<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1787462640658681479</id><updated>2024-11-01T03:37:39.574-07:00</updated><category term="Bioquímica"/><category term="Botánica"/><category term="Carnaval de Biología"/><category term="Zoología"/><category term="ADN"/><category term="Biofísica"/><category term="Bioluminiscencia"/><category term="Carnaval de Física"/><category term="Carnaval de Humanidades"/><category term="Carnaval de Química"/><category term="Cáncer"/><category term="Educación"/><category term="Epigenética"/><category term="Fisiología animal"/><category term="Flora"/><category term="Fotografía"/><category term="Genética"/><category term="Linneo"/><category term="Neurofisiología"/><category term="Neurología"/><category term="Opinión"/><category term="Premio Nobel"/><category term="Psicología"/><category term="Sinapsis"/><category term="Taxonomía"/><title type='text'>PRINCIPIO DE INTERCAMBIO</title><subtitle type='html'>Noticias | Actualidad científica | Opinión | Biología | Fotografía | Educación</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>josemabio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04255808070738581038</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_3UQIp69LmYP_dzVIvNXVfepZb9uE0G2R9viULyZ6QV90cfwXmLjPS7t1ImIqhmJGVe9rre71h2EE5s9ta5OAVT1P0nfqOQ3UcfYT9GkHHt4WC7Px__Vpea4EE1Xe84/s220/JosemaBio.png'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>9</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1787462640658681479.post-4696526788752129240</id><published>2013-07-29T12:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-07-30T05:08:35.116-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Botánica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Flora"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fotografía"/><title type='text'>Plantas decorativas - Jardines del Real Alcázar de Sevilla</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Para inaugurar la sección de fotografía he decidido colgar dos fotos que tomé hace tiempo de unas flores muy comunes en nuestro entorno y que por ser así quizás le prestemos poca atención o no veamos lo bonitas que son. Al ser una sección de fotografía pretendo subir fotos mías, con mayor o menor calidad, pero siempre mostrando algo que me parezca interesante y colocando una pequeña descripción. Es una entrada bastante corta, pero ya iré completando la sección con más fotos. Espero que guste esta pequeña introducción.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;La primera se trata de &lt;b style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Catalpa bignonioides&lt;/b&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Nombre común: Catalpa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Familia: Bignoniaceae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;Se trata de un árbol de hoja caduca con unos frutos con aspecto de legumbre bastante largos. Su origen es el sur de Estados Unidos, pero se ha adaptado bien a climas muy diversos de distintas partes del mundo. Se utiliza como árbol decorativo en las carreteras de las ciudades. La flor posee forma acampanulada con decoración en el interior para llamar la atención de polinizadores. Es un árbol de crecimiento rápido pudiendo alcanzar los 12 metros de altura y con unas hojas bastante grandes (alrededor de los 25 cm). La floración se produce de mayo a junio y los frutos a partir de septiembre.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;La siguiente es &lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hibiscus rosa-sinensis&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Nombre común: Pacífico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-Familia: Malvaceae&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Es originaria de Asia (concretamente China y Japón) y es una planta con una alta necesidad de luz, por eso se puede ver en zonas con &amp;nbsp;una gran exposición al sol. Posee muchas variedades e híbridos que tienen una amplia gama de colores y por ello son usadas como flores ornamentales. Son arbustos de hojas persistentes y disposición alterna. La flor presenta forma acampanulada y los numerosos estambres forman una columna alrededor del gineceo. Florece en nuestro clima durante casi todo el año (principalmente en mayo).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdxX_VO8rTi78mLgNZdNAnf_Z21jjEzCrdzifz115RWIfOJgR3BmOINQEnz9NdldtFAo-T4V3txaVchcI_TFgcwRkOZ9ZeFdpJFNloSL5_-ri3aLh2yk0zE-WuHu3GLtJbojLUk2z4Puw/s1600/Hibiscus.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdxX_VO8rTi78mLgNZdNAnf_Z21jjEzCrdzifz115RWIfOJgR3BmOINQEnz9NdldtFAo-T4V3txaVchcI_TFgcwRkOZ9ZeFdpJFNloSL5_-ri3aLh2yk0zE-WuHu3GLtJbojLUk2z4Puw/s640/Hibiscus.jpg&quot; width=&quot;480&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Referencias:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;-P. Romero Zarco, &lt;i&gt;Guía Botánica de los Jardines del Real Alcázar de Sevilla,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ayuntamiento de Sevilla. Delegación de Educación y Universidades, 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/feeds/4696526788752129240/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/07/plantas-decorativas-jardines-del-real.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/4696526788752129240'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/4696526788752129240'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/07/plantas-decorativas-jardines-del-real.html' title='Plantas decorativas - Jardines del Real Alcázar de Sevilla'/><author><name>josemabio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04255808070738581038</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_3UQIp69LmYP_dzVIvNXVfepZb9uE0G2R9viULyZ6QV90cfwXmLjPS7t1ImIqhmJGVe9rre71h2EE5s9ta5OAVT1P0nfqOQ3UcfYT9GkHHt4WC7Px__Vpea4EE1Xe84/s220/JosemaBio.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXipd4y5PAvs5ncxuBub0UZCxT-hEWGjQGqRmwOikMbIHDegqfkhLZeDOCSQKeivezbq1jlhyphenhyphen1v9mLY95zslY0MUiOFnW1usVzmDak1uzuSXha592M-Z-ISoo_Jvnv0AvGGrLTNgLvM4E/s72-c/Catalpa.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1787462640658681479.post-6767194193062487619</id><published>2013-07-22T04:40:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-07-28T03:55:15.732-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Biofísica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Carnaval de Biología"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Carnaval de Física"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Fisiología animal"/><title type='text'>&quot;Biomecánica de la natación&quot; Especial mundial de natación BCN 2013</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/LogoBCN2013.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;222&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/LogoBCN2013.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Como hace relativamente poco ha comenzado el mundial de natación en Barcelona he decidido hacer un post explicando algunos conceptos básicos sobre la natación desde el punto de vista físico y fisiológico. Varias de las leyes físicas que conocemos y que aplicamos a nuestro día a día también se pueden observar en la natación y que los nadadores tienen que tener en cuenta para realizar una carrera lo más perfecta posible. ¿Para qué gastarte &lt;strike&gt;miles&lt;/strike&gt;&amp;nbsp;20 euros en clases de natación pudiendo aprender su mecanismo por medio de la física?&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;FLOTACIÓN&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La flotación de un cuerpo sumergido en el agua depende de dos fuerzas verticales que son el peso del cuerpo y el empuje que realiza hacia arriba. En reposo la flotación viene determinada por el principio de Arquímedes (siglo III a.C.) según el cual &quot;&lt;b&gt;todo cuerpo sumergido en un fluido experimenta un empuje vertical y ascendente igual al peso del volumen de fluido desalojado&lt;/b&gt;&quot;. Es decir, cuando una persona está quieta dentro del agua su flotación depende únicamente del peso (y de la densidad como veremos más adelante). Si el peso es mayor que el empuje el cuerpo se hundirá. Sin embargo, cuando el cuerpo se mueve, para poder flotar debe ejercer una fuerza vertical y ascendente que supere el peso del cuerpo. Es el caso de las brazadas que se hacen en natación.&lt;/div&gt;
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El principio de Arquímedes dice que el cuerpo experimenta un empuje hacia arriba igual al peso&lt;/div&gt;
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del volumen de agua desplazada. Si este empuje es un peso, entonces se adecua a la fórmula&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;agua&lt;/sub&gt; = m&lt;sub&gt;agua&lt;/sub&gt;·g&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Además, según la fórmula de la densidad&lt;/div&gt;
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d = m/V&lt;/div&gt;
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m = d·V&lt;/div&gt;
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Ahora cambiamos la masa en cada una de las dos fórmulas de peso:&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;objeto&lt;/sub&gt; = m&lt;sub&gt;objeto&lt;/sub&gt;·g → P&lt;sub&gt;objeto&lt;/sub&gt; = d&lt;sub&gt;objeto&lt;/sub&gt;·V&lt;sub&gt;objeto&lt;/sub&gt;·g&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 13.5pt;&quot;&gt;P&lt;sub&gt;agua&lt;/sub&gt; = m&lt;sub&gt;agua&lt;/sub&gt;·g → P&lt;sub&gt;agua&lt;/sub&gt; = d&lt;sub&gt;agua&lt;/sub&gt;·V&lt;sub&gt;agua&lt;/sub&gt;·g&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Podemos deducir que &lt;b&gt;la flotabilidad también depende de la densidad del agua y del cuerpo&lt;/b&gt;. Si la densidad del cuerpo es mayor que la del agua este se hunde. El caso del cuerpo humano es algo más complejo ya que no tienen una densidad homogénea. El más denso es el tejido oseo con valores entre 1400&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Kg/m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;(hueso trabecular o esponjoso) y 1800&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Kg/m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup style=&quot;line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;(hueso cortical o compacto). Tejidos como el muscular, los tendones y los ligamentos poseen densidades ligeramente superiores a las del agua. El único tejido menos denso que el agua es el adiposo.&lt;/div&gt;
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Según estos datos, el ser humano debería hundirse, pero ¿por qué no ocurre esto? La respuesta reside en el aire almacenado en los pulmones y las vías respiratorias ya que &lt;b&gt;la densidad del aire es 800 veces menor que la del agua&lt;/b&gt;. De esta manera los pulmones actúan como flotadores, pues durante la inspiración se introducen de 4 a 5 litros de aire que aumentan el peso muy poco (entre 0,047 y 0,058 Newtons). Por lo tanto la habilidad del ser humano para flotar depende en gran medida de su capacidad para expandir la caja torácica.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;FUERZAS PROPULSORAS&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Freestyle_swimming.gif&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;188&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Freestyle_swimming.gif&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Movemos nuestras manos y pies a través del agua empujando o traccionando de esta. De acuerdo con la tercera ley de Newton, &lt;b&gt;se crea una fuerza igual pero de sentido contrario&lt;/b&gt;, los nadadores no tienen que mover sus brazos y pies directamente hacia atrás para obtener la fuerza propulsiva hacia adelante. Es decir, la fuerza de elevación no es atribuida al principio de Bernouilli, sino a la tercera ley de Newton. Por tanto, si bien distinguimos entre fuerzas de propulsión y fuerzas de resistencia en realidad las fuerzas de propulsión son las fuerzas de resistencia que se generan en las superficies propulsoras del cuerpo. De esta manera, si la musculatura sostiene firmemente el segmento propulsor, por reacción, sera el cuerpo el que avance.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Efectos de la mano y el antebrazo:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La orientación de la mano respecto al eje longitudinal del cuerpo del nadador viene determinado por la dirección de la brazada y por el ángulo de ataque de la mano. Se ha comprobado que el mayor rendimiento a la hora de nadar es con la palma de la mano dirigida hacia atrás. Así pues si se realiza con los dedos abiertos se generan turbulencias, por tanto &lt;b&gt;la mayor eficiencia es con la palma recta y los dedos cerrados&lt;/b&gt;. El efecto es similar al del ala de un ave.&lt;/div&gt;
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El antebrazo posee una forma cilíndrica que se consigue por medio de la articulación entre cúbito y radio lo que provoca una predominación de la fuerza de tracción en lugar de la fuerza de elevación (que era el caso de la palma de la mano).&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Batido de pies:&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Este termino se refiere al movimiento de los pies en los estilos de crol y espalda (este último con una ligera diferencia, ya que hay que flexionar más las rodillas). Se ha comprobado que el movimiento de pies apenas contribuye al empuje. Su mecanismo es igual que el de las manos, pero más que propulsora su función es estabilizadora. Estudios han demostrado que el batido de pies ayuda a la propulsión a velocidades que estén entre los 1,3 m/s y 1,5 m/s, más allá si se intenta hacer un batido intenso con el fin de aumentar la velocidad supondría un gasto energético inútil por lo que se concluye que su función es básicamente estabilizar el cuerpo en las tres dimensiones del espacio.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;LA SALIDA Y LOS VIRAJES&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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La natación es un deporte de carácter cíclico continuo, sin embargo cuando se practica en una piscina y se llega a la pared se realiza lo que se conoce como viraje. El viraje consiste en la realización de dos giros justo antes de llegar a la pared sin llegar a tocar esta con las manos. Estos giros consisten en uno sobre el eje transversal (giro y apoyo en la pared) y otro sobre el eje longitudinal (impulso y deslizamiento). El caso de la salida también es una acción acíclica, pero solo se realiza una vez. Existen dos tipos de salida dependiendo de la competición. Si es el caso de una competición individual los nadadores se situarán en el bordillo y su tiempo de reacción al pito de salida oscila entre los 0,6 y 0,9 s. Por otro lado en las pruebas por relevos los nadadores con menos niveles de fuerza explosiva tardan entre 1 y 1,12 s. Las tres direcciones del espacio donde se aplica el impulso mecánico son la anteroposterior, es decir, la que tiene la dirección de la carrera, la transversal y la vertical. Los nadadores de élite en la dirección anteroposterior pueden alcanzar una velocidad de despegue de hasta 5 m/s. Interesa que la transversal sea lo más próxima a 0 posible y que la vertical sea únicamente la del peso, consiguiendo así que el centro de gravedad se desplace hacia adelante y no se pierda el tiempo en un movimiento ascendente. Esto es difícil de conseguir.&lt;/div&gt;
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En los estilos de crol y espalda se permite que los nadadores toquen la pared con los pies, por tanto el viraje más eficiente es el que se realiza por medio de un giro de 180º sobre el eje transversal. Sin embargo en los estilos mariposa y brazas solo está permitido tocar la pared con las manos, por lo que el mejor viraje será un giro sobre el eje vertical del nadador.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Referencias:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
-M. Izquierdo, &lt;i&gt;Biomecánica y bases neuromusculares de la actividad física y el deporte&lt;/i&gt;, Médica Panamericana, 2008&lt;/blockquote&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &#39;Droid Sans&#39;, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;“Esta entrada participa en el XXIV Carnaval de Biología acogido en&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: &#39;Droid Sans&#39;, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://worlderlenmeyer.blogspot.com.es/&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; color: rgb(40, 111, 129) !important; font-family: &#39;Droid Sans&#39;, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Pero eso es otra historia…&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #777777; font-family: &#39;Droid Sans&#39;, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;“&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: &#39;Trebuchet MS&#39;, Trebuchet, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&quot;Esta entrada participa en el&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://icaraideas.blogspot.com.es/2013/07/edicion-xliii-del-carnaval-de-la-fisica.html&quot; style=&quot;color: #990000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;XLIII Carnaval de la Física&lt;/a&gt;, que este mes se celebra en&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://icaraideas.blogspot.com.es/&quot; style=&quot;color: #990000; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;El Mundo de las Ideas&lt;/a&gt;.&quot;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://bitacoras.com/canales/ciencia&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;Ciencia&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitacoras.com/canales/divulgaci%C3%B3n&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;Divulgación&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitacoras.com/canales/f%C3%ADsica&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;Física&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://bitacoras.com/canales/deporte&quot; rel=&quot;tag&quot;&gt;Deporte&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/feeds/6767194193062487619/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/07/biomecanica-de-la-natacion-especial.html#comment-form' title='2 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/6767194193062487619'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/6767194193062487619'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/07/biomecanica-de-la-natacion-especial.html' title='&quot;Biomecánica de la natación&quot; Especial mundial de natación BCN 2013'/><author><name>josemabio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04255808070738581038</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_3UQIp69LmYP_dzVIvNXVfepZb9uE0G2R9viULyZ6QV90cfwXmLjPS7t1ImIqhmJGVe9rre71h2EE5s9ta5OAVT1P0nfqOQ3UcfYT9GkHHt4WC7Px__Vpea4EE1Xe84/s220/JosemaBio.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb2T96PjUijVoQ1eMieZ7GOP863FJ005xhnYv6hiyp09rt5DVpPZhTpbqasCcPRmGb7_q4kaucZn7weW4mRa2LM2fix2A_ot6WxgQ0plIvO30iqdxZFi-8RJkmmhcN5N-fKMYyo0V3Gg4/s72-c/cabecerabiocarnaval.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1787462640658681479.post-1427675153818477568</id><published>2013-07-18T09:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-07-18T10:04:34.882-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Zoología"/><title type='text'>Lo que no sabías sobre el Caballito de Mar</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Hippocampus_hystrix_(Spiny_seahorse)_yellow.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Hippocampus_hystrix_(Spiny_seahorse)_yellow.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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El Caballito de Mar (&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;Hippocampus hippocampus&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;), se encuentran dentro del grupo de los peces, a pesar de lo que muchos puedan pensar, es más, es el único pez que posee la cabeza en ángulo recto. Su nombre se debe a la similitud que presenta su cabeza con la de los caballos.&lt;/div&gt;
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Su cuerpo está protegido por una serie de &lt;b&gt;placas de naturaleza ósea&lt;/b&gt;. Tienen una forma peculiar de nadar, diferente al de resto de peces. Disponen su cuerpo en una posición erecta, impulsándose con su aleta dorsal. Carecen de aleta anal, en su lugar poseen una cola prensil que se enrolla en espiral y les permite anclarse a tallos y plantas acuáticas.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3050/2328332321_7e84dbce7d_z.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;225&quot; src=&quot;http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3050/2328332321_7e84dbce7d_z.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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La hembra del Caballito de Mar porta los huevos en un ovopositor que sitúa, una vez los huevos estén maduros, en la bolsa incubadora del macho. Esta bolsa se formará a partir de una invaginación en las placas óseas por la zona ventral. &lt;b&gt;El macho de esta especie es el que porta la puesta&lt;/b&gt;, a diferencia de muchas otras especies del reino animal.&lt;/div&gt;
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El interior de la bolsa incubadora se transforma con el fin de suministrar nutrientes a los embriones. El periodo de formación es de unas 3 semanas y después las crías saldrán y vivirán independientemente del macho.&lt;br /&gt;
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Actualmente esta y el resto de especies del Caballito de Mar están protegidas por ser consideradas en peligro de extinción.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/feeds/1427675153818477568/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/07/lo-que-no-sabias-sobre-el-caballito-de.html#comment-form' title='2 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/1427675153818477568'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/1427675153818477568'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/07/lo-que-no-sabias-sobre-el-caballito-de.html' title='Lo que no sabías sobre el Caballito de Mar'/><author><name>josemabio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04255808070738581038</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_3UQIp69LmYP_dzVIvNXVfepZb9uE0G2R9viULyZ6QV90cfwXmLjPS7t1ImIqhmJGVe9rre71h2EE5s9ta5OAVT1P0nfqOQ3UcfYT9GkHHt4WC7Px__Vpea4EE1Xe84/s220/JosemaBio.png'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1787462640658681479.post-4951016886115929084</id><published>2013-07-15T10:27:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-07-23T10:02:23.858-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Neurología"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Psicología"/><title type='text'>El tiempo y el amor.</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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El tiempo, ese extraño fluido, no
hay forma de pararlo ni de acelerarlo, ¿o sí? Lo que está claro es que&lt;b&gt; los
humanos no funcionan igual que los relojes&lt;/b&gt;, un segundo puede parecer eterno en
algunas ocasiones y una mañana puede pasar volando ¿qué sabemos sobre nuestro
reloj interno? Por ejemplo, ¿por qué pasa tan lento el tiempo cuando lo estamos
pasando mal?. Hoy en día sabemos que el tiempo en nuestro cuerpo no se mide en
segundos sino en intervalos marcados por descargas de las neuronas. Cuando
estamos estresados o asustados nuestro cronometro neuronal dispara más veces
por unidad de tiempo, por eso este parece alargarse cuando estamos en alerta, y
viceversa. Esto nos ayuda a acomodar el tiempo a nuestras necesidades.&lt;/div&gt;
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El concepto sobre que es el tiempo
se remonta a Aristóteles. Cuando la gente se preguntaba qué era el espacio o
qué era el tiempo y bastante pronto se dieron cuenta de que si no cambiaba nada
no podíamos decir que no cambiaba el tiempo. Los cambios son el indicador del
tiempo. Si todo se detuviera entonces no podríamos decir que ha pasado el
tiempo por tanto existe un gran interrogante sobre que es realmente.&lt;/div&gt;
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El visionado de una película es
un ejemplo muy apropiado para ver cómo se comporta nuestro cerebro respecto al
tiempo. Durante una película de amor el cerebro retiene los recuerdos más
densos. Si los protagonistas enamorados por determinadas circunstancias no pueden estar juntos nuestro subconsciente lo asemeja con aspectos de nuestra vida y entonces cuando lo recordamos es como si hubiera durado más. Hay una
zona del cerebro llamada amígdala que solo actúa en momentos de mucho estrés o
miedo o emoción y suele registrar nuestros recuerdos en una pista de la memoria
secundaria.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #333333; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Llega un momento en la vida
cuando el tiempo nos alcanza. (No sé si expreso esto bien.) Quiero decir que a
partir de tal edad nos vemos sujetos al tiempo y obligados a contar con él,
como si alguna colérica visión con espada centelleante nos arrojara del paraíso
primero, donde todo hombre ha vivido una vez libre del aguijón de la muerte.
¡Años de niñez en que el tiempo no existe! Un día, unas horas son entonces
cifra de la eternidad. ¿Cuántos siglos caben en las horas de un niño?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4100/4745957734_b994f7153e_b.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4100/4745957734_b994f7153e_b.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Este fragmento del poema &lt;b&gt;‘El
Tiempo’ de Luis Cernuda&lt;/b&gt; nos relata como nuestra percepción del tiempo es más
lenta cuando somos niños y a medida que somos mayores nos pasan más rápido los
años. Caemos en una rutina constante del día a día. Nuestro cerebro utiliza
este mecanismo para ahorrar energía. Si repetimos una acción sucesivas veces
nuestra mente se anticipa a lo que va a suceder y por eso nos parece que ocurre
más deprisa. Pero no tiene por qué ser así. Experiencias nuevas provocan en
nuestro organismo una sensación de dilatación del tiempo. Es el caso de nuestro
primer beso o de la primera vez que nos enamoramos. &lt;b&gt;¿Cuántos no hemos soñado con
que el tiempo se detuviera en el instante que besamos a la persona que amamos?&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
Cada vez que vemos afirmarse en
la poesía la descripción del amor como algo idílico nos parece que se asemeja
con el concepto de eterno, por eso con cada nuevo amor en nuestra vida nuestra
percepción del tiempo cambia y nos parece que este pasa más lento cuando
estamos lejos de esa persona. A menudo también se asocia el amor con la muerte,
por un desamor o cualquier otro motivo que nos lleva a un estado de lentitud
emocional en el que no nos importa el entorno y nos centramos en sucesos del
pasado, “que hicimos mal” o “que podíamos haber hecho para evitarlo”. Es otro
mecanismo ante circunstancias que nos parecen adversas. Tratamos de buscar una
solución para no volver a cometer los mismo errores en el futuro. Cuando
estamos tristes surge una de nuestras mayores fuentes de inspiración y podemos
crear poemas muy bellos.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;blockquote class=&quot;tr_bq&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Después de un tiempo, uno aprende la sutil
diferencia&amp;nbsp; entre sostener una mano y encadenar un alma; y uno aprende que
el amor no significa acostarse y que una compañía no significa seguridad, y uno
empieza a aprender...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #444444; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;&quot;&gt;Que los besos no son contratos y los
regalos no son&amp;nbsp; promesas, y uno empieza a aceptar sus derrotas con la
cabeza alta y los ojos abiertos, y uno aprende a construir todos sus caminos en
el hoy, porque el terreno de mañana es demasiado inseguro para planes... y los
futuros tienen una forma de caerse en la mitad. - Jorge Luis Borges&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Del mismo modo que sabemos que el romance es una invención del ser humano para referirse al comportamiento bioquímico de nuestro cerebro cuando una persona nos atrae, el tiempo también fue inventado con el fin de marcar la diferencia entre el día y la noche o los distintos cambios que suceden en nuestra vida. Sabemos que el tiempo va en una única dirección, pero quizás no sea así, quizás sea una ilusión y el tiempo no exista.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/feeds/4951016886115929084/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/07/el-tiempo-y-el-amor.html#comment-form' title='5 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/4951016886115929084'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/4951016886115929084'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/07/el-tiempo-y-el-amor.html' title='El tiempo y el amor.'/><author><name>josemabio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04255808070738581038</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_3UQIp69LmYP_dzVIvNXVfepZb9uE0G2R9viULyZ6QV90cfwXmLjPS7t1ImIqhmJGVe9rre71h2EE5s9ta5OAVT1P0nfqOQ3UcfYT9GkHHt4WC7Px__Vpea4EE1Xe84/s220/JosemaBio.png'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1787462640658681479.post-7055441405399534131</id><published>2013-07-14T16:50:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2013-07-14T16:50:29.461-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Educación"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Opinión"/><title type='text'>¿Fuga de cerebros?</title><content type='html'>Hola joven estudiante o persona que hayas topado por casualidad con este post. Quiero iniciar esta sección hablando sobre la llamada &quot;fuga de cerebros&quot;. &lt;b&gt;Vivimos en la generación más preparada posiblemente de la historia&lt;/b&gt;, los que aportan ideas ven como su propio país los rechaza, como no valoran su ideas, su interés, su dedicación y por ello tienen que abandonar el país. Pero, ¿es eso realmente una fuga de cerebros?. Para mi la fuga de cerebros sería dejar que esos obstáculos bloqueen nuestros &lt;br /&gt;
sueños. A simple vista podemos observar como limitan nuestra capacidad para pensar por nosotros mismos, como nos educan para ser ganado que no puede opinar por sí mismo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.asovac.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/fuga-de-talento.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;312&quot; src=&quot;http://www.asovac.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/fuga-de-talento.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;¡No te rindas! Tú que lees esto, no dejes que nada ni nadie frene tus ideas. Puedes ser lo que tu quieras: pintor, escritor, cantante, ¡incluso astronauta! Solo necesitas tu cabeza para llevar a cabo grandes planes, que tengas que irte a otro país no se convierta en un problema. No dejes que la educación actual, cada vez mas anticuada, marque tu forma de ser. &lt;b&gt;Que el miedo no frene tus metas&lt;/b&gt; por pensar si agradará o no a tus padres o si el resto de la sociedad crea que son tonterías y deberías ser realista.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
Si no tienes dinero para la Universidad busca &lt;b&gt;otros caminos para dar forma a tus sueños&lt;/b&gt;. Un ejemplo de ello es Steve Jobs, se convirtió en uno de los personajes más influyentes y lo sigue siendo después de su muerte gracias a sus productos que han recaudado miles de millones de dólares en todo el mundo. No con esto quiero decir que el tener más o menos dinero sea una forma de éxito, pero está claro que las grandes ideas como las de este hombre no son algo casual y por eso se paga mucho dinero por ellas. &lt;b&gt;Llegar más lejos mañana solo depende de ti hoy&lt;/b&gt;. Comparar tu vida o comparar tus éxitos con los de otros es el mayor error que podemos cometer, se tu el que tome las riendas de tu vida. Si habéis nacido para ser brillantes no dejéis que nada os lo impida, no privéis a la humanidad de las grandes ideas que vuestra cabeza puede generar. Os aseguro que si os esforzáis podréis crear una historia de leyenda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Si te sientes identificado házmelo saber en los comentarios y si crees que hay otros que también puedan sentirse identificados puedes difundirlo. &amp;nbsp;=)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/feeds/7055441405399534131/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/07/fuga-de-cerebros.html#comment-form' title='0 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/7055441405399534131'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/7055441405399534131'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/07/fuga-de-cerebros.html' title='¿Fuga de cerebros?'/><author><name>josemabio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04255808070738581038</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_3UQIp69LmYP_dzVIvNXVfepZb9uE0G2R9viULyZ6QV90cfwXmLjPS7t1ImIqhmJGVe9rre71h2EE5s9ta5OAVT1P0nfqOQ3UcfYT9GkHHt4WC7Px__Vpea4EE1Xe84/s220/JosemaBio.png'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1787462640658681479.post-3526963678385226941</id><published>2013-02-20T17:36:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-02-20T18:49:42.454-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bioquímica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Neurofisiología"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Sinapsis"/><title type='text'>¿Cómo se transmite la información en nuestro cerebro? Sinapsis</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if !mso]&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Neurons_big1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Neurons_big1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;603&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
gran mayoría de los impulsos nerviosos son transmitidos por sinapsis a través
de pequeñas moléculas que difunden fácilmente, los neurotransmisores.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;La sinapsis se lleva a cabo a través de la
membrana de una neurona dadora (membrana presináptica) y la membrana de otra
neurona receptora (membrana postsináptica) formando un espacio de unos 50 nm
(hendidura sináptica). El impulso nervioso provoca el transporte de unas 300
vesículas a la hendidura sináptica. La unión del neurotransmisor acetilcolina a
la membrana postsináptica produce una permeabilidad distinta a los iones creando
un potencial de acción. La membrana postsináptica posee receptores de
acetilcolina que se abren al fijarse este neurotransmisor y permite el paso por
igual de los cationes Na&lt;sup&gt;+ &lt;/sup&gt;y K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;El
receptor de acetilcolina es el mejor de entre los conductos regulados por
ligando. Este tipo de conducto no está regulado por voltaje sino por la unión
de ligandos, como es el caso del acetilcolina en el que se le une al receptor
abriéndolo.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Los receptores de la
membrana postsináptica están densamente empaquetados. Mediante la utilización
de técnicas de purificación, se estableció que este receptor de 268 Kd (Kilo
Dalton) es un pentámero formado por cuatro clases de subunidades transmembrana
distintas (α&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, β, γ y δ), con un peso molecular que oscila entre los
50 y 58 Kd y que se distribuyen de forma anular de modo que forma un poro a
través de la membrana. Estas cuatro subunidades son codificadas por ADNc (ADN
complementario). Este ADN se ha clonado y secuenciado y se ha descubierto que
las cuatro subunidades tienen secuencias nucleótidas muy parecidas. Los genes
que codifican estas subunidades han aparecido por duplicación de un gen
ancestral común.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;Los
receptores de acetilcolina están divididos en tres zonas dependiendo de donde
se encuentre cada parte en la membrana: existe un dominio extracelular que
sobresale de la membrana postsináptica; en el extremo carboxilo se encuentra un
segmento transmembrana; en la zona más interna está el segmento del interior de
la célula, como se puede observar en la figura. En el proceso sináptico, la
acetilcolina se une a las interfases de α-γ y α-δ. Estudios de microscopía
electrónica con receptores de acetilcolina purificados demostraron que la
estructura es pentamérica y está en harmonía con las cinco subunidades. El
dominio extracelular está formado principalmente por hebras β, cuatro hélices α
transmembrana y una hélice α final en el interior de la célula.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;La
apertura o cierre de los receptores de acetilcolina está regulada por la unión
de este neurotransmisor. Cuando se fija a él provoca una alteración estructural
que produce la modificación de los cinco segmentos α-hélices que recubren el poro
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/feeds/3526963678385226941/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2012/12/como-se-transmite-la-informacion-en.html#comment-form' title='2 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/3526963678385226941'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/3526963678385226941'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2012/12/como-se-transmite-la-informacion-en.html' title='¿Cómo se transmite la información en nuestro cerebro? Sinapsis'/><author><name>josemabio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04255808070738581038</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_3UQIp69LmYP_dzVIvNXVfepZb9uE0G2R9viULyZ6QV90cfwXmLjPS7t1ImIqhmJGVe9rre71h2EE5s9ta5OAVT1P0nfqOQ3UcfYT9GkHHt4WC7Px__Vpea4EE1Xe84/s220/JosemaBio.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-PZcRVEACkYpJedFxr-6npZkLTetAbGgkgvCGv7LZ-68DyPX3ZW0169UM8IKbKa2MacTQeI30EDPpi7i0cQPxN9QpK2MxZns-SEHRhZMB6dbEDRBKjUBjGYa7IScRGCzKpnCzV3CZO8E/s72-c/NAChR.png" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1787462640658681479.post-6958650776063350127</id><published>2013-01-02T05:00:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-07-22T17:17:15.575-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Botánica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Carnaval de Humanidades"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Linneo"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Taxonomía"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Zoología"/><title type='text'>¿Por qué es tan importante la taxonomía?</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/%C3%81rbol_geneal%C3%B3gico_simplificado.svg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;428&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/%C3%81rbol_geneal%C3%B3gico_simplificado.svg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Si alguna
vez te has preguntado el por qué de esa manía de ordenarlo todo de los seres
humanos, si quieres saber cuál es la función de la taxonomía en el mundo que
nos rodea o como se originó, te acompaño a leer esta entrada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Si has
seguido leyendo es porque te interesa un poco la taxonomía o los animales o las
plantas. Haz de saber que las clasificaciones de organismos vivos data de la
antigüedad. En la Grecia antigua
comenzó el filósofo griego Aristóteles que creyó que había tipos fijos de
plantas y animales que podían clasificarse conforme a la forma y función. El
discípulo de Aristóteles, Teofrasto, basándose en los hábitos de crecimiento
identificó y clasificó más de 450 especies en hierbas, arbustos, subarbustos o
árboles. Identificó la estructura básica de muchas plantas y las dividió en
plantas con flores y plantas sin flores. El farmacéutico griego Dioscorides escribió
&lt;i&gt;De Materia Medica, &lt;/i&gt;que fue usada como
una obra de referencia en el ámbito de la medicina con plantas hasta principios
del siglo 17.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Hasta aquí todo
normal. Un grupo de señores antiguos se aburrían y decidieron ponerse a
clasificar, pero ¿cuál era la función de esto? La clasificación de Teofrasto de
los organismos vegetales en hierba, arbusto, subarbusto o árbol, permitió un
mayor manejo de las plantas con el fin de mejorar el comercio, tener un
conocimiento de las plagas,… y la clasificación de plantas con flores y sin
flores es muy útil para hacer miel ya que es indispensable conocer a qué tipo
de plantas van los insectos a polinizar. Además gracias a Dioscórides se tuvo
un conocimiento más amplio de los tipos de plantas que podían ser venenosas o
no y cuales tendrían un uso medicinal para el ser humano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;table cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Linnaea_borealis.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Linnaea_borealis.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Linnaea borealis&lt;/i&gt; planta con el nombre de Linneo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Sin embargo el mayor
‘boom’ de la taxonomía se produjo en el siglo 18 cuando el taxonomista sueco Linneo
ideó un sistema de clasificación que se volvería famoso y que sigue siendo
usado en la actualidad. El sistema de &lt;b&gt;nomenclatura binomial&lt;/b&gt;. Hasta esa época se
empleaba un nombre excesivamente largo para nombrar a una especie que consistía
en decir sus características básicamente. Linneo simplificó esto en dos
palabras. La primera palabra indicaba el nombre genérico (el género) y la
segunda era el nombre exclusivo de esa especie (el epíteto específico).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Los
sucesores de Linneo han dedicado vidas enteras para recoger muestras y estudiar
minuciosamente cada nuevo organismo descubierto para nombrarlo y describirlo como
una especie. Algunas personas se preguntan: ¿es una ciencia que se necesita en
el siglo 21? La taxonomía sí importa. Es muy relevante para los retos actuales.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Si vives en el centro de una gran ciudad, en un selva recóndita, o en un
valle de alta montaña, el conocimiento taxonómico puede mejorar y, a veces,
incluso salvar&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;t&lt;/span&gt;e la vida. La taxonomía es un servicio esencial que se oculta
detrás de sectores que van desde la conservación de la biodiversidad y la
gestión de la seguridad alimentaria hasta la reducción de la pobreza, la salud,
la seguridad biológica, el desarrollo de nuevos productos industriales y el
turismo ecológico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Si nada de
esto te ha convencido para pensar que la taxonomía es útil, piensa básicamente
que es un método que nos sirve para entender el planeta en el que nos
encontramos y nos permite conocer mejor a los seres vivos que nos acompañan a
lo largo de nuestra vida, y de esta forma saber cómo cuidar el medio ambiente y
a los organismos que vivimos en el.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Si te ha
gustado esta entrada comenta, sígueme para leer más entradas y compártela en las distintas redes
sociales. Si no te ha gustado comenta diciéndomelo, sígueme para ver si mejoro
y compártela en las distintas redes sociales (a alguien le gustará) :)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;i style=&quot;background-color: white; color: #7f7f7f; font-family: Lato; line-height: 21px; text-align: start;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Este post participa en la&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://carnavalhumanidades.blogspot.com.es/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #fa4c00; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;VI Edición del Carnaval de Humanidades&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;, acogido en el blog&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://aacgi.blogspot.com.es/&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #fa4c00; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Cajón Desastre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/feeds/6958650776063350127/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/01/por-que-es-tan-importante-la-taxonomia.html#comment-form' title='22 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/6958650776063350127'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/6958650776063350127'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2013/01/por-que-es-tan-importante-la-taxonomia.html' title='¿Por qué es tan importante la taxonomía?'/><author><name>josemabio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04255808070738581038</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_3UQIp69LmYP_dzVIvNXVfepZb9uE0G2R9viULyZ6QV90cfwXmLjPS7t1ImIqhmJGVe9rre71h2EE5s9ta5OAVT1P0nfqOQ3UcfYT9GkHHt4WC7Px__Vpea4EE1Xe84/s220/JosemaBio.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnP1r-bBPWm_0qJmmh7ayfE6c3tyMpQ33RqbNVti-UkHrQ_GHTZ5MhBKAHzG361Db07KB1RJeCEdWV5mTipiL5Chaip_j0KbQPk_kn_R5iUdXrGlNaKTBraVXrhlRi8A0B2VeSjz55Csw/s72-c/VI+Edici%C3%B3n+este.PNG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>22</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1787462640658681479.post-6414302097785895886</id><published>2012-12-30T10:02:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-07-14T08:58:28.760-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bioluminiscencia"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Bioquímica"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Carnaval de Química"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Premio Nobel"/><title type='text'>La proteína verde fluorescente. Bioluminiscencia.</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;   &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;   &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;   &lt;w:HyphenationZone&gt;21&lt;/w:HyphenationZone&gt;   &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;   &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;   &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;ES&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;    &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;    &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;    &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;    &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;    &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;    &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;    &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;m:mathPr&gt;    &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;&amp;#45;-&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;    &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;    &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;   &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DSC26479,_Crystal_Jelly_(%22Aequorea_Victoria%22),_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium,_Monterey,_California,_USA_(5085398602).jpg/1024px-DSC26479,_Crystal_Jelly_(%22Aequorea_Victoria%22),_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium,_Monterey,_California,_USA_(5085398602).jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;560&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DSC26479,_Crystal_Jelly_(%22Aequorea_Victoria%22),_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium,_Monterey,_California,_USA_(5085398602).jpg/1024px-DSC26479,_Crystal_Jelly_(%22Aequorea_Victoria%22),_Monterey_Bay_Aquarium,_Monterey,_California,_USA_(5085398602).jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;La medusa &lt;i&gt;Aequorea victoria. &lt;/i&gt;Sierra Blakely [Attribution], via Wikimedia Commons&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Existen muchos animales que utilizan bioluminiscencia para atraer a la pareja, para espantar a un depredador, indicar que son venenosos o simplemente la evolución les ha dotado de ello. Un ejemplo es el de la medusa &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Aequorea victoria&lt;/i&gt; que debe su fluorescencia a la &lt;b&gt;proteína verde fluorescente&lt;/b&gt; (PVF). Hace unos pocos años, concretamente en el 2008, se desarrolló esta proteína, lo que supuso el Nobel de Química para los científicos Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie y Roger Y. Tsien.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Se descubrió que la transferencia del gen que producía la PVF hacía que se activase la expresión de otra proteína que conservaba la fluorescencia. A partir de ahí se usó como marcador luminiscente de tumores, crecimiento de bacterias patógenas y del desarrollo de circuitos neuronales, a la detección de contaminación por metales pesados, etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Esta molécula nos ha servido para avanzar en la investigación y en algunos casos en nuestra salud para detectar cáncer, pero ¿cómo funciona? La PVF posee una estructura fotosensible, el &lt;b&gt;cromóforo&lt;/b&gt;, la cual absorbe radiación que normalmente suele ser del espectro visible o en el ultravioleta cercano. Una vez absorbida pueden producirse dos fenómenos: que se disipe rápidamente y se desactive o en cambio si la desactivación no se produce, el cromóforo se relajará liberando, unos pocos picosegundos después, un fotón de frecuencia inferior a la absorbida (un picosegundo equivale a 10&lt;sup&gt;-12&lt;/sup&gt; segundos). Esto es lo que se conoce como fluorescencia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Si desarrollamos un poco más la bioquímica del cromóforo vemos que inicialmente tiene una carga neutra y un grupo ácido, que absorbe un fotón. La absorción de radiación aumenta la acidez del cromóforo. Esto provoca la liberación casi instantánea de un protón, lo que deja al cromóforo con una carga negativa. El cromóforo con la carga negativa es el responsable de la fluorescencia en la región verde del espectro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/GFP.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;640&quot; src=&quot;http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/GFP.png&quot; width=&quot;612&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Gracias al descubrimiento de la estructura tridimensional del cromóforo se pudo entender como el entorno del mismo desarrolla una función muy importante en el mecanismo de la fluorescencia. El cromóforo se encuentra rodeado por una estructura que se conoce como “estructura en forma de barril” la cual alberga en su centro al cromóforo, protegiéndolo por varios residuos aminoacídicos. Algunos de estos residuos actúan a modo de base (recibiendo un protón) o a modo de ácido ( transfiriendo un protón). Estas cadenas de aminoácidos se activan cuando el cromóforo absorbe luz y libera un protón. El primer grupo que recibe ese protón cede a su vez un protón a un segundo grupo vecino, y así provocando una reacción en cadena. Esta sucesión produce un rápido alejamiento del protón transferido respecto del cromóforo con carga negativa; ello impide la recombinación inmediata de ambos y permite, por tanto, la fluorescencia verde.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Desde el descubrimiento de esta proteína en 1962 se ha investigado mucho hasta nuestros días abarcando todas las áreas de la Biología. Sin embargo, aún queda mucho por descubrir sobre su mecanismo de fluorescencia y sus posibles utilidades. Actualmente diversos grupos de investigación emplean potentes técnicas de computación intentando simular a escala atómica la dinámica de la molécula.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Referencia:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Vendrell. O. &lt;i&gt;Moléculas alumbradoras.&lt;/i&gt;Investigación y ciencia. 57:32 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: black; display: inline !important; float: none; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &#39;Palatino Linotype&#39;, Palatino, serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 19px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;Esta entrada participa en la &lt;a href=&quot;http://lacienciadeamara.blogspot.com.es/2012/12/inauguracion-de-la-xx-edicion-del.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;XX edición&lt;/a&gt; del &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/CarnavalQuimica&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Carnaval de Química&lt;/a&gt; organizado por &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/bioamara&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;@bioamara&lt;/a&gt; en el blog &lt;a href=&quot;http://lacienciadeamara.blogspot.com.es/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;La Ciencia de Amara&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Nuestro ADN
contiene toda la información genética que determina cuál será nuestro color de
ojos, como será nuestro pelo, nuestro color de piel, e incluso nuestra
personalidad. Esto es lo que se ha creído desde siempre, pero esta visión ha
ido cambiando poco a poco con el paso del tiempo y se cree que no todas
nuestras características son heredadas directamente del material genético. Así
pues ¿qué es lo que determina como seamos?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Esta
pregunta es respondida por la epigenética. Los investigadores se han ido dando
cuenta de que los seres humanos no son solamente lo que está escrito en el ADN,
sino que existen pequeñas modificaciones químicas capaces de regular la
expresión de múltiples genes. Esto es la epigenética.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Dentro de la
gran variedad de células que tiene nuestro organismo, existen pequeñas
modificaciones en el ADN de cada una de ellas que permite la inactivación de
determinados genes con el fin de regular la actividad de cada tipo celular en
su marco de actuación. No sería bueno para nuestro cuerpo que un gen que se
expresa en el ojo, en la piel o en el corazón se expresara en otro lado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Esto puede
causar enfermedades como el cáncer, ya que células que en teoría deberían
protegernos contra él, dejan de hacerlo porque una señal química actúa como inhibidor
bloqueando su expresión y de esta forma, en parte, se produce la aparición de
los tumores.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;MODIFICACIONES
EPIGENÉTICAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;“Recurriendo a un símil informático, yo diría que el disco duro es como
el ADN, y los programas de software son como el epigenoma. Es posible acceder a
cierta información del disco duro con la utilización de los programas del
ordenador. Pero existen ciertas áreas protegidas por contraseñas y otras no
(abiertas). Yo diría que estamos intentando entender por qué existen
contraseñas para ciertas regiones y por qué otras regiones están abiertas.“
Este símil usado por Jörn Walter lo que indica es que existen genes
silenciados (reprimidos) y otros no. Esto es producido por una serie de
modificaciones epigenéticas como son la metilación o la acetilación de
histonas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;La
metilación es un importante mecanismo epigenético de regulación de la expresión
genética, ya que interacciona con los diferentes mecanismos que modifican la
cromatina. El mantenimiento de los sistemas de metilación tras varias
replicaciones del ADN es un indicio de herencia epigenética. Además, la
metilación es un importante mecanismo biológico, ya que cualquier alteración en
el funcionamiento del proceso puede alterar aspectos fisiológicos concretos.
Por ejemplo, la metilación se encarga de silenciar el retrovirus endógeno, por
tanto si se viera afectada podría provocar graves problemas. También los
procesos de impronta genética están basado en la metilación y durante el
proceso embrionario se encarga de regular la expresión génica. En concreto, el
embrión sufre una desmetilación genómica global durante la fase de mórula y
durante la fase de blastocito realiza la re-metilación gradual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdDpLM_jiL-NtDSmpHU8cUAPQwQIGYGBc6AqnyuLvtGSc5xteKA8p4cEU_0bengrDqJHYfl-tvxguZatIp3Y4rHs3XJvM655DPxKTmgED1_aCjEWsDgfrtADpoBy_AX-6xQs6LkuPOIc/s1600/epigenomicsimg1.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;275&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdDpLM_jiL-NtDSmpHU8cUAPQwQIGYGBc6AqnyuLvtGSc5xteKA8p4cEU_0bengrDqJHYfl-tvxguZatIp3Y4rHs3XJvM655DPxKTmgED1_aCjEWsDgfrtADpoBy_AX-6xQs6LkuPOIc/s400/epigenomicsimg1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;GENERACIÓN
TRAS GENERACIÓN&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;La dieta o
el estrés tendrán un impacto dentro de una, dos o tres generaciones ¿ Es cierto
esto? ¿Cómo actúa el entorno sobre el ADN? El código epigenético es la relación
que tiene el ADN con las proteínas que lo cubren. Si tomamos, por ejemplo, el
caso de dos gemelos, sabemos que tienen el mismo genoma, pero la alimentación,
el estrés y otros factores ambientales hace que se diferencien más entre si y
determina el que lleguen a padecer o no ciertas enfermedades como el cáncer&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Podría
decirse que la experiencia vivida queda marcada en nuestros genes. Una marca
química sobre el ADN y las histonas, las proteínas que ayudan a la secuencia
génica a empaquetarse en cromosomas, que activan o silencia los genes y esto es
así porque se ha visto que hasta la alimentación de una madre embarazada afecta
al epigenoma del bebe. Sin embargo, se desconoce hasta cuantas generaciones se
mantienen estas alteraciones.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Hay que
tener en cuenta que las metilaciones son necesaria para la vida, pero en el
caso de que sean perjudiciales, estas ya pueden ser tratadas hoy día mediante
fármacos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;PATOLOGÍAS&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Existen
cambios epigenéticos involucrados en los procesos del desarrollo y en la
aparición de enfermedades. En la epigenética de la enfermedad es común un
cambio en la plasticidad fenotípica que modifica la habilidad de las células
para responder a estímulos externos e internos. Hasta ahora se ha encontrado un
componente epigenético significativo en la patogenia de enfermedades que se
inician en la etapa del desarrollo embrionario, en el cáncer y en algunas
enfermedades comunes de iniciación tardía. También se ha comprobado que en
algunos tipos de cáncer existe una alteración de los programas de
diferenciación y crecimiento de las células madre. En el caso de las
enfermedades comunes de aparición tardía una combinación de factores
epigenéticos, genómicos y medioambientales participan en la patogenia de la
enfermedad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvEzlzXTxB3S1tvVm68SfQtU4JO04NLAetTeYg8T250GtLE0KKbHXmdiKdK77WmJEh7mITdJBKMSzQPIQV4gFeT2bBTGaIckMx-Huuxi_1bUWpy6eHXhLbFAxLGMBQTAAIbD1zHoutS9M/s1600/cromosoma15.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvEzlzXTxB3S1tvVm68SfQtU4JO04NLAetTeYg8T250GtLE0KKbHXmdiKdK77WmJEh7mITdJBKMSzQPIQV4gFeT2bBTGaIckMx-Huuxi_1bUWpy6eHXhLbFAxLGMBQTAAIbD1zHoutS9M/s320/cromosoma15.jpg&quot; width=&quot;220&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Existen 2
tipos de enfermedades: aquellas relacionadas con genes regulados epigenéticamente
y aquellas que afectan al epigenoma como un todo como ocurre en las patologías
asociadas a defectos en los genes encargados de la metilación de ADN.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
El síndrome de Beckwith-Wiedemann, es una enfermedad de sobrecrecimiento
asociada con un elevado riesgo de formación de&amp;nbsp;tumor&amp;nbsp;embriónico.&lt;sup&gt;
&lt;/sup&gt;La enfermedad es causada por mutaciones en genes reguladores del
crecimiento en el cromosoma 11 o por errores en&amp;nbsp;impronta genómica.&amp;nbsp;Los
pacientes presentan de forma típica vísceras fuera de la zona abdominal, lengua
grande, y peso elevado al nacer, es un ejemplo del primer tipo. Un conjunto
significativo de genes están marcados (impronta) de forma que su expresión es
totalmente distinta si provienen de la madre o del padre. En el síndrome de
Beckwith-Wiedemann esta impronta está alterada y genes como el IGF2 pierden su
regulación expresándose en exceso y produciendo sobrecrecimiento de tejidos y
cáncer. Otro ejemplo, es el síndrome de Prader-Willi que se debe a distintas alteraciones
en el cromosoma 15. En primer lugar se observaron una serie de deleciones en el
brazo largo del cromosoma 15. Posteriormente Butler y Palmer (1983)
determinaron que las deleciones de este cromosoma procedían del padre. Fue
Nicholls (1989), que al analizar la región 15q 11-q13 mediante técnicas moleculares,
pudo observar que algunos pacientes presentaban sólo regiones del cromosoma 15
procedentes de la madre y ninguna del padre; a esta situación se la llamó
disomía uniparental materna.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Nuestra
visión del ADN y de los genes ha cambiado en los últimos años. Es mucho lo que
ya sabemos de cómo funciona nuestro material genético. Cada nuevo
descubrimiento nos acerca un poco más al objetivo de poder curar enfermedades
como el cáncer. Sin embargo aun nos queda un largo camino por descubrir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Esta entrada participa en la&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://la-fila-de-atras.blogspot.com.es/2012/12/xix-edicion-del-carnaval-de-biologia.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;XIX Edición&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; del &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/biocarnaval&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Carnaval de Biología&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt; organizado por &lt;a href=&quot;http://la-fila-de-atras.blogspot.com.es/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;La Fila De Atrás&lt;/a&gt;, blog perteneciente a &lt;a href=&quot;https://twitter.com/MyrRB&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;@MyrRB&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk8-Bsq7GaE48y-EUkxB2iytzz49JoeqDv8SZfesBHOKVzsic8CDFo-sLh6LQD4SGQ944iMbgRGBCEOUy82Ez06Jcz4RFF0Ss0xspxtvYsKw_aUdpkVPQkZNdJ17MxkieIc44-vRABC-8H/s1600/carnaval_biologia.png&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;125&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk8-Bsq7GaE48y-EUkxB2iytzz49JoeqDv8SZfesBHOKVzsic8CDFo-sLh6LQD4SGQ944iMbgRGBCEOUy82Ez06Jcz4RFF0Ss0xspxtvYsKw_aUdpkVPQkZNdJ17MxkieIc44-vRABC-8H/s400/carnaval_biologia.png&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: #e6bb8f; color: black; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, &#39;Palatino Linotype&#39;, Palatino, serif; font-size: 16px; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 22px; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/feeds/8119255649366317661/comments/default' title='Enviar comentarios'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2012/12/los-codigos-que-marcan-nuestra-vida_23.html#comment-form' title='5 comentarios'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/8119255649366317661'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1787462640658681479/posts/default/8119255649366317661'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://principiodeintercambio.blogspot.com/2012/12/los-codigos-que-marcan-nuestra-vida_23.html' title='Los códigos que marcan nuestra vida. Epigenética.'/><author><name>josemabio</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04255808070738581038</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-_3UQIp69LmYP_dzVIvNXVfepZb9uE0G2R9viULyZ6QV90cfwXmLjPS7t1ImIqhmJGVe9rre71h2EE5s9ta5OAVT1P0nfqOQ3UcfYT9GkHHt4WC7Px__Vpea4EE1Xe84/s220/JosemaBio.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhdDpLM_jiL-NtDSmpHU8cUAPQwQIGYGBc6AqnyuLvtGSc5xteKA8p4cEU_0bengrDqJHYfl-tvxguZatIp3Y4rHs3XJvM655DPxKTmgED1_aCjEWsDgfrtADpoBy_AX-6xQs6LkuPOIc/s72-c/epigenomicsimg1.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry></feed>