Press 2.0

Delegating authority to AI Agents for rail ecommerce

2026-07-05T12:45:28.537+01:00

The integration of Artificial Intelligence [AI] and online retailing for a sector such as transport isn't so much a technical jump as one of trust (and consent based upon that trust).

It's already possible to automate the manual ecommerce journey via scripts (as long as you always want the same journey and ticket purchased each time). This technique is used frequently on concert booking sites, where unscrupulous parties use automation tools to buy up rows or even sections for popular acts. Safe in the knowledge that they can be resold for a healthy profit.

But now the time has come for the normal user to use Agentic AI for themselves to book everyday things... Including transport tickets. However this means them placing their trust in a machine (albeit one made entirely in software). And delegating the responsibility to source the correct fare and purchase the required product... Just once.

Does Rail Agentic Commerce needs an online account?

2026-07-05T08:17:09.000+01:00

To create a truly personalised rail ecommerce booking experience for an individual just by using Agentic AI means providing customer specific information at different steps in the typical online retail rail process.

Let's consider the first step... an Origin & Destination journey search.

Probably initiated by a user prompt such as "buy a rail ticket from X to Y".

This is fine if the customer wants to travel now, but not for travel tomorrow at 8am.

To start this search they need to say "buy a rail ticket from X to Y, to depart around 8am tomorrow".

And what about if the person has a Railcard (say an over 50s discount)?

Are they then going to ask

"buy a rail ticket from X to Y, to depart around 8am tomorrow using my Club50 Railcard"?

This is already getting quite combersome and we haven't even got to the complex stuff yet...

Would it not be much easier to just state "buy my usual train ticket for tomorrow morning"?

Based on the assumption that:

1. They do actually have a history of bookings for the same origin & destination and around time of day to incur a peak fare product

2. The Railcard has been associated / linked with them.

But to do this requires the AI Agent to access their previous purchases (regardless of whether these were made by a human or an AI) and to see where & when these tickets were for.

In other words, I can't see how you get more personalised Agentic Commerce unless AI access to a customer account is granted.

The Machine Economy - transport is next

2026-07-04T12:28:00.000+01:00

I think the integration of AI & automation into the transport ecommerce process is about to gain significant momentum.

Currently there's several rail journey planning projects at a decent technology level (TRL6 and above). So the next logical step is to enable a machine user (not a human user) to complete the entire online transaction process autonomously and at scale.

Sure there's a few hoops to jump through. But these aren't really technical, they are mainly trust and consent based. E.g. how is a Customer going to safely give permission to an AI to use their online account and their payment details?

Creating trusted AI Agents for Rail

2026-07-03T11:07:32.000+01:00

Why would I trust an AI Agent to automatically book a rail ticket on my behalf (e.g. without my input beyond an initial prompt / request)?

The answer lies in using a combination of AI and factual data sources. A technique called Retrieval-Augmented Generation [RAG].

RAG thus relies on merging the usefulness of AI with trusted information from official sources (e.g. rail timetables published as Open Data and data purchased from a reliable supplier, such as local events)

This helps to eliminates hallucinations, by enabling autonomous agents to plan, recommend products, and potentially execute complex, multi-step transactions.

There's therefore no reason in my mind not to use RAG to also query customer specific data such as transport preferences and previous journeys made. Provided it's done securely.

Should we trust AI Agents for transport?

2026-07-03T10:47:26.798+01:00

Generative AI still hullucinates e.g. makes stuff up. This is because Large Language Models (LLMs) predict the next likely word, rather than checking facts. So they often "guess" the answers.

As an example in the transport sector...

A customer-service chatbot on the Air Canada website told a traveler they could claim fares that did not exist (a Canadian tribunal later ruled the airline was legally liable for its chatbot's hallucination)

The landscape of AI hallucinations therefore highlights both progress and ongoing challenges.

So why trust AI Agents for automating ecommerce transactions?

Transport Journey Planning is easy for AI, so is it innovation?

2026-07-03T09:46:42.080+01:00

Public Transport Journey Planning using AI is now becoming easier and relatively commonplace for multiple modes and different use cases.

(Perhaps because trusted transport Open Data from public sources is now so prevalent across the UK?).

This recent email I've received from OpenAI exemplifies what I mean.

But Agentic Commerce isn't about creating anonymous journey plans for everyone.

Agentic Commerce is specific to the individual and their transport needs. It's the addition of more user preferences and the storing of customer information to create a bespoke digital rail booking service for each user.

So next time someone says they are using AI for transport journey planning... I will have to question if it is really Innovation, or just what is expected from AI now. And perhaps the real innovation public transport is cracking how to fully automate the Agentic Commerce process.

Agentic Commerce and the rail booking process

2026-07-02T19:56:46.000+01:00

The typical online rail booking process (roughly) breaks down into several well known steps:

1. Origin & Destination search, with additional date & time and Railcard / concession parameters to find a journey

2. Selection of a single fare, usually the cheapest, from a range selected - maybe done twice for a return

3. Addition of extras, such as seat reservations

4. Payment and confirmation

Currently a lot of AI Agent work I have seen focuses on the first step and maybe the second (if the rule is to always find the cheapest single).

But the real purpose of Agentic Commerce is to complete all 4 steps automatically on behalf of a customer. Ideally without any human intervention.

Agentic Commerce and rail transport is a good fit

2026-07-01T10:08:46.000+01:00

I think that the rail sector should be one of the quickest to adopt autonomous AI Agent-based online retailing. Before other modes of transport such as air travel.

Why?

1. Because the price is comparatively low (e.g. around £10 - £20 for a shorter daily journey)

2. Because origin and destination points are fixed (making it much easier to agree on the station name or identifier - e.g. CRS code)

3. Because train routes and timetables are agreed & standardised, making Journey Planning easier (e.g. it is easier to trust the system and mistakes are less likely to be made by an AI making decisions on behalf of a human)

Agentic Commerce for Rail

2026-06-30T19:18:24.000+01:00

Agentic commerce for Rail could mean many things to different people. But in my opinion it means using AI agents to autonomously: plan a journey, compare prices (fares), apply any relevant discounts (e.g. Railcard), and then purchase train tickets on behalf of a customer.

The concept isn't that much of a technical jump from the current human powered booking process. And could be one of the more regular and smaller value agentic transactions carried out.

The perils of sharing different types of data at once

2024-05-20T16:02:00.003+01:00

Organisations of all sizes have data that is of benefit to users both inside and outside their boundaries (both in the private and public sectors). Therefore having the tools and processes to find and share this data should make things run more efficiently and effectively... hopefully.

In a recent client conversation, we discussed the creation of a data portal / platform for the easier discovery and sharing of data. This inevitably led to the discussion about the types of data that the organisation wanted to share and who they wanted to share it with. Leading to the realisation that they actually had the need for sharing data that ranged from the very secure (restricted customer or commercially sensitive information) through to Open Data (information that they wanted to share for free outside of the organisation). They also had requirements for sharing data that sat somewhere in the murky area between those two extremes (information limited either by license or by access / user) including some they wanted to monetize.

Most data platform projects I have worked on previously have focused on the sharing of particular types of data (e.g. just Personally Identifiable user information or a mix of limited /restricted and Open data), but not the need for sharing different data sources from across The Data Spectrum:

https://www.theodi.org/about-the-odi/the-data-spectrum/

So creating a single data sharing technology platform that can share any sort of organisation data creates a number of issues:

Privacy and security:
Balancing accessibility and protection is tricky. You want your service to be easy to use, but with more sensitive data, strict access controls and strong security measures are vital.

Data standardisation:
Different users across an organizations often format their data differently. Such a service needs to be able to handle these inconsistencies or offer tools to convert data to a common format for sharing.

Traceability & reusability:
Data consumers need to understand how the data was collected and what it can be used for. Your service should provide clear audit trails and data provenance, as well as ways of licensing and charging for the data - especially if the data consumer is an external user.

World Passenger Festival 2023 - questions part 6

2023-10-17T10:11:00.007+01:00

In advance of the World Passenger Festival 2023, I was asked to answer a few questions. These were published in a document for those attending. (Question 1 is here , Question 2 is here, Question 3 is here, Question 4 is here and Question 5 is here)

If you had one message for the public transport industry, what would it be?

Transport is no longer about regional applications, platforms or even modes.
It is about making data F.A.I.R. (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable & Reusable) across entire mobility ecosystems, to quickly take advantage of new technologies and achieve Net Zero.

World Passenger Festival 2023 - questions part 5

2023-10-16T10:08:00.002+01:00

Here's the fifth question.

AI is the technology of the moment: do you think the public transport sector is taking the most of the opportunity with this technology? What do the possibilities look like?

It is pretty hard to avoid the mass of AI related articles and opinions right now. With Artificial Intelligence ‘experts’ seemingly appearing from every direction (especially on LinkedIn!).

But it is obvious that our sector is not currently making full use of this technology. Sure, some more innovative companies have been using Machine Learning (ML) processes for some while, such as to ‘watch’ video clips & automatically report safety issues or to cleverly merge disparate transport data sources to analyse & enrich them. But transport is already late to the AI party in many ways.

As an example, the current generation of Generative AI services (e.g. Chat GPT & Google Bard) learn by taking in huge amounts of content and processing it to create in-depth replies to a range of questions. But these services are limited at scraping documents & websites, so the best way to train them is to provide them with access to APIs of data sources. But in a sector where the zipped-up text file is often the most popular data exchange format … we are missing the technological opportunity to train these services properly and then learn how to use them for better public transport.

World Passenger Festival 2023 - questions part 4

2023-10-16T10:06:00.001+01:00

Here's the fourth question.

You are a big proponent of open data, what is the benefit of this approach?

Yes, I am. But firstly, let’s be very clear on the definition of Open Data:

“Open data is data that can be freely used, re-used and redistributed by anyone - subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and share alike.”
https://opendatahandbook.org/guide/en/what-is-open-data/

Open Data is NOT data that is shared but limited in its subsequent use. Open Data is NOT data that a company charges some else for using. Open Data is NOT specific customer account data that is securely shared with a third party (that’s what the UK Government calls ‘Smart Data’).

Open Data is the type of data which sits on the far right of The Data Spectrum and has significant potential benefits for the transport & mobility sector and society.
https://opentransport.co.uk/the-data-spectrum-for-transport-mobility/

These benefits include:

- transparency & accountability of transport operations

- time saving from better informed journeys

- growth from data-powered innovations

- reduction in costs for providing information (e.g. contact centres)

- integration of other providers & modes (e.g. healthier / greener options)

With a study by Transport for London back in 2017 showing that the release of their Open Data is generating £130m annually.

The UK Department for Transport (DfT) has also fully embraced the use of Open Data. In its recent Transport Data Strategy “Innovation through data” it clearly states that:
“Data should be open by default and using open standards”

This ‘Open by default’ approach means that UK public transportation providers must now make their data openly available, unless it is controlled (e.g. it is sensitive), and DfT will even challenge data owners as to why they cannot make their mobility data open.

World Passenger Festival 2023 - questions part 3

2023-10-13T10:05:00.001+01:00

In advance of the World Passenger Festival 2023, I was asked to answer a few questions. These were published in a document for those attending. (Question 1 is here and Question 2 is here)

Here's the third question.

What are the biggest opportunities you see for data applications in the transport space?

There’s a few of major transport data trends taking shape in different regions and countries right now, which should enable much better services for both passenger & freight services.

1 System standardisation
The sector is moving towards more standardised and interoperable data technologies that are going to make it much easier and cheaper to implement new digital mobility systems. This is demonstrated by the success of the Open Sales and Distribution Model (OSDM), a pan-European transport authority & supplier initiative that has developed & published an Open Standard API specification for rail retailing.
Hint: If your new online retailing service RFP does not specify the use of OSDM, you may find yourself with more technical complexity & cost in the longer-term.

2 Multi-modal and multi-sector data collaboration
Each mode of transport is gradually realising that it needs to standardise its data and provide it in a more consistent and accessible way. But this work is still happening in relative isolation from each other mode and also from other sectors. For example… buses don’t just share the roads with private cars and motorbikes, they also share them with taxis, delivery lorries, refuse collection trucks, sightseeing coaches, and emergency vehicles. But there’s little to no discussion, let alone collaboration effort, between the various standards bodies to ensure that one sector’s definition of something (e.g. a road, a pavement, etc.) is the same as another’s.
By working with these different sector standards bodies (e.g. smart cities, utilities, tourism, etc.) now, we can hopefully save a lot of data focused effort and re-work in the future.

3 The development of Data Sharing Platforms
RDG has made a great step forward to making UK train data more discoverable and usable, with the recent introduction of the Rail Data Marketplace. And other countries are doing the same, by launching their own transport data sharing platforms.
The obvious next step in their evolution is to extend the scope of these platforms to provide new, innovative, and trusted data sources for an entire country-wide mobility ecosystem, as well as supporting data-driven innovations such as Digital Twins.

4 Moving from historic to predictive data
We are now very good at collecting & analysing transport data about things that have happened in the past (e.g. tickets purchased, journeys made, delays incurred, etc.). However, we are far less accomplished at working out what is going to happen, even in the near future, so that we can understand demand and create better experiences for passengers.

The annoying thing is a lot of relevant data for making better transport predictions is already available, it’s just not aligned. For example, systems already know when planes and ferries are going to be delayed in the next few hours and others know when large festivals & concerts are going to take place months in advance.

World Passenger Festival 2023 - questions part 2

2023-10-12T10:03:00.001+01:00

In advance of the World Passenger Festival 2023, I was asked to answer a few questions. These were published in a document for those attending. (Question 1 is here)

Here's the second question.

What is your vision for the future of public transport and where are the biggest challenges we face today?

We are all unfortunately doing a great job of destroying our environment. We are doing this by pumping so much new Carbon Dioxide and other gases into our atmosphere that it reflects heat back at us and cooks the planet. Second on the list of the biggest Greenhouse Gas emitters (after Energy production) is our own sector, which includes all passenger & freight transportation via land, sea and air. We therefore have a responsibility to stop this and urgently move to modes that can convey people and goods for the least amount of carbon.

Public transport therefore has a huge role to play in our shift to Net Zero, especially as part of a more joined-up mobility ecosystem. Or put more clearly… all multi-modal mobility services & platforms must now have sustainable public transport at their core.

One key data related challenge, that most people across the sector are not yet aware of, is customer data lock-in. The GDPR Right to Data Portability is very clear and enforceable. It allows individuals to obtain and reuse their personal data for their own purposes across different services. Meaning they have the right to move, copy or transfer personal data easily from transport platform to another in a safe and secure way, without affecting its usability. But when you look at the functionality of most transport accounts, there’s no way for a customer to move their data between providers and platforms. It therefore cannot be exported, shared, or integrated with data from other modes and providers to create a more holistic view of a passenger’s tickets & journeys. Also, with many regions or city authorities either having recently implemented or now looking to introduce different Account Based Ticketing and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) apps, the issue of locked-in transport data is going to get worse. Then, once this GDPR Right starts to be enforced by the relevant governments, the sector will have a lot of work on its hands to change systems and processes quickly.

What does data portability have to do with Net Zero aims? Well, I believe that it is only by having a completely joined up view of all mobility data, can we then hope to properly change customer behaviour and move them to more sustainable public transport modes. Or stated more simply… no data, no decarbonisation!

World Passenger Festival 2023 - questions part 1

2023-10-11T10:00:00.001+01:00

In advance of the World Passenger Festival 2023, I was asked to answer a few questions. These were published in a document for those attending.

In the next few posts, I will publish those questions and my replies. Here's the first...

Can you share your background work with us?

I’ve been working across the Digital sector for 30 years. This includes being the Tech Director for a start-up in the dotcom era and now running Ideal Interface, a technology & online marketing consultancy based near Glasgow.

My love of transport started back in 2005, when I joined P&O Ferries as their Head of eBusiness. Since then, we’ve provided digital and technology assistance to a range of public and private organisations across the transport and mobility sector.

Until recently I was the Architect & Technology Lead for the Rail Delivery Group’s [RDG] Rail Data Marketplace, a great project that provides a single data sharing platform for rail related information. And currently I am back supporting several start-ups in the race to make sense of data and integration technologies across both the mobility and Net Zero markets.

I’m also the founder of The Open Transport Initiative (the Open Standard that enables customer account data integration & interoperability across the sector – best explained as the ‘Open Banking for Transport’). Plus I’ve just been invited to join the Steering Board of MaaS Scotland, where I regularly contribute to their Data & Governance Special Interest Group.

World Passenger Festival 2023

2023-10-10T09:45:00.001+01:00

Last week I not only attended the World Passenger Festival in Vienna (moved this year after several in Amsterdam), I was the moderator for the Digital Tech / Transformation Summit... a large presentation room dedicated to the increasing amount of online technologies being applied to passenger transit globally.

This was a packed 2 days of presentations and Q&A hosted my yours truly, where representatives from across the transport & mobility sector got to hear about the latest innovations and projects.

The highlights for me were:

1. Being judge (and 'Dragon') at an event held the day before at the OBB Innovation Factory

2. Moderating a panel oon the topic of:
"Driving Innovation in transport: overcoming the barriers to success in developing a digitally savvy mindset in risk averse organisations. "

With European innovation leaders:

Peter Schindlecker, Head of Open Innovation, ÖBB Open Innovation
Robert Lynn, Head of Innovation, Dublin Bus
Carolin Kodde, Lead, Long Distance Train Start Ups, DB Mindbox
Benoit Muller, Innovation Lab Director, SNCF Connect & Tech
Severine Mastikian, Rail and Transit, Europe Lead, Accenture

3. Moderating the keynote panel with senior leaders

Self-driving cars: A new era of transportation for people with disabilities?

2023-09-29T16:12:00.006+01:00

Self-driving cars (AKA: Autonomous Vehicles) have the potential to revolutionize transportation for people with disabilities. By eliminating the need for a human driver, self-driving cars could provide greater accessibility and freedom for people who are unable to drive themselves.

However, there are also some challenges that need to be addressed before self-driving cars can be widely adopted by people with disabilities.

image created by DALL-E with the prompt
"photo of a car stopped at the kerb and a disabled person getting into the front seat"

One concern is the availability of human assistance. In some cases, people with disabilities may need help getting in and out of the car, or with loading and unloading cargo. It is important to ensure that self-driving cars are equipped with features that allow people with disabilities to get the assistance they need.

Another concern is the loss of social interaction. For many people with disabilities, driving is more than just a way to get from point A to point B. It is also a way to socialize and connect with others. Self-driving cars could potentially isolate people with disabilities from the outside world. It is important to design self-driving cars in a way that allows people with disabilities to maintain their social connections.

Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of self-driving cars for people with disabilities are significant. Self-driving cars could provide people with disabilities with the freedom to go where they want, when they want, without having to rely on others for transportation. This could lead to greater independence and employment opportunities for people with disabilities.

Here are some specific ways that self-driving cars could benefit people with disabilities:

Increased accessibility: Self-driving cars could provide transportation to people with disabilities who are unable to drive themselves, such as people who are blind or have mobility impairments. This could help people with disabilities to get to work, school, and other important appointments.
Reduced transportation costs: Self-driving cars could be more affordable than traditional transportation options, such as taxis and ride-sharing services. This could help people with disabilities to save money on transportation costs.
Greater independence: Self-driving cars could give people with disabilities the freedom to go where they want, when they want, without having to rely on others for transportation. This could lead to greater independence and employment opportunities for people with disabilities.

Overall, self-driving cars have the potential to significantly improve the lives of people with disabilities. However, it is important to address the challenges of accessibility, human assistance, and social interaction in the development of self-driving cars. By working together, we can create a transportation system that is accessible and inclusive for everyone.

For further information see this work done by Warwick University

The pros & cons of a decoupled architecture

2023-09-12T17:25:00.002+01:00

Decoupled architectures can offer a number of benefits, including:

Increased flexibility: As the components are loosely coupled, they can be changed or updated without affecting the other components. This makes it easier to adapt the system to changing requirements.
Improved scalability: The system can be scaled more easily by adding or removing components as needed.
Increased reliability: Since the components are not tightly coupled, a failure in one component does not usually affect the other components.
Reduced complexity: The system is easier to understand and maintain when the components are loosely coupled.

However, decoupled architectures can also have some drawbacks, such as:

Increased complexity: The need to use APIs or other mechanisms to communicate between components can add complexity to the system.
Increased cost: Decoupled architectures can be more expensive to develop and maintain than tightly coupled architectures.
Increased risk: The loosely coupled nature of the system can make it more difficult to debug and troubleshoot problems.

Overall, decoupled architectures can be a good choice for systems that need to be flexible, scalable, and reliable. However, it is important to weigh the benefits and drawbacks carefully before deciding whether to use a decoupled architecture.

Architecting the decoupled enterprise

2023-09-11T17:22:00.000+01:00

Creating a digital architecture that supports an agile enterprise isn't easy... you have to facilitate a faster delivery culture whilst still being secure and scalable.

To help deliver this, I think you need to design an enterprise architecture that is 'decoupled'.

A decoupled architecture is a software architecture in which different components of a system are loosely coupled, meaning that they are not tightly interdependent. This allows the components to be developed, tested, and deployed independently, which can improve the overall flexibility and scalability of the system.

There are many different ways to decouple a software architecture. Some common techniques include:

Using APIs to communicate between components
Using message queues to pass data between components
Using event-driven architecture

World Passenger Festival - more than just an attendee

2023-07-16T11:22:00.010+01:00

I have attended the Wold Passenger Festival (WPF) a couple of times. Once before the pandemic and also last year (2022). Its a great place to meet industry contacts across the transport & mobility sector and learn from all the vendors and presentations.

This year I am not just attending WPF, but also have the role of chairing / moderating the Digital track at the event.

Key capabilities of Smart Ticketing

2023-07-07T09:58:00.001+01:00

In an article I published last week on LinkedIn, I described how the area of Smart Ticketing for transport & mobility typically breaks down into the following key capabilities:

The ability to use electronic devices (e.g. smart cards, mobile phones) for the payment and storage of one or more transport products (e.g. a single ferry journey, a weekly bus season ticket, an over 50s rail discount entitlement, etc.)

The ability to use contactless technology to inspection and validation of these products, such as via the use of tapping on (or being in proximity to) a reader device.

The ability to collect and manage data about passenger products, usage and discounts either individually (via a customer account) or on a more general (anonymised) basis, so that services can be monitored, charged for or subsequently improved.

These three capabilities are still very high level and can be subdivided into lower level functional task. But before doing this I wanted to consider if I may have missed a key one?

Will AI ever give a TED talk?

2023-05-16T20:55:00.001+01:00

I love a good TED talk (although I have to admit that the offshoot TEDx presentations can be less engaging).

Having an expert in a different and often unexpected subject give an interesting perspective or historical account can be exiting and 'food for thought'.

However, I have been wondering if we will ever knowingly or unknowingly get a TED talk from an Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Perhaps trained on all the transcripts of previous TED presenters, to give a new view or explanation?

(As long as they don't use the TEDx sources too, I guess we should be OK)

Interesting results from DALL-E

2023-05-09T12:06:00.001+01:00

What happens when you use the AI image engine DALL-E for a blog post?

I was just finishing a post on Medium titled "APIs — the best way to train AI on transport & mobility" and needed an image to exemplify this.

So I purchased a few credits on DALL-E as an experiment and gave it the prompt:

"a computer scientist on a train holding a bag containing data"

(Yes, I did use the word 'train' there in the transport context, rather than the education one - in an attempt to be slightly funny)

And this was what is came back with:

I then picked the second image for the post, as I thought it represented most closely what I wanted... even though the rendered face was slightly incorrect:

Time to be open about Open Data

2023-05-08T11:15:00.003+01:00

The concept of Open Data has been around for many years (the earliest I can find is around 2000, but there may well be much earlier usage). Yet some individuals still seem to be confused by the concept.

Here is the Open Data Handbook’s definition:
"Open data is data that can be freely used, re-used and redistributed by anyone - subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and sharealike."
https://opendatahandbook.org/guide/en/what-is-open-data/

This clear and understood approach to data provides increased transparency, improved decision making, fosters innovation and can increase civic engagement.

But its range of use can perhaps make it difficult for people to understand what Open Data is.

Here’s some examples:

Research:
Researchers & academics can use Open Data to study impacts and changes across economies, governments and populations

Business:
Organisations can Open Data to develop new products and services, such as a map app that shows the location and availability of parking spaces

Public Sector:
Governments can use Open Data to demonstrate and improve transparency & accountability, such as by publishing data on Public Sector spending.

Individuals:
Citizens and journalists can use Open Data to hold governments & authorities accountable, such as tracking the performance of local schools.

However, in my experience some people have deliberately misunderstood the term Open Data. Why?

Open Data can lead to change, and some people may be afraid of this. They may worry that Open Data will subsequently make it more difficult for them to control information, perhaps leading to job losses. Others may have vested interests in keeping data closed. For example, businesses may not want their competitors to have access to their data, and governments may not want citizens to have access to data that could be used to hold them accountable.

Ultimately Open Data is a powerful concept. It is therefore up to all of us to ensure that we all share the same definition and push for Open Data's continued societal benefit, not just the few.