;34.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-‘Azim. El magnificiente, el infinito.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;35.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Gafûr. El que perdona todo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;36.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Aš-Šakūr. El apreciador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;37.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-‘Alĩ. El elevado, el más grande.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;38.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Kabĩr. El verdadero grandioso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;39.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Hafīz. El preservador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;40.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Muqīt. El que sustenta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;41.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Hasīb. El que reconoce.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;42.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&amp;nbsp;Al-Ğalĩl. El sublime, el majestuoso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;43.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Karīm. El generoso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;44.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Ar-Raqīb. El observador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;45.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Muğīb. El que responde.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;46.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Wāsi’. El que todo abarca.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;47.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Hakīm. El sabio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;48.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Wadūd. El digno de ser amado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;49.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Mağīd. El glorioso, el majestuoso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;50.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&amp;nbsp;Al-Bā’iţ. El resurrector.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;51.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Aš-Šahīd. El testigo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;52.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Haqq. La verdad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;53.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al- Wakīl. El digno de confianza.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;54.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Qawwi. El poseedor de toda fuerza.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;55.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Matīn. El firme.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;56.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Walī. El protector, el que ayuda.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;57.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Hamīd. El que merece toda alabanza.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;58.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Muhsí. El contable, el calculador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;59.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Mubdi’. El que inicia todo, el que da
origen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;60.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Mu’īd. El restaurador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;61.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Muhyī. El que da vida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;62.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Mumīt. El que trae muerte, el
destructor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;63.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Hayy. El por siempre viviente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;64.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Qayyūm. El sostenedor de todo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;65.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Wāğid. El observador, el que
encuentra.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;66.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Māğid. El iluste, noble y
glorificado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;67.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Wāhid. El único, el indivisible,&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;68.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;As-Samad. El inexpugnable, el eterno.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;69.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Qādir. El todo poderoso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;70.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Muqtadir. El poderoso, el
determinante.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;71.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Muqaddim. El que acelera y apresura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;72.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Mu’akhkhir. El que atrasa.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;73.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-‘Awwal. El primero.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;74.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-‘Ahir. El último.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;75.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Az-Zāhir. El manifiesto y victorioso.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;76.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Bātin. El oculto, el que rodea rodo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;77.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Wālī. El patrón, el que gobierna.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;78.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Muta’ālī. El más elevado.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;79.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Barr. La fuente de bondad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;80.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;At-Tawwāb. El que acepta
arrepentimiento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;81.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Muntaqim. El vengador.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;82.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-‘Afū. El que disculpa, el que borra
pecados.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;83.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Ar-Ra’ūf. El compasivo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;84.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Mālik-ul-Mulk. El poseedor de soberanía.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;85.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Dhū-l-Ğalāli. El señor de la majestad y
la generosidad.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;86.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Muqsit. El equitativo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;87.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Ğāmi. El recogedor, el que unifica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;88.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Ganī. El autosuficiente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;89.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Mugnī. El enriquecedor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;90.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Māni. El que previene, protector y
defensor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;91.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Ad-Dārr. El que causa precauciones.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;92.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;An-Nāfi. El propicio, el creador de lo
bueno.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;93.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;An-Nūr. La luz.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;94.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Hādī. El guía.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;95.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Badī. El incomparable, el origen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;96.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Bāqī. El incomparable, el origen.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;97.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Al-Wārit. El heredero de todo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;98.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Ar-Rasīd. El guía del camino recto, el
maestro infalible.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;



































































































































































































&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;99.&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;As-Sabūr. El paciente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Regresando a Mahoma, el líder religioso empezó la predicación en la
Meca, por los finales de 570 después de Cristo, pero tuvo que huir a Medina, ya
que atentó en contra del orden establecido, por lo que tuvo que huir a Medina.
A la larga, en ese lugar, después de controlar a las tribus que habitaban ahí,
lucho en contra de la Meca, dominándola y para el 632, la convirtió en el
centro de la nueva religión (McHugo, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;El éxito que tuvo Mahoma, en el momento de crear un estado, fue que
junto a las tribus bajo los lazos de la fe. Es decir, para lograr eso,
primeramente, se aceptó el principio de igualdad entre todos los musulmanes,
así como la aceptación de los preceptos islámicos, lo anterior dio como
resultado que todos los musulmanes, todas las tribus formaron parte de la Umma
o comunidad islámica (Kobeh, 1986).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Así aun siendo de forma primitiva, la creación del estado se basó en el
islam, siendo su gobernante Muhammad, su constitución es el Corán. Siendo uno
de los objetivos de este estado, del islam y del musulmán, es el testimonio a
los hombres, ya que son intermediarios entre Dios (Alá) y la humanidad (Antaki
m., 2016).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; El Corán fue escrito dos décadas posteriores a la muerte del profeta.
Cabe mencionar que este libro tiene una característica, la primera parte se
encuentra al final de este, la segunda al principio. ¿Por qué razón? Porque al
momento de hacer el libro, se decidió que los capítulos más cortos se
encontrarían al principio, los más grandes al final (Antaki M. 2016).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Después de la muerte del profeta, los musulmanes crearon un imperio,
primeramente, invadiendo a la Persia antigua y derrotando al Imperio Bizantino.
Toda la parte norte de África, llegando a España, Portugal y Francia, mientras
que al este invadieron Irak, Persia, Afganistán, Turquestán, Pakistán, parte de
India (Kobeh, 1986).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;En el 657, se da la gran división musulmana, en una batalla, por el
dominio del imperio, entre Alí Ibn Abi Talib, primo yerno del profeta y
Muawiya, quien fue el secretario del profeta. El primero perdió la batalla y de
ahí se formó la comunidad de la Chi’a o Chi’at (la comunidad de Ali), el
segundo formó el imperio umaya y la ortodoxia todo poderosa, la Sunna (Antaki,
1989).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLSPQxXVBt8fBiPHOGOgS2yhiXLwHua9PaR7ZURol7MtrPC07X8fWmmpbGZ74igDJNanTOkBz0UeQ2xZBupmGrEQZ93nGhhxbUcWTD25CxcPNiQHp_bg6Y3t4EXbjL_qG3f0iRXNSyBjZtKcKWTyERjYucRbU6b5w_KZcbSwPvR_j_Ati9KqZvULctkGAl&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;513&quot; data-original-width=&quot;384&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgLSPQxXVBt8fBiPHOGOgS2yhiXLwHua9PaR7ZURol7MtrPC07X8fWmmpbGZ74igDJNanTOkBz0UeQ2xZBupmGrEQZ93nGhhxbUcWTD25CxcPNiQHp_bg6Y3t4EXbjL_qG3f0iRXNSyBjZtKcKWTyERjYucRbU6b5w_KZcbSwPvR_j_Ati9KqZvULctkGAl=w240-h320&quot; width=&quot;240&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.razon.com.mx/mundo/que-diferencia-hay-entre-sunitas-y-chiitas/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;https://www.razon.com.mx/mundo/que-diferencia-hay-entre-sunitas-y-chiitas/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;Durante el dominio musulmán, se desarrolló el conocimiento, la cultura,
las matemáticas, gracias a que las poblaciones que se encontraban, en lo que
ahora es Siria, ya tenían los conocimientos de los griegos y romanos, y
tradujeron toda esa cultura al árabe; la ciudad de Bagdad se convierte en la
ciudad del conocimiento. Dicho periodo se le conoce como el “periodo de las
luces” (Antaki. 1989).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 107%; margin-bottom: 8.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Entre los años de 1050 y 1258, el imperio musulmán sufrió tres
invasiones mongoles, las cuales destruyeron, entre otras cosas, la célebre
biblioteca de Bagdad, destruyendo así la cultura, el conocimiento y el
desarrollo del imperio (Antaki, 1989).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los mongoles fueron detenidos por el ejército de mamelucos, quienes eran
esclavos turcos entrenados, que posteriormente tomaron el poder de Egipto, y
del imperio. Los mongoles se convirtieron, al pasar de los años, al islam. Así
mismos, los mamelucos expulsaron a los cristianos europeos de la tierra santa
en sus famosas cruzadas (McHugo, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJf5YN3OliXdFXfjSQ7Iu-h9CrptRclwgRtm9USc713ape-Ch4FpOBcjXfMqiQe0DOSSo1hdoBhctCFySE_uJEnJUd1r-L-TjyAZkLHQlToENcUikJdEHRYz6ObQNpC7kW9k-T0QK3e69aARLrW0APeUQgLGOPKPhHPXMIdMtJehOtJYO0OHjH-wtbWYL2&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;503&quot; data-original-width=&quot;716&quot; height=&quot;225&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhJf5YN3OliXdFXfjSQ7Iu-h9CrptRclwgRtm9USc713ape-Ch4FpOBcjXfMqiQe0DOSSo1hdoBhctCFySE_uJEnJUd1r-L-TjyAZkLHQlToENcUikJdEHRYz6ObQNpC7kW9k-T0QK3e69aARLrW0APeUQgLGOPKPhHPXMIdMtJehOtJYO0OHjH-wtbWYL2&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://cadenaser.com/programa/2018/04/18/la_ventana/1524069720_661177.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;https://cadenaser.com/programa/2018/04/18/la_ventana/1524069720_661177.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los turcos otomanos, quienes en un principio eran esclavos,
posteriormente fueron mercenarios y al último tomaron las riendas del mundo
islámico, construyendo las estructuras de un Estado sólido. Para 1453
conquistaron el imperio Bizantino, invadieron Persia, Egipto y lo que ahora es
Arabia Saudita, con las ciudades santas de Medina y la Meca (Kobeh, 1986).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;A finales del siglo XVII y principios del siglo XVIII, el imperio
Otomano no pudo detener el incremento de la influencia europea sobre la región,
derivado de las revoluciones sociales e industriales que se vivieron en ese
continente, el poderío, el desarrollo cultural, tecnológico, comercial y
militar sobrepasaba a este Imperio (Kobeh, 1986).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los países europeos también llevaron a la región el concepto de
nacionalismo, el cual empezó a causarle problemas al Imperio Otomano, en la
región de los Balcanes como en Egipto (McHugo, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En 1870, derivado de una crisis económica en el Imperio Otomano,
surgieron revueltas de cristianos en los Balcanes, los cuales fueron aplastados
por los otomanos, sin embargo, eso provocó el enojo y la invasión de Rusia,
defensora de los cristianos ortodoxos en la región. Los rusos se apropiaron de
territorios otomanos, así como el Imperio Otomano tuvo que otorgarles
independencia a regiones de los Balcanes (McHugo, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En el siglo XIX, la región musulmana ya sufría el colonialismo europeo,
por una parte, el Reino Unido controlaba Egipto, el Golfo Pérsico, Rusia se
expandía al sur de sus territorios, a costa del Imperio Otomano y Francia
controlaba Argelia, Túnez y Marruecos (McHugo, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Con respecto a Asia Central, la expansión del Imperio Zarista buscó
apoderarse de Persia, para lo cual, fundó un gobierno general en Turkestán, sin
embargo, los ingleses, con el fin de evitar la influencia rusa en la India,
Afganistán preservo su independencia como un estado amortiguador entre los dos
imperios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Durante el siglo XIX, el Imperio Otomano se enfrentó a dos amenazas
externas, la primera, que fue la más grave, a la expansión del Imperio Ruso,
con quien tuvo, de 1774 a 1914, cinco conflictos armados, y la segunda, el
Imperio Austro Hungaro. Sin embargo, se enfrentó también a movimientos de
liberación nacional, como la independencia de Grecia en 1830, la autonomía de
Serbia en 1829, la autonomía de las provincias rumanas en 1859, Bulgaria en
1877 (Georgeon, 2014).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Durante la primera década del siglo XX, el este Imperio se enfrentó al
resurgimiento del nacionalismo árabe, hostigado, tanto por el Reino Unido como
por Francia, quienes buscaban controlar a estos pueblos por dos motivos, el
primero de ellos, el político, primero aliados contra el Imperio Otomano, a su
vez, en contra de Alemania, y después contra los rusos, y el otro, el
económico, para controlar el petróleo de la región (Martínez, 2006).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Al iniciarse la Primera Guerra Mundial, el Imperio Otomano dudaba entre
la alianza con el Imperio Alemán o la unión con los británicos, franceses y
rusos, sin embargo, se sumando dos factores que fueron factores importantes
para la entrada del Imperio Otomano en la “Gran Guerra”, la primera de ellas
fue el temor a Rusia, su enemigo tradicional, y el segundo factor fue el desdén
del Imperio Británico (García, 2014).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Durante el conflicto, el interés principal del Imperio Otomano fue la
frontera con Rusia en el Cáucaso, siendo Armenia, la zona principal del
conflicto, provocando así un genocidio armenio, por manos otomanas. Al
respecto, los otomanos distrajeron tropas de otros frentes, sobre todo de
Palestina, para recuperar zonas que los rusos previamente habían ganado. Por
tal razón, las tropas británicas (hindúes, australianos y neozelandeses)
destruyen las ofensivas otomanas en la región del Éufrates y Tigris (García,
2014).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Gran Bretaña realizó una gran actividad política militar al enviar
agentes, como Lawrence de Arabia, que mezclaron ayuda militar y económica con
estímulos políticos, lo que motivo el levantamiento de los pueblos árabes en
contra del Imperio Otomano (Georgeon, 2014).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Al finalizar la Primera Guerra Mundial, el Imperio Otomano fue
derrotado, por lo que se firmó el tratado de Sèvres en 1920, obligando su
retiro de la región árabe, en donde la presencia franco británica establecieron
los siguientes mandatos (Martínez, 2006):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;En
los mandatos británicos, se organizaron como monarquías árabes y evolucionaron
hacia una autonomía controla, Irak adquirió su independencia en 1930.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Transjordania
creada como Emirato en 1923.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;El
Imperio Británico se quedó con la administración directa de Palestina, derivado
del conflicto entre los árabes y los judíos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Los
mandatos franceses se organizaron como repúblicas, Siria y Líbano aceptando una
autonomía controlada en 1936.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Esta situación dominó hasta los últimos meses de la Segunda Guerra
Mundial, con el respaldo de Reino Unido, cuando se formó la Liga de Estados
Árabes, formada por estados considerados independientes como Egipto, Irak,
Arabia Saudita, Siria, Jordania, el Líbano y Yemen (McHugo, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Estos estados libres que buscaban la unión árabe, en apariencia, se
encontraban desunidos y poco preparados para el mayor problema que se
enfrentarían, la creación del estado israelí (McHugo, 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVKrI2WpVJ35WtTnO1CeUv-1Z5itokKGXtk3qCTNF0Sh_85_u9DINgbMGoUwYWsjp-ke_yEmTWaRf8dmE4AvPOB3gJpYmJpHQEc4LIlWROAWGsapUWJBQn4P9TepP6V7sW7iAhFqKPWoBMIItxm1NkE0bp0-O8zUe8ASjputMXbqfgfNhYFX7zIVtz-odu&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;640&quot; data-original-width=&quot;772&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjVKrI2WpVJ35WtTnO1CeUv-1Z5itokKGXtk3qCTNF0Sh_85_u9DINgbMGoUwYWsjp-ke_yEmTWaRf8dmE4AvPOB3gJpYmJpHQEc4LIlWROAWGsapUWJBQn4P9TepP6V7sW7iAhFqKPWoBMIItxm1NkE0bp0-O8zUe8ASjputMXbqfgfNhYFX7zIVtz-odu&quot; width=&quot;290&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; /&gt;

&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;

&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;

&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;

&lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;file:///D:/Documentos/Art%C3%ADculos/Nuevo%20libro%20ESCA/PAMOA/Versi%C3%B3n%20con%20registro%20de%20autor%20e%20ISBN.docx#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportFootnotes]--&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; A
partir de este momento a los árabes musulmanes, los nombraré únicamente como
árabes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Referencias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Antaki, I. (1989). &lt;i&gt;La
cultura de los árabes.&lt;/i&gt; (1era Edición). CDMX: Siglo XXI.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Antaki, M. S. (2016). &lt;i&gt;Pensar
Medio Oriente.&lt;/i&gt; (1era edición) CDMX: Taurus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;García, V. (29 de 01 de
2014). &lt;i&gt;ABC.&lt;/i&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.abc.es/cultura/20140127/abci-guerra-mundial-imperio-otomano-201401241636.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;http://www.abc.es/cultura/20140127/abci-guerra-mundial-imperio-otomano-201401241636.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Georgeon, F. (2014). &lt;i&gt;El
Imperio Otomano y Europa en el siglo XIX&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;Cuenta y razón&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;Islam, M. (06 de 08 de
2018). &lt;i&gt;Mundo Islam&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;

&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -.6pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mundoislam.com/islam/2018/08/06/piedra-negra-kaaba/&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;https://mundoislam.com/islam/2018/08/06/piedra-negra-kaaba/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Maruan Soto Anta, k.
(2016). &lt;i&gt;Pensar Medio Oriente.&lt;/i&gt; CMDX. Editorial Taurus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;McHugo, J. (2015). &lt;i&gt;Una breve historia de los árabes.&lt;/i&gt;
Madrid, España: Turner Noema.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 9pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/3917393582248028927/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/09/los-arabes.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/3917393582248028927'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/3917393582248028927'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/09/los-arabes.html' title='Los árabes'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhBpMUvjOXq0ipmrXqnUgrQZ0qsQSkBO7lc0QdcCLY2PeNpqparRAUUruNDP0T81yqkGs4cvAHfnawV6KbB2uSjIDH9m0o4Jt1OJVDKbTft_Cxy9e6vSpSRyKhCgoF6JzqtDnvglrltRSdIEhC8czrSK4gIpLYPbVyG8xY_o7pHR5SfwUimZywFXXsnMDWy=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-4680400914614082617</id><published>2025-07-31T21:19:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2025-07-31T21:19:08.411-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Método Hakomi</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhG5CIb18cMBukY08uSb6pXYVbzxceFB62pZYIZKSo81ck6yi8p2humE4B71Gx3A2kCTbn3ehzYOPIWV-4Sdx4d9xrHBZFmi_WxVwqWL4nmDqPjrb8mp-CTRUBITJpMWBvMHG14uSjb0I0GeKFl9B6TbbIEtDpLmAtMqPViTEUUcn0-KYjjTFZ6xecXSgHo&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;183&quot; data-original-width=&quot;275&quot; height=&quot;213&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhG5CIb18cMBukY08uSb6pXYVbzxceFB62pZYIZKSo81ck6yi8p2humE4B71Gx3A2kCTbn3ehzYOPIWV-4Sdx4d9xrHBZFmi_WxVwqWL4nmDqPjrb8mp-CTRUBITJpMWBvMHG14uSjb0I0GeKFl9B6TbbIEtDpLmAtMqPViTEUUcn0-KYjjTFZ6xecXSgHo&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Soy docente a nivel universitario, y tengo la oportunidad de impartir
clases tanto en una universidad pública como en una privada (algunas clases se
encuentra grabadas en mi canal de YouTube Cuitláhuac Oviedo), y en ambas
instituciones hablan del uso de las teorías pedagógicas, como la
constructivista, la positivista o cualquier otra, para mejorar la forma en que
doy las clases, de cómo planeo el desarrollo de estas, tomando en cuenta que
deben de contar con un inicio, un desarrollo y un cierre. Así mismo, me piden mejorar
mis habilidades como la cognitiva, la comunicación clara y objetiva, la
actitud, empatía, competente, etc., etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Sin embargo, en ningún momento se ha hablado o estudiado de la situación
del docente. De su personalidad, de sus antecedentes, de su experiencia, de sus
traumas, defectos y virtudes. De como influye el tipo de personalidad del
docente para el trabajo de academia, ni cómo se puede trabajar en nosotros
mismos para mejorar como seres humanos y a la vez, mejorar como docentes,
mejorar la práctica educativa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Es por tal razón que presento el método Hakomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El método Hakomi lo creó el psicoterapeuta Ron Kurtz durante todo un
proceso de crecimiento, es decir, él inicio como terapeuta en 1970, utilizando
los conocimientos de la Gestalt para la terapía, posteriormente incorporó
técnica de la bioenergética a su trabajo terapéutico. Sin embargo, se había
dado cuenta que no podía conectar con el paciente, que era muy técnico. Se
sentía como uno de los samuráis que salieron en la película de “Los Siete
Samuráis”, en donde uno de ellos, que era un maestro de la espada, pero no
podía conectar con su arma, no podía conectar con sus sentimientos (Kurtz, R.
2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Por esa razón, buscaba la forma de mejorar su técnica de psicoterapeuta,
por lo que retomó sus enseñanzas del yoga que venía practicando años antes de
su inicio como terapeuta. Ron se interesaba en la filosofía taoísta y budista.
Gracias a esas filosofías, las cuales buscan que el individuo se encuentre en
el aquí y en el ahora, empezó a aplicar la técnica del mindfulness, ya que
consideraba que la bioenergética era un poco violenta y contundente, por lo que
buscó la manera de ir más suave en el trabajo terapéutico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;No se tiene una traducción precisa al español de mindfulness, sin
embargo, se pueden observar algunas transcripciones como “Atención plena”,
“Plena conciencia” o “prestar atención de manera consciente a la experiencia
del momento presente”. Siendo su principal objetivo el lograr un estado de
conciencia profundo sobre nuestras sensaciones, sentimientos y pensamientos,
libres de juicio, lo que nos ayuda a prestar atención a todo lo que pasa en
nuestro interior (Institute, H. 2015).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Gracias a que empezó a utilizar el mindfulness dentro de su terapia, se
dio cuenta que los pacientes comenzaron a reacción de una manera emocional
intensa, ya que ayuda al paciente relajar sus defensas, el paciente decide
trabajar con el mindfulness a sabiendas de que se van a convertir en seres
vulnerables, abiertos al dolor, a las emociones dolorosas que están cargando.
El creador de Hakomi menciona que la utilización de esta técnica ha ayudado a
los pacientes a tener contacto con esos recuerdos de manera más rápida que con
otras técnicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Otro factor importante, dentro de la técnica Hakomi, es la “no
violencia”, es decir, se recomienda que el terapeuta debe de hacer sentir al
cliente o al estudiante seguro, lo cual se puede empezar con un profundo
respeto y compasión, así como trabajar en un lugar cálido, confortable y seguro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En el caso de la impartición de clases, a veces los salones no son
lugares cálidos y confortables, lo que obliga al docente a esforzarse más en
las otras técnicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El tercer factor es la organicidad, la cual describe a las personas como
sistemas vivos, sabios que son capaces de autoorganizarse, autocorregirse, lo
que significa que cada persona es capaz de curarse por sí misma, por lo que se
da por sentado que cada uno de nosotros tiene el conocimiento interno para
poder producir esa curación. Por lo que terapeuta debe de facilitar la
capacidad de restauración, la capacidad curativa del paciente (Goodtherapy,
2018).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El cuarto factor es la integración mente – cuerpo – espíritu como
entidades que interactúan constantemente e influyen entre sí, en sus usos y
costumbres, en sus creencias, así como en cómo ve el mundo, por lo que las
creencias que cada uno tiene se reflejan en la forma de pensar y actuar, en la
fisiología y en las experiencias somáticas de cada uno, es decir en las
experiencias traumáticas que cada uno de nosotros tenemos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El quinto factor que se maneja es el concepto de unidad, el cual
reconoce que cada individuo, que cada uno de nosotros somos seres
interdependientes, por lo que, si un individuo se encuentra enfermo, el sistema
se enferma, por lo que el trabajo terapéutico también ayuda a solucionar los
problemas que crean las barreras entre uno y los demás.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para lograr todo lo anterior, es necesario que el terapeuta o docente,
se prepare en los factores antes mencionados, incluso que los haga parte de su
vida, ya que de lo contrario no podrá aplicar el método Hakomi correctamente. A
continuación, se profundizará en cada uno de los 5 factores mencionados con
anterioridad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El mindfulness es la atención plena o consciencia plena del aquí y del
ahora, es el estar en el momento presente. Lo anterior es con base en la
meditación, en la meditación budista y, sobre todo en la meditación Vipassana
(Badia, A. 2023). La meditación Vipassana es originaria de la India, creada por
Siddharta Gautama “Buda”, la cual consiste en centrarse en la respiración y en
las sensaciones corporales con el objeto de abrir la conciencia de estar en el
aquí y en el ahora.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El significado de la palabra Vipassana es perspicacia en la lengua pali,
y su objetivo es lograr la liberación del ciclo de sufrimiento mediante la
observación y comprensión de la verdadera naturaleza de la realidad (puramente,
s/f).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El trabajo consiste en poner atención a la respiración, sentir como
entra y sale el aire de las fosas nasales o en su caso, centrarse en la
sensación del abdomen como se infla y desinfla con la respiración.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Regresando a Mindfulness, se dice que es una meditación occidentalizada,
adaptada a las necesidades de las personas en el occidente. Cabe mencionar que
la meditación, ya sea Vipassana o Mindfulness no se encuentra relacionada a
ninguna creencia religiosa. Por el otro lado, se tienen varios beneficios con
la meditación como la mejora en la salud mental, el aumento en la concentración
y en la claridad de la mente, tener conciencia de lo que se está sintiendo en
el momento, ayuda a disminuir la avalancha de pensamientos que se presentan en
todo momento, por lo que es importante reconocerlos y dejarlos ir como globos,
para no engancharse en ellos (Badia, A. 2023). Así mismo, ayuda a la reducción
del estrés, la ansiedad, las crisis de pánico, la agorafobia, la fobia social,
la depresión, trastornos alimenticios, adicciones, razonamiento verbal y lograr
un mayor nivel de conciencia de uno mismo (Kurtz, R. 2009).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Con respecto al segundo factor, la no violencia, es importante
profundizar es el de la no violencia, la no violencia es hacer sentir a la otra
persona segura, relajada, comprendida, acompañada en su trabajo emocional, y
eso se logra a través de mensajes, tanto verbales, como corporales, la o las
personas se sentirán apoyados, que no van a ser juzgados, criticados, sino todo
lo contrario que los van a apoyar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Así mismo, se debe de ofrecer un lugar cálido, en donde es importante
tomar en cuenta el tipo de iluminación, los niveles de ruido, los colores, la
ventilación, la temperatura, olores relajantes y, en su caso, música de fondo.
Todo lo anterior ayuda crear un clima relajado, familiar para que, en el caso
de los estudiantes, puedan bajar sus mecanismos de defensa (Aesthesis, P. 2017).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Con respecto a la organicidad, hay que reconocer que el ser humano se le
puede ver como un sistema, ya que se generan un sinnúmero de interacciones
entre los elementos, tanto internos como con elementos externos, por
consiguiente, se puede afirmar que el ser humano es un sistema abierto (ya que
intercambia materia, energía e información), autopoiético (es un sistema capaz
de reproducirse y mantenerse por si mismo) y dinámico (experimenta cambios y
transformaciones con el tiempo) (García, H. s/f).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los sistemas, como es el caso del ser humano, se rigen por las
siguientes leyes (García, H. s/f)-:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;1.- El todo es más que la
suma de las partes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;2.- El todo es
insuficiente, incierto, conflictivo, lo anterior derivado de que el ser humano
es parte de otros sistemas, como el social, el medio ambiente, el económico,
etc., por lo que convierte al todo, o sea el ser humano, en insuficiente,
puesto que forma parte de otros sistemas, es decir, es el todo y parte al mismo
tiempo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Por tal razón, hay que reconocer al estudiante como parte del todo y que
el todo influye en este elemento, es decir, si se requiere trabajar
académicamente con el estudiante, e incluso con el profesor, hay que considerar
el todo en donde se desenvuelve ellos mismos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;El siguiente elemento es “integración mente – cuerpo – espíritu”, lo que
se busca con este elemento es la búsqueda del auto cuidado o el cuidado de sí
mismo (Rodríguez, V. 2005). Algunas de las terapias que se recomiendan para
trabajar la conexión mente – cuerpo – espíritu son yoga, tai chi, meditación,
técnicas de respiración, reiki, entre otras, las cuales ayudan al tratamiento
de las siguientes enfermedades: desórdenes músculos – esqueletos, desórdenes
gastro intestinales, desórdenes cardiovasculares, entre otros.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Se busca ver al cuerpo humano de una manera holística, es decir, que el análisis
y la comprensión &amp;nbsp;de cada objeto de
estudio se debe de llevar a cabo de forma general y no de forma individual, ya
que así se podrá comprender y tener un mayor entendimiento de su continuidad,
situación que no se podrá realizar si se disecciona en partes, por
consiguiente, es necesario tratar al paciente de una manera holística&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Con respecto a que somos seres interdependientes, somos una unidad, eso
significa que&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;necesitamos de los demás para sobrevivir, para desarrollarnos y mantener
nuestra salud emocional en buen estado. La interdependencia nos trae
beneficios, pero también nos trae costos, como por ejemplo (Sanz, E. 2022):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;A nivel emocional: las emociones producidas por nuestras relaciones
sociales nos dan como resultado beneficios, así como también costos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;A nivel social: es el estatus, la apariencia social y las situaciones
sociales que vivimos gracias a que somos seres sociales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;A nivel instrumental: Al relacionarnos con otras personas, nos ayudan a
resolver tareas, actividades, a realizar el trabajo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;A nivel de oportunidades: Con las relaciones sociales se tienen un
sinnúmero de oportunidades, pero también se tienen costos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Es necesario comentar que se tienen dos extremos dentro de las
relaciones sociales, la primera de ellas es la dependencia, en la cual, las
personas llegan a dar más de lo que reciben en sus relaciones sociales, pero a
un costo muy elevado. En cambio, las personas independientes, carecen de
relaciones profundas y significativas, así como lo que aportan dichas
relaciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Por lo que la interdependencia es una posición intermedia y equilibrada,
la cual tiene las siguientes características (Sanz, E. 2022):&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Las relaciones son equilibradas y equitativas, es decir, las personas en
este tipo de relaciones dan y reciben, beneficiándose ambas partes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Se tiene una confianza mutua, lo que permite profundizar en la relación
a nivel personal y emocional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Se tiene la oportunidad de valorar las relaciones, las cuales nos ayudan
a cubrir nuestras necesidades de afecto, pertenencia y reconocimiento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;La interdependencia está vinculada a la teoría del intercambio social,
la cual habla de que las relaciones humanas se crean y se terminan debido de un
análisis de costo beneficio, lo que significa que se optan por las relaciones
que aportan mayor beneficio a un menor costo (Sanfeliciano, A. 2022).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiPExNOEcH2HqxXZHwAim3ERyZtVSqlT_q08g-ZRc3IRtQeccN6AVzcZJ7Th_98rlQ3JbgiHTCi0iG-uWEq_qfo-1L-ODRkiLgHk8pyp0mJNFlQCceoMP7YRyaNFPJXIZoceO_NNfehwLwO8yipWqnH1rO_ay7FE6myGbZ682xPtrS8HyOIbWheReJU2WW8&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;658&quot; data-original-width=&quot;920&quot; height=&quot;258&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiPExNOEcH2HqxXZHwAim3ERyZtVSqlT_q08g-ZRc3IRtQeccN6AVzcZJ7Th_98rlQ3JbgiHTCi0iG-uWEq_qfo-1L-ODRkiLgHk8pyp0mJNFlQCceoMP7YRyaNFPJXIZoceO_NNfehwLwO8yipWqnH1rO_ay7FE6myGbZ682xPtrS8HyOIbWheReJU2WW8=w360-h258&quot; width=&quot;360&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fuente: elaboración propia.&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;En la gráfica anterior se puede apreciar los cinco elementos que
requiere el método Hakomi, que, sin ellos, no se podría dar un trabajo pleno,
pero que además, cada uno de los elementos también requieren el Hakomi para
aportar y crear un método más completo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Por consiguiente, se recomienda que, además de las teorías pedagógicas,
el docente práctique el método Hakomi para mejore como persona, así como su
conexión con los alumnos y así poder impartir las clases de una mejor manera.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Referencias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Aesthesis, P. (2017). &lt;b&gt;Importancia del
espacio terapéutico&lt;/b&gt;. Recuperado en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psicologosmadridcapital.com/blog/importancia-del-espacio-terapeutico/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://www.psicologosmadridcapital.com/blog/importancia-del-espacio-terapeutico/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Aguirre, F. (2018). &lt;b&gt;¿Qué es la
terapia humanista? Características y objetivos&lt;/b&gt;. Irradia Terapia México.
Recuperado en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://psicologos.mx/que-es-la-terapia-humanista.php&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://psicologos.mx/que-es-la-terapia-humanista.php&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;APA
(2010). &lt;b&gt;Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Including 2010 Amendments. Instituto
Humanista de Psicoterapia Corporal. Integra S.C. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Badia, A. (2023). &lt;b&gt;Mindfulness: qué es
y cómo se practica&lt;/b&gt;. Recuperado en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.psicologia-online.com/mindfulness-que-es-y-como-se-practica-4616.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://www.psicologia-online.com/mindfulness-que-es-y-como-se-practica-4616.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;García, H. (s/f). &lt;b&gt;El ser humano como
sistema y su relación con el fenómeno salud – enfermedad&lt;/b&gt;. Terapia neural.
Recuperado en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.terapianeural.com/images/stories/concepto/HEBERTH_-_EL_SER_HUMANO_COMO_SISTEMA_Y_SU_RELACION_CON_EL_FENOMENO_SALUD_-_ENFERMEDAD.pdf&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://www.terapianeural.com/images/stories/concepto/HEBERTH_-_EL_SER_HUMANO_COMO_SISTEMA_Y_SU_RELACION_CON_EL_FENOMENO_SALUD_-_ENFERMEDAD.pdf&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;GoodTherapy (2018). Recuperado en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/types/hakomi&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://www.goodtherapy.org/learn-about-therapy/types/hakomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Institute
H. (2015). &lt;b&gt;Origins of the Hakomi name&lt;/b&gt;. From the co – Founders of the
Hakomi Institute. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Recuperado
en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hakomiinstitute.com/about/the-hakomi-name/origins-of-the-hakomi-name&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://hakomiinstitute.com/about/the-hakomi-name/origins-of-the-hakomi-name&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;&quot;&gt;Kurtz,
R. (2009). &lt;b&gt;History of the Hakomi Method. A little history. Beginnins:
easterns philosophy, Psychotherapeutic techinque and systems theory&lt;/b&gt;.&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Recuperado
de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://hakomiireland.ie/history-of-the-hakomi-method/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://hakomiireland.ie/history-of-the-hakomi-method/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Puramente (s/f). &lt;b&gt;Meditación Vipassana
¿Qué es? ¿Cómo funciona? ¿Cómo empezar?&lt;/b&gt; Recuperado de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://puramente.app/mindfulness/meditacion-vipassana-que-es-como-funciona-como-empezar/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://puramente.app/mindfulness/meditacion-vipassana-que-es-como-funciona-como-empezar/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Rodríguez, V. (2005). &lt;b&gt;Terapias mente
cuerpo: una integración de mente, cuerpo y espíritu&lt;/b&gt;. Revista de Ciencias
Sociales. Volumen III – IV, número 109 – 110. Páginas 183 – 190. Universidad de
Costa Rica. San José de Costa Rica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sanfeliciano, A. (2022). &lt;b&gt;La teoría
del intercambio social&lt;/b&gt;. La mente es maravillosa. Recuperado en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lamenteesmaravillosa.com/la-teoria-del-intercambio-social/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://lamenteesmaravillosa.com/la-teoria-del-intercambio-social/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;





















&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Sanz, E. (2022). &lt;b&gt;Interdependencia: la
clave de las relaciones sanas&lt;/b&gt;. La mente es maravillosa. Recuperado en &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://lamenteesmaravillosa.com/interdependencia-clave-relaciones-sanas/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://lamenteesmaravillosa.com/interdependencia-clave-relaciones-sanas/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/4680400914614082617/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/07/metodo-hakomi.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/4680400914614082617'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/4680400914614082617'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/07/metodo-hakomi.html' title='Método Hakomi'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhG5CIb18cMBukY08uSb6pXYVbzxceFB62pZYIZKSo81ck6yi8p2humE4B71Gx3A2kCTbn3ehzYOPIWV-4Sdx4d9xrHBZFmi_WxVwqWL4nmDqPjrb8mp-CTRUBITJpMWBvMHG14uSjb0I0GeKFl9B6TbbIEtDpLmAtMqPViTEUUcn0-KYjjTFZ6xecXSgHo=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-6066146204861849339</id><published>2025-07-31T20:46:00.000-06:00</published><updated>2025-07-31T20:46:00.456-06:00</updated><title type='text'>La senda del Samurai</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg7nWn4oLG1WBRzBp6UNPVHJ451zgBiutV-nBeM8ZZE_uWcEmzWT-l2phbGX6XYTviZ4DbX7AfUv2MNAgTT4RgsPp0CIUJo-XHTIr7U9aCzdbGRO8w7KK4NZeB43q3BfZYB2jXavy7rHC4B8XXwFm8tdQ1BmXvmoYVQ_OgMZS-hWdTf6HIuih0tlATXgysF&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;168&quot; data-original-width=&quot;299&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg7nWn4oLG1WBRzBp6UNPVHJ451zgBiutV-nBeM8ZZE_uWcEmzWT-l2phbGX6XYTviZ4DbX7AfUv2MNAgTT4RgsPp0CIUJo-XHTIr7U9aCzdbGRO8w7KK4NZeB43q3BfZYB2jXavy7rHC4B8XXwFm8tdQ1BmXvmoYVQ_OgMZS-hWdTf6HIuih0tlATXgysF&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.clubyamagata.com/blog/las-7-virtudes-del-bushido/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;http://www.clubyamagata.com/blog/las-7-virtudes-del-bushido/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La Senda del Samurái nació en el siglo X D.C., sus influencias se
originan en las corrientes filosóficas religiosas del budismo zen,
confucionismo y sintoísmo. Al tomar esta Senda, el Samurái aceptaba un código
de conducta, un comportamiento dentro y fuera del campo de batalla, lo que le
obligaba a someterse a un entrenamiento diario y constante implicando la más
estricta disciplina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;“&lt;i&gt;Progresa todos los días a lo largo de tu vida obteniendo más
habilidad que el día anterior, más habilidad que hoy. El proceso es eterno&lt;/i&gt;”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Dentro de esta Senda, se encuentran máximas que el Samurái debía aceptar
y seguir, como propia muerte, es decir, el Samurái sabía que podía morir en
cualquier momento, por ello y gracias a ello, vivía en el presente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;En la muerte se encuentra la Senda del Samurái. En el momento en que se
tiene que tomar la decisión crucial, de inmediato y únicamente se puede escoger
la muerte. La elección no es especialmente difícil, sólo se requiere tener
valor y proceder. Hay quien afirma que morir sin haber logrado nuestros
objetivos es morir como un perro ¡Invenciones de personas vanas! Cuando estamos
en una situación urgente en la que tenemos que elegir entre vivir o morir, deja
de tener importancia si hemos alcanzado, o no, nuestros objetivos&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Por lo que, si una persona optaba por caminar en el Sendero del Samurái,
conocido como Bushido, esta persona debía tener un fuerte sentido de integridad
y de coraje, además de practicar los principios de un Samurái, como son la
cortesía, el honor y la lealtad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;Bushido es la aceptación total de la vida, vivir incluso cuando ya no
tenemos deseos de vivir. Esto se logra sabiendo morir en cada instante de
nuestra vida, viviendo el instante, el aquí y el ahora, sumido en el eterno
presente, en vez de abandonar el campo de batalla cotidiano. Para el samurái,
la vida es un desafío y la muerte es preferible a una vida indigna o impura&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Además, en su comportamiento cotidiano debían considerar, entre otras,
las siguientes acciones:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Saber expresar a otra persona su opinión y corregir sus defectos era
importante, se consideraba un acto de compasión y el primero de los actos de
servicio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Debido a que bostezar delante de los demás se consideraba de mal gusto,
recomendaban eliminar la sensación sobándose la frente hacia arriba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Recomendaban que la primera acción de la mañana debía consistir en rendir
homenaje a su señor y a sus padres, después a sus dioses tutelares y budas
guardianes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Consideraba peligroso a un hombre que no se ha equivocado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Evitar las risas fingidas, pues revelaban falta de dignidad en el hombre
y lascivia en la mujer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Las personas que deseaban caminar a lo largo de esa Senda, debían de
contar con un alto grado de disciplina, de constancia, de entrega, permanecer
en el presente, en el aquí y en el ahora y entender que por sobre todo, era
preferible la muerte antes que la deshonra, pues esta permanecía e incluso
afectaba a la familia, era una vergüenza que ningún Samurái debía aceptar. El
Sendero del Samurái era la aceptación de la muerte.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&quot;El difunto Nakano Kazuma dijo que la ceremonia del té se había creado
para limpiar los cinco sentidos: para los ojos, la pintura mural y el arreglo
floral; para la nariz, el incienso; para los oídos, el sonido del agua
hirviendo; para la boca, el sabor del té y para las manos y los pies, la
corrección de las formas. Cuando se han limpiado de este modo los cinco
sentidos, la mente se purificará por sí sola&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El Bushido o la Senda del Samurái se rigió por los 7 principios que a
continuación se detallan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgSB8R1XyZAnos3n3Q0PQaEI854VDq7pfm8sG9FaXWH518k8YkUiHP4MFddFCZMjk2L6_YX3RreVbEswnbY3FkZNgQ7QDJe6FEsDlMH1v8la1u3qiKxhiDc026yBrJcqPtfVSVoPiZ2AHntDA0NX56SQHPvzMFaSDAzJiyypXOu4hEHTl5YNyOBbm1e7ZQ7&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;280&quot; data-original-width=&quot;440&quot; height=&quot;204&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgSB8R1XyZAnos3n3Q0PQaEI854VDq7pfm8sG9FaXWH518k8YkUiHP4MFddFCZMjk2L6_YX3RreVbEswnbY3FkZNgQ7QDJe6FEsDlMH1v8la1u3qiKxhiDc026yBrJcqPtfVSVoPiZ2AHntDA0NX56SQHPvzMFaSDAzJiyypXOu4hEHTl5YNyOBbm1e7ZQ7&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://mokuso.ar/noticias/el-codigo-bushido/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;https://mokuso.ar/noticias/el-codigo-bushido/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;GI (Honradez/Justicia). Se honra con la forma en que se trata a las
demás personas, no existe la tonalidad gris, para el Samurái es negro o es
blanco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;YU (Valor heroico). Para vivir la vida de una forma plena, completa,
maravillosa, tomar la vida por las riendas se necesita de un valor heroico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;JIN (Compasión). Gracias al entrenamiento el Samurái es fuerte, con
poder, pero este poder debe ser usado para el bien de todos, el Samurái debe de
tener compasión&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;REI (Cortesía). El Samurái no debe de ser cruel, no se requiere
demostrar su fuerza ante los demás, sólo ante ellos mismos. El Samurái debe de
respetar a sus oponentes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;MEYO (Honor). Sólo se tiene un juez del propio honor del Samurái, él
mismo. Las decisiones que el Samurái toma y cómo las lleva a cabo es un reflejo
de cómo es en realidad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;MAKOTO (Sinceridad absoluta). Cuando un Samurái dice que hará algo, es
como si ya lo estuviera haciendo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;CHUGO (Deber y lealtad). Para el Samurái, con el solo hecho de decir
algo, ese algo le pertenece, es responsable de eso que se dijo y de todas las
consecuencias que atrae lo que se ha dicho, así mismo sus hechos, por tal
razón, el Samurái es muy cuidadoso con lo que dice y con lo que hace, ya que su
deber y su lealtad se encuentra en ambas acciones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, Japón salió
victorioso de dos enfrentamientos bélicos, el primero de ellos fue en contra de
China y por el que obtuvo el control de la península de Corea; el segundo fue
contra Rusia, iniciando así su expansionismo en el Pacífico Asiático.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Durante ese periodo, Nitobe escribió el libro titulado “Código Bushido”,
con la intención de que el occidente conociera de una manera positiva a Japón, con
su publicación buscó documentar los valores de Japón, sobre todo los valores
del Samurái, logrando un gran éxito sobre todo en Estados Unidos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Actualmente, el
espíritu del Bushido conforma parte de la idiosincrasia de la sociedad
japonesa, un ejemplo de ello, es el principio de actuar de manera ética hasta
el final que ha tenido gran influencia en el modo de hacer negocios, en el
comercio, así como en el modo de vida de los japoneses. Por eso, para poder
entender a la cultura japonesa se recomienda profundizar en el estudio del
Bushido o de la Senda del Samurái&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/6066146204861849339/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/07/la-senda-del-samurai.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/6066146204861849339'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/6066146204861849339'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/07/la-senda-del-samurai.html' title='La senda del Samurai'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg7nWn4oLG1WBRzBp6UNPVHJ451zgBiutV-nBeM8ZZE_uWcEmzWT-l2phbGX6XYTviZ4DbX7AfUv2MNAgTT4RgsPp0CIUJo-XHTIr7U9aCzdbGRO8w7KK4NZeB43q3BfZYB2jXavy7rHC4B8XXwFm8tdQ1BmXvmoYVQ_OgMZS-hWdTf6HIuih0tlATXgysF=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-1696711468634149499</id><published>2025-07-28T19:04:00.002-06:00</published><updated>2025-07-28T19:04:23.860-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Herramientas para la gestión empresarial</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Las herramientas son técnicas, metodologías y en algunos casos
soluciones tecnológicas que permitan a las organizaciones poder enfrentarse a
los diversos cambios que se presentan en el mercado, ya que éste se encuentra
en continuo cambio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En el caso de las técnicas, en primer lugar, se tiene el “Empowerment” o
empoderamiento, el cual se basa en que los colaboradores cuentan con autonomía,
autoridad y poder, para que ellos puedan tomar decisiones, resolver problemas o
ejecutar tareas son necesidad de contar con la aprobación de los superiores, logrando
con lo anterior, un mayor compromiso, motivación, satisfacción, identidad con
la organización, mayor integración, así como retención de talento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para ello, es necesario que las organizaciones tengan en cuenta lo siguiente:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; En primer lugar, contar con el personal adecuado, preparado, capacitado
para poder utilizar esta técnica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;Se
requiere proporcionar la información adecuada, así como en tiempo, para que los
colaboradores puedan tomar las decisiones adecuadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Proporcionar
las herramientas y los recursos necesarios para que los colaboradores puedan
tomar las decisiones adecuadas con los recursos, humanos, financieros,
tecnológicos y materiales suficientes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-emoji: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Retroalimentación,
la cual es necesaria para ver y analizar tanto las decisiones adecuadas como
las que no son adecuadas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;





&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Otra de las técnicas es el “Outsourcing”, el cual es, básicamente la
contratación de una empresa para que lleve a cabo funciones, procesos
complementarios y así, concentrarse en las funciones, procesos esenciales para
la organización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Se tienen diferentes tipos de Outsourcing:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;In – house: El proveedor externo realiza las tareas o procesos dentro de
las instalaciones de la organización contratante&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Off – site: El proveedor externo lleva cabo las funciones en sus propias
instalaciones&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Off – shoring: Se refiere a la externalización de funciones en empresas
u organizaciones que se encuentran ubicadas en otros países&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Near – shoring: Se externalizan&amp;nbsp;funciones, procesos complementarios en
organizaciones que se encuentran en países cercanos geográficamente&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Benchmarking, ayuda a las organizaciones a identificar, analizar y adaptar
las mejores prácticas de otras organizaciones, ya sea que éstas se encuentran
dentro del mismo sector industrial o económico o están en otro sector, lo
anterior se logra mediante comparando las técnicas, procesos, servicios al
cliente, campañas de mercadotecnia, volúmenes de venta, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para ello, se requiere contar con las siguientes características:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Contar con objetivos definidos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Analizar las tendencias del mercado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Contar con los principios de “buenas prácticas”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Es un proceso continuo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Debe de participar toda la organización&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Downsizing es otra técnica en la cual se reorganiza o restructura una organización,
rediseñando los procesos, la estructura, las funciones, dando como resultado la
eliminación de áreas y disminuyendo así el personal que labora en dicha organización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Este tipo de técnica no ha tenido un resultado adecuado, ya que afecta
tanto a la organización, la cual a veces no presentan mayor eficiencia ni
eficacia después de su aplicación, pero si afecta a los colaboradores, a sus
vidas y a las familias de los mismos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Por último, se tiene el joint venture, el cual es una colaboración entre
dos o más organizaciones para llevar a cabo un proyecto o actividad específica,
o en su caso, alianza comercial, con el fin de alcanzar un objetivo común.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Para ello, estas organizaciones comparten recursos, conocimientos,
procesos, capital, tecnologías, así como riesgos y responsabilidades bien
establecidas, ayudando a dichas organizaciones, entre otras cosas a mejorar su
competitividad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Referencias&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Galvis – Lista, Ernesto; González – Zabala, Mayda Patricia (2014).
Herramientas para la gestión de proceso de negocio y su relación con el ciclo
de vida de los procesos de negocio: Una revisión de literatura. Ciencia e ingeniería
Neogranadina, vol. 24, núm. 2, 2014. Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. Bogotá,
Colombia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;GRCTools (s/f). Herramientas de gestión empresarial: funcionamiento y
características. Recuperado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://grctools.software/2015/04/27/herramientas-de-gestion-empresarial-funcionamiento-y-caracteristicas/&quot;&gt;https://grctools.software/2015/04/27/herramientas-de-gestion-empresarial-funcionamiento-y-caracteristicas/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Pursell, Shelley (2024). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Benchmarking: aprende a superar a tu competencia
y liderar en tu sector. Recuperado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.hubspot.es/marketing/benchmarking&quot;&gt;https://blog.hubspot.es/marketing/benchmarking&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Softland (2024). Principales herramientas de gestión empresarial para
impulsar tu negocio. Recuperado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://softland.com/co/herramientas-gestion-empresarial/&quot;&gt;https://softland.com/co/herramientas-gestion-empresarial/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;UNIR La Universidad en Internet (2021). ¿Qué es el empowerment
empresarial y cómo aplicarlo con éxito? Recuperdado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://mexico.unir.net/noticias/economia/que-es-empowerment-empresarial/&quot;&gt;https://mexico.unir.net/noticias/economia/que-es-empowerment-empresarial/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/1696711468634149499/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/07/herramientas-para-la-gestion-empresarial.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/1696711468634149499'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/1696711468634149499'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/07/herramientas-para-la-gestion-empresarial.html' title='Herramientas para la gestión empresarial'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-5883054286799439624</id><published>2025-07-17T10:51:00.002-06:00</published><updated>2025-07-17T10:51:53.625-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Diagnóstico organizacional</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;El constante cambio que se vive actualmente, derivado de la
globalización, de la 4ta revolución industrial, los avances tecnológicos, así
como los cambios en la sociedad, en los usos y costumbres, etc., obliga a las
organizaciones a contar con un diagnóstico más exacto y completo acerca de sus
fortalezas y debilidades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Lo anterior implica recabar y analizar información interna y sobre el
entorno, como los datos financieros, resultados operativos, empleados,
tendencias del mercado, consumidores, etc., lo que va a aportar resultados lo
que a su vez ayudará a la elaboración de estrategias y planes de acción para
mejorar el desempeño y la competitividad de la organización&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;obteniéndose por medio de un diagnóstico, el cual tiene ciertas ventajas
como a continuación se mencionan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Permite identificar las áreas dentro de la organización que requieren
mejoras o modificaciones para alcanzar los objetivos y/o mejorar la eficiencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Ayuda a la toma de decisiones con la información que se obtiene.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Se identifican áreas de debilidad, las cuales puede mejorar,
repercutiendo en los resultados en el mercado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Principalmente un diagnóstico organizacional nos ayuda a resolver
problemas, ya que no se puede resolver uno sino nos damos cuenta qué lo tenemos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Se tienen diversos tipos de diagnósticos, como a continuación se
mencionan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diagnóstico organizacional&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Ayuda a mejorar la organización de las áreas dentro de una organización,
es decir, implementa acciones para que los departamentos y los colaboradores
identifiquen y tengan en claro las funciones que desempeñan en lo individual
como en lo departamental, mejorando así la sinergia dentro de la misma
organización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Algunas herramientas que se utilizan en este diagnóstico son las
siguientes:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Análisis FODA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Entrevista a cada uno de los colaboradores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Análisis gráfico de la estructura de la organización, así como de las
actividades y/o funciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diagnóstico funcional&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Este tipo de diagnóstico nos ayuda a detectar áreas de oportunidad en el
funcionamiento de la organización, ya que se analizarán las tareas, funciones,
áreas de responsabilidad, desempeño, etc., dentro de la organización, por medio
de las siguientes herramientas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Análisis de datos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Entrevista con los líderes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Evaluaciones técnicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diagnóstico Cultural&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Este tipo de diagnóstico ayuda a evaluar como se llevan a cabo las
relaciones internas, el clima laboral, el comportamiento de los colaboradores,
con el objetivo de que si comparten una visión en común con la organización, si
tienen satisfacción con lo que hacen, con la organización, para ello, se
utilizan las siguientes herramientas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Encuestas de satisfacción&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Evaluaciones psicométricas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Entrevistas con el personal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diagnóstico estratégico&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Evalúa el estado de la organización, sus programas, acciones,
estrategias, con el objetivo de mejorar los métodos de trabajo, priorizar los
objetivos, mejorarlos o cambiarlos, utilizando las siguientes herramientas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Análisis PEST&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Cinco fuerzas de Porter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Modelo de las siete S (estrategia, estructura, sistemas, estilo,
valores, personal, habilidades)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Diagnóstico integral&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Involucra a todos los anteriores, ya que su objetivo es obtener un
panorama completo de la organización, para así elaborar estrategias holísticas
para optimizar la funcionalidad de la empresa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Hay diversos modelos de diagnóstico organizacional, como a continuación
se presentan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Mintzberg – la estructura en cinco&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El trabajo realizado por Mintzberg se basa en la división del trabajo y
la coordinación de las tareas para alcanzar los objetivos, pero para ello se
requiere que se tenga armonía dentro de la organización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Se tienen cinco elementos que se deberían presentar en la estructura de
una organización:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Cumbre estratégica: Son los líderes de la organización&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Línea media: Se encuentran entre los líderes y los trabajadores&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Estructura técnica, como RH, RF, RM, RT&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Núcleo de operaciones: el personal operativo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Personal de apoyo, como limpieza, comedores, seguridad, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hax y Majluf&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Según estos autores, para crear una organización es necesario llevar a
cabo:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Definición de una estructura organizacional básica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Detallar la estructura organizacional.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Balancear la estructura con los procesos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Ya que, si no se realiza de esa manera, una organización puede presentar
algunas o todas siguientes situaciones:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Falta de oportunidades para el desarrollo ejecutivo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Escasez de tiempo para el pensamiento estratégico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Clima laboral conflictivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Falta de definición en la planificación de negocios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Lo que se busca es que debe de haber relación entre la cultura, la
estrategia y la estructura de toda la organización.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Lawrence y Lorsch - contingencia&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los autores tomaron en cuenta la relación que tiene la organización con
el entorno, por lo que elaboraron cinco dimensiones con la intención de lograr
un diagnóstico eficaz:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Demandas ambientales&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Cómo evalúa y escoge el cliente a su proveedor?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Cuáles son los principales problemas que se enfrenta la empresa al
competir?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿En los últimos años ha cambiado considerablemente el mercado?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Diferenciación&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Es importante tener reglas en los procedimientos y operaciones?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Cuánto tiempo se tarda la retroalimentación?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Son importantes las relaciones interpersonales dentro de la
organización?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Son claras las metas?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Integración&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Cuánta integración hay en las áreas de la organización?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Cuál es la calidad de las relaciones entre las áreas de la
organización?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Manejo de conflictos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Cómo se solucionan los conflictos en la organización?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Cómo se resuelven los problemas en la organización?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Relación colaboradores organización&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Los empleados saben lo que se espera de ellos?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;¿Los empleados están a gusto por la remuneración económica?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Patrick Williams&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Este autor considera que todas las organizaciones están constituidas por
cuatro elementos, el elemento humano, el elemento tecnológico, el elemento
administrativo y el entorno.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Como se puede apreciar en la información presentada, es llevar a cabo un diagnóstico de las organizaciones con el único objetivo de que sigan siendo competitivas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referencias&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Rodríguez, Nancy (2024) &lt;i&gt;Qué es un diagnóstico empresarial, sus tipos
y cómo hacerlo&lt;/i&gt;. Recuperado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://blog.hubspot.es/sales/diagnostico-empresarial&quot;&gt;https://blog.hubspot.es/sales/diagnostico-empresarial&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Universidad Insurgentes (s/f). &lt;i&gt;Diagnóstico organizacional.
Estructuras empresariales y gestión del conocimiento&lt;/i&gt;. Bloque 4. Recuperado
de &lt;a href=&quot;https://repositorio.scalahed.com/recursos/files/r171r/w35897w/EstructurasEmpresarialesyGestiondelConocimiento_Ant_B4_C.pdf&quot;&gt;https://repositorio.scalahed.com/recursos/files/r171r/w35897w/EstructurasEmpresarialesyGestiondelConocimiento_Ant_B4_C.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Valenzuela, Claudia; Ramírez, Roxana; González Navarro, Nora &amp;amp;
Celaya Figueroa, Roberto (2010). &lt;i&gt;Diagnóstico organizacional: una mirada
hacia el futuro&lt;/i&gt;. Recuperado de &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.itson.mx/publicaciones/pacioli/Documents/no70/43b-diagnostico_organizacional_una_mirada_hacia_el_futuro_noviembre_2010_corregido.pdf&quot;&gt;https://www.itson.mx/publicaciones/pacioli/Documents/no70/43b-diagnostico_organizacional_una_mirada_hacia_el_futuro_noviembre_2010_corregido.pdf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.6667px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Aptos; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/5883054286799439624/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/07/diagnostico-organizacional.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/5883054286799439624'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/5883054286799439624'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/07/diagnostico-organizacional.html' title='Diagnóstico organizacional'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-3090061732227125098</id><published>2025-07-14T17:22:00.003-06:00</published><updated>2025-07-14T17:22:44.730-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Efecto Trump Podcast</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;Les invito a escuchar mi podcast:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;https://spotifycreators-web.app.link/e/9zsrAQMSYUb&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/3090061732227125098/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/07/efecto-trump-podcast.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/3090061732227125098'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/3090061732227125098'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/07/efecto-trump-podcast.html' title='Efecto Trump Podcast'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-6612585184761446052</id><published>2025-06-18T18:07:00.003-06:00</published><updated>2026-09-06T20:07:14.213-06:00</updated><title type='text'>El Expansionismo estadounidense.</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Al terminar la guerra de independencia los Estados Unidos firma un
acuerdo con Gran Bretaña, conocido como el Tratado de París, en donde, este
último país, aparte de reconocer la independencia de las 13 colonias, cedió sus
territorios al oeste de las 13 colonias, duplicando así su territorio esta
joven nación, que convirtiendo en estados a estos nuevos territorios con las
mismas condiciones que las 13 colonias originales &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1208495821&quot;&gt;(Velázquez, 2012)&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Formación de Estados Unidos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjfl2dKJzCNEek31lXl47i7QhJiT9TplpLyoSJ-nHpe_y4RoNtVfazDSmwdu3WOtTWZVkLIY2mWEgmY2Ha3z_OS2_1DRVjY7B-KOVXCWQBtWDtSn6lmmQAWekMqtV-eviDHaLV-szCz1k9CWUiND2EJplDZ13VaItjz1X-MIy-UBqdpNl3TPjEJiYy3AzMa&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;678&quot; data-original-width=&quot;903&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjfl2dKJzCNEek31lXl47i7QhJiT9TplpLyoSJ-nHpe_y4RoNtVfazDSmwdu3WOtTWZVkLIY2mWEgmY2Ha3z_OS2_1DRVjY7B-KOVXCWQBtWDtSn6lmmQAWekMqtV-eviDHaLV-szCz1k9CWUiND2EJplDZ13VaItjz1X-MIy-UBqdpNl3TPjEJiYy3AzMa&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;Fuente:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://mundocontemporaneohistoriayproblemas.blogspot.com/2012/03/estados-unidos-conquista-del-oeste-y.html&quot;&gt;http://mundocontemporaneohistoriayproblemas.blogspot.com/2012/03/estados-unidos-conquista-del-oeste-y.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Por lo que sus fronteras, después de su independencia son los grandes
lagos, al norte, el río Misisipi, al oeste, y el paralelo 31 al sur &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;681626583&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Nor12 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Velázquez, 2012)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En el periodo de finales del siglo XVIII, principios del siglo XIX, el
mundo occidental vivió grandes acontecimientos, como la Revolución Francesa,
posteriormente las guerras napoleónicas, que, a su vez, permitieron las guerras
de independencia de las colonias españolas en el continente americano, como es
el caso de México.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Cabe mencionar que, derivado de la invasión de las tropas francesas a
España, comandadas por Napoleón Bonaparte, España tuvo que ceder sus
territorios en Norteamérica a este país invasor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Todo ese territorio se le conoció como la Luisiana. Tal situación
provocó preocupación a Estados Unidos, derivado a que se tenía como vecino a
una nación agresiva y poderosa de Europa, les cortaba su expansionismo hacia el
oeste y ponía en peligro la economía de los Estados Unidos &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1410689494&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Nor12 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Velázquez, 2012)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;. Sin embargo, Napoleón aceptó vender
este territorio por 15 millones de dólares.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;No hay que olvidar que, dentro del expansionismo estadounidense, se
tiene una justificación ideológica para dicho expansionismo, el cual fue el
destino manifiesto &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;125816418&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Mig12 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(González, 2012)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;. Esta idea surge de un periodista, de
nombre O’Sullivan, quien justificó la expansión territorial porque esta nación
había sido elegida por Dios, y que no se podía evitar, ya que no se puede ir en
contra de la voluntad del todo poderoso &lt;w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1019147393&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Nor12 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Velázquez, 2012)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Lo anterior refleja lo fuerte que puede ser una idea. Una idea en que se
representa a una sociedad por encima de las demás sociedades y que tiene como
designio el esparcir su forma de vida por todo el continente, por todo el
mundo; es la justificación de una ambición territorial insaciable &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;1504711456&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Mig12 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(González, 2012)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;En 1819, España cede a Estados Unidos, el territorio de Florida, por
medio del tratado Adams-Onís, firmado en 1819, así España recuperó Cuba &lt;/span&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;1749219113&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;(González, 2012)&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para 1820, Estados Unidos temía que el expansionismo europeo pusiera en
peligro la nación, por consiguiente, en 1823, el presidente Monroy, en el
Congreso de ese país, leyó un discurso en donde se planteó la posición de
Estados Unidos, con respecto a la colonización, recolonización o transferencia
de territorios del continente americano, así como la no aceptación de la
intromisión de potencias europeas en los asuntos de los países de este
continente; para ese año, Estados Unidos no tenía la capacidad económica ni
militar para hacerla cumplir, sin embargo, esta política, que posteriormente se
le conoció como la doctrina Monroy se convirtió en piedra angular de la
política exterior de esa nación &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;911429032&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Nor12 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Velázquez, 2012)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Doctrina Monroy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjoSEu1fM4LOsE9yjJJviybVZe82IerWV_4z3Hi1lAlb5MfEB4d7mawWmFbfFm17ZE6OaTWY-lOtQq3hKS4m-jQXbSAfIzJx6JlfwhnGPMe22iWcw6nMsu_czWTUgW4jzz8vDbuvcx1CJ7-4qrV8rNExA5yEUPITaIEiq2lIHqaNo-2myPQgmVQ1JhY7zTg&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;518&quot; data-original-width=&quot;921&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjoSEu1fM4LOsE9yjJJviybVZe82IerWV_4z3Hi1lAlb5MfEB4d7mawWmFbfFm17ZE6OaTWY-lOtQq3hKS4m-jQXbSAfIzJx6JlfwhnGPMe22iWcw6nMsu_czWTUgW4jzz8vDbuvcx1CJ7-4qrV8rNExA5yEUPITaIEiq2lIHqaNo-2myPQgmVQ1JhY7zTg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.aboutespanol.com/que-es-la-doctrina-monroe-1772299&quot;&gt;https://www.aboutespanol.com/que-es-la-doctrina-monroe-1772299&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Después de la compra de Luisiana, el siguiente territorio era el de
Texas, para ello, Estados Unidos se aprovecho de la inestabilidad que existía
en México, ya que se tenía guerras internas. En 1825, Estados Unidos ofreció un
millón de dólares a México por Texas, siendo rechazado por el gobierno mexicano
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;514589636&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;(Marino, 2012)&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En aquella época, la población en México no excedía, para 1827, de 8
millones de personas, de los cuales, aproximadamente 113,265 personas vivían en
los territorios de Nuevo México, Alta California, Texas y Arizona &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;839043662&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Rom12 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Romero &amp;amp; Jáuregui, 2003 - 12)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;Por consiguiente, para los estadounidenses les fue relativamente fácil
obtener permisos para migrar al territorio de Texas, tanto de manera legal como
ilegal. Para ese mismo año (1827), Estados Unidos ofreció 50 millones de
dólares por el territorio de Texas, siendo rechazada nuevamente por el gobierno
mexicano.&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;Para 1834, mercenarios aventureros se presentaron en Texas, con el
propósito de preparar su independencia de México, la cual fue proclamada en
1836. El gobierno de Estados Unidos apoyó al movimiento independistas. El
gobierno mexicano organizó un ejército que marchó al norte, para evitar la
independencia de ese territorio, después de lograr algunas victorias, como en
el Álamo, en el Refugio, Coleto, entre otras, sin embargo, con el objetivo de
destruir a la rebelión antes de recibir refuerzos por el gobierno
estadounidense, Santa Ana, se separó del grueso de su ejército, con 900
hombres, quienes se encontraban fatigados y mal alimentados&amp;nbsp;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;1572701425&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;(Cervera, 2017)&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Batalla del Alamo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjiLgPkDgxfBvh7Z3FemgdJISsSvMN7W13HnySOfgwAgTSj-mcFho5mfowd7dsVXv-S_y-Cz4tDTsBhFmMoxYe41amZJnxWtH0n04haPacX2ZXck5GVav7vuISq9PRcsdUzCGOnwMJfgp66QIBXm6J9ILGVd8z-yy11iqodQyVl8F1ZwszDR6jaRDVkzuau&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;275&quot; data-original-width=&quot;447&quot; height=&quot;197&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjiLgPkDgxfBvh7Z3FemgdJISsSvMN7W13HnySOfgwAgTSj-mcFho5mfowd7dsVXv-S_y-Cz4tDTsBhFmMoxYe41amZJnxWtH0n04haPacX2ZXck5GVav7vuISq9PRcsdUzCGOnwMJfgp66QIBXm6J9ILGVd8z-yy11iqodQyVl8F1ZwszDR6jaRDVkzuau&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/cultura/patrimonio/2016/08/11/hallan-punta-de-espada-mexicana-en-el-alamo&quot;&gt;https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/cultura/patrimonio/2016/08/11/hallan-punta-de-espada-mexicana-en-el-alamo&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Santa Ana, cometió un error muy grave, ordenó descansar a su ejército,
el cual durmió por más de 7 horas, situación que aprovecharon las tropas
separatistas comandadas por Sam Houston, quien capturó a Santa Ana &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1774086980&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Cés17 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Cervera, 2017)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;. Siendo prisionero
fue obligado a firmar el tratado de Velazco, en donde reconocía la
independencia de Texas, el cual no fue ratificado por México&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para 1845, Texas fue anexado por Estados Unidos, empezando así la guerra
México Estados Unidos, así mismo, en ese mismo año, se declaró independiente el
estado de California. La guerra terminó en 1848, con la firma del tratado de
Guadalupe Hidalgo, en donde México perdía los territorios de Nuevo México,
Texas y Alta California &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;993833831&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION SED15 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(SEDENA, 2015)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Con respecto a Oregón, en 1819, Estados Unidos y el Imperio Británico
acordaron ocupar ese territorio, sin embargo, para 1846, el presidente en
turno, presionó a Gran Bretaña para que se retirara de ese territorio,
aprovechando las dificultades que estaba pasando el Imperio en ese momento, por
lo que se acordó establecer una frontera en el paralelo 49, pasando todo el
territorio al sur de esta línea a ser parte de Estados Unidos &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1563563882&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Nor12 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Velázquez, 2012)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;Oregón&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7Q5rnh4EL5dCQ_KjKHE7iOSRx5ASTL7iEoVT53fbP8YEbqZeyDki-nnmmS148OvISA_NBg6bc3ilI2td32ufbnKgvNOehCvIp9k17trtbICYAU7kB164UJwwqLoa5xnZGZ2lPrfbx1FjtO_yhEjJZK67WoHwGdVrSkUAuHhRvLQ_OEqODrYwCr56vDOjj&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; data-original-height=&quot;781&quot; data-original-width=&quot;767&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEh7Q5rnh4EL5dCQ_KjKHE7iOSRx5ASTL7iEoVT53fbP8YEbqZeyDki-nnmmS148OvISA_NBg6bc3ilI2td32ufbnKgvNOehCvIp9k17trtbICYAU7kB164UJwwqLoa5xnZGZ2lPrfbx1FjtO_yhEjJZK67WoHwGdVrSkUAuHhRvLQ_OEqODrYwCr56vDOjj&quot; width=&quot;236&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Fuente: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://elretohistorico.com/expansion-estados-unidos/&quot;&gt;https://elretohistorico.com/expansion-estados-unidos/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En 1867, Estados Unidos compró el territorio de Alaska a Rusia por la
cantidad de 7.2 millones de dólares, convirtiéndose en el negocio del siglo, ya
que dos décadas después encontraron grandes yacimientos de oro, en la región,
así como en el siglo XX, han encontrado petróleo. Una de las razones que tuvo
el Zar en turno de haber vendido ese territorio, fue que temía que el Imperio
Británico, el cual controlaba Canadá, tuviera intenciones de invadir Alaska &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;264120944&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION BBC17 \l
 2058 &lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Mundo, 2017)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Por el año de 1895, Estados Unidos tenía intereses en Cuba, debido a sus
inversiones en el comercio del azúcar. Sus inversiones se valoraban en 50
millones de dólares. Durante este periodo, los habitantes de Cuba luchaban por
su independencia en contra de España. Por lo que Estados Unidos tenía motivos
para participar en Cuba.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Los periodistas de Estados Unidos informaban acerca de las injusticias,
represión y condiciones con las que vivían los cubanos, exagerando la
información. Lo que provocó la simpatía de la sociedad estadounidense a favor
de la independencia. Aunado a lo anterior, el interés por parte de Estados
Unidos por contar con territorios en el Pacífico, ayudo a participar en la
independencia de Cuba &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1920004395&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Cui12 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Oviedo, Política y otras cosas, 2012).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;Dos eventos contribuyeron a la guerra, el primero fue la carta
interceptada por los rebeldes cubanos al embajador de España en Cuba, la cual
contenía insultos sobre el presidente de EU, publicándola en los periódicos el
gobierno de EU. Y la segunda, siendo la más importante, fue el ataque al barco
USS Maine, el cual estaba en el puerto de la Habana. El 15 de febrero de 1898
fue destruido, hundiéndose y matando a 250 marinos. Inmediatamente el gobierno
de Estados Unidos culpó a España.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;La guerra duró varios meses del verano. El conflicto fue terminado con
el acuerdo de paz en que España cedía a Puerto Rico, las Filipinas y Guam a
Estados Unidos, Cuba lograba su independencia, pero con una fuerte presencia de
Estados Unidos &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-707728363&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;CITATION Cui12 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Oviedo, Política y otras cosas, 2012).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Arial, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para 1888, Estados Unidos, se encontraba en la búsqueda de mercados en
centro y sur del continente americano, así mismo, buscaba expandir su comercio
a nivel mundial, por consiguiente necesitaba de bases navales para proteger sus
barcos, sus rutas e influir en el mundo, por lo que buscó obtener Hawaii,
Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, Haití, Cuba y construir un canal atravesando
Nicaragua &lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-976212562&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-spacerun:yes&#39;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;CITATION Mar07 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Brenes, 2007).&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
 field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h1&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES;&quot;&gt;Bibliografía&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span color=&quot;windowtext&quot; lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
  style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;BIBLIOGRAPHY&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:
  field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Brenes, M. E. (2007). &lt;i&gt;Estados Unidos: Imperialismo e
  intervención.&lt;/i&gt; CDMX: Trillas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/w:sdtpr&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Cervera, C. (23 de
  Marzo de 2017). &lt;i&gt;ABC Historia&lt;/i&gt;. Obtenido de
  https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-como-mexico-perdio-texas-porque-ejercito-estaba-echando-siesta-deshonra-dificil-olvidar-201703230353_noticia.html?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;González, M. Á. (2012).
  La guerra entre Estados Unidos y México. &lt;i&gt;Actas/Historia&lt;/i&gt;, 20-29.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Marino, A. (6 de Julio
  de 2012). &lt;i&gt;Historiando&lt;/i&gt;. Obtenido de
  https://www.historiando.org/guerra-de-estados-unidos-contra-mexico/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Mundo, B. (30 de marzo
  de 2017). &lt;i&gt;BBC&lt;/i&gt;. Obtenido de https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-39437922&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Oviedo, C. (28 de
  Agosto de 2012). &lt;i&gt;Política y otras cosas.&lt;/i&gt; Obtenido de
  http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.mx/2012/08/guerra-hispano-estadounidense.html&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Romero, M. E., &amp;amp;
  Jáuregui, L. (2003 - 12). México 1821-1867. Población y crecimiento
  económico. &lt;i&gt;Iberoamérica&lt;/i&gt;, 25-52.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;SEDENA. (16 de Julio de
  2015). &lt;i&gt;Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional&lt;/i&gt;. Obtenido de
  www.gob.mx/sedena/documentos/la-invasion-norteamericana&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBibliography&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ES&quot; style=&quot;mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;Velázquez, N. B. (25 de
  octubre de 2012). &lt;i&gt;El Imperio de Calibán&lt;/i&gt;. Obtenido de
  https://norbertobarreto.blog/2012/10/25/el-expansionismo-norteamericano-1783-1898/&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt docparttype=&quot;Bibliographies&quot; docpartunique=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-1908148424&quot; sdtdocpart=&quot;t&quot;&gt;
 
 &lt;w:sdt bibliography=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;111145805&quot;&gt;
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  &lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&#39;mso-element:field-end&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/w:sdt&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;w:sdt citation=&quot;t&quot; id=&quot;-707728363&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-begin&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;CITATION Cui12 \l 2058 &lt;span
 style=&#39;mso-element:field-separator&#39;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(Oviedo, Política y otras cosas, 2012)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span
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line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;&amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span face=&quot;Calibri, sans-serif&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 11pt; line-height: 107%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/6612585184761446052/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/06/el-expansionismo-estadounidense.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/6612585184761446052'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/6612585184761446052'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/06/el-expansionismo-estadounidense.html' title='El Expansionismo estadounidense.'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjfl2dKJzCNEek31lXl47i7QhJiT9TplpLyoSJ-nHpe_y4RoNtVfazDSmwdu3WOtTWZVkLIY2mWEgmY2Ha3z_OS2_1DRVjY7B-KOVXCWQBtWDtSn6lmmQAWekMqtV-eviDHaLV-szCz1k9CWUiND2EJplDZ13VaItjz1X-MIy-UBqdpNl3TPjEJiYy3AzMa=s72-c" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9120074936093140237.post-4460573761967103685</id><published>2025-06-12T19:51:00.003-06:00</published><updated>2025-06-12T19:51:37.712-06:00</updated><title type='text'>Conflicto en el Medio Oriente</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;Para entender este conflicto es recomendable hablar de antecedentes. En
1948 la ONU emitió la resolución 181 en la que decidió dividir el territorio
Palestino en dos estados, el Estado Israelí y el Estado de Palestina, situación
que desde un inició rechazaron los árabes, en especial los palestinos, pues
significaba perder territorio que consideraban suyo y que sería entregado a
Israel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Después de la creación del estado israelí, se pueden mencionar los años
1956, 1967 y 1973 como años en los que se han presentado conflictos entre este
estado y sus vecinos como Egipto Siria y Jordania, entre otras naciones árabes
y en los cuales han salido victoriosos los israelitas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;En la guerra de 1967, conocida como la guerra de los 6 días, el estado
israelí tomo el control de la franja de Gaza, que tiene una extensión de 41
kilómetros de largo y entre 4 y 6 kilómetros de ancho, provocando cambios en la
Organización para la Liberación de Palestina (OLP) creada en 1964 en Jerusalén,
la cual a partir de ese año fue liderada por Yasir Arafat. Posteriormente esta
organización lanzó ataques en contra de los intereses israelíticas como
aviones, embajadas, y sobre todo el atentado en la villa olímpica en contra de
los atletas de Israel en las olimpiadas de Múnich en 1972.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La OLP se había refugiado en Jordania y fue expulsada en septiembre de
1970, por lo que migró al Líbano en donde reiniciaron sus ataques a Israel.
Para 1982, Israel invadió al Líbano con la intención de destruir toda la
infraestructura de la OLP establecida en aquella nación. Esta invasión fue
aprovechada por las falanges cristianas que son grupos armados considerados como
la resistencia cristiana en el Líbano, para atacar campamentos de refugiados palestinos
en los campos de Sabrá y Shatila, cometiendo una masacre en contra de menores
de edad, mujeres y personas de la tercera edad, mientras las tropas israelitas
observaban los acontecimientos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Derivado de la intifada Palestina de 1987, que consistió en una serie de
protestas por parte de los palestinos en contra de la ocupación israelita en
los territorios de Cisjordania y la Franja de Gaza, surgió el movimiento
terrorista conocido como Hamás, cuyo nombre es un anacrónico en lengua árabe de
“Movimiento de Resistencia Islámica”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Para finales de 1993, se firmaron los acuerdos de Oslo en donde la OLP
reconoció al estado israelí y a su vez, Israel permitió la construcción del
estado palestino. Estos acuerdos debilitaron la presencia y el poder de
convocatoria de los antiguos líderes de la OLP, entre ellos de Yasir Arafat,
dando pie al fortalecimiento de Hamás, ya que este grupo se había manifestado
en oposición de los acuerdos de Oslo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En el 2006, el movimiento de Hamas ganó las elecciones parlamentarias en
la Franja de Gaza, aumentando las tensiones entre este grupo y el partido
político de Fatah, el cual es el heredero de la OLP y ha buscado la resolución
de problemas por medio de la negociación y la diplomacia con Israel. Desde el
2007 Israel ha mantenido un bloqueo a la Franja, conjuntamente con Egipto, con
el propósito de aislar al grupo terrorista Hamás, ya que lo considera el autor
de atentados en contra de la sociedad israelita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En el 2023, se incrementó la violencia entre palestinos e israelitas teniendo
como resultado, un importante número de palestinos, entre civiles y militares,
asesinados por las tropas israelitas, así como de civiles israelitas y
extranjeros fallecidos derivado de ataques de grupos palestinos. Por otra
parte, el gobierno de Israel ha restringido las visitas de los musulmanes a la
mezquita de Al – Aqsa, la cual se encuentra en Jerusalén oriental, considerada una
de las mezquitas más importantes de la religión del islam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;En este mismo año, se encuentran negociando Arabia Saudita con Israel,
con la mediación de Estados Unidos, con el propósito de que esta nación árabe reconozca
al estado israelí, lo que podría ayudar a allanar el camino de la paz en la
región, tomando en cuenta que en ese país se encuentra dos de los lugares
sagrados de la religión musulmana, la Meca y Medina, además de que es una
potencia regional con una gran influencia en el mundo sunnita, estas
negociaciones se les conoce como los Acuerdos de Abraham. Derivado de estos
ataques la continuidad de la negociación se encuentra en vilo, a pesar de la
presión por parte de Estados Unidos al régimen saudí&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El pasado sábado 7 de octubre, miembros del grupo Hamás lanzaron ataques
a diferentes lugares del sur de Israel los cuales colindad con la Franja de
Gaza, lo anterior sucedió después de lanzar misiles sobre varias ciudades
israelitas. Este ataque tomó desprevenido a las fuerzas de seguridad, derivado
a que ese día se celebraban varias festividades religiosas como el Sabbat y el
Simjat Torah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Al día siguiente del ataque de Hamás, el Hizbulah o Hezbolá, milicia
chiita del Líbano, bombardeó el norte de Israel por medio de obuses de
artillería, esta milicia esta financiada por el gobierno de Irán. Los objetivos
de Hamás para este ataque son varios, éste autor considera en primer lugar, el
afectar las negociaciones que llevan a cabo Arabia Saudita e Israel, ya que, si
llegan a buen puerto, sería un duro golpe para las pretensiones del mundo árabe
sobre Israel. En segundo lugar, Hamás busca ser el líder de los grupos
terroristas que luchan en contra de Israel y llevar la bandera de la
resistencia en contra de esa nación, en tercer lugar, aprovechar el descontento
y las movilizaciones sociales que se están viviendo en Israel en contra de las
políticas que está implementando Benjamín Netanyahu, primer ministro, sobre
todo en las reformas sobre la reforma judicial, ya que la consideran
antidemocrática&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Por último, Israel ha reclamado a México por la falta de contundencia
para condenar este ataque, a pesar de que son más de 700 muertos israelitas y
más de 130 rehenes secuestrados por las fuerzas de Hamás, situación que deja un
mal antecedente a México con su socio comercial Israel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Artículo publicado en el Sol de Cuernava:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://oem.com.mx/elsoldecuernavaca/analisis/poliescenario-conflicto-en-el-medio-oriente-20075708&quot;&gt;Poliescenario | Conflicto en el Medio Oriente - El Sol de Cuernavaca | Noticias Locales, Policiacas, sobre México, Morelos y el Mundo&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/feeds/4460573761967103685/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/06/conflicto-en-el-medio-oriente.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/4460573761967103685'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/9120074936093140237/posts/default/4460573761967103685'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://cuitlahuacoviedopuente.blogspot.com/2025/06/conflicto-en-el-medio-oriente.html' title='Conflicto en el Medio Oriente'/><author><name>Cuitláhuac Oviedo Puente</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/14382372533578943801</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIltDykr2bm4049cZ19AVVYNANcFN_Td2A7BZqjGN5IZVoadvmkWuS8GQ12BBh-701ZasSOSvQMdPyAnoNzn0-zqXjwvOxlzd91NsnO15CkJPSL9EQ5rU5Aw748FvrH5E44Kvl-TfgOso_Bd5NCE4hnrIH3Fr-Bh9bdxV89dPEZyLgmA/s1600/yo%20foto%20mano%20mejorada.jpeg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>