Printing & Networking

share a printer over through the internet

2010-03-16T22:02:00.001+03:00

I have a h p deskjet printer have had it couple of months has ink in it cant get it to print?

You could try cleaning the nozzles, and / or doing a printer head clean. Instructions on how to do this can be found on either the company's website, your manual, or the setup CD. You may have to do this more than once.
Whatever you do, DO NOT remove the ink carts and then replace them, unless you have brand new ones with which you are going to replace them with. Manufactures recommend that you keep the carts in place until you need to change them, and recommend you clean the nozzles / heads first before trying anything else.
You should use your printer at least once a week to keep the flow of ink in order, even if you just print out a test page. This stops the ink drying out on the print heads, which in turn causes a blockage. Your printer will then not print, even though you have full ink cartridges and a fully working printer.
Also, if this is a newly installed printer, check to make sure you are not trying to print on the old printer --- uninstall your old printer and reset the new one as your default printer.
Failing all else, there may well be something else wrong with the printer itself, which you will have to either return to the shop or contact the manufacturer.

How to share a printer over through the internet to connect the another printer?

The cheapest way to do this do this is by using MS Remote Desktop. Remote Desktop can take some time to configure and secure but it is free and will allow you to "forward" the printers from the client computer to the host computer. This will allow to connect to a computer at work from your home and run applications on the computer at work and print to your printer at home. The work computer will have to have the drivers installed for the home printer.

The hitch with any outside connection is with the company you work for and what their policies are. Outside connections would have to ported through the router and if your company has an IT department then they would have to have approval from management to open this connection.

How to print a envelope?

2010-03-11T23:33:00.000+03:00

I want to know how to print my words on an envelope. I used to have a envelope on toolbar to click and type my words on, after I picked size of envelope. But I don't anymore. I've looked on all webs and they have buying envelopes, I don't want to buy and print. I have letters to mail and I want to put my addresses on only.
well get Microsoft publisher and select envelope and make one in the program then put a black envelope in your printer and then select the envelope in the page settings in the printer settings and print.
Depending what program you are printing from, it is found under page setup > page size. For example in IE go to File > Page Setup > Page Size. In Word 07 go to Navigation Menu > Print > Print > Scale to paper size.

I just got the hp office jet j4680 and installed it but it wont print i can scan n copy fine but the printer is not working I cant even use the printer setup option it has it doesn't work when i try to print something off the net i get a search 4 printer what could be the problem plz help
1.Restart and then reinstall the software
2. Go to add/remove and remove all components for the printer
Reinstall the software, or you don't have the CD, to to the listed site below for the drivers

I have had a EMACHINE PC connected to a Lexmark X1270 printer for a few years. Back in December I purchased a Toshiba laptop with windows 7. I have tried to install the old printer that I have had hooked up to the PC, to the new laptop. Without any success at all. Any suggestions would be great. It keeps saying cannot Communicate with printer.
Most Windows 7 PCs I have seen have the 64 Bit version of the OS on them so if it is 64 bit windows
you need a 64 bit windows 7 driver from the lexmark site for it
http://support.lexmark.com/index?page=co…

HowTo Get More Prints For Less Money

2010-01-29T21:24:00.000+03:00

It is easier to buy a printer at low cast but one may not continue printing for long time without buying expensive ink cartridges. Some ink cartridges are even more expensive than the printer's price. Here I'll suggest you some simple tricks to save money and get more from your printer.
Use printer's own power switch:
Always turn off the printer from its own power switch. In the normal shut down process print heads are parked in especially designed “home position”. If you shut the printer off from the power strip and not the printer itself, it can bypass its normal shut-down process, which can lead to a clogged or dry printhead. Remember to never shut your printer off from the power strip.
Print at least one page per week:
Last year a friend of mine told me that his printer stopped printing even he didn't print a single page since long time. You may face the same situation if you do not use you inkjet printer for weeks or months. Ink cartridges may dry out if not used. Print a full color page at least once a week.
Preview to print less:
When printing, try to always use the print preview before printing so you don’t waste toner or paper. . Almost all office applications have a print preview button. When printing from web browser, use printer optimized pages if available.
Know when to go off-brand:
Refill kits may seem like a good way to cut printer costs; but they're messy, their print quality is inconsistent, and the refilled cartridge will hold less ink than a new cartridge from the original manufacturer will, which means fewer prints in the long run.
If you're printing drafts of text documents, off-brands can be a good choice. For printing photos, however, they generally produce fewer prints than brand-name cartridges do, and they fail to match the manufacturers' inks in print quality and fade resistance.
Print just the text:
If you do not need all the information provided on a web page, select your desired text, go to File menu, print and choose “Print selection”. Alternatively you can copy the text and paste it on a text editor such as Notepad. There, you can print out the information and save loads of color toner.
Send Documents Electronically:
A good way to save on paper from the get-go is to not print at all. If possible, send co-workers documents in emails, transfer them via USB flash drive, or copy them on a shared network.

Bizhub C360/ C280/ C220 Security Option

2009-10-11T14:11:00.003+03:00

Konica Minolta has introduced a new functionality to it C360/ C280/ C220 series color machines. With this option installed any unwanted document can be prohibited from printing or copying. A special kit can be installed to enable this security option. There are two types of restrictions you may use:

Copy guard:

This function prints a document and embeds a Copy Guard pattern in a copy. You may print a preset stamp such as “Confidential”, “Prohibited” etc. But first you need to scan and save the protected document in the machine memory. In case an attempt is made to copy the protected documents, machine compares the pattern with the saved data and discards the currently running job.

Password Copy:

This function is similar to copy guard except that it prints a document and embeds a password for Password Copy. If an attempt is made to copy password-copied documents, the machine that supports this function scans a Password Copy pattern and prompts you to enter the password. When the correct password is entered, copying will begin. If a wrong password in entered, the current job will be deleted. This function is able to prevent unauthorized copying of documents, such as read-only documents. If multiple originals with different passwords are scanned, you will need to enter a password for each original.
Konica Minolta is providing the optional security Kit SC-507 to implement Password Copy and Copy Guard.

Preventative Maintenance for Your Printer

2009-10-07T23:07:00.001+03:00

It is probably safe to say that most people only realise what a magical thing the average inkjet or laser printer is, when it suddenly stops working! Only then is it clear that the humble - or not so humble - office printer is a complex system with delicate and intricate machinery, which repays better attention to keep it working well, and to keep print quality consistent and as good as when the printer was first purchased.

Have you ever counted the number of documents you print each day? From emails and web pages to reports, receipts and even books; the list is endless, and so are your printing expenses. Here are a few tips that will help you to use your printer effectively and save money.. A few checks for a coupe, of hours every month will extend the printer's life and will of course increase user confidence that the printer will be on hand to work effectively and immediately, on demand and every time.

There is an even greater need for preventative maintenance with laser printers - largely due to the fact that they print more pages per minute and have more moving parts than inkjets. Here, the maintenance process involves inspecting components such as ozone filters, static eliminator teeth and cleaning the fuser unit.

Here are some preventative maintenance ideas that should help you get fewer service calls:

• Proofread before printing- Remove all the spelling, typological and grammatical mistakes before taking the printout of the document. Due to these errors, a lot of ink is wasted. By proofreading the document, you can save both the ink and your hard-earned money.
• Use the print preview option frequently- The print preview option helps you to see beforehand how the print out would appear. According to the preview, you can make the changes. When you are fully satisfied, then only you should print the document. In this manner, you can save time as well as money.
• Know the print properties inside out- Print properties have a lot of useful options which can reduce the printing cost dramatically. For instance, you can choose to print on both the sides of the paper. You can also select the paper size and quality through this option. Furthermore, you can increase or decrease the size of the print. There are many other things that you can do with the help of this option. Hence, learn to manage this print properties option properly.
- Do not use solvent or ammonia-based cleaners. The right thing to use is isopropyl or ethyl alcohol. Use an alcohol-dampened or water-dampened lint free cloth. - Always inspect paper pickup rollers for dust. Paper pickup rollers collect dust and need to be cleaned periodically.
When the printer is not used regularly, the nozzles of the cartridge becomes blocked. Due to this, you stop getting high-quality output. There are two ways to overcome this problem; one, at least once a week take a print out, and two, if you are not using the printer for a long period of time, then switch it off.- When rollers become shiny and appear "glazed," they need to be replaced.

- Transfer rollers should be cleaned if really dirty, but it is important not to touch the rollers with bare fingers. A dry lint-free cloth must be used, and if a lot of toner spills on the transfer roller, then the only option is to replace the transfer roller

- Inspect the fuser assembly rollers for marks, and replace them if there are any marks of blemishes present.

Following these tips will ensure you need fewer service calls, that your workflow will not be frustrated at critical times, and will certainly increase the life span of the printer.

Troubleshooting sequence for printing issues 2

2009-10-07T22:57:00.000+03:00

Print a Self Test page from the printer by disconnecting the printer’s USB cable from the Computer or from the printer side.
To isolate whether the issue is with printer’s Hardware or Software let’s print a Test page from the printer by disconnecting the printer’s USB cable from the Computer or from the printer side.
Now, the results show two scenarios:
One is Hardware issue(If the self test is not printed from printer).
Second one is Software issue(If the self test is printed from printer).
Hardware Scenario:
If the printer does not print a Self Test page from the printer, it confirms that the printer hardware is not functioning properly.Educate the Customer by stating that I’m sorry to say this. As per the results, I suspect that the printer hardware is not functioning properly. However, let us try some more troubleshooting steps to isolate and fix the issue.
Step 1: Connect the printer directly to wall out let.
Step 2: Check the ink level.
Step 3: Cleaning of cartridge and printer contacts.
Step 4: Perform a Power cycle steps to remove static electricity from printer.
Follow the steps to Power cycle the printer :
1.Unplug the power supply from the wall outlet.
2.Unplug the power supply from the back of the printer.
3.Wait at least 20 seconds, and then plug in the supply back into the wall outlet.
4.Plug in the power supply back into the printer.
5.Press the power button to turn the printer on.
After performing all the steps, try printing a Self-Test page from printer.

Troubleshooting sequence for printing issues 1

2009-10-07T22:50:00.000+03:00

Whenever Printing issue occurs while processing on the Floor, Follow the below steps:

Probing:

Confirm the All--in-One model number first.

May I know the All-in-One Model you are using? (Ex: HP Photo smart 3310 All-in-One)

Or

Am I correct that you are using HP Office jet 7410 All-in-One?

Check the Connectivity:

May I know how exactly the `All-in-One is connected to the Computer (USB, Ethernet, Wireless)?

Know the OS:

What operating system do you have installed in your Computer (Windows 98, Me, or XP)?

Or

May I know the version of windows (Windows 98, Me, or XP) you are using?

Ask for the Error messages:

Are there any error messages displayed on the All-in-One or on the Computer while Printing? If so, please provide me the exact error message as it is displayed. It would be helpful to isolate the issue.

Why no Print:

When exactly the issue started? Let me know if you change any settings on the All-in-One or in the Computer, replaced any accessories like Cartridges, Papers or any parts of the All-in-One?

Suggestions For Reducing Printing Costs

2009-10-07T00:59:00.002+03:00

1. Use mail order printers. Ordering printing by mail generally costs less because these printers have less
overhead. Answer ads in mail order publications and compare prices. Always request samples.

2. Order larger quantities. Before an offset printer runs your job, he must photograph the camera-ready copy & make a printing plate. This is necessary whether you order 1, 100 or 10,000 copies and is included in the "base" price. If you have an effective sales piece, you can save considerably by ordering more units, less often.

3. Avoid 2 and 3-color print jobs. If your materials do a good selling job printed with black and white ink on colored paper. Pocket the savings!

4. Use black ink only. Printers are geared to print with black ink. When you order a job printed in any other color, you will generally be charged extra for cleaning the press before and after your print job.

5.. Avoid rip-off prime sources that requires you to buy their sales materials directly from them. Generally, their products are poor sellers, but they make money off printed circulars, envelopes, etc.,you are forced to buy from them - at a highly inflated prices. Don't be gypped! Honest
dealers will let you order printing from whomever you please.

6. Print both sides of the sheet. Since the cost of paper your jobs requires is also included in the base price, by printing both sides of the page, you can save. (this can also reduce your postage costs!)

7. Submit PERFECT camera-ready copy.. If you require the printer to make changes on the original, he will charge extra. (read "How To Design Winning Ads With Your Own "CR" Copy" - just $1 from above Publisher).

8. Avoid large "reverses" (black solids). It is difficult for any printer to get good ink coverage if there are large reverses (black with white lettering), and many charge as much as 25% extra. A well designed sales piece does not have to rely on reverses to get attention.

9. Use standard paper sizes. Ordering printing on unusual sizes or types of paper requires press adjustments. This increases printing costs.

10. Order a "photo reduction". Standard typewritten copy can be reduced 25% to 33 1/3% and be legible. If your sales message runs to sat 1 1/4 t 1 1/3 pages, you can have it reduced to fit a regular 8 1/2" x 11" sheet and save printing. Most printers will do this for a small fee.

11. Avoid duplication. If you keep accurate records, you can reduce printing bills simply by not sending the same materials over and over again to the same customers. (read "How To Set Up A Simple, Low-Cost Record/Bookkeeping System" - only $1.00 from above Publisher).

12. "Cut" copy. If your message is handwritten or typed, and fills more than one 8 1/2" x 11" page, try rewriting the copy and eliminating unnecessary words. It will then cost you less,to have it printed.

13. Sum up offers. If you have many items to sell, instead of sending a separate circular advertising each offer (which also increases postage costs), you can mention them all on one or two pages. Just list the items and give a brief description. At the bottom of the page, say
something like "For additional information, check the items that interest you most and return this entire sheet with a long SASE."

14. Avoid printer's "convenience" services. A printer's basic job is printing! But may also perform other services such as collating, folding, stapling, etc.. You can save much for your printing bill if you do many of these easy little chores yourself.

15. "Make a deal!" Some smaller, local printers may give you a "discount" if you promise to use him exclusively for all of your printing needs.

Internet Security and Acceleration Server

2009-09-19T05:28:00.000+03:00

ISA Server is a complete solution by Microsoft for providing an access point between the Internet and the corporate internal network. It can operate as a firewall, limiting access to and from the internal organization network. ISA Server provides a proxy and caching server enabling access to resources on the Internet to internal network clients. It also acts as a VPN endpoint, and provide Internet Access for client systems in a Business Networking environment.

ISA server provides advanced protection for networks. It operates as a firewall and examines every packet flowing through it providing a good protection from hackers, viruses etc.It supports multiple networks and enables the configuration of network and firewall rules that filter the flow of traffic between all networks.

All firewall rules can be viewed and modified in a single location by using ISA Server management console making it easier to avoid security breaches due to firewall misconfiguration. It can also be integrated with Active Directory infrastructure to provide authentication. ISA provides fast and secure access to corporate applications and data such as MS Exchange Server and Internal Web Servers.

ISA 2006 introduces a variety of improvements upon the previous version, ISA 2004, including support for authentication via Secure LDAP, (LDAPS) to multiple LDAPS providers or Active Directory forests, integrated support for Exchange 2007 (also backported to ISA 2004), support for publishing Microsoft SharePoint, Single sign-on, Cross-Array Link Translation, Web Publishing Load Balancing (with cookie-based affinity for Integrated NLBS) as well as variety of improvements to wizards such as a Branch Office VPN Connection Wizard, improved certificate management, and Link translation. ISA Server 2006 is only available in a 32 bit version. It also does not work on Windows Server 2008 due to the extensive changes to the networking stack.

The NetWare FileServer

2009-09-07T04:59:00.002+03:00

NetWare is one of the world’s most common network operating systems of today. It is manufactured by the Novell Company, an American enterprise with legal seat in Provo (Utah). Above all, NetWare is well known for its capacity to support an easy administration even of complex network systems with the most various components, like the different operating systems of the workstations, transfer protocols and routers up to the individual applications.
NetWare uses Novell DOS (formerly DR-DOS) as a boot loader. Novell DOS is similar to MS-DOS and IBM PC-DOS, but no extra license for DOS is required; this came from the acquisition of Digital Research in 1991. Prior to this, Novell acquired Kanwal Rekhi’s company Excelan, a company which manufactured smart ethernet cards, and also commercialized the internet protocol TCP/IP, solidifying Novell’s presence in these niche areas. It was around this time also that Ed Tittel of HTML For Dummies notoriety became involved with Novell, taking up various positions within the newly acquired Excelan before being made national Marketing Manager for Novell, prior to taking up the post as Novell’s Director of Technical Marketing.
The network system of NetWare’s first version (NetWare 2) has been a „non-dedicated“ system. „Non-dedicated“ refers to the functionality of the server on the network. It designates, that the server can be used both as server and workstation. NetWare 2 and also NetWare 3 are based on the so-called „Bindery“. The Bindery is a Novell specific server database, which does contain all information about the network, like User names, passwords, printer queues and directory rights. In the database, this information is combined into objects. The third version operates with the „dedicated“ FileServer principle. Herewith, all functions that are necessary for the operation of the network are installed on a central server computer.Contrary to the previous non-dedicated principle, this server cannot be used as a workstation. Thus, the dedicated FileServer system always has to consist of at least two computers: a server and a workstation. The server is used for the administration of all data and the access rights of the network. But the actual processing of the data has to be carried out on the workstations. That means all the commonly used files are placed on the server. For the processing, they have to be recalled from the server. Afterwards, they are transmitted back to the server again. Therefore, it is obviously quite important to guarantee a continuous operation of the server. A server failure would cause a complete standstill of the whole network system.
In July 2001, Novell acquired the consulting company Cambridge Technology Partners, founded in Cambridge, MA, by John J. Donovan, to expand offerings into services. Novell felt that the ability to offer solutions (a combination of software and services) was key to satisfying customer demand. This change was strongly resisted within the firm’s software development culture as well as the finance organization which recommended against the merger. The CEO of CTP, Jack Messman, engineered the merger using his position as a board member of Novell since its inception and soon became CEO of Novell as well. He then hired back Chris Stone as Vice Chairman/Office of the CEO to set the course for Novell's strategy into Open Source and Enterprise Linux. With the CTP acquisition, Novell moved its headquarters to Massachusetts.[

Postscript and its Benefits

2009-07-14T00:30:00.007+03:00

Adobe PostScript is the worldwide printing and imaging standard. It is widely used by print service providers, publishers, corporations, and government agencies around the globe, giving you the power to print visually rich documents reliably. Adobe Postscript printing technology is licensed to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) for building high-performance printing systems and print workflow solutions. As a scalable architecture, it can be easily integrated into a wide range of devices and technologies while maintaining the high quality and performance.
It has become the printing and imaging technology of choice for corporations, publishers and government agencies throughout the world. 75 % of all commercial publications are printed on Adobe PostScript devices. These include
• black/white printers,
• colour printers,
• image setters,
• latesetters and
• direct digital printing systems.
By the way, Postscript is not limited to be used in printers or other devices used in the professional printing process. Also computer screens have been driven by Postscript.
The Postscripts language has had two major upgrades. The first version, known as PostScript Level 1, was introduced in 1984. Post script 1 was implemented by the Apple on the Apple LaserWriter printer. Postscript supported many new features at that time like outline fonts and vector graphics so it became popular among graphic printers. The structure of the Postscripts language, which is similar to a conventional computer programming language, meant that these advanced features could be used in a very versatile and creative manner to create complex images and designs. Apple continued to upgrade this language and introduced the Apple LaserWriter Plus. The new printer had more memory and many more outline fonts.
Nowadays, Postscript has become an industry standard for the typesetting of books, magazines and other complex publications.
PostScript Level 2
PostScript Level 2 was introduced in 1991, and included several improvements: improved speed and reliability, support for in-RIP separations, image decompression (for example, JPEG images could be rendered by a Postscripts program), support for composite fonts, and the form mechanism for caching reusable content.
The disadvantage of Postscripts was its speed. Postscript Level 1 required an enormous amount of processing power, and was often very slow. The capabilities of the various releases were also confusing, as the language was enhanced as each new printer was equipped with PostScript, extensions to PostScript were created to cope with colour, patterns, printers with multiple paper trays, duplex etc. PostScript Level 2 incorporates all the enhancements made to the original PostScript, setting a new baseline for the language. PostScript Level 2 is entirely backwards compatible with the original PostScript, and will produce the same image for a job as a PostScript Level 1 printer.
PostScript Level 3
Postscript level 3 was introduced in 1997, supports more fonts, better graphics handling, and includes several features to speed up PostScript printing.
PostScript 3 (Adobe dropped the "level" terminology in favor of simple versioning) came at the end of 1997, and along with many new dictionary-based versions of older operators, introduced better color handling, and new filters (which allow in-program compression/decompression, program chunking, and advanced error-handling).
The new graphics capabilities include
• smooth shading,
• idiom recognition,
• masked images,
• finer colour controls,
• superscreens, and
• fast image.
Other improvements of PostScript Level 3 include
• In–RIP Trapping,
• direct PDF printing, and
• DeviceN.
In–RIP Trapping is a new capability of the PostScript 3 interpreter that executes trapping commands at the raster image processor (RIP), automating complex and time consuming prepress tasks. Trapping is specified, then rendered at print time rather than as a separate production step prior to RIPping. Direct PDF printing is an optional capability of the Adobe PostScript 3 interpreter that improves workflow productivity by allowing the RIP to accept and print files in the Portable Document format (PDF) without
printing through an application – the PDF files don’t have to be opened with an application and then be printed from that application but can be sent directly to the RIP.
DeviceN is a new Level 3 operator that handles any number of colours, from duotones and tritones, to Haxachrome™ and beyond, in a composite workflow. This feature is supported by Adobe Photoshop 5.0. It makes prepress applications easier to use and
more efficient, representing all colour on one single page, instead of using one page per colour.

Benefits of Adobe Postscript are :

Quality. Adobe Postscript was designed from the outset to work seamlessly with every major operating system and color management system and prints anything, from everyday business correspondence to complex colorful brochures. The printed version always looks exactly as it does on-screen without reformatted pages or misplaced artwork.
Network. With support on every major computer platform Adobe Postscript devices are ideal for networks large and small.
PostScript became commercially successful due to the introduction of the graphical user interface, allowing designers to directly lay out pages for eventual output on laser printers. However, the GUI's own graphics systems were generally much less sophisticated than PostScript; Apple's QuickDraw, for instance, supported only basic lines and arcs, not the complex B-splines and advanced region filling options of PostScript. In order to take full advantage of PostScript printing, applications on the computers had to re-implement those features using the host platform's own graphics system. This led to numerous issues where the on-screen layout would not exactly match the printed output, due to differences in the implementation of these features.
Print documents regardless of printing device computer platform or operating system. This is device independence. Adobe Postscript language file is independent of the device that created it and the device that prints it.
Print documents not created by the user including documents sent by email imported from new media such as CD-ROM or downloaded from the Internet.
Select the best device for users' needs from a wide variety of Adobe Postscript devices currently available.
Print easily across networks large or small which incorporate a variety of computers operating systems, applications and printing systems anywhere in the world.
Adobe Postscript printers and systems work independently of any network configurations ensuring seamless operation in any environment.
Print in color with the assurance that regardless of device the colors in the output will be what the user intended.
Performance. Adobe continuously optimizes the Adobe Postscript system to enhance performance. The flexibility of Adobe Postscript offers manufacturers the freedom to optimize the printing environment with technologies such as memory reduction compression and coprocessors.
Compatibility. Whether using Microsoft Windows Apple Macintosh, UNIX, OS/2, DOS, or a networked combination, Adobe Postscript delivers consistent high-quality results.
Typically, PostScript programs are not produced by humans, but by other programs. .

Spot Color

2009-07-13T00:12:00.002+03:00

In offset printing, a spot color is any color generated by an ink (pure or mixed) that is printed using a single run. Spot colors are special pre-mixed inks used instead of, or in addition to, the process color (CMYK) inks. Each spot color requires its own plate on the press. If you are planning to print an image with spot colors, you need to create spot channels to store the colors. More advanced processes involve the use of six spot colors (hexachromatic process), which add Orange and Green to the process (termed CMYKOG). The two additional spot colors are added to compensate for the inefficient reproduction of faint tints using CMYK colors only. Spot color printing is effective when the printed matter contains only one to three different colors, but it becomes prohibitively expensive for more colors. However, offset technicians around the world use the term spot color to mean any color generated by a non-standard offset ink; such as metallic, fluorescent, spot varnish, or custom hand-mixed inks.
Most desktop publishing and graphics applications allow you to specify spot colors for text and other elements. There are a number of color specification systems for specifying spot colors.
Creating Spot channel in Adobe Photoshop
You can create a new spot channel or convert an existing alpha channel to a spot channel
First choose Window > Channels to display the Channels palette. Do one of the following
create a channel:
• Ctrl-click (Windows) or Command-click (Mac OS) the New Channel button in the Channels palette or click the pop-out menu in the Channels palette.
• Choose New Spot Channel from the Channels palette menu.
New Spot Color in Adobe Illustrator
• Ctrl-click (Windows) or Option-click (Mac OS) the New Swatch button in the Swatches palette.
• Ctrl-drag (Windows) or Command-drag (Mac OS) the color from the toolbox or Color palette to the Swatches palette. Or, if you selected an object, Ctrl-drag (Windows) or Command-drag (Mac OS) the object to the Swatches palette.
• Select New Swatch from the Swatches palette menu. Select Spot Color for Color Type. Set additional swatch options if needed and click OK.
You can find some predefined spot colors, such as colors from the TOYO, PANTONE, DIC, and HKS in the "libraries".
are defined using Lab values.
Soft Proofing of Spot Colors
Remember that spot colors (gold, silver, fluoresent) can't be reproduced on a monitor exactly because they exist outside the gamut or color range of monitor and other proofing devices.

NTLM (NT LAN Manager)

2009-06-27T00:24:00.003+03:00

NTLM is a Microsoft authentication protocol used with the SMB protocol. It is the successor of LANMAN, an older Microsoft authentication protocol, and attempted to be backwards compatible with LANMAN. The NTLM initials stand for NT LanMan (i.e. LanMan for Windows NT). NTLM was followed by version two NTLMv2, at which time the original was renamed NTLMv1.
Before there was official documentation of the protocol, a lot about it was found out by the Samba team through network analysis. The cryptographic calculations are identical to that of MS-CHAP and are documented by RFC 2433 for v1 and RFC 2759 for v2. Both MS-CHAP v1 and v2 have been analyzed; Bruce Schneier, Pieter Zatko and David Wagner, among other researchers, found weaknesses in both protocols. Both protocols remain in widespread use.
We will only discuss the latest NTLMv2 protocol here and use the term NTLM to refer to it.
NTLM is a challenge response authentication protocol that is cryptographically stronger than NTLMv1. The challenge-response mechanism of the protocols involves the exchange of three messages between the client (wishing to authenticate) and the server (requesting authentication) as follows:
1. The client first sends a Type 1 message containing a set of flags of features supported or requested (such as encryption key sizes, request for mutual authentication, etc.) to the server.
2. The server responds with a Type 2 message containing a similar set of flags supported or required by the server (thus enabling an agreement on the authentication parameters between the server and the client) and, more importantly, a random challenge (8 bytes long).
3. Finally, the client uses the challenge obtained from the Type 2 message and the user's credentials to calculate the response. The calculation differs based on the NTLM authentication parameters negotiated previously, but in general they apply MD4/MD5 hashing algorithms and DES encryption to compute the response. The client then sends the response to the server in a Type 3 message.

What is PDF/X?

2009-06-07T14:38:00.002+03:00

PDF/X is an umbrella term for several ISO standards that define a subset of the PDFCMYK or spot colors. PDF/X-2 and PDF/X-3 accept calibrated RGB and CIELAB colors, while retaining most of the other restrictions of PDF/X-1a. PDF (Portable Document Format) is a file format that has captured all the elements of a printed document standard. The purpose of PDF/X is to facilitate graphics exchange, and it therefore has a series of printing related requirements, which do not apply to standard PDF files. For example, in PDF/X-1a all fonts need to be embedded and all images need to be as an electronic image that you can view, navigate, print, or forward to someone else. The PDF/X standard was developed by the American National Standards Institute's (ANSI) Committee for Graphic Arts Technologies Standards (CGATS) at the request of newspaper publishers and advertisers. PDF/X is defined as a subset or a standardized version of PDF, specified to create more consistent and predictable files than using just PDF. It aims to reduce problems with PDF files that cause printing errors, unreliable proofs and corrupt files. By using the PDF/X standard, there is reduced operator intervention, fewer errors, reduced costs, time saving and improved color matching. It has more tightly defined variables than a PDF file can have. Rather than a printer specifying a set of Distiller or PDF settings to each client (worked out by trial and error), they can request that each client use PDF/X. In fact, a client can use this one setting for all their printers, a good example being an advertising agency, which would be able to use PDF/X for all adverts being sent to their magazines. PDF/X overcomes the problem that PDF can be used in many more ways than just pre-press. They can include comments and annotations, for example, and they may be made with RGB colors, or perhaps without embedded fonts. PDF/X format was created to facilitate “blind exchange” to minimise errors and speed up the production process. There are a number of versions of PDF/X standards published as ISO 15930:

PDF/X-1a

PDF/X-1a is basically a PDF file with certain things disallowed. It addresses blind exchanges where all files should be delivered in CMYK (and/or spot colors), with no RGB or colormanaged data.

PDF/X-1a restricts the content in a PDF document that does not directly serve the purpose of high-quality print production output, such as annotations, Java Actions, and embedded multimedia.

PDF/X-1a eliminates common errors in file preparation, such as font mismanagement, incorrect color space, images which are missing and overprint/trap issues sending your document as a PDF/X-1a file will guarantee that these errors do not occur because for a file to be confirmed as complying to the PDF/X-1a standard: All fonts and images must be embedded All elements must be encoded as CMYK or spot. The file must be identified as trapped or not trapped

PDF/X-3

Closely related to PDF/X-1a but isn’t restricted to CMYK and spot colors. This standard supports Lab and RGB color and ICC color profiles. Where PDF/X-1a is suited for color managed workflow and restricted for this purpose, the PDF/X-3 format is more flexible and open. This requires good communication between designer and vendors to make sure problems don't arise. PDF/X-3:2002 is based on PDF level 1.3 and PDF/X-3:2003 is based on PDF level 1.4. PDF/X3:2002 is currently the recommended level when using this type of PDF/X.

PDF/X-2

Still in development, this is a more flexible format than both PDF/X-1 and PDF/X-3. It is not limited to CMYK, it supports the Lab color space and ICC color management as well as OPI workflows, and it does not require that fonts be embedded. PDF/X-2 is designed to address exchanges where there is more discussion between the supplier and receiver of the file. NOTE: Each succeeding implementation of the PDF/X format allows greater control for the modification of the file which is only of a benefit if the vendor has the knowledge to implement additional changes from the designer. Updates to PDF versions are not always embraced readily within the design and publishing industries for compatibility purposes. PDF/X-1a:2001 is the most common format, which will be the focus of this module and will be referred to as PDF/X-1a. Examples are shown using Adobe CS2 and Acrobat Professional 7.0. Earlier versions may show different menus, however, the principles are the same.

List of the PDF/X Standards

PDF/X is formalized in ISO Standard 15929 and 15930:

ISO 15929 (which has been withdrawn in March 2008 and no longer is an official standard) specifies the guidelines and principles for the development of PDF/X standards.
ISO 15930 defines the specific implementations.
- ISO 15930-1: PDF/X-1a:2001, Blind exchange in CMYK + Spot Colors, based on PDF 1.3
- IS
- YK, gray, RGB or spot colour data are supported, as are PDF transparency and optional content. It is designated as PDF/X-4p in case a required ICC profile is externally supplied.

Open Prepress Interface

2009-06-07T14:34:00.000+03:00

protocol developed by Aldus Corporation used in electronic prepress to link desktop publishing systems and high-end CEPS. Essentially, high-resolution color images are stored on a central network server, to which all the workstations are connected. Low-resolution files are sent by the server to individual computers working on page layout. The low-res images are imported into the page (in a kind of FPO way), positioned, and comments sent back to the OPI server provide specific cropping, scaling, positioning, and color information about the image. The server's PostScript driver inserts the proper instructions into the PostScript code. When the page is ultimately output to an imagesetter connected to the network, the high-resolution image is swapped for the low-res one, and the indicated instructions as to cropping, etc., are executed.

The work with layout documents which include big graphic files (high resolution, big size) may become a test for someone’s patience due to the rate of the processing. The dealing with this kind of files, which need a lot of memory in the workflow, can be simplified with an Open Prepress Interface (OPI) System. Although the PCs and networks become constantly faster and powerful, OPI is used for the Prepress workflow in order to minimize the waiting period. It is in use for 10 years now, but only a few people know this application.

OPI- principle

If a graphic file is placed into a document, layout applications normally integrate the whole graphic file. If the graphic files are big, the processing of the document becomes very slow due to the quantity of the graphic data. The resources needed by the PC and the network (if used) are unnecessary; because low resolution graphic files are sufficient for the work on a monitor in order to create the layout or to judge the colors.

Because of this, OPI-programs create low-resolution graphic files with the same dimensions and place them into the layout document instead of the originals. The high-resolution files are integrated by an OPI-server just after the print job is started. The OPI-server finds the data by so called OPI-comments, which are included in the PostScript print file or in a PDF file. These OPI-comments describe, among other things, the memory needed, the sizes, and the position of the graphics in the layout document. Another aspect is the possibility to share the work of one project between the graphics and the layout, because the final graphics are embedded after the print job is started.

Therefore, the output files include only references to the original high-resolution graphic files in order to save resources of the PC and the network. The big advantage is that the resources which are needed of the computer for the layout document are moved from the PC to the server. This saves time and costs. If there is a powerful OPI-server, the print job is speeded up, too.

There are, among others, three popular OPI-server programs. All three programs are offered for different platforms:

• EtherShare OPI from Helios

• UNIX (Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, Compaq UNIX)

• LINUX

• Windows 2000

• Mac OS X

• Color Central from Scenicsoft

• Apple Mac OS

• Windows NT 4 Server

• Windows 2000

• Full Press from Xinet

• UNIX (Solaris, Solaris x86, IRIX)

• Mac OS X

• Windows NT 4

• Windows 2000 Server

What is Dynamic DNS

2009-06-07T14:29:00.000+03:00

Dynamic DNS is a system that allows the domain name data held in a name server to be updated in real time. The most common use for this is in allowing an Internet domain name to be assigned to a computer with a varying (dynamic) IP address. This makes it possible for other sites on the Internet to establish connections to the machine without needing to track the IP address themselves. A common use is for running server software on a computer that has a dynamic IP address, as is the case with many consumer Internet service providers.

Dynamic DNS service is provided on a large scale by various DNS hosting services, which retain the current addresses in a database and provide a "client" program to the user that will send an update to the service whenever the server's IP address has changed. Many commercial and freely available providers exist that provide Dynamic DNS services including everydns.net and no-ip.com amongst many others.

The benefits of using Dynamic DNS for users that do not have statically assigned IP addresses are quite important in that they are able to host their own websites, IRC / chat servers and other such services, even mail servers. Unfortunately hosting DNS with a dynamic IP address is not possible and having Dynamic DNS services to your IP address still cannot help with that as DNS servers are accessible via their IP address and not via an FQDN.

Users with static IP addresses are always better off not using Dynamic DNS, instead they should configure direct DNS services to point to their address. Dynamic DNS requires a large amount of polling and a low threshold of DNS cache expiry in order to recover from changes to the underlying IP address.

On the other hand, for statically assigned IP addresses there is no reason to incur such overheads since we know that the address will remain the same over time.

Linux Printer Installation

2009-05-08T17:26:00.000+03:00

You can use a variety of tools to administer printers in CUPS. Some are special to your distribution, some are free and some are commercial. We tested CUPS mostly on a PC running SuSE Linux. We cannot say much about the use of CUPS with any other Linux distribution like RedHat or Linux Mandrake, but it should be very similar on any other system. The next section shows a “real life” example installation we did with a PI5501/Di450 and SuSE Linux. Any information given in this section is tested on SuSE Linux 7.3, but it should be easy to do it with nearly any other Linux distribution. But in that case we will not use SuSE’s YaST2!
Two ways on how to install a printer are shown in the following:
1. a GUI based installation (using the ESP web interface)
2. an installation with command line tools
To show this example, we used the web interface provided by CUPS. It is accessible via Port 631, the standard port for IPP and CUPS.
It is no problem if you have CUPS and other servers on the same machine while using this port.
1. Just type the following URL:
http://localhost:631
if you are working locally on your server
http://[server-name]:631
if you are working on a remote server. .
This procedure will lead you to the starting page of the web interface. Choose "Manage Printers" here to get to the printer overview. This screen shows you all printers installed on your system and their current status. Printers marked green are ready to print, printers marked red with an open tray are stopped. In that case you have to check whether there is a problem
2. In order to install a new one, choose "Add Printer" here.
3. Then you have to give a name to your new printer.
Note: According to the IPP specifications, CUPS is not case sensitive. That means, you do not have to look for the use of capitalization or the use of small initial letters (di351test and DI351TEST specify the same printer!).
Additionally you have the opportunity to give more information about your printer and the location or any other description that might be useful (e.g. any special features or configurations or maybe restrictions)
4. In this step you have to choose the type of connection that you are using for the printer you like to install. Possible settings you can choose are:
• Disk File
• App Socket /HP Jet Direct
• Internet printing protocol
• LPR/LPD Host or printer
• Parallel or serial ports
5. Now you have to put in a valid IP-address and a remote queue name for your printer.
Please see the given examples on the screen for the correct syntax.
6. Now choose your manufacturer. All the manufacturer names offered in this list and the model names offered in the list in Step 7 are generated by CUPS while using the PPD files stored in /usr/share/cups/model/[name of manufacturer] If your printer does not appear in this list, please make sure that there is a PPD file for it in this location. If it is not, get one and just copy it to this location.
7. Now you have to choose a printer. If your printer does not appear in the list you have to install a PPD file on your system.
You need to be logged in as root to do that (or use the “Sper user” command SU).
Now your printer is installed and ready to be configured.

IP Address Basics

2009-04-06T14:30:00.004+03:00

What is IP
An IP address is a number that uniquely identifies every host on an IP network. IP addresses operate at the Network layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack, so they are independent of lower-level Data Link layer MAC addresses, such as Ethernet MAC addresses.
IP addresses are 32-bit binary numbers, which means that theoretically, a maximum of something in the neighborhood of 4 billion unique host addresses canexist throughout the Internet. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the resulting depletion of the address space, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed. You’d think that would be enough, but TCP/IP places certain restrictions on how IP addresses are allocated. These restrictions severely limit the total number of usable IP addresses, and today, about half of the total available IP addresses have already been assigned. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages the IP address space allocations globally. IANA works in cooperation with five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) to allocate IP address blocks to Local Internet Registries (Internet service providers) and other entities. However, new techniques for working with IP addresses have helped to alleviate this problem, and a new standard for 128-bit IP addresses (known as IPv6) is on the verge of winning acceptance.
Understanding IP Adress
IP stands for Internet Protocol, and its primary purpose is to enable communications between networks. As a result, a 32-bit IP address actually consists of two parts:
The network ID (or network address) identifies the network on which a host computer can be found.
The host ID (or host address) identifies a specific device on the network indicated by the network ID.
Most of the complexity of working with IP addresses has to do with figuring out which part of the complete 32-bit IP address is the network ID and which part is the host ID. The original IP specification uses a system called address classes to determine which part of the IP address is the network ID and which part is the host ID. A newer system, known as classless IP addresses (IP6) is rapidly taking over the address classes system.
IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation (four numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g. 208.77.188.166). Each part represents 8 bits of the address, and is therefore called an octet. In less common cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in hexadecimal, octal, or binary representations. When converting, each octet is usually treated as a separate number. In dotted-decimal notation, each group of eight bits, known as an octet, is represented by its decimal equivalent. For example, consider the following
binary IP address:
11000000101010001000100000011100
The dotted-decimal equivalent to this address is:
192.168.136.28
Here, 192 represents the first eight bits (11000000), 168 the second set of eight bits (10101000), 136 the third set of eight bits (10001000), and 28 the last set of eight bits (00011100). This is the format in which you’ll usually see IP addresses represented.

COMMON SSH USES

2009-04-04T00:12:00.003+03:00

SSH was originally designed as a replacement for less-secure Unix commands. Telnet, FTP, rlogin, rcp, and rsh provide login access, file transfer functionality, and remote command execution, but they transmit passwords in plaintext. The systems are also vulnerable to TCP hijacking (and UDP hijacking, in the case of FTP). SSH provides all of these functionalities over an encrypted channel. For example, the OpenSSH client, ssh, supports command-line options for performing these operations. SSH also provides support for arbitrary port forwarding and automated system usage.
Remote Login
Using OpenSSH’s ssh without any command options provides a login prompt. The basic usage is ssh hostname or ssh user@hostname. These commands establish an SSH tunnel to the server, hostname, using the account name user. When creating a command-line shell, the SSH client provides both application layer and presentation layer functionality.
Remote Command Execution
The OpenSSH client permits operating similar to the BSD remote-shell command, rsh. After specifying the user and hostname, any other options are treated as a command. The command is executed immediately after logging in. For example, the command ssh user@hostname ls will remotely log in to hostname as user and execute the command ls. The file streams STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR (standard input, output, and error) are passed across the SSH tunnels, so the output from ls is transmitted back to the client. Specifying no command is the same as specifying the user’s login shell.
File Transfers
There are two methods for performing SSH file transfers. The first method uses remote command execution. In effect, the tunnel is used to pass the file. The second method uses SSH subsystems. The SSH server permits the execution of well-defined applications. This is similar to the Unix inetd system, where different network ports are used to run different applications.
Port Forwarding
Although SSH forwards streams such as STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR, it can
also forward TCP ports. Using the OpenSSH options -R and -L, a port on the local
system can be passed to the remote end, and vice versa.
Automated Systems
SSL is commonly used by automated systems for establishing secure connections. However, SSL has many limitations when used by automated systems. For example, SSL clients are vulnerable to MitM attacks, DNS poisoning, and risks from handling invalid certificates.
In simple you can say that SSH can be used for the following purposes:

for login to a shell on a remote host (replacing Telnet and rlogin)
for executing a single command on a remote host (replacing rsh)
for copying files from a local server to a remote host.
in combination with SFTP, as a secure alternative to FTP file transfer
in combination with rsync to backup, copy and mirror files efficiently and securely
for port forwarding or tunneling a port (not to be confused with a VPN which routes packets between different networks or bridges two broadcast domains into one.).
for using as a full-fledged encrypted VPN. Note that only OpenSSH server and client supports this feature.
for forwarding X11 through multiple hosts
for browsing the web through an encrypted proxy connection with SSH clients that support the SOCKS protocol.
for automated remote monitoring and management of servers
for securely mounting a directory on a remote server as a filesystem on a local computer using SSHFS.

Secure Shell or SSH

2009-04-04T00:03:00.002+03:00

Secure Shell or SSH is a point-to-point tunneling protocol that is designed to pass encrypted traffic between two specific hosts. Along with tunneling traffic at the presentation layer, SSH also can provide application layer functionality, including a login shell similar to telnet (over the encrypted tunnel), and FTP-type services. The sftp system is an implementation of an FTP-like protocol over SSH. Used primarily on Linux and Unix based systems to access shell accounts, SSH was designed as a replacement for TELNET and other insecure remote shells, which send information, notably passwords, in plaintext, leaving them open for interception.
The SSH protocol addresses each of the basic security concepts. SSH uses public-key cryptography to authenticate the remote computer and allow the remote computer to authenticate the user, if necessary. Note that SSH is a protocol that can be used for many applications. Some of the applications may require features that are only available or compatible with specific SSH clients or servers. For example, using the SSH protocol to implement a VPN is possible, but presently only with the OpenSSH server and client implementation.
Confidentiality: Each SSH connection is encrypted, preventing an eavesdropper from viewing information. For added security, SSH periodically reexchanges keys to ensure that a compromise of one set of keys does not compromise the entire session. In contrast, CTCP, IPsec, and IPv6 only exchange keys at the beginning of the connection.
Authentication: Before establishing a connection, the client must authenticate the server and the server must authenticate the client. Client authentication can be any combination of certificates (keys), passwords, or digital tokens. Although SSH is usually used with one-part authentication (a password or a key), it can support two- and three-part authentication systems. The server only uses a certificate to authenticate with the client.
Authorization: SSH limits the traffic that can enter the tunnel and can restrict how data exits the tunnel. For remote login access, SSH restricts authorization to the user’s login privileges.
Integrity: SSH uses encryption and cryptographic checksums to validate each packet. Any packet that fails an integrity check is viewed as an attack, which terminates the connection.
Nonrepudiation: Each packet is cryptographically signed using an HMAC, ensuring that the data actually came from the sender. SSH has three primary uses: establish a secure network tunnel, provide a VPN with port-forwarding characteristics, and supply application-layer login functionality.

SSL Communication Flow

2009-04-03T23:57:00.003+03:00

The different negotiations used by SSL, including cryptographic algorithms, key exchanges, and certificates, are performed concurrently.
Step 1: The client sends a hello record that includes the version of SSL being used (usually TLS 1.0), a list of viable cipher specifications, and a random challenge.
Step 2: The server responds with the selected cipher set and either a server certificate
(server-side certificate) or part of a key exchange. The server may also request a certificate from the client (client-side certificate). The server generates a response to the random challenge that can be validated by the client. This allows the client to identify the server—preventing potential MitM attacks between the client and the server. This does not validate the server; it only prevents a MitM from hijacking the established connection.
Step 3: If the server provides a certificate, then the client contacts a certificate authority (CA) and validates the certificate. Although it is considered secure for the client to validate the certificate, there is nothing in SSL requiring certificate validation. Contacting a CA can add time to the initial connection. If speed is an issue, then the client may choose to not validate the server’s certificate. In addition, some cipher sets, such as SSL3-NULL-MD5 and SSL3-RC4-MD5, do not require a server certificate.
Step 4: The client responds to the server, initiating a key exchange. If a clientside certificate is available, then the client may provide it. (If the server requests a client-side certificate, then one must be provided.) If the server provides a certificate, then the client also provides a message encrypted with the certificate. Similar to Step 2, this allows the server to identify but not validate the client.
Step 5: If the client provides a certificate to the server, then the server may contact a CA to authenticate the client. As with Step 3, the server is not required to validate the client, but servers usually validate client-side certificates.
Step 6: The server sends an encrypted handshake to complete the validation process. At this point, the negotiations and exchanges are complete; the clientand server are both authenticated and validated. An attacker cannot act as a MitM or impersonate the client and server. All further communication uses the agreed upon symmetrical encryption algorithm, which is seeded with the negotiated key exchange values.

Simple TLS handshake

A simple connection example , illustrating a full handshake, follows:

A client sends a ClientHello message specifying the highest TLS protocol version it supports, a random number, a list of suggested cipher suites and compression methods.
The server responds with a ServerHello message, containing the chosen protocol version, a random number, cipher suite, and compression method from the choices offered by the client. The server may also send a session id as part of the message to perform a resumed handshake.
The server sends its Certificate message (depending on the selected cipher suite, this may be omitted by the server).
The server sends a ServerHelloDone message, indicating it is done with handshake negotiation.
The client responds with a ClientKeyExchange message, which may contain a PreMasterSecret, public key, or nothing. (Again, this depends on the selected cipher.)
The client and server then use the random numbers and PreMasterSecret to compute a common secret, called the "master secret". All other key data for this connection is derived from this master secret (and the client- and server-generated random values), which is passed through a carefully designed "pseudorandom function".
The client now sends a ChangeCipherSpec record, essentially telling the server, "Everything I tell you from now on will be encrypted." The ChangeCipherSpec is itself a record-level protocol, and has type 20, and not 22.
Finally, the client sends an encrypted Finished message, containing a hash and MAC over the previous handshake messages.
The server will attempt to decrypt the client's Finished message, and verify the hash and MAC. If the decryption or verification fails, the handshake is considered to have failed and the connection should be torn down.
Finally, the server sends a ChangeCipherSpec and its encrypted Finished message, and the client performs the same decryption and verification.
At this point, the "handshake" is complete and the application protocol is enabled, with content type of 23. Application messages exchanged between client and server will be encrypted.

What is The Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

2009-04-03T21:04:00.002+03:00

The Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol provides a framework for passing information through an authenticated and encrypted tunnel. Each SSL connection defines a point-to-point tunnel between a client and a server. The SSL protocol operates within the presentation layer and allows the client and server to negotiate authentication, encryption, and checksum algorithms.
The SSL protocol was originally developed by Netscape. Version 1.0 was never publicly released; version 2.0 was released in February 1995 but "contained a number of security flaws which ultimately led to the design of SSL version 3.0", which was released in 1996 (Rescorla 2001). This later served as the basis for TLS version 1.0, an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard protocol first defined in RFC 2246 in January 1999. Visa, MasterCard, American Express and many leading financial institutions have endorsed SSL for commerce over the Internet. SSL operates in modular fashion. It is extensible by design, with support for forward and backward compatibility and negotiation between peers. SSL, by itself, is a system for negotiating protocols. SSL does not provide security nor natively include cryptography; there is no security from SSL by itself. The security in SSL comes from the negotiated protocols. For example, the client may support DES, 3DES, and AES encryption, whereas the server supports 3DES and RC2. Using SSL, both systems can negotiate communication using their common 3DES encryption algorithm. A variety of authentication, encryption, and checksum functions may be incorporated into SSL. SSL is used to tunnel plaintext data through an encrypted tunnel. Application-layer protocols that normally transmit unencrypted data gain encryption, authentication, validation, and nonrepudiation by using SSL. For example, the Web uses HTTP for transmitting and receiving HTML data normally via plaintext transfers. HTTP over SSL is called HTTPS. It uses SSL to encrypt the Web requests and replies. HTTPS is the most common use of SSL. Other uses include stelnet and sftp—telnet and FTP over SSL. Because SSL is a presentation-layer protocol, any application-layer protocol
may use SSL. Although most SSL-enabled applications explicitly link to an SSL library,stand-alone SSL applications can proxy application data through an SSL connection. Example generic proxies include s_client and s_server from OpenSSL, and the stand-alone Stunnel application (http://www.stunnel.org/).
Several versions of the protocols are in wide-spread use in applications like web browsing, electronic mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and voice-over-IP (VoIP).
SSL v2 is flawed in a variety of ways:
* Identical cryptographic keys are used for message authentication and encryption.
* MACs are unnecessarily weakened in the "export mode" required by U.S. export restrictions (symmetric key length was limited to 40 bits in Netscape and Internet Explorer).
* SSL v2 has a weak MAC construction and relies solely on the MD5 hash function.
* SSL v2 does not have any protection for the handshake, meaning a man-in-the-middle downgrade attack can go undetected.
* SSL v2 uses the TCP connection close to indicate the end of data. This means that truncation attacks are possible: the attacker simply forges a TCP FIN, leaving the recipient unaware of an illegitimate end of data message (SSL v3 fixes this problem by having an explicit closure alert).
* SSL v2 assumes a single service, and a fixed domain certificate, which clashes with the standard feature of virtual hosting in webservers. This means that most websites are practically impaired from using SSL. TLS/SNI fixes this but is not deployed in webservers as yet.

C6000 in KM 1635, How to Reset

2009-03-26T01:24:00.003+03:00

kyocera Mita 1635 machine is a medium size machine for small offices and home users. The machine is equipped with a self diagnostic function so it displays an error code whenever its processor detects a problem during copy process.
Some codes can be reset by simply opening and closing the front door or by turning the machin on and off, but there are some others that can be reset only by a service representative. C 6000 code is one of them. There are several causes that lead to this problem, i;e:
1. Unstable power source
2. Low volatage
3. Broken thermisted wire
4. Poor contact in the thermister connector terminals.
5. Heater lamps are broken or not installed correctly.
Here is the process to reset c 6000.
Enter 1087-1087 (1087 twice) from the keypad.
U000 will be displayed.
Enter 163 by using the keypad keys.
Press "Start" (the green button) twice.
The code will be reset and machine will start automatically.
If this code is appeared again, you may need to check the fusing section of the machine and it shoud be done only by a service engineer.

Printer Ink, How to Buy?

2009-03-25T13:19:00.000+03:00

With the advancement of technology the purchase price of a printer has come down to a great extent. But the cost of running a printer has not come down to the same extent. Printer ink amounts to be the most expensive of all printer supplies. Before you buy it you should know different types of printer ink, their advantages and disadvantages.
Different kinds of Printer Inks.
Printer inks come in different kinds.
OEM
First is the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) ink. This type is designed to work with specific printer models. It provides the best quality print and usually comes with a warranty. This is the most expensive yet reliable type of ink.
Compatible Printer Inks
Since most users prefer cheaper printer inks, they have resorted to buying compatible printer inks instead. They are designed to comply with OEM printing standards. Like OEM inks, they are designed only for specific printer brands.
Recycle Inks
Finally, remanufactured printer inks are made from recycled ink. They are the cheapest kind of ink but can be unreliable.
What should you choose?
When buying a printer ink, it is always best to check for your printer's compatibility. Different printer models work with specific printer inks. Make sure you buy only the right ink for your printer else you can damage it and void the warranty on your printer.
Do not be easily fooled by companies claiming to sell the “best” printer inks. Check for the packaging. Make sure it is not tampered and that you buy only from a reputable dealer.
If you are looking for inks that provide high quality prints, it is always best to buy an OEM ink. It is expensive but it provides lasting and better results than other types.
Buying printer cartridges online will save you a lot of money. There are several online dealers of printer ink and cartridges. These online dealers offer discounts on purchases. Buying online gives you the option of doing your research on the various suppliers and choosing the best discount price. These suppliers will deliver printer cartridges free of cost right at your doorstep, saving you money on traveling and shipping.

Bizhub 250c Troubleshooting

2009-03-22T22:10:00.007+03:00

Ineo 250 machine is equipped with a self diagnostic funcion. It automatically discovers any problem during and after the intializing process. Simple problems can be solved by the user, but If a malfunction that cannot be corrected by the user occurres, the “Malfunction detected" code appears. The machine displays an abort code (CFXXX) on the Control Panel as it becomes unable to process tasks properly through its software control. When the system program is aborted, check the electrical component, unit, option, and connection relating to the specific type of the abort condition. Some important codes are given below:
C0001 LCT Connection can not be established
C0102 LCT Vertical Transport Motor Error
C0204 Tray 2 Elevator failure
C0206 Tray 3 Elevator failure
C0208 Tray 4 Elevator failure
C0209 LCT Elevator Motor malfunction (Elevator malfunction)
C0210 LCT ascent motion failure
C0211 Manual Tray Rise Descent Error
C3751 High temperature is detected (Fusing Roller)
C3752 Pressure Roller high temperature
C3851 Fusing roller low temperatre
C3852 Press roller low temperature
C4551 Laser Unit Problem (Cyan)
C4552 Laser Unit Problem (Magenta)
C4553 Laser Unit Problem (Yellow)
C4554 Laser Unit Problem (Black)
If an abort code is displayed than machins stops to work. Some abort code are:
CF001 CT_SingleList Table Abnormal
CF002 CT_DoubleList Table Abnormal
CF003 CT_DoubleList Table Abnormal
CF004 CT_Queue Full Abnormal
CF011 ArrayLink Abnormal
CF012 FAT Link Abnormal