<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387</id><updated>2024-10-04T23:00:26.799-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Produção Sucroalcooleira </title><subtitle type='html'>Setor sucroenergético em destaque</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><link rel='next' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default?start-index=26&amp;max-results=25&amp;redirect=false'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>32</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-6100176495251084113</id><published>2013-05-17T16:57:00.002-03:00</published><updated>2013-05-17T17:20:41.605-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Kit colheita Cana de Açúcar  3 linhas  DMB</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
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_________&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Kit ColheBen - DMB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;img id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_imgProduto&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dmb.com.br/Thumbnail/?Arquivo=/ImageBank/Catalogo/9a111404-04f2-40b8-bd73-65d6d5b421fa_kit_colheben.jpg&amp;amp;Altura=300&amp;amp;Largura=400&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; border-style: none; border-width: 0px; color: #5f5f5f; float: left; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; height: 300px; margin: 0px 10px 10px 0px; padding: 0px; width: 400px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;txt_conteudo&quot; id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_lblConteudo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 748px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;txt_conteudo&quot; id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_lblConteudo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 748px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;img align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dmb.com.br/ImageBank/FCKEditor/image/kit%20colheben.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;txt_conteudo&quot; id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_lblConteudo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 748px !important;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;txt_conteudo&quot; id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_lblConteudo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 748px !important;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Descricão:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;txt_conteudo&quot; id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_lblConteudo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 748px !important;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;txt_conteudo&quot; id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_lblConteudo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 748px !important;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;txt_conteudo&quot; id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_lblConteudo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 748px !important;&quot;&gt;O Kit ColheBen é um acessório para ser acoplado em todas as colhedoras de cana, para proporcionar a colheita simultânea de até 3 linhas de cana, nas &lt;b&gt;áreas de baixa produtividade,&lt;/b&gt; reduzindo de forma significativa o custo da colheita nestas áreas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;txt_conteudo&quot; id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_lblConteudo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 748px !important;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;txt_conteudo&quot; id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_lblConteudo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 748px !important;&quot;&gt;O corte da cana é feito bem próximo do solo, na posição horizontal, diminuindo o impacto nas soqueiras e as impurezas minerais. As linhas de cana cortadas são direcionadas para o centro da colhedora, não ficando cana para ser recolhida na volta, inclusive com índice de perdas mínimos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;txt_conteudo&quot; id=&quot;ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_lblConteudo&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #f8f8f8; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; width: 748px !important;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
A instalação do kit ColheBen na colhedora de cana é bastante simples, necessitando um tempo maior apenas na primeira vez, quando são colocados os suportes para fixação do kit, porém, depois da primeira instalação, o seu acoplamento ou retirada não dura mais do que 15 minutos.&amp;nbsp;&lt;img align=&quot;right&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;103&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dmb.com.br/ImageBank/FCKEditor/image/kit%20colheben1(1).jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;250&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
O Kit ColheBen possui a &lt;b&gt;versatilidade de colher 3 linhas simultâneas de cana em áreas com produtividade de até 65 - 70 t/ha&lt;/b&gt; e, em áreas com produtividade mais elevada, manter um braço levantado, colhendo-se 2 linhas simultâneas. Nos dois casos, outro benefício do uso do kit é o menor pisoteio, devido ao menor tráfego da colhedora e transbordos na área.&lt;/div&gt;
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Para um funcionamento adequado do Kit ColheBen é necessário que o canavial esteja ereto, sem excesso de plantas daninhas e que a variação do espaçamento entre linhas seja de no máximo 5%.&amp;nbsp;&lt;img align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;250&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dmb.com.br/ImageBank/FCKEditor/image/kit%20colheben%20calota%20de%20flutua%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;185&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;img align=&quot;left&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; height=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;http://www.dmb.com.br/ImageBank/FCKEditor/image/kit%20colheben%20calota%20de%20flutua%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg&quot; style=&quot;border-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;É necessário também, colhedora com fluxo de óleo disponível dos cortadores laterais ou de algum outro ponto com a mesma vazão (l/min).&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
O uso do Kit ColheBen para a colheita mecanizada em áreas de baixa produtividade, proporciona uma redução de combustível de até 40% em litros/t colhida e transportada, uma redução no tempo de colheita de até 60% para completar a carga do transbordo, além de uma redução no tráfego sobre a lavoura de 50 a 70%.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;strong style=&quot;margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;Características:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
- 2 cortes de base com sete facas cada um, acionados por motor hidráulico e chapas empurradoras das canas para o centro da colhedora.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
- Disco côncavo fixado embaixo do corte de base, que proporciona copiar o solo e fazer o corte paralelo ao solo e sempre na mesma altura.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
- Regulagem para espaçamento das linhas de cana de 1,00m até 1,50m.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot;&gt;
- 2 cilindros hidráulicos que permitem levantar os braços do kit individualmente.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;color: #5f5f5f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12px;&quot;&gt;Créditos: &lt;b&gt;DMB&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dmb.com.br/Catalogo/Produto.aspx?IDProduto=112&quot;&gt;http://www.dmb.com.br/Catalogo/Produto.aspx?IDProduto=112&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;( acesso dia 17/05/2013)&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/6100176495251084113/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2013/05/kit-colheita-cana-de-acucar-3-linhas-dmb.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/6100176495251084113'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/6100176495251084113'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2013/05/kit-colheita-cana-de-acucar-3-linhas-dmb.html' title='Kit colheita Cana de Açúcar  3 linhas  DMB'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-3239702612568779503</id><published>2012-12-17T21:51:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2012-12-17T21:51:56.140-02:00</updated><title type='text'>ADUBAÇÃO; DOENÇAS E PRAGAS</title><content type='html'>&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Introdução&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta postagens tem como objetivo abordar três assuntos, adubação, doenças e pragas
que como deve - se proceder para que a produção final não seja afetada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para
a cana de açúcar há a necessidade de considerar duas situações distintas,
adubação para cana-planta e para soqueiras, sendo que, em ambas, a
quantificação será determinada pela análise do solo. O manejo da fertilidade do
solo, envolvendo correção da acidez e adubação, é um fator determinante da
produtividade das culturas. Entretanto, o emprego de fertilizantes e corretivos
deve ser criterioso e equilibrado, considerando que o uso do solo deve ser
feito de forma a manter sua fertilidade em equilíbrio com o meio ambiente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Doenças
da cana-de-açúcar, já foram descoberta no Brasil mais de 200, tem registro de
cerca 58 existe aqui no Brasil. Sendo que 10 são de grande relevância na
economia do setor. As doenças são caraterizado pelos fungos, bactérias e vírus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;As
pragas da cana-de-açúcar também é outo grande problema, há uma grande espécie
de inseto. Que atacam principalmente: As raízes, o colmo e as folhas, afetando
diretamente a produção.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Adubação&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
cana-de-açúcar apresenta sistema radicular diferenciado de outras culturas, uma
vez que, não havendo impedimentos físicos ou químicos, atinge camadas profundas
do solo. Facilitar o crescimento das raízes em profundidade contribui para o
aumento da produtividade da cultura, já que aumenta o volume de solo explorado
para a retirada de água e nutrientes. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
uso de corretivos é fundamental para a melhoria da fertilidade do solo e dos
ambientes de produção para a cana-de-açúcar. Considera-se como práticas
corretivas o uso do calcário para corrigir a acidez, o uso do gesso para
diminuir a atividade do alumínio e acrescentar cálcio em profundidade, e a
fosfatagem, que adiciona fósforo em área total para aumentar o teor de fósforo
em solos muito pobres deste elemento.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
correção da acidez do solo tem efeitos diretos e indiretos sobre as plantas,
alterando características do solo, como:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
neutralização do alumínio e do&amp;nbsp; manganês,
que podem ser tóxicos para as plantas;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
elevação das concentrações de cálcio e magnésio;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
elevação do pH;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
aumento na disponibilidade de uma série de elementos, como o fósforo, por
exemplo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Efeitos
indiretos dizem respeito ao aumento do sistema radicular das plantas em função
da melhoria da fertilidade e do aumento do cálcio, maior produtividade em
função da maior disponibilidade de nutrientes, melhoria nas características
físicas e biológicas do solo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para
a cana-de-açúcar, a calagem tem possibilitado uma maior longevidade do canavial
(em geral um corte a mais do que seria possível sem a calagem). A adubação da
cultura visa adicionar os nutrientes necessários em quantidades suficientes
para garantir a máxima produtividade econômica. É importante subtrair no
cálculo dos nutrientes necessários as quantias que serão fornecidas pelo solo, de
acordo com a relação abaixo:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Adubação = (nutriente requerido pela
planta - nutriente fornecido pelo solo). F&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;F&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt; é o fator de aproveitamento do
fertilizante, que corrige as perdas sofridas nos processos existentes entre a
aplicação e a absorção do nutriente pelas plantas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
primeiro passo no planejamento da adubação é saber quais nutrientes são
necessários para o bom desenvolvimento da cana-de-açúcar. Os elementos químicos
encontrados em maiores concentrações são o carbono, o hidrogênio e o oxigênio,
sendo que estes elementos são adquiridos do ar e da água, pelos processos de
fotossíntese.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os
minerais obtidos do solo em maior quantidade (gramas por quilo de matéria
vegetal produzida) em qualquer cultura agrícola são chamados de
macronutrientes, divididos em:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Primários
ou nobres: Nitrogênio (N), Fosfóro (P) e Potássio (K).Secundários: Cálcio (Ca),
Magnésio (Mg) e Enxofre (S).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os
nutrientes minerais exigidos em menores quantidades (miligramas ou microgramas
por quilo de matéria vegetal produzida) são os micronutrientes:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Boro
(B), Cloro (Cl), Cobre (Cu), Ferro (Fe), Manganês (Mn), Molibdênio (Mo), Níquel
(Ni) e Zinco (Z).&amp;nbsp; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
época da adubação é muito importante para o aproveitamento do fertilizante,
levando-se em consideração o estágio da cultura, o comportamento do elemento no
solo e a idade do canavial (cana-planta e cana-soca).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os
fertilizantes e corretivos podem ser classificados como os insumos de maior
importância para a produção de cana-de-açúcar, devido à capacidade que estes
têm de influenciar a produtividade da cultura. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Na
adubação mineral com NPK, em geral, o nitrogênio é o nutriente que as plantas
necessitam em maior quantidade. Entretanto, na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, o
potássio é requerido em quantidades maiores do que o nitrogênio, elemento que
faz parte de muitos compostos, sobretudo das proteínas, e é constituinte da
clorofila, ácidos orgânicos e hormônios vegetais. O canavial bem nutrido em
nitrogênio apresenta-se verde e exuberante, uma vez que este nutriente estimula
a brotação, o enraizamento e o desenvolvimento de perfilhos. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
resposta na produtividade da cana-planta devido à aplicação de nitrogênio é
pequena, mas, mesmo assim, são utilizadas entre 30 e 60 quilos de nitrogênio
por hectare. Já nas soqueiras, a produtividade é altamente influenciada pela
aplicação do nitrogênio, sendo comum a utilização de 80 a 150 quilos por
hectare, dependendo do ambiente de produção, da variedade e da idade do
canavial. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
fósforo, por sua vez, é o nutriente que as plantas requerem em menor
quantidade. Apesar disso, é um dos elementos aplicados em maiores quantidades
nos solos brasileiros, devido à sua baixa disponibilidade natural e grande afinidade
da fração mineral do solo por este elemento, o que se torna um dos fatores mais
limitantes da produção em solos tropicais. Com isso, a adubação fosfatada é
imprescindível para a otimização da produção de diversas culturas, inclusive a
cana.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
adubação fosfatada para a cana-de-açúcar é amplamente reconhecida como uma
prática eficaz para elevar a produtividade dos canaviais, principalmente nos
solos brasileiros, que são, em geral, pobres em fósforo. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
fósforo faz parte das moléculas de ATP e ADP, participando, portanto, de todos
os processos metabólicos que utilizam energia. O elemento também é constituinte
de fosfolipídeos e moléculas de DNA e RNA, participando dos processos de
divisão celular e transmissão dos caracteres genéticos. Embora o elemento seja
um dos macronutrientes menos exigidos pela cana-de-açúcar, as dosagens
utilizadas estão entre 100 e 150 quilos de P2O5 por hectare, sendo que,
geralmente, o fósforo é aplicado uma única vez, no sulco de plantio. Essa dose
de fósforo satisfaz, portanto, a necessidade da cultura por cinco anos. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
potássio estimula a vegetação e o perfilhamento; aumenta o teor de
carboidratos, óleos, lipídeos e proteínas; promove o armazenamento de açúcar e
amido; ajuda na fixação do nitrogênio; regula a utilização da água e aumenta a
resistência à seca, geada e moléstias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Por
apresentar alta resposta na produtividade, o potássio é aplicado em doses altas
tanto na cana como nas soqueiras. Doses entre 80 e 150 quilos de K2O por
hectare são utilizadas tanto para a cana-planta como para as soqueiras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Adubação Mineral de Plantio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;mso-cellspacing: .7pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 80%px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 20.0%;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Produtividade esperada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 20.0%;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Nitrogênio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 34.0%;&quot; width=&quot;34%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;P resina, mg/dm³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 9.0%;&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0 - 6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 9.0%;&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;7 - 15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 8.0%;&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;16 - 40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 8.0%;&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;40&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 20.0%;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;t/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 20.0%;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;N, kg/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 34.0%;&quot; width=&quot;34%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;P2O5, kg/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 20.0%;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;100&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;100 - 150&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;150&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 20.0%;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;30&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;30&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;30&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 9.0%;&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;180&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;180&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;*&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 9.0%;&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;100&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;120&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;140&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 8.0%;&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;60&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;80&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;100&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 8.0%;&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;40&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;60&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;80&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;mso-cellspacing: .7pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 80%px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 50.0%;&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Produtividade esperada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 50.0%;&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;K+&amp;nbsp;trocável, mmolc/dm³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.0%;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0 - 0,7&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.0%;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0,8 - 1,5&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.0%;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;1,6 - 3,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.0%;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;3,1 - 6,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.0%;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;6,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 50.0%;&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;t/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 50.0%;&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;K2O, kg/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 50.0%;&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;100&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;100 - 150&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;150&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.0%;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;100&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;150&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;200&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.0%;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;80&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;120&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;160&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.0%;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;40&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;80&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;120&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.0%;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;40&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;60&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;80&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 10.0%;&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;*&amp;nbsp;Não
é provável obter a produtividade dessa classe, com teor muito baixo de P no
solo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aplicar
mais 30 a 60 kg/ha de N, em cobertura, durante o mês de abril; em solo arenoso
dividir a cobertura, aplicando metade do N em abril e a outra metade em
setembro - outubro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Adubações
pesadas de K2O devem ser parceladas, colocando no sulco de plantio até 100 kg/ha
e o restante juntamente com o N em cobertura, durante o mês de abril.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para
soqueira, a adubação deve ser feita durante os primeiros tratos culturais, em
ambos os lados da linha de cana; quando aplicada superficialmente, deve ser bem
misturada com a terra ou alocada até a profundidade de 15 cm.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Na
adubação mineral da cana-soca aplicar as indicações do quadro a seguir,
observando os resultados da análise de solo e de acordo com a produtividade
esperada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Adubação Mineral da Cana-Soca&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;mso-cellspacing: .7pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Produtividade esperada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Nitrogênio&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;P resina, mg/dm³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;K+&amp;nbsp;trocável, mmolc/dm³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0-15 &amp;gt; 15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0,15&amp;nbsp; 1,5-3,0 &amp;gt; 3,0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;t/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;N, kg/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;P2O5, kg/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;K2O, kg/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 60&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;60 - 80&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;80 - 100&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 100&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;60&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;80&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;100&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;120&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 13.0%;&quot; width=&quot;13%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;30&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;30&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;30&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;30&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 12.0%;&quot; width=&quot;12%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 9.0%;&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;90&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;110&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;130&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;150&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 8.0%;&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;60&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;80&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;100&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;120&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 8.0%;&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;30&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;50&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;70&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;90&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportMisalignedColumns]--&gt;
&lt;tr height=&quot;0&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: none;&quot; width=&quot;186&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: none;&quot; width=&quot;186&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: none;&quot; width=&quot;97&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: none;&quot; width=&quot;90&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: none;&quot; width=&quot;67&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: none;&quot; width=&quot;60&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;border: none;&quot; width=&quot;61&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fonte: Boletim Técnico 100 IAC, 1996&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aplicar
os adubos ao lado das linhas de cana, superficialmente e misturado ao solo, no
máximo a 10 cm de profundidade.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Se
for constatada deficiência de cobre ou de zinco, de acordo com a análise do
solo, aplicar os nutrientes com a adubação de plantio, nas quantidades
indicadas a seguir:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot; style=&quot;mso-cellspacing: .7pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 70%px;&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Zinco no solo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Zn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Cobre no solo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;background: #E1DFDD; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Cu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;mg/dm³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;kg/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;mg/dm³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;kg/ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0-0,5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 0,5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;5&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0-0,2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 0,2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt; width: 25.0%;&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;4&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;0&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Fonte: Boletim Técnico 100 IAC, 1996&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Uso de Resíduos
da Agroindústria Canavieira&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Atualmente há
uma tendência em substituir a adubação química das socas pela aplicação de
vinhaça, cuja quantidade por hectare esta&amp;nbsp; na dependência da composição
química da vinhaça e da necessidade da lavoura em nutrientes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os sistemas
básicos de aplicação são por infiltração, por veículos e aspersão, sendo que
cada sistema apresenta modificações.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A torta de
filtro (úmida) pode ser aplicada em área total (80-100 t/ha), em pré-plantio,
no sulco de plantio (15-30 t/ha) ou nas entrelinhas (40-50 t/ha). Metade do
fósforo aí contido pode ser deduzido da adubação fosfatada
recomendada.&amp;nbsp;(Boletim Técnico 100 IAC, 1996).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;Doenças&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Doenças
da cana-de-açúcar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Até
hoje foram identificadas&amp;nbsp;216 doenças&amp;nbsp;que atingem a cana-de-açúcar,
sendo que&amp;nbsp;cerca de 58 foram encontradas no Brasil. Dentre estas 58
doenças, pelo menos&amp;nbsp;dez podem ser consideradas de grande importância
econômica para a cultura.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;As
doenças mais importantes são controladas&amp;nbsp;com o uso de variedades
resistentes.&amp;nbsp;Porém, o fato de o controle estar embutido nas
características agronômicas da planta faz com que alguns produtores rurais
desconheçam&amp;nbsp;o valor da&amp;nbsp;variedade. Entretanto, como a maioria das
resistências a doenças nessa cultura é de caráter quantitativo e não
qualitativo, ou seja, a resistência não é absoluta, mas gradual, muitas
variedades em cultivo podem apresentar certo nível de suscetibilidade a algumas
doenças.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Como
os causadores de doenças são seres vivos, eles podem produzir, também, novas
raças ou variantes que vencem essa resistência e passam a causar novo surto de
doença. Em função disso e das mudanças climáticas, podem surgir surtos
epidêmicos, havendo a necessidade de identificar novas&amp;nbsp;doenças da cana e
manter uma contínua vigilância dentro dos canaviais,&amp;nbsp;nos níveis
estadual&amp;nbsp;e nacional.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Principais
doenças da cana-de-açúcar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Escaldadura-das-folhas;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Estria
vermelha;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Raquitismo-da-soqueira;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Mosaico;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Amarelinho;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ferrugem
da cana;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Carvão
da cana;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Mancha&amp;nbsp;parda;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Podridão
abacaxi;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Podridão
de fusarium;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Podridão
vermelha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Alguns
fatores ambientais podem causar sintomas parecidos com doenças nas planta, o
que pode confundir o produtor ou o extensionista. Um exemplo é a semelhança
entre os sintomas de podridão vermelha com os efeitos de um raio que atinge a
lavoura..&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Doenças
causadas por bactérias&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentre
as doenças bacterianas que preocupam o setor canavieiro destacam-se a
escaldadura das folhas, estrias vermelhas&amp;nbsp;e raquitismo da soqueira, que
estão descritas, detalhadamente, abaixo. Outras doenças também provocam
prejuízos, dependendo da região e das&amp;nbsp;condições ambientais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Escaldadura
das folhas&amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;Bactéria&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Xanthomonas albilineans&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
doença é causada pela bactéria&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Xanthomonas albilineans&lt;/i&gt;, capaz de
colonizar os vasos das plantas e mover-se sistematicamente em seus tecidos
vegetais. Ela se manifesta de forma distinta&amp;nbsp;em localidades diferentes,
isto é, os sintomas da doença variam de acordo com as condições do local.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A&amp;nbsp;escaldadura
das folhas apresenta grande potencial destrutivo, sobretudo em variedades
suscetíveis. No Brasil, sua importância tem sido deixada de lado em função dos
erros de identificação e da confusão de seus prejuízos com aqueles causados
pelo raquitismo da soqueira. Quando a doença se manifesta em variedades
extremamente suscetíveis, pode causar perdas de até 100%. Ela pode causar,
ainda,&amp;nbsp;má formação dos colmos, morte das touceiras, queda&amp;nbsp;de produção
e&amp;nbsp;de riqueza&amp;nbsp;em sacarose.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;São
conhecidos três tipos de&amp;nbsp;sintomas&amp;nbsp;da doença, considerados bastante
complexos:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;em
algumas situações, observa-se no interior&amp;nbsp;dos colmos uma descoloração na
região dos nós, assemelhando-se aos sintomas do raquitismo da soqueira;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;surgimento
de diversos sintomas externos, sendo que o mais característico são as estrias
brancas na folha, podendo atingir até sua base;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;o
sintoma agudo, observado nas variedades mais suscetíveis em condições favoráveis
à bactéria, caracteriza-se pela queima total das folhas, como se a planta
tivesse sido escaldada. Daí a origem do nome da doença, escaldadura das folhas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
bactéria&amp;nbsp;penetra pelos ferimentos dos colmos e permanece na planta durante
toda sua vida. Dessa forma,&amp;nbsp;a doença&amp;nbsp;é&amp;nbsp;facilmente disseminada na
colheita por meio de ferramentas de corte como o facão ou mesmo as
colhedoras.&amp;nbsp;Com o aumento da colheita mecanizada, as preocupações com essa
doença se intensificaram. Portanto, é importante manter o canavial sempre
sadio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os
ventos e as chuvas podem disseminar a doença por longas distâncias, quando
espalham a bactéria presente em áreas mortas (necroses) das plantas afetadas.
Condições de estresse&amp;nbsp;(frio, seca ou temperatura muito alta) induzem
o&amp;nbsp;aparecimento da fase aguda da doença.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
principal forma de controle da escaldadura das folhas é feita por meio de
variedades resistentes e tolerantes.&amp;nbsp;O uso&amp;nbsp;de variedades tolerantes
requer alguns cuidados, como: evitar plantio de mudas provenientes de campos
com a doença; preparar áreas de viveiros para eliminar bactérias do solo e
restos de cultura; desinfectar equipamentos e ferramentas utilizadas no manejo
da cultura. Não é conhecido até o momento qualquer produto, químico ou
biológico, que controle satisfatoriamente a escaldadura das folhas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Estria
vermelha – Bactéria&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Acidovorax avenae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
bactéria causadora da doença é de origem asiática e está presente&amp;nbsp;nas
principais regiões canavieiras do mundo. No Brasil, sua presença
é&amp;nbsp;restrita, pois necessita de condições de clima e&amp;nbsp;solo específicas,
como alta fertilidade.&amp;nbsp;A estria vermelha é considerada uma doença
secundária, porém apresenta certo impacto econômico nos Estados de São Paulo e
do Paraná.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A&amp;nbsp;doença
manifesta-se com o aparecimento de estrias finas e longas nas folhas e podridão
do topo do colmo. Nas folhas os sintomas evoluem para uma coloração
vermelho-marrom. Com a evolução da doença, as estrias atingem o topo da planta.
Posteriormente,&amp;nbsp;essa região umidece e apodrece. Se as condições forem
favoráveis, a podridão do topo estende-se pelo resto do colmo, causando
rachaduras&amp;nbsp;por onde escorre um líquido de odor desagradável.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
disseminação da bactéria se dá por respingos de chuva e pelo vento, sendo que o
calor (temperaturas acima de 28º C) e a alta umidade (acima de 90%) favorecem&amp;nbsp;seu
desenvolvimento. As infecções&amp;nbsp;são favorecidas, também, por ferimentos
produzidos nas plantas, quando uma folha esbarra em outra. O uso de variedades
resistentes é o método mais efetivo de controle da estria vermelha.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Raquitismo
da soqueira - Bactéria&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Leifsonia xyli&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;subsp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;xyli&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pesquisadores
consideram o raquitismo da soqueira a mais importante doença da cana-de-açúcar
em todo o mundo. O raquitismo pode causar prejuízos&amp;nbsp;de 5 a 30% da
produtividade e infeccionar&amp;nbsp;até 100% do canavial.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Não
existe qualquer sintoma externo característico da doença que possa
ser&amp;nbsp;visualizado para o diagnóstico. Por isso, em alguns casos, o produtor
pode não&amp;nbsp;saber que seu campo está infectado. O produtor só tomará
conhecimento do raquitismo quando observar o subdesenvolvimento dos colmos
rebrotados da touceira depois da colheita.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
doença leva a um crescimento retardado das touceiras e colmos menores, tornando
o canavial desuniforme. Nas touceiras doentes&amp;nbsp;observa-se, então, colmos
mais finos e internódios (região entre os nós) curtos, o que causa redução da
produtividade.&amp;nbsp;Se faltar água às plantas durante a manifestação do
raquitismo da soqueira, seus efeitos serão mais intensos e ocorrerá enrolamento
das&amp;nbsp;folhas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
intensidade dos sintomas e, também, as perdas&amp;nbsp;são&amp;nbsp;variáveis.&amp;nbsp;Ambas
dependem&amp;nbsp;da cultivar,&amp;nbsp;da idade da touceira e das condições
climáticas, como a seca.Além destes fatores, também podem estar associadas aos
seguintes aspectos: intensidade de estresses causados por herbicidas;
ocorrência de outras doenças simultaneamente;&amp;nbsp;tratos culturais
inapropriados, como excesso de competição por plantas daninhas, excesso ou
falta de nutrientes e compactação do solo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
doença manifesta-se de modo mais claro nas soqueiras de variedades mais
suscetíveis, nas quais podemos observar outro sintoma, já interno à planta: o
desenvolvimento de uma coloração alaranjada-claro a vermelha-escuro&amp;nbsp;nos
vasos que conduzem a água na planta (vasos xilema) na parte mais velha dos
colmos maduros.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Existem
registros de que a bactéria sobrevive no solo após a colheita para re-infectar
plantas sadias. A principal forma de controle do raquitismo da soqueira é por
meio de resistência varietal. No entanto, a maior dificuldade consiste na
seleção de variedades resistentes em função da dificuldade no diagnóstico
rápido e eficiente da doença. Outra forma eficaz de controle é o tratamento
térmico de toletes ou gemas por&amp;nbsp;duas horas a 50&lt;sup&gt;o&amp;nbsp;&lt;/sup&gt;C.&amp;nbsp;Por
ser facilmente transmitida por meios dos equipamentos, a desinfecção é um
importante método para prevenção da doença. Todos os equipamentos usados para
corte da cana devem ser desinfectados&amp;nbsp;com produtos químicos ou&amp;nbsp;pelo
calor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Doenças
causadas por fungos&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Dentre
as doenças causadas por fungos e que podem&amp;nbsp;prejudicar o&amp;nbsp;canavial,
destacam-se a ferrugem e o carvão. Outras importantes doenças são: mancha
parda, podridão abacaxi, podridão vermelha e podridão de fusarium (fusariose),
que&amp;nbsp;serão descritas detalhadamente, abaixo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Ferrugem
- Fungo&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Puccinia melanocephala&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
ferrugem está presente em todas as regiões produtoras do Brasil e é encontrada
em, aproximadamente, 64 países produtores. Conhecida&amp;nbsp;há mais de 100 anos,
a doença causa perdas de 50% nas variedades mais suscetíveis. No Brasil,
a&amp;nbsp;ferrugem foi detectada pela primeira vez em 1986, quando afetou
canaviais dos Estados de São Paulo, Paraná e Santa Catarina. Os sintomas
característicos da&amp;nbsp;ferrugem, descritos abaixo, podem ser observados na
Figura 1.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;inicialmente,
surgem pequenas pontuações cloróticas nas folhas, que evoluem para manchas
alongadas de coloração amarelada,&amp;nbsp;podendo ser observadas na superfície
superior e inferior da folha. As manchas variam&amp;nbsp;entre&amp;nbsp;dois e dez
centímetros de comprimento e um e três&amp;nbsp;centímetros de largura, e aumentam
rapidamente de tamanho, mudando da coloração amarela para avermelhada,
vermelho-parda e preta nos estágios finais de morte da folha;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;desenvolvimento
de pústulas (elevações na superfície da folha, causadas pelo desenvolvimento do
fungo) nos centros das manchas e na face inferior das folhas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;As
pústulas encobrem parte da folha, reduzindo sua área fotossintética. Assim, a
planta&amp;nbsp;pode apresentar crescimento retardado, morte de perfilhos, colmos
finos e encurtamento dos entrenós. Em variedades muito suscetíveis, as pústulas
agrupam-se, formando placas de tecido morto. Plantas muito atacadas&amp;nbsp;podem
apresentar&amp;nbsp;folhas queimadas e sem brilho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os
sintomas da ferrugem são mais evidentes nas primeiras etapas de desenvolvimento
da doença, sendo bem menos perceptíveis ao final da epidemia, quando as plantas
atingem maior grau de maturação.&amp;nbsp;De modo geral, a máxima suscetibilidade
das plantas ocorre no estágio juvenil (três a seis meses). A maturidade é,
normalmente, acompanhada da recuperação dos sintomas, caracterizando, em muitas
variedades, o que se denomina resistência da planta adulta.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
disseminação da doença&amp;nbsp;se dá, sobretudo, pelo vento, que transporta os
esporos do fungo para outras plantas e regiões. A única prática de controle
para a doença é o uso de variedades resistentes. O uso de fungicidas foliares
não é uma opção economicamente viável.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Carvão&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Fungo&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ustilago
scitaminea&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
agente causador do carvão&amp;nbsp;está presente em todas as regiões do Brasil,
sendo que sua primeira constatação foi em 1946, no Estado de São Paulo. Após
sua descoberta, várias medidas de controle foram adotadas,&amp;nbsp;sendo que a que
surtiu maior efeito foi a proibição do plantio comercial de variedades
suscetíveis a essa moléstia.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
carvão pode causar diversos danos ao canavial e as perdas&amp;nbsp;podem chegar
a&amp;nbsp;100% em variedades suscetíveis. Algumas&amp;nbsp;regiões canavieiras podem
permanecer por muitos anos sem relatos de ocorrência de carvão e, no entanto, a
doença pode reaparecer e devastar rapidamente áreas com variedades suscetíveis.
Os danos causados pelo fungo incidem tanto na redução da produção como na perda
de qualidade do caldo. O carvão é uma das doenças que atingem a cana-de-açúcar
de mais fácil identificação. &lt;br /&gt;
A doença&amp;nbsp;caracteriza-se pelo surgimento de um chicote, que consiste em uma
modificação da região de crescimento do colmo (ápice), induzida pelo fungo, com
tamanho variável - de alguns centímetros&amp;nbsp;a mais de&amp;nbsp;um metro de
comprimento. O chicote é composto por parte do tecido da planta e parte do
tecido do fungo. Inicialmente, esse chicote apresenta cor prateada, passando,
posteriormente, à preta, devido à maturação dos esporos nele contidos.&amp;nbsp;Antes
de&amp;nbsp;emitirem o chicote, as plantas doentes apresentam&amp;nbsp;folhas estreitas
e curtas, colmos mais finos que o normal e touceiras com superbrotamento. Os
chicotes surgem em plantas com idade entre dois e quatro&amp;nbsp;meses, sendo que
o pico ocorre entre&amp;nbsp;seis e sete&amp;nbsp;meses de idade.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;As
condições ambientais são determinantes no surgimento de epidemias de carvão.
Sob condições de estresse, mesmo variedades resistentes ao fungo podem
apresentar sintomas da doença. Condições de estresse hídrico e calor favorecem
a ocorrência do fungo. A transmissão da doença se dá de forma aérea, por
disseminação a partir dos chicotes e por meio do plantio de mudas infectadas. A
forma mais&amp;nbsp;eficiente para controlar&amp;nbsp;a doença é o uso de variedades
resistentes. A doença pode, ainda, ser prevenida&amp;nbsp;com o uso de mudas sadias
obtidas a partir de tratamento térmico para curá-las da doença.&amp;nbsp;Outra
prática que deve ser utilizada, sobretudo quando são empregadas variedades de
resistência intermediária, é o roguing (eliminação de plantas doentes).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Mancha
parda&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Fungo&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cercospora longipes&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Doença
presente em todas as regiões do País e que apresenta intensidade variável nos
canaviais. O&amp;nbsp; sintoma típico da doença (Figura 3) é&amp;nbsp;o surgimento de
manchas de coloração marrom-avermelhada e marrom-amarelada na superfície
superior e inferior de folhas adultas. Muitas vezes, as manchas apresentam
halos cloróticos em seu contorno.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
tamanho da área afetada da folha&amp;nbsp;depende do grau de resistência da
variedade ao patógeno,&amp;nbsp;sendo que a melhor maneira de controlar a doença
nos canaviais é com o uso de variedades resistentes.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Podridão
abacaxi&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Fungo&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ceratocystis paradoxa&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Doença
que afeta uma grande quantidade de outras culturas, a podridão abacaxi pode
incidir também sobre as mudas (toletes)&amp;nbsp;de cana-de-açúcar. Como o fungo
causador da doença não possui mecanismos próprios de penetração, ele se utiliza
de aberturas naturais ou ferimentos para entrar e colonizar uma&amp;nbsp;planta. Se
a cana for plantada em solo contaminado, a penetração do fungo ocorre pelo
corte nos toletes de plantio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Uma
vez instalado na muda, o fungo provoca baixa&amp;nbsp;germinação em canaviais recém
implantados e, também, morte de brotos novos. Um diagnóstico mais preciso pode
ser realizado ao se observar uma coloração vermelha dos tecidos internos e
exalação de odor de abacaxi quando realizado um corte longitudinal no tolete
(Figuras 4 e 5).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Como
a sobrevivência do fungo é favorecida pela alta umidade a doença ocorre,
geralmente, em solos argilosos, encharcados e de difícil drenagem. Temperaturas
baixas é outra condição favorável ao desenvolvimento do&amp;nbsp;fungo, por isso o
outono&amp;nbsp;da Região Centro-Sul é a época mais comum&amp;nbsp;de aparecimento
da&amp;nbsp;doença.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para
prevenir a podridão abacaxi são recomendáveis medidas como:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;tratar
as mudas com fungicidas antes do plantio;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;picar
os toletes em tamanhos maiores, com seis gemas ou mais;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;evitar
replantio de mudas em solos contaminados recentemente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Podridão
vermelha – Fungo&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum falcatum&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
doença existe desde o início do cultivo da cana e ocorre no mundo todo. A
podridão vermelha causa prejuízos importantes à cultura, sobretudo pela
inversão de sacarose, o que diminui o rendimento no processamento da cana. São
freqüentes os relatos de perdas de 50% a 70 % de sacarose em colmos atacados
simultaneamente pelo fungo e pela broca-da-cana, pois ao perfurar o colmo ela
abre caminho para a entrada do fungo.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
doença pode se manifestar na cana-de-açúcar sob diferentes formas,&amp;nbsp;sendo
que a principal característica é a degradação dos colmos. Como os danos são
internos, a doença pode passar despercebida.&amp;nbsp;Para reconhecer os sintomas,
recomenda-se partir o colmo no sentido longitudinal e observar a presença de
grandes manchas vermelhas separadas por faixas mais claras ou brancas - é o que
permite&amp;nbsp;fazer a diferença entre fusariose e podridão vermelha (Figura 6).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
método de controle mais eficiente é o uso de variedades resistentes, mas
algumas práticas como&amp;nbsp;eliminação dos restos da cultura, controle da
broca-da-cana&amp;nbsp;e plantio de&amp;nbsp;mudas de boa qualidade podem diminuir a
incidência.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Podridão&amp;nbsp;de
fusarium (fusariose)&amp;nbsp;– Fungo&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Fusarium moniliforme&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
fusariose é uma doença presente em todas as regiões produtoras do mundo e pode
contaminar a planta em qualquer fase de seu desenvolvimento. O fungo causador
da doença&amp;nbsp;pode&amp;nbsp;ocasionar uma grande variedade de sintomas nas
plantas, que dependem do estágio de desenvolvimento da cana, do seu nível de
resistência&amp;nbsp;e de condições ambientais. Em plântulas de cana-de-açúcar os
sintomas são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;sistema
radicular pouco desenvolvido;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;baixo
vigor;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;podridão
de raíz e de colo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;damping-off
(morte de várias plântulas agrupadas, denominadas reboleira).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Em
toletes de plantio, os sintomas são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;baixa
brotação das gemas;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;podridão
de raíz;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;enfezamento
(redução&amp;nbsp;no tamanho) dos brotos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Nos
colmos os sintomas são muito parecidos com os&amp;nbsp;da podridão vermelha
e&amp;nbsp;seu aparecimento está associado&amp;nbsp;a ferimentos&amp;nbsp;químicos ou
físicos como aqueles causados por brocas (Figura 7). Outro dano causado é o
chamado Pokkah-boeng,&amp;nbsp;em que ocorre uma deformação do topo da cana-de-açúcar.
Os melhores métodos de controle da fusariose são o uso de variedades tolerantes
e o controle da broca da cana-de-açúcar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Doenças
causadas por vírus&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Mosaico
(Vírus do&amp;nbsp;mosaico da cana-de-açúcar)&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
doença conhecida como mosaico possui registros de ocorrência já no início do século
XX. Os países produtores, nesta época, incluindo o Brasil, cultivavam
variedades de cana conhecidas como nobres (&lt;i&gt;Saccharum officinarum&lt;/i&gt;), que
eram altamente suscetíveis ao mosaico, registrando grandes perdas. Com o avanço
dos&amp;nbsp;programas de melhoramento genético e a hibridação surgiram novas
variedades, resistentes ao vírus.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
agente causador da doença é o vírus do mosaico da cana-de-açúcar. Existem
descritas, até o momento, 14 linhagens diferentes deste vírus, definidas por
letras de A a N, sendo que no Brasil a mais comum é a linhagem B. A intensidade
da infecção, grau dos sintomas e perdas variam entre estas linhagens.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os
sintomas&amp;nbsp;da&amp;nbsp;infecção pelo vírus do mosaico apresentam-se&amp;nbsp;nas
folhas,&amp;nbsp;na forma de áreas com intensidades contrastantes de verde.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Na
maioria dos casos aparecem áreas de verde muito intenso cercadas por áreas de
um verde mais claro, ou até mesmo cloróticas, sendo que&amp;nbsp;estas são mais
evidentes na base das folhas e nas lâminas foliares. Em um grau mais avançado a
doença pode tornar as folhas avermelhadas e até provocar necrose. A transmissão
natural do vírus se dá por meio de pulgões, sendo estes os vetores da doença.
Pulgões que possuem o vírus no organismo&amp;nbsp;transmitem-no para uma nova
planta ao picarem sua folha. Outra forma importante de disseminação é a
utilização de mudas de canas infectadas, seja para a formação de viveiros ou
canaviais comerciais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
método mais eficaz para controlar o mosaico é a utilização de variedades
resistentes. Aplicação de inseticidas para controle de pulgão não apresenta
nenhuma eficiência. Quando o nível de infecção no canavial é baixo a prática
do&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;roguing&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;(retirada de plantas doentes) é muito utilizada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Vírus
do amarelecimento foliar da cana-de-açúcar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
ocorrência do&amp;nbsp;“amarelinho”, também conhecido como vírus do&amp;nbsp;amarelecimento
foliar da cana-de-açúcar, foi relatada pela primeira vez em 1989. Em 1993, essa
doença foi considerada de caráter epidêmico em lavouras no Estado de São Paulo,
com perdas de até 50% da lavoura. O vírus é transmitido pela espécie de afídeo
(pulgão)&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Melanaphys sacchari.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;As
plantas afetadas apresentam amarelecimento da nervura central das folhas na
face inferior, seguido do limbo foliar. Folhas mais velhas, sexta ou sétima a
partir do ápice, apresentam uma coloração vermelha na face&amp;nbsp;superior da
nervura central.&amp;nbsp;Posteriormente, uma perda de pigmentação distribui-se
pelo limbo foliar, progredindo da&amp;nbsp;ponta para a base, sendo eventualmente
seguida pela necrose do tecido .&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;As
raízes e colmos mostram crescimento reduzido e, conseqüentemente, a produção
é&amp;nbsp;muito prejudicada. Como não apresenta sintomas específicos, pode ser
confundida com deficiência nutricional, compactação do solo ou outros
problemas. Os métodos de controle mais eficazes&amp;nbsp;são o uso de variedades
resistentes ou tolerantes e o&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;rouguing&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pragas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os danos
causados pelos insetos às plantas são variados e podem ser observados em todos
os órgãos vegetais.&amp;nbsp;Um inseto só pode ser considerado praga quando atinge
um determinado índice de dano econômico para a cultura
plantada.&amp;nbsp;Dependendo da espécie, do tamanho populacional da praga, da fase
de desenvolvimento, estrutura vegetal atacada e da duração do ataque, pode
haver maior ou menor prejuízo,&amp;nbsp;em quantidade&amp;nbsp;e em
qualidade.&amp;nbsp;Mundialmente, a cana-de-açúcar contabiliza perdas de aproximadamente
20% ao ano, considerando somente o ataque de pragas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Prejuízos econômicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A cana-de-açúcar
pode ser atacada por mais de 80 espécies de pragas, sendo que algumas delas,
como alguns besouros e cupins, muitas vezes são observadas nas lavouras somente
após terem causado danos, uma vez que são pragas de solo e, por isso, de
difícil observação. Para uma produtividade de 80 toneladas por hectare, as
perdas ocasionadas pela broca para cada 1% de intensidade de infestação são de
616&amp;nbsp;quilos de cana, 28 quilos de açúcar e 16 litros de álcool,
aproximadamente.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os prejuízos
causados pela cigarrinha-da-folha têm chegado a 17,5% de perda no processo
industrial, quando a população de adultos chega a 0,7 indivíduos por
colmo.&amp;nbsp;A espécie&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Heterotermes tenuis&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;chega a causar perdas
da ordem de&amp;nbsp;dez toneladas por hectare, por ano, sobretudo em solos
arenosos. A cigarrinha-da-raíz chega a causar perdas de 11% na produtividade
agrícola e 1,5% na produção de açúcar.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Acredita-se que
o aumento das perdas ocasionadas por pragas agrícolas seja devido ao uso
indiscriminado de agrotóxicos, que forçaram uma evolução dessas pragas e o
surgimento de espécies resistentes a determinados inseticidas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Controle de Pragas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Métodos culturais:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;baseiam-se
na utilização dos conhecimentos ecológicos e biológicos das pragas, empregando
práticas culturais. As mais comuns são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;rotação
     de culturas;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;aração
     do solo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;época
     de plantio e colheita;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;destruição
     de restos de cultura;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;cultura
     no limpo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;poda;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;adubação
     e irrigação;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;plantio
     direto e outros sistemas de cultivo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Método de resistência de plantas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;baseia-se no emprego de plantas
resistentes a insetos, considerado o método ideal de controle devido à
possibilidade de permitir a manutenção da praga em níveis inferiores ao de dano
econômico, sem causar prejuízos ao ambiente e sem ônus adicional ao agricultor.
É ideal para ser utilizada em qualquer programa de manejo de pragas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Métodos de controle por comportamento:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;baseiam-se nos estudos de
fisiologia dos insetos. Esses métodos não apresentam riscos de intoxicação para
o homem e para animais domésticos, não geram resíduos tóxicos e evitam
desequilíbrios ecológicos. Uma das formas de controle por comportamento é o uso
de hormônios de inseto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Métodos de controle físico:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;envolvem processos como queima,
drenagem, inundação e temperatura.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Método biológico:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;trata-se
do controle de pragas por meio de inimigos naturais, que se dividem em:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;entomopatógenos:
     organismos causadores de doenças em seus hospedeiros;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;parasitóides:
     organismos que se desenvolvem no interior dos hospedeiros;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;predadores:
     organismos que matam suas presas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Método químico:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;constitui-se
no uso de inseticidas – compostos químicos e biológicos – que são aplicados,
direta ou indiretamente,&amp;nbsp;para matar insetos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O controle de
pragas é regulamentado por leis e portarias federais e estaduais, distribuídas
em diversas modalidades. O cumprimento dessas leis proporciona um controle a
nível nacional, o que ajuda a diminuir a incidência das diferentes pragas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pragas nas
raízes&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cigarrinha-da-raiz&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mahanarva
fimbriolata&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;É&amp;nbsp;encontrada,
praticamente, em todas as regiões canavieiras do Brasil. No Estado de São Paulo
tornou-se uma praga relevante,&amp;nbsp;com o&amp;nbsp;aumento das áreas de colheita de
cana crua. Nesse sistema de colheita, o acúmulo de palha contribui para manter
a umidade do solo, o que favorece o&amp;nbsp;aumento da população&amp;nbsp;desse
inseto. A queima contribui com a destruição de parte dos ovos depositados no
solo e na palhada. O macho é de coloração vermelha com algumas faixas pretas
longitudinais no dorso. Já a fêmea apresenta as mesmas características,
mas&amp;nbsp;é marrom-escura (Figura 1).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id=&quot;_x0000_t75&quot;
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   filled=&quot;f&quot; stroked=&quot;f&quot;&gt;
   &lt;v:stroke joinstyle=&quot;miter&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;v:formulas&gt;
    &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum @0 1 0&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;v:f eqn=&quot;sum 0 0 @1&quot;/&gt;
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   &lt;v:path o:extrusionok=&quot;f&quot; gradientshapeok=&quot;t&quot; o:connecttype=&quot;rect&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;o:lock v:ext=&quot;edit&quot; aspectratio=&quot;t&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_35&quot; o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot;
   alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;height:154.5pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
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    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;206&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_35&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  1. Macho e fêmea de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mahanarva fimbriolata.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
cigarrinha-da-raiz põe ovos nas bainhas secas ou sobre o solo, próximo ao colmo
da planta (98% dos ovos na linha). As formas jovens fixam-se nas raízes, onde
sugam a seiva.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A infestação da
cigarrinha-da-raiz é identificada pela presença de uma espuma esbranquiçada
semelhante à espuma de sabão, na base da touceira (Figura 2). Os adultos vivem
na parte aérea da planta, sugando os colmos. A cigarrinha-da-raiz ocorre,
sobretudo, em período úmido, sendo que a falta de umidade prejudica a formação
de espuma, o que leva à morte das ninfas. A praga&amp;nbsp;vive, também, em outras
gramíneas, principalmente, em capins e gramas, e age da mesma forma que nos
canaviais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_34&quot;
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   height:157.5pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
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&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  2. Espuma das ninfas da cigarrinha-da-raiz.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os&amp;nbsp;prejuízos
causados pela cigarrinha-da-raiz são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;extração
     de grande quantidade de água e&amp;nbsp;nutrientes das raízes pelas ninfas;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;redução
     do teor de açúcar nos colmos;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;aumento
     do teor de fibras;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;aumento
     dos colmos mortos, o que&amp;nbsp;diminui a capacidade&amp;nbsp;de&amp;nbsp;moagem;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;aumento
     do teor de contaminantes, o que dificulta a recuperação do açúcar e inibe
     a fermentação.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O controle dessa
praga pode ser feito&amp;nbsp;das seguintes formas:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle
biológico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
cigarrinha-da-raiz pode ser controlada pela aplicação de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Metarhizium
anisopliae&lt;/i&gt;, também chamado de fungo-verde, na dose mínima de 200 gramas
por&amp;nbsp;hectare de fungo puro.&amp;nbsp;O produto atinge ninfas e adultos. As
aplicações devem ser feita com o uso de 250 litros de água&amp;nbsp;por hectare
(Figura 3).&amp;nbsp;Algumas condições são indispensáveis para o sucesso desse
controle microbiano, utilizando esse fungo, como:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;umidade
     elevada seguida de
     veranico;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;temperatura
     entre 25°C e 27°C;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;qualidade
     do fungo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;aplicação
     à tarde ou à noite em locais de alta infestação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle químico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
cigarrinha-da-raiz pode ser controlada por agentes químicos: &amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;para
     as ninfas, recomenda-se o uso dos inseticidas thiamethoxam ou carbofuran
     granulados, aplicados de um dos lados da touceira&amp;nbsp;(Figura 3).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;para&amp;nbsp;adultos,
     recomenda-se a&amp;nbsp;aplicação de um inseticida seletivo que não atinja
     inimigos naturais da cigarrinha: carbaril, triclorfon, malation, entre
     outros(Figura 3).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_33&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1027&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:337.5pt;
   height:138pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;184&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_33&quot; width=&quot;450&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr style=&quot;height: 24.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;height: 24.95pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  3. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Ciclo biológico
  de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mahanarva fimbriolata&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;em cana-de-açúcar e épocas de
  controle.&lt;br /&gt;
  Fonte:&amp;nbsp;Gallo et al. (2002).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle
cultural&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Recomenda-se que
o controle cultural seja executado observando:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;- A
retirada total da palha&amp;nbsp;deixa o solo exposto e cria um ambiente
desfavorável aos ovos que entram em diapausa (parada prolongada do
desenvolvimento).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;- O
plantio direto deve ser evitado em áreas com histórico de infestações.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;- A
destruição mecânica da palhada (Figuras&amp;nbsp;4 e 5), durante o preparo do solo,
é uma forma eficaz para reduzir o número de ovos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;- O uso de
variedades resistentes é essencial em locais favoráveis à praga. A variedade
SP79-1011 é menos suscetível que RB72454, SP81-3250, SP80-1842, entre outras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_32&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;
   height:156.75pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;209&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_32&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_31&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;
   height:157.5pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;210&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_31&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  4. Destruição mecânica de restos culturais.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Paulo Botelho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  5. Enleiramento da palhada.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Paulo Botelho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Percevejo-castanho&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Scaptocoris
castanea&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Atarsocoris brachiariae&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Tanto os jovens
quanto os adultos têm hábito subterrâneo e sugam a seiva das raízes. A forma
jovem do percevejo-castanho é de coloração branca e&amp;nbsp;a adulta, de coloração
marrom. As duas espécies são fáceis de ser distinguidas: o&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Scaptocoris&amp;nbsp;castanea&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;é
marrom-escuro (Figura 6), enquanto o&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Atarsocoris&amp;nbsp;brachiariae&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;é
mais amarelado.&amp;nbsp;Ambos exalam um cheiro desagradável, que é facilmente
reconhecível na abertura de sulcos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O
percevejo-castanho tem duas gerações por ano e é encontrado no
solo&amp;nbsp;durante o ano todo. Os adultos estão mais presentes na superfície do
solo em período úmido - dezembro e janeiro, quando ocorrem as revoadas de
dispersão da espécie, momento que favorece o uso de medidas preventivas de
controle. Durante o período de seca, eles se aprofundam no solo em busca de
umidade, enquanto as pupas e larvas (Figura 7) podem ser encontradas com
facilidade.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_30&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1030&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;
   height:153pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;204&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_30&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_29&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1031&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;
   height:162.75pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;217&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_29&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  6. Adulto de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Scaptocoris castanea.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  7. Larva de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Scaptocoris castanea.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os prejuízos
causados pelo percevejo-castanho podem ser altos se a infestação for intensa.
Por causa da grande quantidade de seiva perdida, as plantas atacadas apresentam:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;murchamento;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;amarelecimento;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;secamento
     da cana.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para o controle
do percevejo-castanho é necessário:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;constatar
     a presença da praga&amp;nbsp;durante o preparo de solo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;demarcar
     a reboleira para o controle;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;aplicar
     inseticida granulado sistêmico, como aldicarb,&amp;nbsp;disulfoton, carbofuran
     e terbufós,&amp;nbsp;no plantio (Figura 8).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_28&quot;
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   height:179.25pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;239&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_28&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  8. Controle químico no plantio.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto: Wilson Novaretti.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Besouros&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ligyrus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;spp.
- pão-de-galinha&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
E&lt;i&gt;uetheola humilis&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;- pão-de-galinha&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Stenocrates&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;spp
- pão-de-galinha&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Migdolus
fryanus -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;broca-da-cana&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sphenophorus
levis&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;- gorgulho-da-cana&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Metamasius
hemipterus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;- besouro-rajado-da-cana&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os adultos das
espécies&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Ligyrus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;spp.,&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Euetheola humilis&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Stenocrates&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;spp
são de cor marrom-escura e põem ovos próximo ao tolete no
plantio.&amp;nbsp;Suas&amp;nbsp;larvas, conhecidas como pão-de-galinha,&amp;nbsp;são
brancas, com três pares de pernas robustas, em forma de U. Elas&amp;nbsp;têm a
cabeça castanha e podem chegar&amp;nbsp;a cinco&amp;nbsp;centímetros de comprimento. O
período larval vai de 12 a 20 meses e, depois, as larvas se transformam em
pupa. Os adultos emergem do solo nos meses mais quentes do ano, com o início
das chuvas, época em que as canas novas estão brotando.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A espécie&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Migdolus
fryanus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;tem hábito subterrâneo, vive em solos profundos, bem drenados
e em regiões de cerrado. O macho adulto, de coloração preta,&amp;nbsp;voa. Já a
fêmea, de coloração semelhante à ferrugem,&amp;nbsp;não voa (Figura 9). A postura
de ovos ocorre entre&amp;nbsp;janeiro e março. Durante esse período,&amp;nbsp;as larvas
atacam as plantas.&amp;nbsp;As larvas são de coloração branca e medem&amp;nbsp;quatro
centímetros (Figura 10). Esta praga é difícil de ser controlada, causando danos
em larga escala ao canavial (Figura 11).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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   height:115.5pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;154&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_27&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;252&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_26&quot; width=&quot;280&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  9. Adulto de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Migdolus fryanus.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto: Paulo Botelho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  10. Larvas de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Migdolus fryanus.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto: Raffaella Rossetto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_25&quot;
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   height:147pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;196&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_25&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  11. Danos causados por&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Migdolus fryanus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;ao canavial.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto: Wilson Novaretti.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Sphenophorus
levis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;é
um besouro que só ocorre no Estado de São Paulo. Ele mede cerca de 15 milímetros
de comprimento&amp;nbsp;e tem coloração marrom (Figura 12). A postura de ovos
ocorre na base dos colmos. As larvas são brancas, enrugadas e sem pernas
(Figura 13). Elas abrem galerias nas plantas e aparecem nas épocas mais quentes
do ano. Já&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Metamasius hemipterus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;difere-se de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sphenophorus
levis.&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;por ser de ampla distribuição no território nacional
e&amp;nbsp;possuir coloração rajada.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1036&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:206.25pt;
   height:125.25pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;167&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_24&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;167&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_23&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  12. Adulto de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sphenophorus levis.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Paulo Botelho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  13. Larva de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Sphenophorus levis.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;nbsp;Foto:&amp;nbsp;Paulo Botelho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os prejuízos
causados pelo besouro são: destruição dos toletes de plantio e das raízes, o
que prejudica a germinação.&amp;nbsp;Os métodos de controle da praga podem ser
feitos das seguintes formas:Os prejuízos causados pelo besouro são: destruição
dos toletes de plantio e das raízes, o que prejudica a germinação.&amp;nbsp;Os
métodos de controle da praga podem ser feitos das seguintes formas:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle
cultural&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os besouros
podem ser controlados por meio de:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;rotação
     de culturas;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;eliminação
     de soqueiras atacadas, arando e gradeando três vezes, três meses antes do
     plantio.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle
biológico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Migdolus
fryanus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;tem
sido parasitado por sarcofagídeos&amp;nbsp;(moscas muito semelhantes a algumas
varejeiras), entre janeiro&amp;nbsp;e março (Figura 14). Nematóides do gênero
Neoaplectana também&amp;nbsp;podem parasitar o besouro.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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   height:108pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;144&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_22&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  14. Mosca parasita.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Feromônios: um
feromônio sexual do grupo amida para&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Migdolus fryanus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;já está
disponível no mercado, na forma de pellets (partículas de resíduos agrícolas
compactados, em forma de um pequeno cilindro). Ele pode ser usado para
monitoramento junto a uma armadilha, entre outubro e março.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle químico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O&amp;nbsp;controle
de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Migdolus fryanus&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;é difícil. É&amp;nbsp;recomendado&amp;nbsp;o uso
de 500 gramas de&amp;nbsp;fipronil ou de endosulfan por hectare, que deve ser
aplicado no sulco de plantio para atingir as larvas. Os adultos de
gorgulho-da-cana podem ser controlados com iscas tóxicas, feitas com colmos
cortados ao meio e tratados com inseticidas (mistura de 25 gramas de carbaril
850 PM&amp;nbsp;a um litro de água e um litro de melaço), que devem ser
distribuídas na base de 200 gramas por hectare.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cupins&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Heterotermes
tenuis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;(Figura 15);&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Procornitermes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;sp
(Figura 16);&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Nocapritermes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;sp (Figura
17);&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
Syntermes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;sp (Figura
18);&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cornitermes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;sp.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A principal
espécie de cupim é a&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Heterotermes&amp;nbsp;tenuis.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;Ele é
branco,&amp;nbsp;com cabeça amarelada, corpo afilado e mandíbulas longas (Figura
15).&amp;nbsp;A espécie caracteriza-se por não levar terrra para o interior das
galerias, como faz&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Procornitermes sp&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;(Figura 16). Os ninhos
desses cupins são subterrâneos e de forma cilíndrica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;312&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_20&quot; width=&quot;213&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  15. Adulto de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Heterotermes tenuis.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  16. Adulto de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Procornitermes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;sp.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;312&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_19&quot; width=&quot;185&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  17. Adulto de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Neocapritermes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;sp.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  18. Adulto de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Syntermes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;sp.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os&amp;nbsp;cupins&amp;nbsp;atacam
os toletes (Figura 19), danificando as gemas, o que influi na germinação.
Isso&amp;nbsp;provoca falhas na lavoura (Figura 20) e exige o replantio. Os
prejuízos atingem dez toneladas de cana por&amp;nbsp;hectare, anualmente. O ataque
é maior em terrenos arenosos.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  19. Ataque por cupins.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Wilson Novaretti.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  20. Canavial atingido por cupins.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto: Wilson Novaretti&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O controle do
cupim pode ser feito com iscas do tipo Termitrap, na base de 30 iscas por
hectare, na reforma do canavial. Em soqueiras,&amp;nbsp;as iscas devem ser usadas
com Imidacloprid e Beauveria bassiana na base de 40 iscas por hectare, por ano,
para a eliminação de ninhos.&lt;br /&gt;
Para o controle químico, os produtos recomendados são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;fipronil
     800 WG - 250 gramas por hectare;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;endosulfan
     350 CE - seis litros por hectare;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;terbufós
     granulado - 20 quilos por hectare.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pragas no colmo&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Broca da
cana-de-açúcar (&lt;i&gt;Diatrea sacchralis)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A broca é a
principal praga da cana-de-açúcar. A lagarta jovem alimenta-se, inicialmente,
das folhas para depois penetrar pelas partes mais moles do colmo (bainha). Ela
abre galerias de baixo para cima, que podem ser longitudinais - maioria das
vezes -&amp;nbsp;ou transversais (Figura 1).&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_46&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1045&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:242.25pt;
   height:120.75pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;161&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_46&quot; width=&quot;323&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  1. Broca da cana-de-açúcar.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto: Raffaella Rossetto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A lagarta atinge
seu completo desenvolvimento ao completar 40 dias, quando&amp;nbsp;mede 23
milímetros de comprimento.&amp;nbsp;A&amp;nbsp;coloração de seu corpo é amarela-pálida
e da cabeça, marrom.&amp;nbsp;A fase de pupa (casulo),&amp;nbsp;que segue a larval,
dura de&amp;nbsp;nove a 14 dias e resulta num adulto que sai pelo orifício deixado
pela lagarta.&amp;nbsp;O ciclo inteiro dura de 53 a 60 dias e pode resultar em
quatro gerações por ano, distribuídas em outubro e novembro, dezembro e
janeiro, fevereiro e abril e em maio e junho. Já&amp;nbsp;a forma adulta é uma
mariposa com asas amarela-palha e com 25 milímetros de envergadura (Figura 2).
A fêmea deposita ovos na&amp;nbsp;face inferior das &amp;nbsp;folhas da planta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_45&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1046&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;
   height:145.5pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image023.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;194&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_45&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  2. Adulto da broca da cana-de-açúcar.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto: Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Prejuízos
diretos causados&amp;nbsp;pela abertura de galerias:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;perda
     de peso e morte das gemas;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;tombamento
     pelo vento, se as galerias forem transversais (Figura 3);&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;secamento
     dos ponteiros, conhecido como coração morto, na cana nova (Figura 4);&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;enraizamento
     aéreo (Figura 5) e brotações laterais.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_44&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1047&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;
   height:243pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;324&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_44&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_43&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1048&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:144.75pt;
   height:234pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image025.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;312&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_43&quot; width=&quot;193&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  3. Sintomas de galeria transversal.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  4. Sintomas de coração morto.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_42&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1049&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:95.25pt;
   height:234pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;312&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image026.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_42&quot; width=&quot;127&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  5. Sintomas de&lt;br /&gt;
  enraizamento aéreo.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Prejuízo
indireto causado&amp;nbsp;pela abertura de galerias:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;podridão
     vermelha do colmo (Figura 6), causada pelos fungos&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Colletotrichum
     falcatum&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Fusarium moniliforme,&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;que penetram
     pelos orifícios do colmo e invertem a sacarose, o que diminui a pureza do
     caldo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_41&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1050&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:63pt;
   height:180pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image027.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;240&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image028.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_41&quot; width=&quot;84&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  6. Sintomas de&lt;br /&gt;
  podridão.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Para saber quando controlar a praga&amp;nbsp;é necessário conhecer a intensidade de
infestação (IF). Esse dado pode ser obtido ao abrir longitudinalmente cada
colmo coletado (100 colmos por talhão) e contar o número total de internódios e
o número de internódios atacados&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;fazer o cálculo com base na
seguinte fórmula:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;IF=&amp;nbsp;&lt;u&gt;100
x n° internódios atacados&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
n° total de internódios&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A época ideal de
controle é quando a IF for igual ou superior a 3%. Existem várias formas de
controle da lagarta, que estão descritas abaixo.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle
cultural&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A broca da
cana-de-açúcar pode ser controlada por meio de:&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;plantio
     de variedades resistentes ou tolerantes;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;corte
     de cana sem desponte;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;moagem
     rápida após o corte;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;eliminação
     de plantas hospedeiras próximas ao canavial (milho, milheto).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle
biológico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A broca da
cana-de-açúcar pode ser controlada por agentes biológicos, como:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;parasitóide
     de ovos:&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Trichogramma galloi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;evita o ataque da broca nos
     colmos. A forma adulta da vespa deve ser liberada em 25 pontos por
     hectare.&amp;nbsp;A quantidade a ser liberada é 200 mil por hectare em três
     liberações sucessivas, feitas à tarde, semanalmente. Associada&amp;nbsp;com o
     parasita&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cotesia flavipes,&lt;/i&gt;pode reduzir a intensidade de
     infestação&amp;nbsp;em 60%.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;parasitóide
     de lagartas:&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cotesia flavipes&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;ataca lagartas com mais
     de&amp;nbsp;1,5 centímetros (Figura 7). A quantidade de adultos a ser liberada
     é de seis mil por hectare, quando forem encontradas&amp;nbsp;dez lagartas por
     hora, por operador,&amp;nbsp;na coleta de monitoramento,&amp;nbsp;que identifica o
     momento certo em que a praga entra na lavoura, em que nível se estabelece,
     como reage aos inseticidas e quais são os seus ciclos de vida.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_40&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1051&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;
   height:146.25pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image029.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;195&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image029.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_40&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  7. Adulto de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Cotesia flavipes&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;atacando uma lagarta.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
O monitoramento da praga pode ser feito&amp;nbsp;com o uso de armadilhas, com duas
fêmeas virgens com 48 horas de idade - estas exercem forte atração sobre os
machos, que podem ser coletados em uma bandeja com água e melaço - ou
feromônios (Figura 8).&amp;nbsp;O feromônio é uma substância química liberada pelos
insetos para&amp;nbsp;que estes se comuniquem&amp;nbsp;através do olfato. Ela pode
desencadear uma reação imediata no inseto,&amp;nbsp;o que altera seu comportamento
quanto ao sexo, estimulando a agregação ou dispersão e podendo definir
territórios, trilhas ou, ainda, servindo&amp;nbsp;de alerta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_39&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1052&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;
   height:153.75pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;205&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image030.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_39&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  8. Armadilha de feromônio.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto: Paulo Botelho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle químico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;a
     broca da cana-de-açúcar pode ser controlada por meio de pulverização de
     triflumuron, lufenuron ou fipronil, direcionada para a região do palmito,
     quando houver 3% de canas com lagartas recém-eclodidas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Broca-gigante&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;(&lt;i&gt;Telchin
licus)&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A forma adulta
da broca-gigante é uma borboleta preta com uma faixa branca transversal nas
asas anteriores. As asas posteriores apresentam uma faixa branca curva e sete
manchas vermelhas na margem externa (Figura 9). Ela ocorre, sobretudo, na
região Nordeste e pode acarretar prejuízos de 20% a 60% da produção.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;No
Nordeste,&amp;nbsp;as brocas adultas aparecem no verão e põe ovos em touceiras
velhas, no meio dos detritos e caules cortados. As lagartas são grandes - 80 mm
de comprimeto - brancas, com algumas pintas pardas na parte dorsal. A largura é
decrescente da parte toráxica para a anal (Figura 10). A pupa se transforma
dentro de um casulo feito de fibras de cana e dá origem&amp;nbsp;a um adulto que
viverá até 15 dias.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_38&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1053&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;
   height:154.5pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image031.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;206&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_38&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_37&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1054&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:234pt;
   height:122.25pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;163&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image032.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_37&quot; width=&quot;312&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  9. Adulto da broca-gigante.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  10. Larva da broca-gigante.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os prejuízos
causados pela broca-gigante são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;galerias
     verticais;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;destruição
     completa do colmo por&amp;nbsp;causa do tamanho;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;redução
     do poder germinativo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;coração
     morto;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;podridões.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Não existe um
método de controle eficiente da praga. Atualmente, o meio utilizado consiste na
catação manual de larvas por meio de enxadeco e captura de adultos com o uso de
rede entomológica.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Elasmo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;i&gt;Elasmopalpus
lignosellus&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta&amp;nbsp;lagarta
é&amp;nbsp;muito ativa, de coloração verde-azulada com a cabeça marrom-escura
(Figura 11). Ela se alimenta das folhas na fase inicial para, depois, alojar-se
na parte inferior dos colmos rente ao solo, nas canas novas. A lagarta elasmo
constrói galerias compostas de terra e teia, abaixo da superfície do solo.
Durante&amp;nbsp;o período de pupa, ela permanece próximo à base da planta. A
mariposa mede de 15 a 20 milímetros e é de coloração cinza.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_36&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1055&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:288.75pt;
   height:148.5pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image033.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;198&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_36&quot; width=&quot;385&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  11. Larva de elasmo.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os prejuízos
causados pela lagarta elasmo são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;amarelecimento
     da planta;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;coração
     morto.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Esses prejuízos
ocorrem devido às galerias no centro da&amp;nbsp;haste da cana e se manifestam,
principalmente, nas canas recém-brotadas, mas os danos são piores na
cana-planta, já que&amp;nbsp;o número de brotações é menor.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;Não existe controle eficiente da praga, mas por ser um inseto que se desenvolve
em ambiente seco a manutenção do solo umedecido diminui sua ocorrência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pragas nas folhas&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lagarta-do-cartucho&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Spodoptera
frugiperda&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A lagarta-do-cartucho,
também conhecida como lagarta-militar, ataca as folhas até sua completa
destruição.&amp;nbsp;Após 30 dias, a larva mede cerca de cinco centímetros de
comprimento, com coloração cinza-escuro a marrom e&amp;nbsp;uma faixa dorsal com
pontos pretos (Figura 1).&amp;nbsp;Nesta espécie,&amp;nbsp;é muito comum o canibalismo,
quando as lagartas estão agrupadas. No fim do período larval, a lagarta penetra
no solo, onde se transforma em pupa. Na fase adulta&amp;nbsp;é uma mariposa
de&amp;nbsp;asas anteriores pardo-escuras e asas posteriores&amp;nbsp;cinza-claras
(Figura 2).&amp;nbsp;Ela&amp;nbsp;põe até&amp;nbsp;dois mil ovos na face superior das
folhas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_53&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1056&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:206.25pt;
   height:111.75pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;149&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image034.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_53&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_52&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1057&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:171pt;
   height:206.25pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image035.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;275&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_52&quot; width=&quot;228&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  1. Lagarta&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Spodoptera frugiperda.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  2. Adulto de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Spodoptera frugiperda.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
lagarta-do-cartucho&amp;nbsp;é desfolhadora e os danos causados por ela são maiores
nos primeiros 90 dias da cultura, ou seja, na fase da
cana-planta.&amp;nbsp;Os&amp;nbsp;métodos de controle da praga são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle
biológico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
lagarta-do-cartucho pode ser controlada pelos agentes biológicos: &amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Doru
     luteipes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;,
     a tesourinha, é um predador natural: ela ataca a lagarta;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Trichogramma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;spp.
     e&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Telenomus&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;sp.&amp;nbsp;são parasitóides de ovos: as vespas
     colocam seus ovos no interior dos ovos da praga;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Chelonus
     insularis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;e&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Campoletis
     flavicincta&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;são parasitóides de lagartas pequenas: as vespas põem
     seus ovos no interior das lagartas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle químico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Antes de
qualquer aplicação de inseticida é necessário realizar o levantamento da
população da praga. Deve-se examinar cinco plantas por ponto em dez pontos por
hectare. O controle&amp;nbsp;deverá ser realizado se 50% da área estiver
desfolhada, ou seja, se houver duas lagartas (menores que 1,5 centímetros) por
planta.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os produtos
recomendados para o controle são: fosforados, clorofosforados, carbamatos e
piretróides, entre outros. Para mariposas pode ser usada, também, isca
preparada com&amp;nbsp;um quilo de melaço, dez litros&amp;nbsp;de água e 25 gramas
de&amp;nbsp;metomil.&amp;nbsp;A mistura deve ser pulverizada na base de meio litro em
15 metros lineares de cana, a cada 50 metros.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Curuquerê-dos-capinzais&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mocis
latipes&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;As lagartas
recém nascidas alimentam-se da parte mais mole das folhas e ficam na face
inferior, o que torna difícil sua visualização. Quando elas estão desenvolvidas
medem&amp;nbsp;quatro centímetros e&amp;nbsp;têm&amp;nbsp;coloração amarelada, com estrias
longitudinais castanho-escuras (Figura 3). As curuquerês-dos-capinzais são
facilmente reconhecíveis, pois andam como se estivessem medindo palmo. Os
casulos das pupas podem estar nas folhas secas&amp;nbsp;ou&amp;nbsp;sobre
o&amp;nbsp;solo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Já os adultos
são mariposas de coloração pardo-acinzentada (Figura 4). A fêmea põe ovos na
face superior da folha, sendo que esta praga pode&amp;nbsp;desenvolver quatro
gerações por ano.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

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  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_51&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1058&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:137.25pt;
   height:206.25pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;275&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image036.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_51&quot; width=&quot;183&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_50&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1059&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:206.25pt;
   height:136.5pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image037.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;182&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_50&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  3. Lagarta de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mocis latipes.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  4. Adulto de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mocis latipes.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Heraldo Negri.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Esta
praga&amp;nbsp;se manifesta de maneira cíclica. Quando ocorrem surtos, ela pode
destruir totalmente a folhagem não só da cana, mas de várias outras gramíneas
(Figura 5).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_49&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1060&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:300pt;
   height:191.25pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;255&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image038.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_49&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  5. Danos causados por&amp;nbsp;lagartas desfolhadoras.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;Paulo Botelho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O controle da
curuquerê-dos-capinzais é difícil, pois ela pode migrar para outras áreas,
como&amp;nbsp;pastagens, por exemplo.&amp;nbsp;O controle químico pode ser feito da
seguinte maneira:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;para
     as ninfas, recomenda-se o uso de thiamethoxam ou carbofuran granulados,
     aplicados de um dos lados da touceira;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;para&amp;nbsp;adultos,
     recomenda-se a&amp;nbsp;aplicação de um inseticida seletivo que não atinja
     inimigos naturais da cigarrinha, como carbaril, triclorfon e malation.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O controle
biológico pode ser feito com&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Bacillus thuringiensis&lt;/i&gt;, na base
de&amp;nbsp;um quilo do produto por hectare, quando as lagartas estiverem pequenas.
Este é um inseticida microbiano seletivo e não-tóxico.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Pulgões&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Rhopalosiphum
maidis&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; Melanaphis sacchari&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Estes
insetos-praga introduzem o aparelho bucal nas folhas e sugam sua seiva. Eles se
reproduzem por partenogênese telítoca, ou seja, sem a intervenção do
macho.&amp;nbsp;Os insetos medem cerca de 1,5 milímetros e podem ou não ter asas
(Figuras 6 e 7).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;

&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormalTable&quot;&gt;
 &lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_48&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1061&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:206.25pt;
   height:99.75pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image039.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;133&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_48&quot; width=&quot;275&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-no-proof: yes;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;Imagem_x0020_47&quot;
   o:spid=&quot;_x0000_i1062&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; style=&#39;width:125.25pt;
   height:206.25pt;visibility:visible&#39;&gt;
   &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\Users\JOONET~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.jpg&quot;
    o:title=&quot; &quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Descrição:  &quot; height=&quot;275&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/Users/JOONET~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image040.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;Imagem_x0020_47&quot; width=&quot;167&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  6. Forma alada de pulgão.&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp; Paulo&amp;nbsp;Botelho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td style=&quot;padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;&quot;&gt;
  &lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;Fig.
  7. Forma áptera de pulgão.&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;
  Foto:&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;Paulo Botelho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Rhopalosiphum
maidis&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;tem
a coloração verde-azulada e&amp;nbsp;é vetor do vírus do mosaico. Já Melanaphis
sacchari é verde-amarelo e possui hábitos semelhantes à&lt;i&gt;Rhopalosiphum maidis&lt;/i&gt;.
Ele é vetor da doença do amarelinho.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os prejuízos
diretos causados por estas pragas são: enrolamento das folhas e atrofia dos
brotos novos.&amp;nbsp;Os&amp;nbsp;danos provocados pela sucção das folhas não são tão
importantes, pois geralmente a planta é resistente. O maior&amp;nbsp;prejuízo é a
transmissão do mosaico,&amp;nbsp;uma das principais doenças&amp;nbsp;da lavoura canavieira.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O controle é
basicamente cultural, com a eliminação de touceiras doentes. Atualmente, as
variedades de cana&amp;nbsp;disponíveis são resistentes ao mosaico e ao
amarelinho.&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Cigarrinha-da-folha&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;-&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Mahanarva
posticata&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O macho tem
coloração marrom-avermelhada&amp;nbsp;e apresenta duas manchas vermelhas
na&amp;nbsp;ponta das asas. A fêmea é mais escura e põe ovos nos tecidos da planta,
como na bainha, por exemplo. As&amp;nbsp;ninfas ficam envoltas por uma espuma
branca, como a da cigarrinha-da-raiz, mas alojadas na bainha das folhas.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os prejuízos
causados pela cigarrinha-da-folha são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Queima
     das folhas: as folhas apresentam estrias longitudinais de coloração
     amarelada e pontas enroladas, que dão a
     impressão&amp;nbsp;de&amp;nbsp;requeima&amp;nbsp;(morte repentina de órgãos
     aéreos)&amp;nbsp;por falta d´água;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Colmos
     com espaço pequeno entre nós, com aparência de palmeira;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Perda
     de até 17% de açúcar, no Nordeste.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Os métodos de
controle da cigarrinha-da-folha são:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle
cultural&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;O plantio direto
deve ser evitado em áreas com histórico de infestações. A destruição mecânica
da palhada,&amp;nbsp;durante o preparo do solo, é uma forma eficaz&amp;nbsp;de reduzir
o número de ovos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;A retirada total da palha&amp;nbsp;deixa o solo exposto e cria um ambiente
desfavorável aos ovos, que entram em diapausa (parada prolongada do
desenvolvimento).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;


&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;O uso de
variedades resistentes é essencial em locais favoráveis à praga. A variedade
SP79-1011 é menos suscetível que RB72454, SP81-3250, SP80-1842, entre outras.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle
biológico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;A
cigarrinha-da-folha pode ser controlada pela aplicação de&amp;nbsp;&lt;i&gt;Metarhizium
anisopliae&lt;/i&gt;, também chamado de fungo-verde, na dose mínima de 200 gramas por
hectare de fungo puro. Ele atinge ninfas e adultos. As aplicações devem ser
feitas&amp;nbsp;com o uso de 250 litros de água por hectare.&amp;nbsp;Algumas condições
são indispensáveis para o sucesso na aplicação do fungo, como:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Umidade
     elevada seguida de veranico;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Temperatura
     entre 25°C e 27°C;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Qualidade
     do fungo;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Aplicação,
     à tarde ou à noite, em locais de alta infestação.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Controle químico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para
     as ninfas, recomenda-se o uso dos inseticidas thiamethoxam ou carbofuran
     granulados, aplicados de um dos lados da touceira;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Para&amp;nbsp;adultos,
     recomenda-se a&amp;nbsp;aplicação de um inseticida seletivo que não atinja
     inimigos naturais da cigarrinha: carbaril, triclorfon, malation, entre
     outros&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Conclusão&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Conclui-se
que uma boa adubação é essencial tão quanto para o solo e a cana-de-açúcar ou
outra cultura qualquer. Há diversos tipos de adubos desde convencional ao mais
corretamente ecológico no qual é chamado de, “adubo orgânico”. Portanto o
produtor deve respeitar o limite para que não deixe faltar nutriente para o
solo é principalmente à planta, mas não se deve também ultrapassar o limite de
adubação pré-estabelecido.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;As
doenças da cana-de-açúcar são as mais diversas a forma de transmissão desde ao
vento e por meio do solo, no qual cada se pede um caso especifico de
tratamento, claro além de variedades resistente a esse tipo de doença.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Da
mesma forma e as pragas deve ser feito o controle químico, cultural e
biológico. É essencial não somente uma boa gerencia agrícola, mas o empenho te
todos para que nada possa passar dos limites.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Referência Bibliográfica&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;v&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/gestor/canadeacucar/arvore/CONTAG01_6_711200516715.html&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/gestor/canadeacucar/arvore/CONTAG01_6_711200516715.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
(acesso dia13/04/2012)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;v&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/gestor/canadeacucar/arvore/CONTAG01_55_711200516718.html(acesso
dia13/04/2012)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;v&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/gestor/canadeacucar/arvore/CONTAG01_80_22122006154841.html(acesso
dia13/04/2012)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;&quot;&gt;v&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: 7pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;http://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/gestor/canadeacucar/arvore/CONTAG01_53_711200516718.html(acesso
dia13/04/2012)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/3239702612568779503/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2012/12/adubacao-doencas-e-pragas.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3239702612568779503'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3239702612568779503'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2012/12/adubacao-doencas-e-pragas.html' title='ADUBAÇÃO; DOENÇAS E PRAGAS'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-3577157826343989882</id><published>2012-06-30T21:37:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2012-06-30T21:42:08.023-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Vinhaça Fonte de Energia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: #222222; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbfSksIAYJz5_edfaP0TIBt-s-4a2Sg1CKJXMUcNQ_Ha9WG9wmCIoACN4DDmIIi88-LJVKv0q6zUMLQa1aQZC9uTPoleYneswSrRar5CmT0ySw_CdNkTED5H14kD8D24ZiUAtbMTiEMK8/s1600/Vinha.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;202&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbfSksIAYJz5_edfaP0TIBt-s-4a2Sg1CKJXMUcNQ_Ha9WG9wmCIoACN4DDmIIi88-LJVKv0q6zUMLQa1aQZC9uTPoleYneswSrRar5CmT0ySw_CdNkTED5H14kD8D24ZiUAtbMTiEMK8/s400/Vinha.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;O potencial da vinhaça para a produção de energia começará a ser explorado pela primeira vez em escala industrial, a partir de parceria com usina nordestina. A Cetrel S.A. - Empresa de Proteção Ambiental acaba de inaugurar, na Destilaria Japungu, no estado da Paraíba, sua primeira planta piloto de bioenergia a partir da vinhaça da cana-de-açúcar. A Cetrel é controlada atualmente pelo grupo Braskem, que detém 54% de seu capital.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Subproduto do processamento da cana de açúcar utilizada na fabricação de etanol, a vinhaça (ou vinhoto)m já foi considerada resíduo indesejável e poluente. Ultimamente, tem sido muito utilizada em processos de fertirrigação de lavouras, principalmente de cana. Algumas usinas também aproveitam o resíduo para a produção, por meio de biodigestão, de vapor para movimentar caldeiras.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;A Cetrel construiu a planta-piloto de bioenergia em Japungu com o propósito de aperfeiçoar o processo já desenvolvido pela empresa para produção de biogás e posterior geração de energia elétrica. Mas já tem em andamento projeto de outra unidade, em escala industrial, em Pernambuco, que deverá entrar em funcionamento no segundo semestre deste ano.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;O projeto para geração de energia foi aprovado pela Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep) em 2008, num investimento total de R$ 7,5 milhões, dos quais 30% subvencionados pela instituição e 70% pela Cetrel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Com prazo de três anos, o projeto foi iniciado em janeiro do ano seguinte, com o começo dos testes em laboratório, que incluíram, entre outras etapas, a análise das características físico-químicas da vinhaça e a montagem de um conjunto de reatores para o experimento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;A planta piloto poderá processar entre 50 e 300 litros de vinhaça por hora, já incluindo sistemas de bombeamento, tanques, estruturas analíticas e um sistema digital de controle distribuído (SDCD), que permite monitorar processos de forma automatizada. Todo o pacote foi formatado, diz Suzana, para permitir uma &quot;operação mais robusta e segura, mais próxima do processo industrial&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;O processo utiliza bactérias para transformar o conteúdo orgânico da vinhaça, medido pela demanda bioquímica de oxigênio, em metano e dióxido de carbono. O biogás obtido, composto basicamente de metano, vai alimentar um motogerador ou uma turbina, que por sua vez deverá gerar energia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;O potencial de geração dependerá essencialmente da qualidade da vinhaça e do volume de material orgânico contido no resíduo. A produção de um litro de etanol, por exemplo, gera um volume 10 a 14 vezes maior de vinhaça. Numa estimativa aproximada, para produzir cerca de 27,5 bilhões de litros de etanol por ano, as destilarias brasileiras produzem entre 270 bilhões a 380 bilhões de litros de vinhaça, o que corresponderia a uma energia potencial equivalente a meia hidrelétrica de Jirau, que terá capacidade instalada para 3.750 megawatts.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;A vinhaça pode ser aproveitada para gerar energia limpa e de forma descentralizada, o que seria uma vantagem em relação aos custos de distribuição da energia hidráulica.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Times, &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, serif;&quot;&gt;Referência :&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.webioenergias.com.br/noticias/biogas/918/vinhaca-sera-explorada-para-produzir-energia-.html&quot;&gt;http://www.webioenergias.com.br/noticias/biogas/918/vinhaca-sera-explorada-para-produzir-energia-.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;Assista&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;o&amp;nbsp;vídeo&amp;nbsp;também:&lt;a href=&quot;http://globotv.globo.com/rede-globo/netv-2a-edicao/v/pernambuco-faz-teste-pioneiro-no-brasil-com-uso-de-vinhaca-para-gerar-energia/1899609/&quot;&gt;http://globotv.globo.com/rede-globo/netv-2a-edicao/v/pernambuco-faz-teste-pioneiro-no-brasil-com-uso-de-vinhaca-para-gerar-energia/1899609/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/3577157826343989882/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2012/06/geracao-de-energia-eletrica-atraves-da.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3577157826343989882'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3577157826343989882'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2012/06/geracao-de-energia-eletrica-atraves-da.html' title='Vinhaça Fonte de Energia'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbfSksIAYJz5_edfaP0TIBt-s-4a2Sg1CKJXMUcNQ_Ha9WG9wmCIoACN4DDmIIi88-LJVKv0q6zUMLQa1aQZC9uTPoleYneswSrRar5CmT0ySw_CdNkTED5H14kD8D24ZiUAtbMTiEMK8/s72-c/Vinha.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-9088631231074435349</id><published>2011-11-25T15:01:00.003-02:00</published><updated>2011-11-25T15:37:35.559-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Parceria Syngenta &amp; John Deere Plantadora PP1102</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/7uihFkz9TXU?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A GreenSystem traz para o mercado brasileiro um produto inovador para o plantio de cana: Plantadora de Cana GreenSystem, modelo PP1102, a única plantadora desenvolvida para a Tecnologia Plene™. Este novo produto vem para revolucionar o plantio de cana, trazendo agilidade, versatilidade e maior produtividade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;A PP1102 planta duas linhas em todos os espaçamentos simples de 0,9 a 1,5 metros entre linhas e também no espaçamento duplo alternado de 0,9 x 1,5 metros. A capacidade da caixa de mudas e de fertilizante é de aproximadamente 1m3 (1 bag) e de 0,3 m3, respectivamente, suficiente para aumentar o intervalo entre abastecimentos e conseqüentemente aumentar a eficiência do plantio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-type: square; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;&quot; type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Capacidade para plantar 1 hectare por hora;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-type: square; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;&quot; type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=302690845644801387&amp;amp;postID=9088631231074435349&quot; name=&quot;s3l1&quot; style=&quot;color: #198519; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Redução da logística de abastecimento, necessitando de apenas 1,5 toneladas de mudas para plantar 1 hectare;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-type: square; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;&quot; type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=302690845644801387&amp;amp;postID=9088631231074435349&quot; name=&quot;s3l2&quot; style=&quot;color: #198519; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Versatilidade e facilidade de ajustes;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-type: square; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;&quot; type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=302690845644801387&amp;amp;postID=9088631231074435349&quot; name=&quot;s3l3&quot; style=&quot;color: #198519; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Precisão na dosagem: sistema dosador possibilita o plantio de 6 a 22 gemas únicas por metro;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-type: square; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;&quot; type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=302690845644801387&amp;amp;postID=9088631231074435349&quot; name=&quot;s3l4&quot; style=&quot;color: #198519; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Agilidade e rapidez no plantio: reduzido peso e montada no engate dos 3 pontos do trator a PP1102 realiza a operação com mais rapidez e economia de combustível;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-type: square; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;&quot; type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=302690845644801387&amp;amp;postID=9088631231074435349&quot; name=&quot;s3l5&quot; style=&quot;color: #198519; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Câmeras de monitoramento nos dosadores eliminam a necessidade de um auxiliar na plantadora;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-type: square; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;&quot; type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=302690845644801387&amp;amp;postID=9088631231074435349&quot; name=&quot;s3l6&quot; style=&quot;color: #198519; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ajuste do espaçamento entre linhas possibilita o plantio simples e duplo alternado;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-type: square; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;&quot; type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=302690845644801387&amp;amp;postID=9088631231074435349&quot; name=&quot;s3l7&quot; style=&quot;color: #198519; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Ajuste da largura do sulcador permite obter a melhor configuração do sulco de plantio;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li style=&quot;list-style-type: square; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px;&quot; type=&quot;square&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=302690845644801387&amp;amp;postID=9088631231074435349&quot; name=&quot;s3l8&quot; style=&quot;color: #198519; text-decoration: underline;&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;Facilidade de abastecimento de mudas e adubo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;Referência:&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.deere.com.br/pt_BR/ag/products/new-equipment/sugarcane_planter/pp1102.html&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;http://www.deere.com.br/pt_BR/ag/products/new-equipment/sugarcane_planter/pp1102.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/9088631231074435349/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/11/parceria-syngenta-john-deere-plantadora.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/9088631231074435349'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/9088631231074435349'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/11/parceria-syngenta-john-deere-plantadora.html' title='Parceria Syngenta &amp; John Deere Plantadora PP1102'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-3138569817719188853</id><published>2011-11-22T11:09:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2011-11-22T11:09:13.244-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Difusor de cana-de-açucar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dypDvUZRESjRlvWZadEUgoYNTWEGKMx2-YrfSXY7F5jJ7zTwPVZafTOHFF1a6Fgj0yq8MKxlD1S4MKgSH3xjg&#39; class=&#39;b-hbp-video b-uploaded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Referência:Zanini&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/3138569817719188853/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/05/difusor-de-cana-de-acucar.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3138569817719188853'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3138569817719188853'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/05/difusor-de-cana-de-acucar.html' title='Difusor de cana-de-açucar'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-7248434582859575806</id><published>2011-11-20T16:35:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2011-11-25T15:39:12.632-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Cultivo de cana-de-açúcar resfria o clima</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnxcTtmOo8yZaYK8e_qMzVwoRd6pd5Znal2j18l5Jlzt-XJo4rEq17BSZQKxyHNqMjtqoqHz16zfHL2h6TWGXdPYGJczVUJO-NmXPZGNxksx9VQS5tgU_SIoodO4tvthImY1G1NW-YB8Y/s1600/Images_termometro_frio.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; hda=&quot;true&quot; height=&quot;320&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnxcTtmOo8yZaYK8e_qMzVwoRd6pd5Znal2j18l5Jlzt-XJo4rEq17BSZQKxyHNqMjtqoqHz16zfHL2h6TWGXdPYGJczVUJO-NmXPZGNxksx9VQS5tgU_SIoodO4tvthImY1G1NW-YB8Y/s320/Images_termometro_frio.jpg&quot; width=&quot;238&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Boa notícia para o&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;etano&lt;/span&gt;l. Uma pesquisa feita por cientistas do Departamento de Ecologia Global da Carnegie Institution, nos Estados Unidos, concluiu que a cana-de-açúcar ajuda a esfriar o clima.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;O estudo aponta que o esfriamento do clima local se deve à queda da&amp;nbsp;temperatura&amp;nbsp;no ar em torno das plantas à medida que essas liberam água e à reflexão da luz solar de volta ao espaço.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;O&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-style-span&quot;&gt;trabalho&lt;/span&gt;, liderado por Scott Loarie, procurou quantificar os efeitos diretos no clima da expansão da cana-de-açúcar em áreas de outras culturas ou de pecuária no Cerrado brasileiro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Transpiração das plantas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Foram utilizadas centenas de imagens feitas por satélites que cobriram uma área de quase 2 milhões de metros quadrados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Os cientistas mediram temperatura, refletividade e evapotranspiração, a perda de água do solo por evaporação e a perda de água da planta por transpiração.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Verificamos que a mudança da vegetação natural para plantações e pastos resulta no aquecimento local porque as novas culturas liberam menos água. Mas a cana-de-açúcar é mais refletiva e também libera mais água, de forma parecida com a da vegetação natural&quot;, disse Loarie.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Trata-se de um benefício duplo para o clima: usar cana-de-açúcar para mover veículos reduz as emissões de carbono, enquanto o cultivo da planta faz cair a temperatura local&quot;, destacou.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Destruição do Cerrado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Os&amp;nbsp;cientistas&amp;nbsp;calcularam que a &quot;conversão&quot; da vegetação natural do Cerrado para a implantação de culturas agrícolas ou de pecuária resultou em aquecimento médio de 1,55º C.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;A troca subsequente para a cana-de-açúcar levou a uma queda na temperatura do ar local de 0,93º C.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Os autores do estudo enfatizam que os efeitos benéficos são relacionados ao plantio de cana em áreas anteriormente ocupadas por outras culturas agrícolas ou por pastos, e não em áreas convertidas da vegetação natural.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;Referência: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=cana-acucar-resfria-clima&amp;amp;id=020175110418&quot;&gt;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=cana-acucar-resfria-clima&amp;amp;id=020175110418&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/7248434582859575806/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/11/cultivo-de-cana-de-acucar-resfria-o.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/7248434582859575806'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/7248434582859575806'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/11/cultivo-de-cana-de-acucar-resfria-o.html' title='Cultivo de cana-de-açúcar resfria o clima'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnxcTtmOo8yZaYK8e_qMzVwoRd6pd5Znal2j18l5Jlzt-XJo4rEq17BSZQKxyHNqMjtqoqHz16zfHL2h6TWGXdPYGJczVUJO-NmXPZGNxksx9VQS5tgU_SIoodO4tvthImY1G1NW-YB8Y/s72-c/Images_termometro_frio.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-7262044197307372192</id><published>2011-11-20T16:28:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2011-11-20T16:28:56.235-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar vira matéria-prima para fibrocimento</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 11.25pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #5b5b5b; font-family: &amp;quot;Arial&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 9pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR;&quot;&gt;Felipe Maeda Camargo - Agência USP - 06/12/2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Na Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos (EESC) os resíduos da &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=bagaco-cana-materia-prima-fibrocimento&amp;amp;id=010160101206&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;indústria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;sucroalcooleira - fibra do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e as cinzas resultantes da queima do bagaço em caldeiras - estão sendo aproveitados na produção de fibrocimento, material de construção usado na fabricação de produtos como telhas,&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=bagaco-cana-materia-prima-fibrocimento&amp;amp;id=010160101206&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;caixa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;d&#39;água e divisórias.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;O método consiste em substituir alguns dos componentes que formam o fibrocimento pela fibra do bagaço da cana e pelas cinzas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Segundo o pesquisador Ronaldo Soares Teixeira, autor do trabalho, a intenção foi buscar uma nova forma de aproveitar esses resíduos, normalmente descartados pela indústria sucroalcooleira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Eles normalmente são subaproveitados. Parte do bagaço é queimada em caldeiras, tornando-se cinzas; o bagaço até tem outros empregos, como nas rações para animais, mas a maior parte é descartada&quot;, comenta o pesquisador. Ele estima que, de cada tonelada de cana-de-açúcar processada, 260 quilos são&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=bagaco-cana-materia-prima-fibrocimento&amp;amp;id=010160101206&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;transformados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;em bagaço.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Fibrocimento alternativo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Normalmente, o fibrocimento é composto por cimento, sílica ativa, água, polpa celulósica como reforço secundário e fibra sintética, como PVA e PP (tipos de plástico).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;O estudo de Teixeira utilizou a fibra do bagaço de cana como um reforço na produção de fibrocimento, enquanto as cinzas substituíram 30% do cimento em massa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;A cinza apresenta grande concentração de sílica, que tem comportamento de cimento pozolânico. A cinza, em contato com a água e em conjunto com cal hidratada, forma um composto aglomerante, ou seja, ela endurece&quot;, explica Teixeira.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Após vários testes, o pesquisador comprovou que o fibrocimento produzido com resíduos sucroalcooleiros é viável e apresentou resistência similar ao material produzido nas indústrias. O fibrocimento da pesquisa passou por dois processos de cura (endurecimento).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Com isso, o pesquisador testou a resistência do material sob condições de calor e umidade, simulando exposição a sol e chuva. &quot;A fibra passou por tratamento químico (à base de silicato de sódio e sulfato de alumínio) com a intenção de diminuir a absorção de água e assim diminuir a degradação da fibra&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Extrusão&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Para criar o fibrocimento, o pesquisador utilizou um processo chamado extrusão, método alternativo para a produção do material cimentício. Teixeira explica que a máquina, chamada extrusora, contém uma rosca sem fim dividida em três câmaras: mistura pressão negativa e compressão. Na extremidade da rosca, encontra-se a boquilha, que promove a compactação final da mistura e forma a geometria do produto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;O método de extrusão para criar o fibrocimento é inédito no Brasil.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Quando se coloca a mistura dos componentes do fibrocimento na extrusora, a rosca sem fim faz a massa fluir sob pressão crescente através das câmaras, forçando-a sair no formato que se desejar, formando o&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/pesquisar.php?keyword=fibrocimento&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;fibrocimento&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;, detalha.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;O pesquisador diz que o método foi usado somente para fins&lt;span class=&quot;apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=bagaco-cana-materia-prima-fibrocimento&amp;amp;id=010160101206&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: windowtext; font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;&quot;&gt;acadêmicos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;, sem pensar em sua adequação para as indústrias, num primeiro momento. &quot;A extrusora normalmente é utilizada na indústria de cerâmica. Na pesquisa, ela foi adaptada para produzir fibrocimento&quot;, acrescenta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background: white; line-height: 12pt; margin: 7.5pt 0cm 11.25pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Verdana&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;Referência:&lt;/span&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=bagaco-cana-materia-prima-fibrocimento&amp;amp;id=010160101206&quot;&gt;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=bagaco-cana-materia-prima-fibrocimento&amp;amp;id=010160101206&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/7262044197307372192/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/11/bagaco-de-cana-de-acucar-vira-materia.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/7262044197307372192'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/7262044197307372192'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/11/bagaco-de-cana-de-acucar-vira-materia.html' title='Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar vira matéria-prima para fibrocimento'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-5639792919954842054</id><published>2011-11-18T12:23:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2011-11-18T12:36:07.295-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Fluxograma do Processo Álcool e Açúcar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQMwDgTXtC01QxTfU2mJz00tpyoOPPWF2icEJognNs4rjOGcJyjpO1mOFrEGlN73Ci65lpbHNYwwwEHYQjb1XYI_Mx1DDtkWwsNSyqm8KcQW307CXEiu_05_lw5cZMcwUeHVu7IdE1ckA/s1600/Sem+t%25C3%25ADtulo.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;209&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQMwDgTXtC01QxTfU2mJz00tpyoOPPWF2icEJognNs4rjOGcJyjpO1mOFrEGlN73Ci65lpbHNYwwwEHYQjb1XYI_Mx1DDtkWwsNSyqm8KcQW307CXEiu_05_lw5cZMcwUeHVu7IdE1ckA/s320/Sem+t%25C3%25ADtulo.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/5639792919954842054/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/11/fluxograma-do-processo-alcool-e-acucar.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/5639792919954842054'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/5639792919954842054'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/11/fluxograma-do-processo-alcool-e-acucar.html' title='Fluxograma do Processo Álcool e Açúcar'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQMwDgTXtC01QxTfU2mJz00tpyoOPPWF2icEJognNs4rjOGcJyjpO1mOFrEGlN73Ci65lpbHNYwwwEHYQjb1XYI_Mx1DDtkWwsNSyqm8KcQW307CXEiu_05_lw5cZMcwUeHVu7IdE1ckA/s72-c/Sem+t%25C3%25ADtulo.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-3433832726257786850</id><published>2011-11-18T12:13:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2011-11-18T12:13:05.328-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Plástico de cana-de-açúcar  no Brasil</title><content type='html'>&lt;div id=&quot;HOTWordsTxt&quot; name=&quot;HOTWordsTxt&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;taghw&gt;&lt;/taghw&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;h1 style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;http://maurilioferreiralima.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/pl%C3%A1stico-verde-da-cana-de-a%C3%A7%C3%BAcar.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;suave&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Arial, Verdana, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Lourenço Canuto - Agência Brasil - 23/04/2009&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;taghw&gt;Uma&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: pointer;&quot;&gt;empresa&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;brasileira vai produzir anualmente 200 mil toneladas de matéria-prima para a produção de plásticos a partir da cana-de-açúcar. Chamado de plástico verde, o material tem origem 100% renovável e contribui para absorver mais gás carbônico da atmosfera do que emite ao longo do seu ciclo de vida.&lt;/taghw&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;&lt;taghw&gt;Plástico&amp;nbsp;verde&lt;/taghw&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;A iniciativa é da empresa petroquímica Braskem que vai lançar ainda hoje (22) em Triunfo, no Rio Grande do Sul, a pedra fundamental do Projeto Verde da Braskem, planta industrial da fábrica cujas obras vão gerar 1.500 empregos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;taghw&gt;A unidade deverá estar concluída no final do próximo ano e consumirá investimentos de R$ 500 milhões. Segundo o&amp;nbsp;responsável&amp;nbsp;pela comercialização de polímeros verdes da Braskem, Luiz Nitschke, essa será a primeira operação em escala comercial no mundo da produção de polietileno verde a partir de matéria-prima totalmente renovável.&lt;/taghw&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;Plástico alternativo&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;taghw&gt;Nitschke informou que a produção será destinada ao&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; cursor: pointer;&quot;&gt;mercado&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;do produto alternativo, que consome em todo o mundo 70 milhões de toneladas de polietileno por ano. O consumo de plásticos provenientes de todas as origens chega a 200 milhões de toneladas ao ano, de acordo com ele.&lt;/taghw&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Inicialmente será usada cana proveniente de São Paulo, mas o projeto vai estimular também a exploração da cultura no estado. O zoneamento agrícola da cana-de-açúcar no Rio Grande do Sul foi divulgado na semana passada pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;Polietileno verde&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;O polietileno verde vai ser produzido a partir de uma resina sintetizada do etanol e permitirá a fabricação de tanques de combustível para veículos, filmes para fraldas descartáveis, recipientes para iogurtes, leite, xampu, detergentes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;O polietileno é fornecido à indústria em forma de bolinhas que são então transformadas nas embalagens ou em peças para diversas finalidades, como para a indústria de brinquedos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Nitschke afirma que usar álcool para produzir polietileno não vai provocar impacto na produção de açúcar ou de combustível, tendo em vista a potencialidade do Brasil nessa área. O país, conforme destacou o executivo, produz 500 milhões de toneladas de cana-de-açúcar por ano e praticamente metade vai para a industrialização do etanol e os 50% restante, para a produção do açúcar.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;O polietileno verde substitui a matéria-prima proveniente de reservas fósseis oferecendo um produto de fonte renovável e que fixa o gás carbônico com a síntese da resina obtida para a produção do polietileno.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Referência:&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=plastico-biodegradavel-produzido-no-brasil-em-larga-escala&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: medium; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=plastico-biodegradavel-produzido-no-brasil-em-larga-escala&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;addthis_toolbox&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 13px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;hover_effect&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(229, 236, 255); border-bottom-left-radius: 5px 5px; border-bottom-right-radius: 5px 5px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 3px; border-left-color: rgb(229, 236, 255); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 3px; border-right-color: rgb(229, 236, 255); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 3px; border-top-color: rgb(229, 236, 255); border-top-left-radius: 5px 5px; border-top-right-radius: 5px 5px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 3px; padding-bottom: 6px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px; width: 550px;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;addthis_button_twitter at300b&quot; href=&quot;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=plastico-biodegradavel-produzido-no-brasil-em-larga-escala#&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-right-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 2px; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; color: #0323c7; cursor: pointer; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica; font-size: 0.8em; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 2px; padding-top: 2px; position: relative; text-decoration: none;&quot; title=&quot;Tweet This&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/3433832726257786850/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/11/plastico-de-cana-de-acucar-no-brasil.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3433832726257786850'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3433832726257786850'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/11/plastico-de-cana-de-acucar-no-brasil.html' title='Plástico de cana-de-açúcar  no Brasil'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-8741219650582414012</id><published>2011-10-18T16:23:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2011-10-19T11:04:25.588-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Tipos de açúcar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;Fluxograma da Produção de Açúcar&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;*&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Açúcar refinado granulado&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Puro, sem corantes, sem umidade ou empedramento e com cristais bem definidos e &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;granulometria&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; homogênea. Seu uso maior é na indústria farmacêutica, em confeitos, xarope de transparência excepcional e mistura seca.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; language: pt-BR; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;* Açúcar branco (tipo exportação)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Há&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;dois tipos para exportação: o branco para consumo direto (humano), com baixa cor (100), produzido diretamente em usina, sem refino; e o branco para reprocessamento no destino, também produzido diretamente em usina, sem refino, cor 400.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;* Açúcar cristal&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Açúcar&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;em forma cristalina produzido diretamente em usina, sem refino. Muito utilizado na indústria alimentícia na confecção de bebidas, massas, biscoitos e confeitos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;* Açúcar&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;demerara ou&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;bruto&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Produto&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;de cor escura, que não passou pelo refino.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;direction: ltr; language: pt-BR; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; mso-line-break-override: none; punctuation-wrap: hanging; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;* Açúcar&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;mascavo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Úmido &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;e de cor castanha, não passa por processo de cristalização ou refino. Usado na confecção de doces que não requeiram transparência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;* Açúcar&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;orgânico&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Açúcar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;de granulação uniforme, produzido sem qualquer aditivo químico tanto na fase agrícola como na industrial, disponível nas versões clara e dourada. Segue padrões internacionais e certificação por órgãos competentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;* Açúcar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;refinado amorfo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;É &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;o mais utilizado no consumo doméstico, por sua brancura excelente, granulometria fina e dissolução rápida, sendo usado ainda em bolos e confeitos, caldas transparentes e incolores e misturas sólidas de dissolução instantânea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;* Açúcar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;VHP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;O &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;açúcar VHP (&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Very&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; High &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;Polarization)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt; é o tipo mais exportado pelo Brasil. Mais claro que o demerara, apresenta cristais amarelados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;color: black; direction: ltr; font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left; unicode-bidi: embed; word-break: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;* Açúcar &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;de confeiteiro&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: Calibri;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Tem grânulos bem finos, cristalinos, é produzido na refinaria e destinado à indústria alimentícia, sendo muito utilizado no preparo de bolos, glacês, suspiros etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/8741219650582414012/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/10/tipos-de-acucar.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/8741219650582414012'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/8741219650582414012'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/10/tipos-de-acucar.html' title='Tipos de açúcar'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgX-gT6GOYI7VhmSeRyrRYuyh7OK2bP2Pp4nzBuc9T8PX-6Io4NX_ZYMYUnmF80xACWQw5RU-MstxOb0UuCjpyw3OMVJF6abBOAjDyzT2MELCVbT8zjDOVhkV4fGMXQxwrsQ-m75lhQm-Y/s72-c/Sem+t%25C3%25ADtulo.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-6507053387216258925</id><published>2011-10-17T17:03:00.001-02:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T17:03:33.317-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Vídeo Educativo produção de açúcar parte 2</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/HS-mNXkOTeY?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/6507053387216258925/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/10/video-educativo-producao-de-acucar_17.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/6507053387216258925'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/6507053387216258925'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/10/video-educativo-producao-de-acucar_17.html' title='Vídeo Educativo produção de açúcar parte 2'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-2987831544389882833</id><published>2011-10-17T17:00:00.000-02:00</published><updated>2011-10-17T17:00:18.925-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Vídeo Educativo produção de açúcar parte 1</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/qD0w3HEFc1A?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/2987831544389882833/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/10/video-educativo-producao-de-acucar.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/2987831544389882833'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/2987831544389882833'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/10/video-educativo-producao-de-acucar.html' title='Vídeo Educativo produção de açúcar parte 1'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-3096973315672201982</id><published>2011-08-19T15:17:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-08-19T15:17:17.173-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Como produzir Etanol,cachaça e vinho</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/iiq015IOyXs?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/3096973315672201982/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/08/como-produzir-etanolcachaca-e-vinho.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3096973315672201982'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3096973315672201982'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/08/como-produzir-etanolcachaca-e-vinho.html' title='Como produzir Etanol,cachaça e vinho'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-7970943365745875332</id><published>2011-05-23T16:53:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-10-19T10:40:36.704-02:00</updated><title type='text'>Asfalto utilizado bagaço de cana-de-açúcar</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;Asfalto de Interlagos&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Um grupo de pesquisadores fluminenses desenvolveu uma técnica para utilizar o bagaço da cana-de-açúcar como aditivo estabilizante nas misturas de um tipo especial de asfalto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;A técnica poderá viabilizar a chegada às ruas e estradas brasileiras o mesmo asfalto utilizado no autódromo de Interlagos. E ainda aproveitando um rejeito agrícola que hoje é queimado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;O bagaço entra na mistura em substituição às fibras de celulose normalmente utilizadas, não permitindo que o cimento asfáltico escorra durante o processo de mistura ou aplicação.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;Asfalto SMA&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;O SMA (&lt;i&gt;Stone Matrix Asphalt&lt;/i&gt;) é um tipo de mistura asfáltica desenvolvida na Alemanha no final da década de 1960. Por sua maior resistência, o asfalto SMA é muito usado como revestimento de rodovias e aeroportos europeus e norte-americanos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Para fabricar o asfalto SMA, fibras de celulose ou de vidro são misturadas com o asfalto para evitar seu escorrimento no momento em que ele é misturado ou aplicado.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Nosso projeto propõe o uso do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar que sobra do processo de fabricação do açúcar e do álcool. Dessa forma, aproveitamos um resíduo e transformamos um mero procedimento industrial numa contribuição ao desenvolvimento sustentável&quot;, explica Cláudio Leal, do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Fluminense (IFF).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;A técnica desenvolvida é extremamente simples: para transformar o bagaço da cana em aditivo na mistura asfáltica é necessário apenas secá-lo e passá-lo em peneira de 1,2mm. As microfibras resultantes estão prontas para uso.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;Bagaço de cana-de-açúcar&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;A produção de álcool no Brasil gera cerca de 270 quilos de bagaço por tonelada de cana moída.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;A maior parte desse rejeito é queimado nas caldeiras das próprias usinas para produção de energia térmica ou elétrica. &quot;Mas estima-se que aproximadamente 20% deste bagaço não sejam queimados e fiquem sem qualquer outra utilização&quot;, afirma Regina Coeli Martins Paes de Aquino, também da IFF.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Além de bom para o meio ambiente, o uso do bagaço reduz o custo de produção do asfalto. &quot;As fibras normalmente misturadas ao SMA têm um custo mais alto do que as misturas convencionais com betume e compostos derivados do petróleo. O bagaço reduz consideravelmente esses custos de produção e ainda proporciona um ganho ambiental&quot;, complementa Regina.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;Teste do asfalto com bagaço&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Os resultados dos testes feitos em laboratório comprovaram que a mistura com o bagaço apresenta o mesmo desempenho que o asfalto SMA, como foi comprovado no teste mais importante feito pelos pesquisadores, o do escorrimento.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Isso permitiu a marcação de um teste de campo, em larga escala. Brevemente, o asfalto SMA com bagaço de cana será aplicado experimentalmente em um trecho da BR-356, entre Campos dos Goytacazes e São João da Barra.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Muito empregado nos Estados Unidos, Canadá e alguns países da Europa, como Alemanha, Bélgica, Inglaterra e Suíça, por sua maior durabilidade e maior resistência, principalmente a veículos pesados, o asfalto SMA vem aos poucos conquistando espaço. no Brasil.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;O autódromo de Interlagos, em São Paulo, por exemplo, tem suas pistas revestidas por esse tipo de asfalto.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;O SMA proporciona o contato grão a grão das britas maiores, tornando a estrutura da mistura asfáltica mais resistente. Esta resistência, que significa quase mais 50% de vida útil, é a grande diferença do SMA para o asfalto comum&quot;, destaca Regina.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Sua textura mais rugosa também oferece maior segurança aos motoristas, já que o SMA tem melhor drenagem superficial, com a diminuição dos borrifos de água sobre a pista, reduzindo o efeito de aquaplanagem e aumentando a aderência dos pneus à superfície do pavimento&quot;, acrescenta Cláudio.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;&quot;&gt;Asfalto de pneus&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Mesmo não sendo mais uma novidade, os pesquisadores também enfatizam a reciclagem da borracha de pneus como substituto das fibras de celulose em misturas asfálticas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;&quot;Dentre os modificadores de cimento asfáltico, a borracha moída dos pneus que não são mais utilizados merece destaque: além de melhorar o desempenho do asfalto, esse reaproveitamento possibilita que um quilômetro de rodovia absorva cerca de três mil pneus que de outra forma possivelmente estariam armazenados indevidamente, descartados em rios e lagoas, ou servindo como depósitos de larvas de mosquitos&quot;, alerta Regina.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;A pesquisa, que conta ainda com a participação de Protásio Ferreira e Castro, da Universidade Federal Fluminense, foi financiado pela FAPERJ.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwkqi81WHFjYe3OgCrUHSFQRl5O58ilaRPL61208DlHtzCJ5V2tkX9dJN3rMFIsSyy2SsprAwWm_DNbCag8_A&#39; class=&#39;b-hbp-video b-uploaded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.3px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;&quot;&gt;Referencia:&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=asfalto-interlagos-chegar-ruas&amp;amp;id=010125100713&quot;&gt;http://www.inovacaotecnologica.com.br/noticias/noticia.php?artigo=asfalto-interlagos-chegar-ruas&amp;amp;id=010125100713&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;(acesso dia 23 de maio de 2011 16:50)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/7970943365745875332/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/05/asfalto-utilizado-bagaco-de-cana-de.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/7970943365745875332'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/7970943365745875332'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/05/asfalto-utilizado-bagaco-de-cana-de.html' title='Asfalto utilizado bagaço de cana-de-açúcar'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-3345960397914368376</id><published>2011-05-11T15:49:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-05-13T17:42:07.640-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Tipos de alcool</title><content type='html'>&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Álcool&amp;nbsp;Hidratado Carburante &lt;/b&gt;E o&amp;nbsp;álcool&amp;nbsp;a92 gl (92%de&amp;nbsp;álcool&amp;nbsp;mais 8% de agua)utilizado como&amp;nbsp;combustível&amp;nbsp;direto nos&amp;nbsp;veículos&amp;nbsp;com motores movidos à&amp;nbsp;álcool.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Álcool&amp;nbsp;Anidro &lt;/b&gt;É o&amp;nbsp;álcool&amp;nbsp;a 99.6graus u (99.6% de&amp;nbsp;álcool&amp;nbsp;mais 0.4% de agua)utilizado como aditivo aos&amp;nbsp;combustível.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Álcool&amp;nbsp;Anidro Especial&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;É o mesmo álcool do item anterior,porem isento de contaminantes (benzeno e ciclo-hexano),produzido através do processo de peneira molecular&lt;b&gt;.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Álcool&amp;nbsp;Refinado e Neutro&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;E o alcool de impureza,com poucos odor.Por ser mais barato que o&amp;nbsp;álcool&amp;nbsp;extra neutro,é utilizado pelas&amp;nbsp;industriais&amp;nbsp;de bebidas e&amp;nbsp;cosméticos&amp;nbsp;populares.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;Álcool&amp;nbsp;Extra Neutro &lt;/b&gt;É o mais puro álcool, não&amp;nbsp;interfere&amp;nbsp;em aromas ou sabores,é utilizado na elaboração de bebidas,&amp;nbsp;cosméticos&amp;nbsp;e produtos farmacêuticos.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/3345960397914368376/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/05/tipos-de-alcool.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3345960397914368376'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/3345960397914368376'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/05/tipos-de-alcool.html' title='Tipos de alcool'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-8713404937409443033</id><published>2011-04-07T16:34:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-04-07T16:34:40.505-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Usina de Etanol americana</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/poTGr8ONgl0?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/8713404937409443033/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/04/usina-de-etanol-americana.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/8713404937409443033'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/8713404937409443033'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/04/usina-de-etanol-americana.html' title='Usina de Etanol americana'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-6564820729017451204</id><published>2011-04-06T11:43:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-04-06T11:43:18.593-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Platio Direto de Cana-de-Açúcar Mecanizado</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/bI6rN0qmGWw?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/6564820729017451204/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/04/platio-direto-de-cana-de-acucar.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/6564820729017451204'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/6564820729017451204'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/04/platio-direto-de-cana-de-acucar.html' title='Platio Direto de Cana-de-Açúcar Mecanizado'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-5140707321297979433</id><published>2011-04-06T11:40:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-04-06T11:40:13.132-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Plantadora Automotriz de Cana Picada</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/cQjyHwm-0ao?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/5140707321297979433/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/04/plantadora-automotriz-de-cana-picada.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/5140707321297979433'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/5140707321297979433'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/04/plantadora-automotriz-de-cana-picada.html' title='Plantadora Automotriz de Cana Picada'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-119069195345945152</id><published>2011-04-01T15:34:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-04-01T15:34:03.018-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Usina Biodiesel</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/vGFT7AeBk9w?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/119069195345945152/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/04/usina-biodiesel.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/119069195345945152'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/119069195345945152'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/04/usina-biodiesel.html' title='Usina Biodiesel'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-8454113277797923447</id><published>2011-04-01T15:20:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-04-01T15:20:43.794-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Usina de biodiesel e etanol utiliza milho e Batata para sua fabriação</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/5oqsIsJry0I?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/8454113277797923447/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/04/usina-de-biodiesel-e-etanol-utiliza.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/8454113277797923447'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/8454113277797923447'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/04/usina-de-biodiesel-e-etanol-utiliza.html' title='Usina de biodiesel e etanol utiliza milho e Batata para sua fabriação'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-5414758959568883700</id><published>2011-03-11T17:46:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-03-11T17:46:29.653-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Plantio de Cana</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #006600; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: large;&quot;&gt;Cana de Açúcar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Saccharum hibridas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Introdução&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;img align=&quot;left&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;126&quot; src=&quot;http://www.agrobyte.com.br/images/Cana/cana1.jpg&quot; width=&quot;150&quot; /&gt;Originária do sudeste da Ásia, onde é cultivada desde épocas remotas, a exploração canavieira assentou-se, no início, sobre a espécie S. officinarum. O surgimento de várias doenças e de uma tecnologia mais avançada exigiram a criação de novas variedades, as quais foram obtidas pelo cruzamento da S. officinarum com as outras quatro espécies do gênero Saccharum e, posteriormente, através de recruzamentos com as ascendentes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Os trabalhos de melhoramento persistem até os dias atuais e conferem a todas as variedades em cultivo uma mistura das cinco espécies originais e a existência de cultivares ou variedades híbridas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A importância da cana de açúcar pode ser atribuída à sua múltipla utilização, podendo ser empregada in natura, sob a forma de forragem, para alimentação animal, ou como matéria prima para a fabricação de rapadura, melado, aguardente, açúcar e álcool.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Clima e Solo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A cana-de-açúcar é cultivada numa extensa área territorial, compreendida entre os paralelos 35º de latitude Norte e Sul do Equador, apresentando melhor comportamento nas regiões quentes. O clima ideal é aquele que apresenta duas estações distintas, uma quente e úmida, para proporcionar a germinação, perfilhamento e desenvolvimento vegetativo, seguido de outra fria e seca, para promover a maturação e conseqüente acumulo de sacarose nos colmos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Solos profundos, pesados, bem estruturados, férteis e com boa capacidade de retenção são os ideais para a cana-de-açúcar que, devido à sua rusticidade, se desenvolve satisfatoriamente em solos arenosos e menos férteis, como os de cerrado. Solos rasos, isto é, com camada impermeável superficial ou mal drenados, não devem ser indicados para a cana-de-açúcar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Para trabalhar com segurança em culturas semi-mecanizadas, que constituem a maioria das nossas explorações, a declividade máxima deverá estar em torno de 12% ; declividade acima desse limite apresentam restrições às práticas mecânicas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Para culturas mecanizadas, com adoção de colheitadeiras automotrizes, o limite máximo de declividade cai para 8 a 10%.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cultivares&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Um dos pontos que merece especial atenção do agricultor é a escolha do cultivar para&amp;nbsp; plantio. Isso não só pela sua importância econômica, como geradora de massa verde e riqueza em açúcar, mas também pelo seu processo dinâmico, pois anualmente surgem novas variedades, sempre com melhorias tecnológicas quando comparadas com aquelas que estão sendo cultivadas. Dentre as várias maneiras para classificação dos cultivares de cana, a mais prática é quanto à época da colheita.Quando apresentarem longo Período de Utilização Industrial (PUI), a indicação de alguns cultivares ocorrerá para mais de uma época.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Atualmente os cultivares mais indicados para São Paulo e Estados limítrofes são:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;para início de safra: SP80-3250, SP80-1842, RB76-5418, RB83-5486, RB85-5453 e RB83-5054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;para meio de safra: SP79-1011, SP80-1816, RB85-5113 e RB85-5536&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;para fim de safra: SP79-1011, SP79-2313, SP79-6192, RB72-454, RB78-5148, RB80-6043 e RB84-5257&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Os cultivares SP79-2313, RB72-454, RB78-5148, RB80-6043 e RB83-5486 caracterizam-se pela baixa exigência em fertilidade de solo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Preparo do Terreno&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Tendo a cana-de-açúcar um sistema radicular profundo, um ciclo vegetativo econômico de quatro anos e meio ou mais e uma intensa mecanização que se processa durante esse longo tempo de permanência da cultura no terreno, o preparo do solo deve ser profundo e esmerado. Convém salientar que as unidades sucroalcooleiras não seguem uma linha uniforme de preparo do solo, tendo cada uma seu sistema próprio, variação essa que ocorre em função do tipo de solo predominante e da disponibilidade de máquinas e implementos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;No preparo do solo, temos de considerar duas situações distintas:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;- a cana vai ser implantada pela primeira vez;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;- o terreno já se encontra ocupado com cana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;No primeiro caso, faz-se uma aração profunda, com bastante antecedência do plantio, visando à destruição, incorporação e decomposição dos restos culturais existentes, seguida de gradagem, com o objetivo de completar a primeira operação. Em solos argilosos é normal a existência de uma camada impermeável, a qual pode ser detectada através de trincheiras abertas no perfil do solo, ou pelo penetrômetro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Constatada a compactação do solo, seu rompimento se faz através de subsolagem, que só é aconselhada quando a camada adensada se localizar a uma profundidade entre 20 e 50 cm da superfície e com solo seco.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Nas vésperas do plantio, faz-se nova gradagem, visando ao acabamento do preparo do terreno e à eliminação de ervas daninhas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Na segunda situação, onde a cultura da cana já se encontra instalada, o primeiro passo é a destruição da soqueira, que deve ser realizada logo após a colheita. Essa operação pode ser feita por meio de aração rasa (15-20 cm) nas linhas de cana, seguidas de gradagem ou através de gradagem pesada, enxada rotativa ou uso de herbicida.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Se confirmada a compactação do solo, a subsolagem torna-se necessária. Nas vésperas do plantio procede-se a uma aração profunda (25-30 cm), por meio de arado ou grade pesada. Seguem-se as gradagens necessárias, visando manter o terreno destorroado e apto ao plantio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Devido à facilidade de transporte, à menor regulagem e ao maior rendimento operacional, há uma tendência das grades pesadas substituírem o arado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Calagem&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A necessidade de aplicação de calcário é determinada pela análise química do solo, devendo ser utilizado para elevar a saturação por bases a 60%. Se o teor de magnésio for baixo, dar preferência ao calcário dolomítico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O calcário deve ser aplicado o mais uniforme possível sobre o solo. A época mais indicada para aplicação do calcário vai desde o último corte da cana, durante a reforma do canavial, até antes da última gradagem de preparo do terreno. Dentro desse período, quanto mais cedo executada maior será sua eficiência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Adubação&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Para a cana de açúcar há a necessidade de considerar duas situações distintas, adubação para cana-planta e para soqueiras, sendo que, em ambas, a quantificação será determinada pela análise do solo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Para cana-planta, o fertilizante deverá ser aplicado no fundo do sulco de plantio, após a sua abertura, ou por meio de adubadeiras conjugadas aos sulcadores em operação dupla.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;No quadro a seguir são indicadas as quantidades de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio a serem aplicadas com base na análise do solo e de acordo com a produtividade esperada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Adubação Mineral de Plantio&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Produtividade esperada&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nitrogênio&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;34%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;P resina, mg/dm&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;0 - 6&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;7 - 15&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;16 - 40&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;gt;40&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;t/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;N, kg/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;34%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;, kg/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;100 - 150&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;150&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;20%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;180&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;180&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;120&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;140&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;80&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px;&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;80&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Produtividade esperada&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;K&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;trocável, mmol&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;/dm&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;0 - 0,7&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;0,8 - 1,5&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;1,6 - 3,0&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;3,1 - 6,0&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&amp;gt;6,0&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;t/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;K&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;O, kg/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;100 - 150&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;150&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;150&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;200&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;80&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;120&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;160&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;80&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;120&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;40&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;80&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;10%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;*&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Não é provável obter a produtividade dessa classe, com teor muito baixo de P no solo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Fonte: Boletim Técnico 100 IAC, 1996&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Aplicar mais 30 a 60 kg/ha de N, em cobertura, durante o mês de abril; em solo arenoso dividir a cobertura, aplicando metade do N em abril e a outra metade em setembro - outubro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Adubações pesadas de K&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O devem ser parceladas, colocando no sulco de plantio até 100 kg/ha e o restante juntamente com o N em cobertura, durante o mês de abril.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Para soqueira, a adubação deve ser feita durante os primeiros tratos culturais, em ambos os lados da linha de cana; quando aplicada superficialmente, deve ser bem misturada com a terra ou alocada até a profundidade de 15 cm.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Na adubação mineral da cana-soca aplicar as indicações do quadro a seguir, observando os resultados da análise de solo e de acordo com a produtividade esperada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Adubação Mineral da Cana-Soca&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Produtividade esperada&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Nitrogênio&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;P resina, mg/dm&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;K&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;trocável, mmol&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;c&lt;/span&gt;/dm&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;0-15 &amp;gt; 15&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;0,15&amp;nbsp; 1,5-3,0 &amp;gt; 3,0&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;t/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;N, kg/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;P&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;O&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/span&gt;, kg/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;K&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;O, kg/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 60&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;60 - 80&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;80 - 100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;80&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;120&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;13%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;12%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;9%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;90&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;110&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;130&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;150&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;60&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;80&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;100&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;120&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;8%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;30&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;50&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;70&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;90&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Fonte: Boletim Técnico 100 IAC, 1996&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Aplicar os adubos ao lado das linhas de cana, superficialmente e misturado ao solo, no máximo a 10 cm de profundidade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Se for constatada deficiência de cobre ou de zinco, de acordo com a análise do solo, aplicar os nutrientes com a adubação de plantio, nas quantidades indicadas a seguir:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zinco no solo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zn&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cobre no solo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Cu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;mg/dm&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;kg/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;mg/dm&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: small;&quot;&gt;³&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;kg/ha&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0-0,5&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 0,5&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;5&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0-0,2&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 0,2&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;25%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Fonte: Boletim Técnico 100 IAC, 1996&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Uso de Resíduos da Agroindústria Canavieira&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Atualmente há uma tendência em substituir a adubação química das socas pela aplicação de vinhaça, cuja quantidade por hectare esta&amp;nbsp; na dependência da composição química da vinhaça e da necessidade da lavoura em nutrientes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Os sistemas básicos de aplicação são por infiltração, por veículos e aspersão, sendo que cada sistema apresenta modificações.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A torta de filtro (úmida) pode ser aplicada em área total (80-100 t/ha), em pré-plantio, no sulco de plantio (15-30 t/ha) ou nas entrelinhas (40-50 t/ha). Metade do fósforo aí contido pode ser deduzido da adubação fosfatada recomendada.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;(Boletim Técnico 100 IAC, 1996)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Plantio&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Existem duas épocas de plantio para a região Centro-Sul: setembro-outubro e janeiro a março. Setembro-outubro não é a época mais recomendada, sendo indicada em casos de necessidade urgente de matéria prima, quer por recente instalação ou ampliação do setor industrial, quer por comprometimento de safra devido à ocorrência de adversidade climática. Plantios efetuados nessa época propiciam menor produtividade agrícola e expõem a lavoura à maior incidência de ervas daninhas, pragas, assoreamento dos sulcos e retardam a próxima colheita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O plantio da cana de &quot;ano e meio&quot; é feito de janeiro a março, sendo o mais recomendado tecnicamente. Além de não apresentar os inconvenientes da outra época, permite um melhor aproveitamento do terreno com plantio de outras culturas. Em regiões quentes, como o oeste do Estado de São Paulo, essa época pode ser estendida para os meses subseqüentes, desde que haja umidade suficiente.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O espaçamento entre os sulcos de plantio é de 1,40 m, sua profundidade de 20 a 25 cm e a largura é proporcionada pela abertura das asas do sulcador num ângulo de 45º, com pequenas variações para mais ou para menos, dependendo da textura do solo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Os colmos com idade de 10 a 12 meses são colocados no fundo do sulco, sempre cruzando a ponta do colmo anterior com o pé do seguinte e picados, com podão, em toletes de aproximadamente de três gemas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A densidade do plantio é em torno de 12 gemas por metro linear de sulco, que, dependendo da variedade e do seu desenvolvimento vegetativo, corresponde a um gasto de 7-10 toneladas por hectare.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Os toletes são cobertos com uma camada de terra de 7 cm, devendo ser ligeiramente compactada. Dependendo do tipo de solo e das condições climáticas reinantes, pode haver uma variação na espessura dessa camada.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tratos Culturais&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Os tratos culturais na cana-planta limitam-se apenas ao controle das ervas daninhas, adubação em cobertura e adoção de uma vigilância fitossanitária para controlar a incidência do carvão. No que concerne à adubação em cobertura, já foi visto no item adubação e a vigilância fitossanitária será comentada em doenças e seu controle.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O período crítico da cultura, devido à concorrência de ervas daninhas, vai da emergência aos 90 dias de idade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O controle mais eficiente as ervas, nesse período, é o químico, através da aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência, logo após o plantio e em área total. Dependendo das condições de aplicação, infestação da gleba e eficiência do praguicida, há necessidade de uma ou mais carpas mecânicas e catação manual até o fechamento da lavoura. A partir dai a infestação de ervas é praticamente nula.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Outro método é a combinação de carpas mecânicas e manuais. Instalada a cultura, após o surgimento do mato, procede-se seu controle mecanicamente, com o emprego de cultivadores de disco ou de enxadas junto às entrelinhas, sendo complementado com carpa manual nas linhas de plantio, evitando, assim, o assoreamento do sulco. Essa operação é repetida quantas vezes forem necessárias; normalmente três controles são suficientes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;As soqueiras exigem enleiramento do &quot;paliço&quot;, permeabilização do solo, controle das ervas daninhas, adubação e vigilância sanitária. Os dois últimos tratos culturais encontram-se em itens próprios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Após a colheita da cana, ficam no terreno restos de palha, folhas e pontas, cuja permanência prejudica a nova brotação e dificulta os tratos culturais. A maneira de eliminar esse material (paliço) seria a queima pelo fogo, porém essa prática não é indicada devido aos inconvenientes que ela acarreta, como falhas na brotação futura, perdas de umidade e matéria orgânica do solo e quebra do equilíbrio biológico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O enleiramento consiste no amontoamento em uma rua do &quot;paliço&quot; deixando duas, quatro ou seis ruas livres, dependendo da quantidade desse material. É realizado por enleiradeira tipo Lely, implemento leve com pouca exigência de potência.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Após a retirada da cana, o solo fica superficialmente compactado e impermeável à penetração de água, ar e fertilizantes. Visando à permeabilização do solo e controle das ervas daninhas iniciais, diversos métodos e implementos podem ser usados.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Existem no mercado implementos dotados de hastes semi-subsoladoras ou escarificadoras, adubadeiras e cultivadores que realizam simultaneamente, operações de escarificação, adubação, cultivo e preparo do terreno para receber a carpa química, exigindo, para tanto, tratores de aproximadamente 90 HPs. Normalmente, essa prática, conhecida como operação tríplice, seguida do cultivo químico, é suficiente para manter a soqueira no limpo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Além desse sistema, o emprego de cultivadores ou enxadas rotativas com tração animal ou mecânica apresenta bons resultados. Devido ao rápido crescimento das soqueiras, o número de carpas exigidos é menor que o da cana planta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Pragas e seu controle&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A cana-de-açúcar é atacada por cerca de 80 pragas, porém pequeno número causa prejuízos à cultura. Dependendo da espécie da praga presente no local, bem como do nível populacional dessa espécie, as pragas de solo podem provocar importantes prejuízos à cana-de-açúcar, com reduções significativas nas produtividades agrícola e industrial dessa cultura.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dos&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;&quot; name=&quot;organismos&quot;&gt;organismos&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;que a atacam, três merecem destaque pelos danos que causam: os&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.agrobyte.com.br/nemat%C3%B3ides.htm&quot; target=&quot;inferior direito&quot;&gt;nematóides&lt;/a&gt;, os&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.agrobyte.com.br/cupins.htm&quot; target=&quot;inferior direito&quot;&gt;cupins&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;e o besouro&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.agrobyte.com.br/migdolus.htm&quot; target=&quot;inferior direito&quot;&gt;Migdolus&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp; Veja mais detalhes em&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.agrobyte.com.br/pragas_da_cana.htm&quot; target=&quot;inferior direito&quot;&gt;Pragas da Cana-de-Açúcar&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Colheita&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A colheita inicia-se em maio e em algumas unidades sucroalcooleiras em abril, prolongando-se até novembro, período em que a planta atinge o ponto de maturação, devendo, sempre que possível, antecipar o fim da safra, por ser um período bastante chuvoso, que dificulta o transporte de matéria prima e faz cair o rendimento industrial.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Maturadores Químicos&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;São produtos químicos que tem a propriedade de paralisar o desenvolvimento da cana induzindo a translocação e o armazenamento dos açúcares. Vêm sendo utilizados como um instrumento auxiliar no planejamento da colheita e no manejo varietal. Muitos compostos apresentam, ainda, ação dessecante, favorecendo a queima e diminuindo, portanto, as impurezas vegetais. Há uma ação inibidora do florescimento, em alguns casos, viabilizando a utilização de variedades com este comportamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Dentre os produtos comerciais utilizados como maturadores, podemos citar: Ethepon, Polaris, Paraquat, Diquat, Glifosato e Moddus. Estudos sobre a época de aplicação e dosagens vêm sendo conduzidos com o objetivo de aperfeiçoar a metodologia de manejo desses produtos, que podem representar acréscimos superiores a 10% no teor de sacarose.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Determinação do Estágio de Maturação&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O ponto de maturação pode ser determinado pelo refratômetro de campo e complementado pela análise de laboratório. Com a adoção do sistema de pagamento pelo teor de sacarose, há necessidade de o produtor conciliar alta produtividade agrícola com elevado teor de sacarose na época da colheita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O refratômetro fornece diretamente a porcentagem de sólidos solúveis do caldo (Brix). O Brix esta estreitamente correlacionado ao teor de sacarose da cana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A maturação ocorre da base para o ápice do colmo. A cana imatura apresenta valores bastante distintos nesses seguimentos, os quais vão se aproximando no processo de maturação. Assim, o critério mais racional de estimar a maturação pelo refratômetro de campo é pelo índice de maturação (IM), que fornece o quociente da relação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;IM&lt;/b&gt;=&lt;u&gt;Brix da ponta do colmo&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Brix da base do colmo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Admitem-se para a cana-de-açúcar, os seguintes estágios de maturação:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;IM&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#E1DFDD&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Estágio de Maturação&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt; 0,60&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0,60 - 0,85&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;0,85 - 1,00&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt; 1,00&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td align=&quot;center&quot; valign=&quot;middle&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;cana verde&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;cana em maturação&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;cana madura&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;cana em declínio de maturação&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;As determinações tecnológicas em laboratório (brix, pol, açúcares redutores e pureza) fornecem dados mais precisos da maturação, sendo, a rigor, uma confirmação do refratômetro de campo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Operação de Corte (manual e/ou mecanizada)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;O corte pode ser manual, com um rendimento médio de 5 a 6 toneladas/homem/dia, ou mecanicamente, através de colheitadeiras. Existem basicamente dois tipos: colheitadeira para cana inteira, com rendimento operacional médio em condições normais de 20 t/hora, e colheitadeiras para cana picada (automotrizes), com rendimento de 15 a 20 t/hora.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Após o corte, a cana-de-açúcar deve ser transportada o mais rápido possível ao setor industrial, por meio de caminhão ou carreta tracionada por trator.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Rendimento Agrícola&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Em relação à produtividade e região de plantio, observamos que a produtividade está estritamente relacionada com o ambiente de produção, e este é dado por padrão do solo, clima e nível tecnológico aplicado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Produção de Mudas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Após, em média, quatro ou cinco cortes consecutivos, a lavoura canavieira precisa ser renovada. A taxa de renovação está ao redor de 15 a 20% da área total cultivada, exigindo grandes quantidades de mudas. A boa qualidade das mudas é o fator de produção de mais baixo custo e que maior retorno econômico proporciona ao agricultor, principalmente quando produzida por ele próprio.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Para a produção de mudas, há necessidade de que o material básico seja de boa procedência, com idade de 10 a 12 meses, sadio, proveniente de cana-planta ou primeira soca e que tenha sido submetido ao tratamento térmico.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;A tecnologia empregada na produção de mudas é praticamente a mesma dispensada à lavoura comercial, apenas com a introdução de algumas técnicas fitossanitárias, tais como:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;- Desinfecção do podão&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;- o podão utilizado na colheita de mudas e no seu corte em toletes, quando contaminado, é um violento propagador da escaldadura e do raquitismo. Antes e durantes estas operações deve-se desinfetar o podão, através de álcool, formol, lisol, cresol ou fogo. Uma desinfecção prática, eficiente e econômica é feita pela imersão do instrumento numa solução com creolina a 10% (18 litros de água + 2 litros de creolina) durante meia hora, antes do início da colheita das mudas e do corte das mesmas em toletes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Durante essas duas operações, deve-se mergulhar, freqüente e rapidamente, o podão na solução.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;- Vigilância sanitária e &quot;roguing&quot;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&amp;nbsp;- formando o viveiro, torna-se imprescindível a realização de inspeções sanitárias freqüentes, no mínimo uma vez por mês. A finalidade dessas inspeções é a erradicação de toda touceira que exiba sintoma patológico ou características diferentes da variedade em cultivo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Além dessas duas medidas fitossanitárias, algumas recomendações agronômicas devem ser levadas em consideração, como a despalha manual das mudas, menor densidade das mudas dentro do sulco e maior parcelamento do fertilizante nitrogenado.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;- Rotação de culturas - durante a reforma do canavial, no período em que o terreno permanece ocioso, deve-se efetuar o plantio de culturas de ciclo curto, em rotação com a cana-de-açúcar. Amendoim e soja são as mais indicadas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: small;&quot;&gt;Além dos conhecidos benefícios agronômicos proporcionados pela rotação de culturas, a cana-de-açúcar permite a consorciação com outra cultura, aproveitando o terreno numa época em que estaria ocioso, proporcionando melhor aproveitamento de máquinas e implementos. A implantação da cultura é feita sem gasto financeiro correspondente ao preparo do solo, havendo menor exposição do terreno à erosão e às ervas daninhas e diminuição da sazonalidade de empregos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Referências Bibliográficas&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Cooperativa Central dos Produtores de açúcar e Álcool do Estado de São Paulo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Escola Superior de Agricultura &quot;Luiz de Queiroz&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Fundação Instituto Agronômico do Paraná&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Junho, J. A. C. Normas técnicas para produção de mudas selecionadas de cana-de-açúcar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Landell, M. G. A. Cultura da cana-de-açúcar - tecnologia para o pequeno produtor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;left&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; text-indent: 0px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;; font-size: x-small;&quot;&gt;Raij, B. et al. Recomendações de adubação e calagem para o Estado de São Paulo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/5414758959568883700/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/03/plantio-de-cana.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/5414758959568883700'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/5414758959568883700'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/03/plantio-de-cana.html' title='Plantio de Cana'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-8817478794282798839</id><published>2011-03-04T11:45:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-03-04T11:45:48.167-03:00</updated><title type='text'>Etanol</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&#39;allowfullscreen&#39; webkitallowfullscreen=&#39;webkitallowfullscreen&#39; mozallowfullscreen=&#39;mozallowfullscreen&#39; width=&#39;320&#39; height=&#39;266&#39; src=&#39;https://www.youtube.com/embed/hyLCB5UE55g?feature=player_embedded&#39; frameborder=&#39;0&#39;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/8817478794282798839/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/03/etanol_04.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/8817478794282798839'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/8817478794282798839'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/03/etanol_04.html' title='Etanol'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-7483387352202366310</id><published>2011-03-04T11:27:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-03-04T11:29:06.033-03:00</updated><title type='text'>O Processo de fabricação de Açúcar e Álcool na Usina Ester</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/prod1.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;prod1&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; id=&quot;daFigura1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/prod1.JPG&quot; width=&quot;265&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: -webkit-center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; font-size: medium;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; text-align: left; width: 605px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 314px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;20&quot; width=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;6&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;102&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;102&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;110&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;96&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;96&quot; /&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;110&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;Aspectos Gerais&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot; width=&quot;308&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; text-align: left; width: 609px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;4&quot; width=&quot;29&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;29&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;580&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;580&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;580&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;Corte da cana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;Através do controle e planejamento dos canaviais, é montado um programa de corte baseado na maturação da cana. Dessa forma, tem-se áreas com cana plantada que vão estar próprias para o corte em momentos diferentes, o que permite seu manejo. O corte feito manualmente representa 50% da cana colhida. Os outros 50% são colhidos por colhedeiras ( safra 2000 ).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Transporte&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;O transporte da lavoura até a unidade industrial é feito por caminhões. Cada carga transportada, pesa aproximadamente 16 toneladas. Hoje há caminhões com capacidade de até três ou quatro carrocerias em conjunto, aumentando muito a capacidade do transporte. Depois de cortada e transportada para a Usina, a cana-de-açúcar é enviada para a moagem, onde se inicia o processo de fabricação do açúcar e do álcool.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; text-align: left; width: 619px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;53&quot; width=&quot;55&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;55&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;31&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;31&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;173&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;272&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;colhedeira&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;176&quot; id=&quot;daFigura11&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/colhedeira.jpg&quot; width=&quot;272&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;261&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;prod3&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;173&quot; id=&quot;daFigura3&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/prod3.JPG&quot; width=&quot;261&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; text-align: left; width: 616px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;34&quot; width=&quot;24&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;24&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;592&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;592&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;592&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;PROCESSO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;Moagem&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;A cana que chega à unidade industrial é processada o mais rápido possível. Este sincronismo entre o corte, transporte e moagem é muito importante, pois a cana é uma matéria prima sujeita a contaminações e conseqüentemente de fácil deterioração. A moagem diária é de 9.000 toneladas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;Antes da moagem, a cana é lavada nas mesas alimentadoras para retirar a terra proveniente da lavoura. Após a lavagem, a cana passa por picadores que trituram os colmos, preparando-a para a moagem. Neste processo as células da cana são abertas sem perda do caldo. Após o preparo, a cana desfibrada é enviada à moenda para ser moída e extrair o caldo. Na moenda, a cana desfibrada é exposta entre rolos submetidos a uma pressão de aproximadamente 250 kg/cm², expulsando o caldo do interior das células. Este processo é repetido por seis vezes continuamente. Adiciona-se água numa proporção de 30%. A isto se chama embebição composta, cuja função é embeber o interior das células da cana diluindo o açúcar ali existente e com isso aumentando a eficiência da extração, conseguindo-se assim extrair cerca de 96% do açúcar contido na cana. O caldo extraído vai para o processo de tratamento do caldo e o bagaço para as caldeiras.&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Geração de vapor&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;O bagaço que sai da moenda com muito pouco açúcar e com umidade de 50%, é transportado para as caldeiras, onde é queimado para gerar vapor, que se destina a todas as necessidades que envolvem o acionamento das máquinas pesadas, geração de energia elétrica e o processo de fabricação de açúcar e álcool. A sobra de bagaço é vendida para outras indústrias. O bagaço é muito importante na unidade industrial, porque é o combustível para todo o processo produtivo. Um bom sistema térmico é fundamental. Usamos processo vapor direto, vapor de escape e vapor vegetal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Geração de energia elétrica&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Parte do vapor gerado é enviado aos turbogeradores que produzirão energia elétrica suficiente para movimentar todos os acionamentos elétricos e a iluminação. O consumo é de 4.500 kw.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;table border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;color: #333333; text-align: left; width: 615px;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td height=&quot;52&quot; width=&quot;23&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;23&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;2&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;2&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;5&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;135&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;135&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;5&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;18&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;18&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;127&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;127&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;14&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;14&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;119&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;119&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;4&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;14&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;14&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;131&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;131&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;9&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;9&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;1&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/clearpixel.gif&quot; width=&quot;6&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; height=&quot;184&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;287&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;prod4&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;184&quot; id=&quot;daFigura4&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/prod4.JPG&quot; width=&quot;287&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;13&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;10&quot; width=&quot;572&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;FABRICAÇÃO DE AÇÚCAR&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;Tratamento de caldo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;O caldo extraído na moenda, chamado de caldo misto, é um caldo impuro, sendo necessário passar, por um processo de clarificação para retirada de sólidos em suspensão. O caldo é sulfitado e caleado. Este processo é chamado de dosagem. A adição de enxofre e cal facilita a floculação das substâncias coloidais.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;Após a dosagem, o caldo é aquecido a 107ºC em aquecedores verticais e enviado aos clarificadores que retêm o caldo por aproximadamente 3 horas em regime contínuo. Neste tempo de retenção, ocorrem reações de floculação e precipitação do material em suspensão que são retirados na forma de lodo. O caldo clarificado e limpo segue o processo para evaporação e o lodo irá para filtração à vácuo onde é recuperada a sacarose ainda existente.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Filtração do lodo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Como o lodo ainda é rico em sacarose, é feito uma filtração nos filtros rotativos à vácuo para succionar o material líquido, chamado de caldo filtrado, que sofrerá novo tratamento de clarificação. O material sólido retido nas telas dos filtros é denominado torta de filtro. Esta torta é enviada à lavoura, sendo utilizada como adubo.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;7&quot; height=&quot;180&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;278&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;prod5&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;180&quot; id=&quot;daFigura5&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/prod5.JPG&quot; width=&quot;278&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;14&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;13&quot; width=&quot;584&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Caldo clarificado&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;O caldo clarificado obtido da decantação do caldo é enviado para a evaporação.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evaporação&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;O caldo clarificado com aproximadamente 15ºBrix entra em um conjunto de evaporadores de múltiplo efeito para a retirada de maior parte da água, concentrando até cerca de 65ºBrix, tomando consistência de um xarope. Este xarope é bombeado aos tachos de cozimento para a cristalização do açúcar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Cozimento A&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Os tachos de cozimento são equipamentos que continuam a evaporação do xarope, tornando o meio supersaturado dando as condições necessárias à cristalização da sacarose. O produto obtido neste cozimento é a massa A. Esta massa A é uma mistura de cristais de açúcar e o seu correspondente licor-mãe (mel), de onde foi obtida a cristalização do açúcar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Cozimento B&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;No cozimento B é onde formamos os cristais para o cozimento A. Os tachos de cozimento B recebem o mel A e por um processo de nucleação, produz-se os pequenos cristais, de modo controlado e padronizado. Este processo é fundamental na qualidade do produto final, onde todos os cristais são induzidos a uma formação conjunta e uniforme, chamado de semeamento total. A massa B, da mesma forma que a massa A, é uma mistura de cristais de açúcar e o seu correspondente licor-mãe (mel) de onde foram obtidos os cristais.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Centrifugação da massa A&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A massa A é um produto que contém cristais de aproximadamente 0,5mm envolvidos numa película de mel. Na centrifugação ocorre a separação do mel, denominado mel A, que irá para os tachos de cozimeto B, e açúcar propriamente dito, que é enviado ao secador de açúcar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Centrifugação da massa B&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A massa B é um produto que contém cristais de aproximadamente 0,2mm e melaço. Na centrifugação, os cristais são separados do mel B (ou melaço) onde o magma (cristais de açúcar B) será utilizado como núcleo para o cozimento A e o melaço é enviado para a fabricação do álcool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Secagem do açúcar&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Nesta etapa o açúcar passa no secador para a retirada da umidade contida nos cristais. Na saída do secador, o açúcar é enviado por esteiras sanitárias até a moega de açúcar (reservatório próprio para açúcar), de onde é feito o ensacamento.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Ensacamento&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;O açúcar é ensacado em sacos de 50 kg ou em contêineres (&quot;big-bag&quot;) de 1000 kg.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Produção&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A produção diária da Usina Ester é de 13.000 sacos de açúcar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;20&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; height=&quot;174&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;285&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;prod6&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;175&quot; id=&quot;daFigura6&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/UAE00135.jpg&quot; width=&quot;285&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;5&quot; width=&quot;269&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;prod7&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;174&quot; id=&quot;daFigura10&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/UAE00136.jpg&quot; width=&quot;269&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; height=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;8&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;33&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;12&quot; width=&quot;582&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;FABRICAÇÃO DE ÁLCOOL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;A fabricação de álcool da Usina Ester, é uma unidade anexa, portanto o processo de moagem de cana é o mesmo já descrito.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tratamento do Caldo&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Parte do caldo é desviado para tratamento específico para fabricação álcool. Este tratamento consiste em aquecer o caldo a 105ºC sem adição de produtos químicos, e após isto, decantá-lo. Após decantação, o caldo clarificado irá para a pré-evaporação e o lodo para novo tratamento, semelhante feito ao lodo do açúcar.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Pré-evaporação&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Na pré-evaporação o caldo é aquecido a 115ºC, evapora água e é concentrado a 20ºBrix. Este aquecimento favorece a fermentação por fazer uma &quot;esterilização&quot; das bactérias e leveduras selvagens que concorreriam com a levedura do processo de fermentação.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Preparo do mosto&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Mosto é o material fermentescível previamente preparado. O mosto na Usina Ester é composto de caldo clarificado, melaço e água. O caldo quente que vem do pré-evaporador é resfriado a 30ºC em trocadores de calor tipo placas, e enviado às dornas de fermentação. No preparo do mosto define-se as condições gerais de trabalho para a condução da fermentação como, regulagem da vazão, teor de açúcares e temperatura. Densímetros, medidores de vazão e controlador de Brix automático monitoram este processo.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Fermentação&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A fermentação é contínua e agitada, consistindo de 4 estágios em série, composto de três dornas no primeiro estágio, duas dornas no segundo, uma dorna no terceiro e uma dorna no quarto estágio. Com exceção do primeiro, o restante tem agitador mecânico. As dornas tem capacidade volumétrica de 400.000 litros cada, todas fechadas com recuperação de álcool do gás carbônico.&lt;br /&gt;
E´ na fermentação que ocorre a transformação dos açúcares em etanol ou seja, do açúcar em álcool. Utiliza-se uma levedura especial para fermentação alcoólica, a Saccharomyces uvarum. No processo de transformação dos açúcares em etanol há desprendimento de gás carbônico e calor, portanto, é necessário que as dornas sejam fechadas para recuperar o álcool arrastado pelo gás carbônico e o uso de trocadores de calor para manter a temperatura nas condições ideais para as leveduas. A fermentação é regulada para 28 a 3OºC. O mosto fermentado é chamado de vinho. Esse vinho contém cerca de 9,5% de álcool. O tempo de fermentação é de 6 a 8 horas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;9&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot; height=&quot;192&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; width=&quot;278&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;destila&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;192&quot; id=&quot;daFigura7&quot; src=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/destila.JPG&quot; width=&quot;278&quot; /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;6&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;16&quot; height=&quot;14&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;15&quot; width=&quot;592&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Centrifugação do vinho&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;Após a fermentação a levedura é recuperada do processo por centrifugação, em separadores que separam o fermento do vinho. O vinho delevurado irá para os aparelhos de destilação onde o álcool é separado, concentrado e purificado. O fermento, com uma concentração de aproximadamente 60%, é enviado às cubas de tratamento.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;color: black; font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;, Times, &#39;Times NewRoman&#39;;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Tratamento do fermento&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A levedura após passar pelo processo de fermentação se &quot;desgasta&quot;, por ficar exposta a teores alcoólicos elevados. Após a separação do fermento do vinho, o fermento a 60% é diluído a 25% com adição de água. Regula-se o pH em torno de 2,8 a 3,0 adicionando-se ácido sulfúrico que também tem efeito desfloculante e bacteriostático. O tratamento é contínuo e tem um tempo de retenção de aproximadamente uma hora. O fermento tratado volta ao primeiro estágio para começar um novo ciclo fermentativo; eventualmente é usado bactericida para controle da população contaminante. Nenhum nutriente é usado em condições normais.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Destilação&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;O vinho com 9,5% em álcool é enviado aos aparelhos de destilação. A Usina Ester produz em média 35O m³ de álcool / dia, em dois aparelhos, um com capacidade nominal para 120 m³/dia e outro para 150 m³/dia. Produzimos álcool neutro, industrial e carburante, sendo o álcool neutro o produto de maior produção, 180 m³/dia. O álcool neutro é destinado à indústria de perfumaria, bebidas e farmacêutica.&lt;br /&gt;
Na destilação do vinho resulta um subproduto importante, a vinhaça. A vinhaça, rica em água, matéria orgânica, nitrogênio, potássio e fósforo, é utilizada na lavoura para irrigação da cana, na chamada fertirrigação.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Qualidade&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Todas as etapas do processo são monitoradas através de análises laboratoriais de modo a assegurar a qualidade final dos produtos. As pessoas envolvidas passam por treinamentos específicos, capacitando-as a conduzir o processo de forma segura e responsável, garantindo a qualidade final de cada etapa que envolve a fabricação de açúcar e álcool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/produtos.html&quot;&gt;http://www.usinaester.com.br/Produtos/produtos.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/7483387352202366310/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/03/o-processo-de-fabricacao-de-acucar-e.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/7483387352202366310'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/7483387352202366310'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/03/o-processo-de-fabricacao-de-acucar-e.html' title='O Processo de fabricação de Açúcar e Álcool na Usina Ester'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-8855490246960730347</id><published>2011-03-04T11:15:00.000-03:00</published><updated>2011-03-04T11:15:01.998-03:00</updated><title type='text'>O corte da cana</title><content type='html'>&lt;img alt=&quot;Açúcar e Álcool: setor sucroenergético quer definição mais moderna&quot; src=&quot;http://tudoglobal.com/files/2011/02/sucroenerg%C3%A9tico.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;A evolução&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;img src=&quot;http://www.canaldacana.com.br/novo/admin/db/editorial/817.jpg&quot; /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/8855490246960730347/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/03/o-corte-da-cana.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/8855490246960730347'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/8855490246960730347'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/03/o-corte-da-cana.html' title='O corte da cana'/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-302690845644801387.post-730851004872407041</id><published>2011-03-03T15:46:00.001-03:00</published><updated>2011-03-03T15:46:32.626-03:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;308&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisjOseIHXaTJ6aF7uwuWIHGN1jG4zmK_CZzZrhtxz_fh0Nnlsx2NUIc9z-zD3C_ClXrFDfj9zn_LKFBdspgmR8WRGcjCMXlsWrQxdeXKHMsE2-1Aqt2ZQ-z936FJWTyM20aGR5Ac1wBQk/s320/C%25C3%25B3pia+de+imagem.bmp&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/feeds/730851004872407041/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/03/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='1 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/730851004872407041'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/302690845644801387/posts/default/730851004872407041'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://producaosucroalcooleira.blogspot.com/2011/03/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>Unknown</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisjOseIHXaTJ6aF7uwuWIHGN1jG4zmK_CZzZrhtxz_fh0Nnlsx2NUIc9z-zD3C_ClXrFDfj9zn_LKFBdspgmR8WRGcjCMXlsWrQxdeXKHMsE2-1Aqt2ZQ-z936FJWTyM20aGR5Ac1wBQk/s72-c/C%25C3%25B3pia+de+imagem.bmp" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry></feed>