project-uno

Pro C# 2008 and the .NET 3.5 Platform, Fourth Edition (Windows.Net)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 06 Apr 2009 13:47:00 +0000

Pro C# 2008 and the .NET 3.5 Platform, Fourth Edition (Windows.Net)
By Andrew Troelsen

The first edition of this book was released at the 2001 Tech Ed conference in Atlanta, Georgia. Since that time, this text has been revised, tweaked, and enhanced to account for the changes found within each release of the .NET platform (1.1, 2.0, 3.0 and now 3.5).

The last version, .NET 3.0, was more of an augmentative release, essentially providing three new APIs: Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) and Windows Workflow Foundation (WF). As you would expect, coverage of the "W's" has been expanded a great deal in this version of the book from the previous Special Edition text.

Unlike .NET 3.0, .NET 3.5 provides dozens of new C# language features and .NET APIs. This edition of the book will walk you through all of this new material using the same readable approach as was found in previous editions. Rest assured, you'll find detailed coverage of Language Integrated Query (LINQ), the C# 2008 language changes (automatic properties, extension methods, anonymous types, etc.) and the numerous bells and whistles of Visual Studio 2008. What you will learn

* Everything you need to know - get up to speed with C# 2008 quickly and efficiently.
* Discover all the new .NET 3.5 features -- Language Integrated Query, anonymous types, extension methods, automatic properties, and more.
* Get a professional foothold -- targeted to appeal to experienced software professionals, this book gives you the facts you need the way you need to see them.
* A rock-solid foundation - focuses on everything you need to be a successful .NET 3.5 programmer, not just the new features. Get comfortable with all the core aspects of the platform -- including assemblies, remoting, Windows Forms, Web Forms, ADO.NET, XML web services, and much more.

Who is this book for?

If you're checking out this book for the first time, understand that it targets experienced software professionals and/or students of computer science (so please don't expect three chapters devoted to "for" loops). The mission of this text is to provide you with a rock-solid foundation to the C# 2008 programming language and the core aspects of the .NET platform (OOP, assemblies, file IO, Windows Forms/WPF, ASP.NET, ADO.NET, WCF,WF, etc.). Once you digest the information presented in these 33 chapters, you'll be in a perfect position to apply this knowledge to your specific programming assignments, and you'll be well equipped to explore the .NET universe on your own terms. About the Apress Pro series

You have gotten the job; now you need to go hone your skills in these tough competitive times. Apress Pro Series books expand your skills and expertise in exactly the areas you need. Master the content of a Pro book and you will always be able to get the job done in a professional manner. Written by experts in their field, Pro Series books give you the hard-won solutions to problems you will face in your professional programming career.

To bu this book click here

Professional Visual Studio 2008

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 06 Apr 2009 13:40:00 +0000

Professional Visual Studio 2008

Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 is the latest version in the ongoing evolution of the Integrated Development Environment (IDE), and this resource examines the diverse facets of the IDE—from common tasks to intricate functions to the powerful tools that accompany the main code editing and design windows. Written by a unique author duo and offering an in-depth look at the powerful and fascinating features and techniques of the IDE, this book explores each aspect of the development life cycle from the perspective of how Visual Studio 2008 can make your life easier.

Each chapter is packed with examples that illustrate uses for various tools, commands, and shortcuts of Visual Studio 2008. You will gradually learn to identify where a feature is used, conclude how you can use it to its fullest potential, and then seamlessly apply that feature to help solve real-world problems.

What you will learn from this book
* How to create project templates and wizards
* Methods for using IntelliSense, code refactoring, class modeling, and unit testing
* Tips for using DataSets, LINQ, and Synchronization Services for working with data
* How to build web applications using ASP.NET AJAX, Silverlight, and ASP.NET MVC
* Ideas for building Office and Mobile applications, WPF, WCF, and WF projects
* Ways to effectively analyze and identify bugs using the advanced debugging features
* How to automate repetitive tasks using the Visual Studio 2008 add-ins and macros
* Suggestions for using Visual Studio Team System components coupled with Team Foundation Server
* Techniques for building more secure applications

Who this book is for

This book is for programmers who want to become proficient with the latest version of Visual Studio and are interested in the advanced capabilities of the IDE.

Wrox Professional guides are planned and written by working programmers to meet the real-world needs of programmers, developers, and IT professionals. Focused and relevant, they address the issues technology professionals face every day. They provide examples, practical solutions, and expert education in new technologies, all designed to help programmers do a better job.

To buy this book Click here

Declaring a Variable in Java

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 04 Apr 2009 08:58:00 +0000

Declaring a Variable in Java
Variables were introduced in Module 1. Here, we will take a closer look at them. As you learned earlier, variables are declared using this form of statement,

type var-name;

where type is the data type of the variable, and var-name is its name. You can declare a variable of any valid type, including the simple types just described. When you create a variable, you are creating an instance of its type. Thus, the capabilities of a variable are determined by its type. For example, a variable of type boolean cannot be used to store floating-point values. Furthermore, the type of a variable cannot change during its lifetime. An int variable cannot turn into a char variable, for example.

All variables in Java must be declared prior to their use. This is necessary because the compiler must know what type of data a variable contains before it can properly compile any statement that uses the variable. It also enables Java to perform strict type checking.

Initializing a Variable
In general, you must give a variable a value prior to using it. One way to give a variable a value is through an assignment statement, as you have already seen. Another way is by giving it an initial value when it is declared. To do this, follow the variable’s name with an equal sign and the value being assigned. The general form of initialization is shown here:

type var = value;

Here, value is the value that is given to var when var is created. The value must be compatible
with the specified type. Here are some examples:

int count = 150; // give count an initial value of 150
char ch = 'X'; // initialize ch with the letter X
float f = 10.5F; // f is initialized with 10.5
When declaring two or more variables of the same type using a comma-separated list, you
can give one or more of those variables an initial value. For example:
int a, b = 20, c = 35, d; // b and c have initializations

In this case, only b and c are initialized.

Java: A Beginner's Guide, Third Edition (Beginner's Guide)

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 01 Apr 2009 16:53:00 +0000

Essential Skills--Made Easy! Updated and Expanded for J2SE 5

Learn to program in Java from master programmer and best-selling author Herb Schildt. Completely revised and updated to cover Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition 5 (J2SEj 5), this step-by-step guide will have you programming in practically no time. You’ll start at the beginning, learning why Java is the preeminent language of the Internet, how it relates to object-oriented programming (OOP), and the general form of a Java program. Next, it’s on to Java fundamentals, including data types, operators, program control statements, classes, objects, and methods. You’ll then progress to more advanced topics, such as inheritance, exception handling, the I/O system, multithreading, and applets. Of course Herb covers the powerful, new features added by J2SE 5, such as generics, autoboxing, enumerations, and static import. Get started programming in Java today with this easy-to-follow tutorial. Designed for Easy Learning:

* Modules--Each concept is divided into logically organized modules (chapters), ideal for self-paced learning
* Critical Skills--Each module opens with the specific skills covered in the module
* Mastery Checks--End-of-module reviews test knowledge using short-answer, multiple-choice, and fill-in-the-blank questions
* Ask the Experts--Q&A sections throughout are filled with bonus information and helpful tips
* Progress Checks--Quick self-assessment sections check your progress
* Projects--Practical exercises show how to apply the critical skills learned in each module
* Annotated Syntax--Example code annotated with commentary that describes the programming techniques being illustrated

About the Author: Herbert Schildt is a leading authority on Java, C, C++, and C#. His programming books have sold more than 3 million copies worldwide and have been translated into all major foreign languages. He is the author of numerous best-sellers, including Java: The Complete Reference, J2SE 5 Edition; C++: The Complete Reference; C: The Complete Reference; and many others.
About the Author
Herb Schildt (Mahomet, IL) is a leading authority on C and C++ and a best-selling author whose books have sold more than 2 million copies. His acclaimed C and C++ books include Teach Yourself C, C++ from the Ground Up, C++: The Complete Reference, Java Programmer's Reference, STL Programming from the Ground Up, Windows 98 Programming from the Ground Up, and co-author of C/C++ Annotated Archives.

To buy this book click here

Java Two Control Statements

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 01 Apr 2009 16:33:00 +0000

Java Two Control Statements
Inside a method, execution proceeds from one statement to the next, top to bottom. However, it is possible to alter this flow through the use of the various program control statements supported by Java. Although we will look closely at control statements later, two are briefly introduced here because we will be using them to write sample programs.
The if Statement
You can selectively execute part of a program through the use of Java’s conditional statement: the if. The Java if statement works much like the IF statement in any other language. Its simplest form is shown here:

if(condition) statement;

Here, condition is a Boolean expression. If condition is true, then the statement is executed. If condition is false, then the statement is bypassed. Here is an example:

if(10 < 11) System.out.println("10 is less than 11");

In this case, since 10 is less than 11, the conditional expression is true, and println( ) will execute. However, consider the following:

if(10 < 9) System.out.println("this won't be displayed");

In this case, 10 is not less than 9. Thus, the call to println( ) will not take place.

Java defines a full complement of relational operators that may be used in a conditional expression. They are shown here:

Operator Meaning
< Less than
<= Less than or equal
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal
= = Equal to
!= Not equal

Java’s Contribution to the Internet

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 01 Apr 2009 16:25:00 +0000

Java’s Contribution to the Internet
The Internet helped catapult Java to the forefront of programming, and Java, in turn, has had a profound effect on the Internet. The reason for this is quite simple: Java expands the universe of objects that can move about freely in cyberspace. In a network, there are two very broad categories of objects that are transmitted between the server and your personal computer:
passive information and dynamic, active programs. For example, when you read your e-mail, you are viewing passive data. Even when you download a program, the program’s code is still only passive data until you execute it. However, a second type of object can be transmitted to your computer: a dynamic, self-executing program. Such a program is an active agent on the client computer, yet it is initiated by the server. For example, a program might be provided by the server to properly display the data that it is sending.

As desirable as dynamic, networked programs are, they also present serious problems in the areas of security and portability. Prior to Java, cyberspace was effectively closed to half of the entities that now live there. As you will see, Java addresses those concerns and, in doing so, has defined a new form of program: the applet.

Java Applets
An applet is a special kind of Java program that is designed to be transmitted over the Internet and automatically executed by a Java-compatible Web browser. Furthermore, an applet is downloaded on demand, just like an image, sound file, or video clip. The important difference is that an applet is an intelligent program, ot just an animation or media file. In other words, an applet is a program that can react to user input and dynamically change—not just run the same animation or sound over and over.

As exciting as applets are, they would be nothing more than wishful thinking if Java
were not able to address the two fundamental problems associated with them: security and portability. Before continuing, let’s define what these two terms mean relative to the Internet.

Security
As you are almost certainly aware, every time you download a “normal” program, you are risking a viral infection. Prior to Java, most users did not download executable programs frequently, and those that did, scanned them for viruses prior to execution. Even so, most users still worried about the possibility of infecting their systems with a virus or allowing a malicious program to run wild in their systems. (A malicious program might gather private information, such as credit card numbers, bank account balances, and passwords by searching the contents
of your computer’s local file system.) Java answers these concerns by providing a firewall between a networked application and your computer.

When using a Java-compatible web browser, it is possible to safely download Java applets without fear of viral infection. The way that Java achieves this is by confining a Java program to the Java execution environment and not allowing it access to other parts of the computer. (You will see how this is accomplished, shortly.) Frankly, the ability to download applets with confidence that no harm will be done to the client computer is the single most important aspect
of Java.

Portability
As discussed earlier, many types of computers and operating systems are connected to the Internet. For programs to be dynamically downloaded to all of the various types of platforms, some means of generating portable executable code is needed. As you will soon see, the same mechanism that helps ensure security also helps create portability. Indeed, Java’s solution to these two problems is both elegant and efficient.

How Java Relates to C#

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 01 Apr 2009 16:24:00 +0000

How Java Relates to C#

Recently a new language called C# has come on the scene. Created by Microsoft to support its .NET Framework, C# is closely reated to Java. In fact, many of C#’s features were directly adapted from Java. Both Java and C# share the same general C++-style syntax, support distributed programming, and utilize the same object model. There are, of course, differences between Java and C#, but the overall “look and feel” of these languages is very similar. This means that if you already know C#, then learning Java will be especially easy. Conversely, if C# is in your future, then your knowledge of Java will come in handy.

Given the similarity between Java and C#, one might naturally ask, “Will C# replace
Java?” The answer is No. Java and C# are optimized for two different types of computing
environments. Just as C++ and Java will co-exist for a long time to come, so will C# and Java.

How Java Relates to C and C++

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 01 Apr 2009 16:20:00 +0000

How Java Relates to C and C++

Java is directly related to both C and C++. Java inherits its syntax from C. Its object model is adapted from C++. Java’s relationship with C and C++ is important for several reasons. First, many programmers are familiar with the C/C++ syntax. This makes it easy for a C/C++ programmer to learn Java and, conversely, for a Java programmer to learn C/C++.

Second, Java’s designers did not “reinvent the wheel.” Instead, they further refined an already highly successful programming paradigm. The modern age of programming began with C. It moved to C++, and now to Java. By inheriting and building upon that rich heritage, Java provides a powerful, logically consistent programming environment that takes the best of the past and adds new features required by the online environment. Perhaps most important, because of their similarities, C, C++, and Java define a common, conceptual framework for the professional programmer. Programmers do not face major rifts when switching from one language to another.

One of the central design philosophies of both C and C++ is that the programmer is in
charge! Java also inherits this philosophy. Except for those constraints imposed by the Internet environment, Java gives you, the programmer, full control. If you program well, your programs reflect it. If you program poorly, your programs reflect that, too. Put differently, Java is not a language with training wheels. It is a language for professional programmers.

Java has one other attribute in common with C and C++: it was designed, tested, and refined by real, working programmers. It is a language grounded in the needs and experiences of the people who devised it. There is no better way to produce a top-flight professional programming language.

Because of the similarities between Java and C++, especially their support for objectoriented programming, it is tempting to think of Java as simply the “Internet version of C++.” However, to do so would be a mistake. Java has significant practical and philosophical differences.

Although Java was influenced by C++, it is not an enhanced version of C++. For example, it is neither upwardly nor downwardly compatible with C++. Of course, the similarities with C++ are significant, and if you are a C++ programmer, you will feel right at home with Java. Another point: Java was not designed to replace C++. Java was designed to solve a certain set of problems. C++ was designed to solve a different set of problems. Both will coexist for many years to come.

C# Looping Statement

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 07 Mar 2009 15:03:00 +0000

C# just like Java and C++ it also provides looping statements.
Common looping statements:

for loop
while
do while

Three components of a looping statement:
1. Initial value
2. Condition
3. Change of state

while loop
A while loop executes a statement, or a block of statements wrapped in curly braces, repeatedly until the condition specified by the Boolean expression reach the false condition.

The boolean expression is evaluated before any code in the following block has executed. When the boolean expression evaluates to true, the statements will execute. Once the statements have executed, control returns to the beginning of the while loop to check the boolean expression again.

Syntax in creating a while (expression) loop.

while(expression)
Statements...
}

Example:

int counter=0; //initial value

while(counter<5) style="font-weight: bold;">do while Loop
A do while loop is just like a while loop, except that it checks its condition at the end of the loop. This means that the do loop is guaranteed to execute at least one time. On the other hand, a while loop evaluates its Boolean expression at the beginning and there is generally no guarantee that the statements inside the loop will be executed, unless you program the code to explicitly do so.

Syntax in creating a do while (expression) loop.

do{
Statement...
}while(expression)

Example:

int counter=0;

do{
Console.WriteLine(counter);
counter++;
}while(counter<5);

Program Output:
0
1
2
3
4

The for Loop

A for loop works like a while loop, except that the syntax of the for loop includes initialization and condition modification. for loops are appropriate when you know exactly how many times you want to perform the statements within the loop. The contents within the for loop parentheses hold three sections separated by semicolons (; ; ) { }.

The initializer list is a comma separated list of expressions. These expressions are evaluated only once during the lifetime of the for loop. This is a one-time operation, before loop execution. This section is commonly used to initialize an integer to be used as a counter.

Once the initializer list has been evaluated, the for loop gives control to its second section, the boolean expression. There is only one boolean expression, but it can be as complicated as you like as long as the result evaluates to true or false. The boolean expression is commonly used to verify the status of a counter variable.

When the boolean expression evaluates to true, the statements within the curly braces of the for loop are executed. After executing for loop statements, control moves to the top of loop and executes the iterator list, which is normally used to increment or decrement a counter. The iterator list can contain a comma separated list of statements, but is generally only one statement.

for(int counter = 0; counter<5; counter++)
{
Console.WriteLine(counter);
}

Program Output:
0
1
2
3
4

Java Literals

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 11 Feb 2009 13:38:00 +0000

Java Literals
In Java, literals refer to fixed values that are represented in their human-readable form. For example, the number 100 is a literal. Literals are also commonly called constants. For the most
part, literals, and their usage, are so intuitive that they have been used in one form or another by all the preceding sample programs. Now the time has come to explain them formally.

Java literals can be of any of the primitive data types. The way each literal is represented depends upon its type. As explained earlier, character constants are enclosed in single quotes. For example, 'a' and ' %' are both character constants.

Integer constants are specified as numbers without fractional components. For example, 10 and –100 are integer constants. Floating-point constants require the use of the decimal point followed by the number’s fractional component. For example, 11.123 is a floating-point constant.
Java also allows you to use scientific notation for floating-point numbers.

By default, integer literals are of type int. If you want to specify a long literal, append an l or an L. For example, 12 is an int, but 12L is a long. By default, floating-point literals are of type double. To specify a float literal, append an F or f to the constant. For example, 10.19F is of type float.

Although integer literals create an int value by default, they can still be assigned to variables of type char, byte, or short as long as the value being assigned can be represented by the target type. An integer literal can always be assigned to a long variable.

Integer Literals
Integer literals come in different formats: decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), and octal (base 8). In using integer literals in our program, we have to follow some special notations.

For decimal numbers, we have no special notations. We just write a decimal number as it is. For hexadecimal numbers, it should be preceded by “0x” or “0X”.

For octals, they are preceeded by “0”. For example, consider the number 12. It's decimal representation is 12, while in hexadecimal, it is 0xC, and in octal, it is equivalent to 014.

Integer literals default to the data type int. An int is a signed 32-bit value. In some cases, you may wish to force integer literal to the data type long by appending the “l” or “L” character. A long is a signed 64-bit value. We will cover more on data types later.

Floating-Point Literals
Floating point literals represent decimals with fractional parts. An example is 3.1415. Floating point literals can be expressed in standard or scientific notations. For example, 583.45 is in standard notation, while 5.8345e2 is in scientific notation. Floating point literals default to the data type double which is a 64-bit value. To use a smaller precision (32-bit) float, just append the “f” or “F” character.

Character Literals
Character Literals represent single Unicode characters. A Unicode character is a 16-bit character set that replaces the 8-bit ASCII character set. Unicode allows the inclusion of symbols and special characters from other languages. To use a character literal, enclose the character in single quote delimiters. For example, the letter a, is represented as ‘a’.

To use special characters such as a newline character, a backslash is used followed by the character code. For example, ‘\n’ for the newline character, ‘\r’ for the carriage return, ‘\b’ for backspace.

String Literals
String literals represent multiple characters and are enclosed by double quotes. An example of a string literal is, “Hello World”.

Boolean Literals
Boolean literals have only two values, true or false.

Reference: Jedi Courseware

c# ArrayList Class

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 29 Jan 2009 15:42:00 +0000

c# ArrayList Class
Static arrays are not very useful when the size of an array is unknown in advance or is likely to change during the lifetime of a program. One solution to this problem is to use a type of array that automatically resizes itself when the array is out of storage space. This array is called an ArrayList and it is part of the System.Collections namespace in the .NET Framework library.

An ArrayList object has a Capacity property that stores its size. The initial value of the property is 16. When the number of elements in an ArrayList reaches this limit, the Capacity property adds another 16 elements to the storage space of the ArrayList. Using an ArrayList in a situation where the number of elements in an array can grow larger, or smaller, can be more efficient than using ReDim Preserver with a standard array.

Members of the ArrayList Class
The ArrayList class includes several methods and properties for working with ArrayLists. Here is a list of some of the most commonly used methods and properties:

- Add(): Adds an element to the ArrayList.
- AddRange(): Adds the elements of a collection to the end of the ArrayList.
- Capacity: Stores the number of elements the ArrayList can hold.
- Clear(): Removes all elements from the ArrayList.
- Contains(): Determines if a specified item is in the ArrayList.
- CopyTo(): Copies the ArrayList or a segment of it to an array.
- Count: Returns the number of elements currently in the ArrayList.
- GetRange(): Returns a subset of the ArrayList as an ArrayList.
- IndexOf(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified item.
- Insert(): Insert an element into the ArrayList at a specified index.
- InsertRange(): Inserts the elements of a collection into the ArrayList starting at the specified
index.

Example:


using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace ArraysBlogs
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//Creating an object 'list' derived from ArrayList class
ArrayList list = new ArrayList(16);

//Insertin value 1 and 2 to arraylist 'list'
list.Add(1);
list.Add(2);

//Accessing the value in an Arraylist 'list'
//displaying value 1 and 2 on the screen

Console.WriteLine(list[0]);
Console.WriteLine(list[1] + "\n");

//Creating an integer array a
int[] a = new int[10];

//Inserting a value 10,20,30 to array 'a'
a[0] = 10;
a[1] = 20;
a[2] = 30;

//Adding range of elements from array 'a' to Arraylist 'list'
list.AddRange(a);

//Displaying the value of Arraylist list using foreach()

foreach (object getList in list)
{
    Console.WriteLine(getList);
}

//Getting the capacity of an Arraylist 'list'
//It will display 16 as it was specified.

Console.WriteLine("Capacity of list: " + list.Capacity);
Console.ReadKey();                
}
}
}

c# Jagged Arrays

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Thu, 29 Jan 2009 13:51:00 +0000

c# Jagged Arrays
When you create a multidimensional array, you always create a structure that has the same number of elements in each of the rows. For example, look at the following array declaration:

int[,] month = new int[12,30]; //Day of each month

This array assumes each row (month) has the same number of elements (days), when we know that some months have 30 days, some have 31, and one month has 29. With the array we’ve just declared, there will be several empty elements in the array. This isn’t much of a problem for this array, but with a much larger array we end up with a lot of wasted space.

The solution to this problem is to use a jagged array instead of a twodimensional array. A jagged array is an array of arrays where each row of an array is made up of an array. Each dimension of a jagged array is a onedimensional array.We call it a “jagged” array because the number of elements in each row may be different. A picture of a jagged array would not be square or rectangular, but would have uneven or jagged edges.

A jagged array is declared by putting two sets of parentheses after the array variable name. The first set of parentheses indicates the number of rows in the array. The second set of parentheses is left blank. This marks the place for the one-dimensional array that is stored in each row. Normally, the number of rows is set in an initialization list in the declaration statement, like this:

int[][] month = new int[12][];

This statement looks strange, but makes sense when you break it down. jagged is an Integer array of 12 elements, where each of the elements is also an Integer array. The initialization list is actually just the initialization for the rows of the array, indicating that each row element is an array of 12 elements, with each element initialized to the default value.

To initialize the size n element of the inner array:

month[0] = new int[31]; // for the month of Jan
month[1] = new int[29]; // for the month of Feb
month[2] = new int[31]; // for the month of Mar
. . .
month[11] = new int[31]; // for the month of Dec

Once the jagged array is declared, the elements of the individual row arrays can be assigned values. The following code fragment assigns values to jaggedArray:

month[0][0] = 23;
month[0][1] = 13;
. . .
month[7][5] = 45;

The first set of parentheses indicates the row number and the second set indicates the element of the row array. The first statement accesses the first element of the first array, the second element access the second element of the first array, and the third statement accesses the sixth element of the eighth array.

Example:

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace ArraysBlogs
{
class Program
{
 static void Main(string[] args)
 {
     int[][] month = new int[12][];

     month[0] = new int[31];
     month[1] = new int[29];
     month[2] = new int[31];

     //Inserting a values in jagged Array

     month[0][0] = 25;
     month[0][1] = 50;
     month[0][2] = 75;
     month[1][0] = 85;
     month[1][1] = 95;
     month[1][2] = 105;

     //Accessing the values in jagged Array
     Console.WriteLine(month[0][0]);
     Console.WriteLine(month[0][1]);
     Console.WriteLine(month[0][2]);
     Console.WriteLine(month[1][0]);
     Console.WriteLine(month[1][1]);
     Console.WriteLine(month[1][2]);

     Console.ReadKey();
 }
}
}

Free Alternative for visual c#

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 25 Jan 2009 03:04:00 +0000

Free Alternative to visual Studio.net c#
Visual Studio.net developers who are looking for a good and cheaper open source alternative that delivers the same look and feel of visual studio.net.

#develop (short for SharpDevelop) is a free IDE for C#, VB.NET and Boo projects on Microsoft's .NET platform. It is open-source, and you can download both source code and executables.

Sharp Develop Screenshots

Product Features
SharpDevelop is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for .NET Framework applications. It supports the development of applications written in C#, Visual Basic.NET and Boo. It is open source and written in C#. It provides all of the features required from a modern Windows IDE, such as code completion, project templates, an integrated debugger and a forms designer. It has good compatibility with Visual Studio Express and Visual Studio 2005 by using the same project and solution file format.

Here is a quick tour showing you the main features of SharpDevelop.

Additional Product Features

Forms designer for C#, VB.NET and Boo
Code completion for C#, VB.NET and Boo (including Ctrl+Space support)
Integrated NUnit support plus code coverage (NCover)
Integrated debugger
Code Analysis with FxCop
Refactoring support
Multi-framework support (.NET 1.1 and 2.0, Mono, Compact Framework)
XML Editing (source and tree view) with XPath search
Parser-based code converter (C# to VB.NET / Boo and more)
Compile C#, VB.NET & Boo code in the IDE out-of-the-box
Code AutoInsert (Alt+Ins)
Xml documentation preview
Setup projects supported with Windows Installer XML (WiX)
Subversion integration
Open source, LGPL licensed

And here are some more...

User interface translated to many languages
Write C#, ASP.NET, ADO.NET, XML, HTML code
Project or File-based development (Project Scout & File Scout)
Rich project options
Syntax highlighting for C#, HTML, ASP, ASP.NET, VBScript, VB.NET, XML
Intelligent braces
Folding
Bookmark your code
Code template support
Component Inspector
Feature-rich Find & Replace dialogs (including incremental search)
Easily extensible with external tools
Easily extensible with Plug-Ins
Re-host SharpDevelop with SDA
... and much more

If you want to read more about the product and its latest releases then visit this link

To download the software just click here

Features of Java Program

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Tue, 20 Jan 2009 14:31:00 +0000

Features of Java Program

The Java Virtual Machine
Java Virtual Machine is a piece software and data structures that is implemented to emulate software and scripts on a real machine. The Java Virtual Machine provides the hardware a platform to which you compile all Java code. By doing this it enables all programs written in Java program as a platform-independent because it compiles the code to a generic machine known as the JVM.

bytecode
A Java generated source code after compilation is known as bytecode. Bytecode is a platform-independent, so any computer with a java interpreter can compile the program even what type of machine you are using.

Garbage Collection
Common feature of a programming language is to allocate memory address every time user execution the program. However, after using the allocated memory, deallocating unused block of memory could be the problem in some programming languages. Deallocation of memory is done manually like in c and c++ programmers has the responsibility to deallocate blocks of memory, but there are some instance that programmers forget to deallocate memory and can cause to memory leaks.

In Java freeing block of memory is not a problem to programmers but instead Java program itself has the capability to free unused memories and that is the task preformed by the Garbage Collection Thread.

CSS Styling Images and Classes video

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 18 Jan 2009 01:02:00 +0000

CSS Styling Images and Classes | Dreamweaver CS3 Tutorial

CSS Classes and Styling Images tutorial using Dreamweaver CS3. It's a great tutorial found in YoutTube.

In this video we will cover CSS classes and the creation and application of them. We will apply page-wide class styles as well as being a bit more specific with the selectors we use. Great for beginners and Intermediates alike!

video posted by: tutvid

What is Java Technology?

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 17 Jan 2009 15:32:00 +0000

What is Java Technology?

Programming language
Java can develop any application that surpasses the user expectation; it includes mobile programs, web applications, windows form application, tools and services that can run on different platform.

Development environment
Java package provides you with a large suite of tools: compiler, interpreter, documentation generator, a class packaging tool, and other tools that help you in application development.

Application environment
Java technology applications are platform independent programs that run on any machine where the Java runtime environment (JRE) is installed.

Deployment environment
Two deployment environments: Includes, the JRE supplied by the Java 2 Software development Kit (SDK) contains the complete set of class files for all the Java technology packages, which includes basic language classes, GUI component classes, and so on. The other main deployment environment is on your web browser. Most commercial browsers supply a Java technology interpreter and runtime environment.

Advantages of open-sourcing Java technology implementations
Video posted by: FinanMart

Introduction to Java Programming

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sat, 17 Jan 2009 13:05:00 +0000

Introduction to Java Programming

A little bit of Java History

Java was created in 1991 by James Gosling and his team called the green team as mall group of engineers, of Sun Microsystems. At fist Java was called as Oak, then it was changed to Java because their was already a language called Oak.

The drive in creating Java was to developed a language that could support digital consumer devices and computers and can run on different platform. One of the successful developments was the star 7 hand held remote control used in cable television industry. And in 1995, the demand of internet technology is increasing; Gosling and his team realized that Java could be used in internet programming.

These days, java gain its reputation not just on internet application but also on different hand held devises.

James Gosling - Thoughts for Students
Video posted by: tgmallery

Adding background using css

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 14 Jan 2009 15:35:00 +0000

Adding background using css

Web page backgrounds used to be usual, but they became unpopular once designers figured out that visitors to web pages didn’t want their eyes wrenched out by flashy tiled background patterns. A good combination of background colors can add text clarity, and readability and attractiveness.
With the help of CSS adding backgrounds is more flexible you can have the control over background image that you append. Changing of positions, and background repetition is easy. The following example will show you on how to do this.

background-color
This property sets the background color of the element. The
page’s body background color has been set to #000000 (which is hex):
body {
background-color: #000000
}

background-image
This property sets a background image for the relevant element:
body {
background-image: url(ProjectUno_background_image.jpg);
}

By using this CSS, you end up with a tiled background

background-repeat
You can have a background image repeat vertically, horizontally, in both directions, or in neither direction. The background-repeat property can accept four values, the default is repeat, creating
the tiled background.

div {
background-image: url(ProjectUno.jpg);
background-repeat: repeat; }
ol {
background-image: url(ProjectUno.jpg);
background-repeat: repeat-x;}
u1 {
background-image: url(ProjectUno.jpg);
background-repeat: repeat-y;}
p {
background-image: url(ProjectUno.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;}

Watch java array video tutorial

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 12 Jan 2009 17:36:00 +0000

Watch java array video tutorial

Having trouble in using arrays in java? Please watch this video it will help you.
This video will show you simple array tutorial: array declaration, array initialization, accessing and assigning values in an array and etc.

watch basics of java array video posted by: aphonik

Secrets of css content layouting

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 12 Jan 2009 16:07:00 +0000

Secrets of css content layouting

The best way to layout your content is by using a combination of CSS and div instead of tables.
Tables is easy to use to layout a page rather than using a div, but the dilemma in using this is that it generates complex structures on your html codes, it adds more tags (<td>, <tr>) to the html compared of having a layout designed using div.

learn css content layouting

Advantages of using CSS and div over tables;
1. Reusability of css codes.
2. flexibility and code optimization
3. Searchable content for search engine optimzation.

Disadvantage of div
1. It requires more knowledge about css

This sample will show you the different mixtures in lay outing a content using CSS and div.

This sample works on IE 6 and other compliant browsers.

--- CSS Codes ----

body{
margin: 0px;
}
.container{
width:990px;
margin:auto;
background-color:#EFEFEF;
border: 1px solid #CCCCFF;
padding:0px;
}
.top{
height:100px;
background-color:#CCCCFF;
}
div.contentWrappers{
margin:auto;
padding:0px;
}
div.contentWrappers ul{
list-style-type:none;
text-decoration:none;
margin:0px;
padding:10px;
font-size:large;
border-bottom:1px silver dotted;
}
div.contentWrappers ul li{
display:block;
font-size:small;
font-weight:normal;
margin-top: 5px;
}
div.content-table{
margin:auto;
padding:0px;
}
div.content-table ul{
overflow:auto;
list-style-type:none;
text-decoration:none;
margin:0px;
padding:0px 0px 5px 5px;
}
div.content-table ul li{
float:left;
width:200px;
height:164px;
font-size:small;
font-weight:normal;
text-align:left;
}
div.content-table li.content-2ndcol{
width:550px;
height:165px;
font-size:small;
font-weight:normal;
text-align:left;
}
div.content-table li.content-spacer{
clear:both;
}
div.contentDownloads{
margin:auto;
padding:0px;
text-align:center;
}
div.contentDownloads div{
float:left;
margin:0px;
padding:0px;
width:200px;
}
div.contentDownloads div ul{
list-style-type:none;
padding:5px 0px 10px 5px;
margin:0;
font-size:small;
font-weight:bold;
}
div.contentDownloads div ul li{
padding:0px;
display:block;
margin:0;
font-size:small;
font-weight:normal;
text-align:left;
}
.clearer{
clear:both;
padding:0px;
margin:0px;
}
.contents{
width:770px;
background-color:white;
text-align:left;
padding:5px 5px 5px 5px;
font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size:small;
min-height:400px;
}
div.rightnav{
float:right;
width:195px;
padding: 5px 5px 5px 5px;
font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
margin:0px;
}
div.rightnav ul{
list-style-type:none;
padding:0;
margin:0;
font-size:medium;
font-weight:bold;
}
div.rightnav ul li{
margin-top:4px;
font-size:small;
font-weight:normal;
}
.rightnav ul li a{
display:block;
width: 175px;
padding: 3px 5px 3px 10px;
text-decoration: none;
color: #000;
}
.rightnav ul li a:hover{
color:black;
background-color:silver;
display:block;
}
.rightnav ul li:hover > ul{
background-color:silver;
display:block;
color:maroon;
position:relative;
}
.rightnav ul li ul{
display:none;
top:0px;
width:175px;
padding-left: 15px;
}
.footer{
clear:both;
height:50px;
background-color:#CCCCFF;
}

--- HTML Codes ----


<div class="container">
<div class="top"></div>
<div class="rightnav">
<ul>
<li>Menu sample</li>
<li><a href="#">Menu 1 </a>
<ul>
<li>Sub menu 1</li>
<li>Sub menu 2</li>
<li>Sub menu 3</li>
<li>Sub menu 4</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#">Menu 2</a>
<ul>
<li>Sub menu 1</li>
<li>Sub menu 2</li>
<li>Sub menu 3</li>
<li>Sub menu 4</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#">Menu 3</a>
<ul>
<li>Sub menu 1</li>
<li>Sub menu 2</li>
<li>Sub menu 3</li>
<li>Sub menu 4</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="contents">
<div class="contentWrappers">
<ul>
<li>
<img alt="" height="330" src="Project-uno.jpg" width="583" /></li>
<li>Title 1</li>
<li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi.
</li>

</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<img alt="" height="291" src="Project-uno.jpg" width="326" /></li>
<li>Title 2 </li>
<li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla facilisi.</ul>
</div>
<div class="contentDownloads">
<div>
<ul>
<li>
<img alt="" height="162" src="Project-uno.jpg" width="187" />
</li>
<li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>
<img alt="" height="162" src="Project-uno.jpg" width="187" />
</li>
<li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>
<img alt="" height="162" src="Project-uno.jpg" width="187" />
</li>
<li>Download the trial version of iWork '08 now and try it for yourself. You'll be making gorgeous documents, presentations, and spreadsheets in minutes.</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clearer"></div>
<div class="content-table">
<ul>
<li>
<img height="162" src="Project-uno.jpg" width="187" /></li>
<li class="content-2ndcol">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
</li>
<li>
<img height="162" src="Project-uno.jpg" width="187" /></li>
<li class="content-2ndcol">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer"></div>
</div>

Watch css div layer tutorial

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 12 Jan 2009 15:35:00 +0000

Watch css div layer tutorial

A sample video tutorial from you tube on how to design a page using class as css declaration and div layers. A simple tutorial for beginners. Please watch the video.

Watch css div and classes video Posted by: lifeg0eson666

Watch css sample tutorial

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 12 Jan 2009 15:12:00 +0000

Watch CSS sample tutorial

Learn the basics and secrets of CSS and HTML in 39:20 sec.
A simple tutorial that will give ideas on how to design a web using a combination of CSS and HTML.

Watch css sample video tutorial Posted by: jimmyrcom in youtube

C# linked list tutorial | linked list in C#

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Mon, 12 Jan 2009 15:01:00 +0000

C# Linked List Tutorial | linked list in C#
In our everyday life we encounter list: creating a list for a day-to-day task, a list for our favorite songs and name in our phonebooks. In this sample tutorial we will look at one particular type of list, the linked list. A.Net framework contains list-based collection classes, but linked list was not considered as part of the framework library. These tutorials will explain to you why linked list is needed in the program, a sample code of an object based linked list and array-based linked list.

How Arrays described?
Array is considered as the simplest form of data structure when storing multiple data in your program. Insertion and retrieving of data can be done easily by just specifying its index when invoking an array. Array is already part of the language so it does not require extra memory and processing time when it is used in the program.

Major drawbacks of Arrays
Common drawbacks in using static arrays are that, it lacks the flexibility to handle data that grows dynamically during runtime, searching of elements in unsorted array element is dawdling or slow for it has possibly visits the entire element in the array. Addition and deletion of elements is quite difficult for it has to shift the elements to avoid errors.

What is Linked List?
A linked list is a collection of class objects called nodes that have the characteristic to grow and shrink during runtime. Each node is linked to its successor node in the list using a reference to the successor node. A node is made up of a field for storing data and the field for the node reference. The reference to another node is called a link.

Comparing Linked list to an Array
A major difference between an array and a linked list is that the elements of a linked list are referenced by their relationship to the other elements of the array, whereas the elements in an array are referenced by position (the index).

AN OBJECT-ORIENTED LINKED LIST
In designing an Object-Oriented linked list involves at least two classes: A Node class and a node object instantiated to a Node Class each time we add a node to the list. The nodes in the list are connected via references to other nodes through an element called pointer which holds the address of the next node object. These references are set using methods created in a separate Linked List class.

Element of a Node Class
A Node Class is consists of different elements or fields these are: Data field and Pointer or address field. A Data field holds the actual data of a Node object while pointer field holds the address node of the next node object in the list. Purpose of this is to link the nodes in a list.

This is what linked list look like after inserting values (21-24).

This example will show you how it is done, just copy and past the source code on your program.

Here’s a sample code of a node class. (Filename: Node.cs)

using System;

namespace LinkedListSample{
  class Node
  {
      private Node _next;
      private object _data;
  
      public Node()
      {
         _next = null;
      }
      public Node next
      {
        get
        {
           return _next; 
        }
        set
        {
          _next = value;
        }
      }
      public object data
      {
        get
        {
           return _data;
        } 
        set
        {
          _data = value;
        }
      }  
    }
}

Single Linked List Class (Filename: SLL.cs)

using System;
using System.Collections;

namespace LinkedListSample{

     public class SingleLinkedList
{
private Node head;
private Node tracer;

public SingleLinkedList()
{
   head = null;
   tracer = null;
}
public void insertNode(object data)
{
  if(head==null)
  {
      head = new Node();
      tracer = head;
      head.data = data;
  }
  else
  {
      Node tempNode = new Node();
      tempNode.data = data;
      tracer.next = tempNode;
      tracer = tempNode;
  }
}
public void deleteNode(object data)
{
      Node temp;
      temp = head;

      if(head.data.ToString() == data.ToString())
      {
            head = head.next;
            temp = head;
      }
      else
      {
            while(temp != null && temp.next != null)
            {
                 if(temp.next.data.ToString() == data.ToString())
                 {
                     temp.next = temp.next.next;
                     if(temp.next == null)
                     {
                         tracer = temp;
                     }
                 }
                     temp = temp.next;
            }
      }
}
public void traverse()
{
  Node temp = head;


  while (temp != null)
  {
      Console.Write(temp.data + " ");
      temp = temp.next;
  }       
}
}
}

Linked List Implementation. (Filename: Main.cs)

using System;

namespace LinkedListSample{
    class Program
{
public static void Main(string[] args)
{
  // TODO: Implement Functionality Here
  SingleLinkedList list = new SingleLinkedList();
  int data=0;
  Console.WriteLine("Insert node: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 ");
  list.insertNode(21);
  list.insertNode(22);
  list.insertNode(23);
  list.insertNode(24);
  list.insertNode(25);
  list.insertNode(27);
  Console.WriteLine("Output after insertion: ");
  list.traverse();
  Console.WriteLine("\n\nDelete Node 24: ");
  Console.WriteLine("Output after deletion: ");
  list.deleteNode(24);
  list.traverse();
  Console.WriteLine("\n\nDelete Node 22: ");
  Console.WriteLine("Output after deletion: ");
  list.deleteNode(22);
  list.traverse();
  Console.WriteLine("\n\nInsert node: 26 ");
  list.insertNode(26);
  Console.WriteLine("Output after insertion: ");
  list.traverse();
  Console.WriteLine("\n");
}
}
}

Learning java array | Java Array Tutorial

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Sun, 11 Jan 2009 04:14:00 +0000

Learining Java Array

What is an array? An array is a series of elements of the same type placed in contiguous memory locations that can be individually referenced by adding an index to a unique identifier.

It means that, if I have to store multiple integer numbers I can simply declare a single integer array and simply specify its dimension, To make more clear I will how it works:

First I will discuss how arrays are declared in the program

Array Source code:

Syntax:

       <data type> <array-name>[] = new <data type>[<size n>];
          -Or-
     int projectuno[] = new int[5];

       public class IntNumbers
      {
          public static void main(String args[])
         {
          int num[] = new int[7];
         }
       }

That’s quite simple.

Array containing 5 integer values of type int called projectuno could be represented like this:

Inserting a value in an Array
Inserting a value in an array is quite simple you simply invoke its array name plus the index.

Ex.:
  projectuno[0] = 1;
  projectuno[1] = 10;
  projectuno[2] = 100;
  projectuno[3] = 1000;
   projectuno[4] = 200;
   projectuno[5] = 20;
  projectuno[6] = 2;

By doing this you simply filled up all the index of the array projectuno.




Note:
All values added in the array must be on the same data type.
Error:  projectuno[0] = “Hello”;

Specifying an index higher than the declared size can create errors in the program.
Error: projectuno[10] = 300;

Index of an Array don’t accept negative value.
Error: projectuno[-1] = 400;

Accessing a value in an Array
We can access a value in array by accessing its index the same way we did as we add a value in an array. Like an ordinary variable we can access the value individually.

Example:
   System.out.println(projectuno[0]);
    System.out.println(projectuno[1]);
    System.out.println(projectuno[2]);
    System.out.println(projectuno[3]);
    System.out.println(projectuno[4]);
    System.out.println(projectuno[5]);
    System.out.println(projectuno[6]);


Sample Problem:
Create a program that will display 7 integer numbers using array.
Ouput:
1
10
100
1000
200
20
2

Solution:
public class IntegerNum
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
   int projectuno[] = new int[7];
   projectuno[0] = 1;
   projectuno[1] = 10;
   projectuno[2] = 100;
   projectuno[3] = 1000;
   projectuno[4] = 200;
   projectuno[5] = 20;
   projectuno[6] = 2;

   System.out.println(projectuno[0]);
   System.out.println(projectuno[1]);
   System.out.println(projectuno[2]);
   System.out.println(projectuno[3]);
   System.out.println(projectuno[4]);
   System.out.println(projectuno[5]);
   System.out.println(projectuno[6]);
}
}

Multidimensional Array
A multidimensional array consists of two or more arrays defined by sets of array elements, Each set of array elements is an array. The first set of array elements is considered the primary array, and the second and subsequent sets of array elements are considered subarrays.

Two dimensional Array
Two dimensional Array can be viewed as matrix or table.

Syntax in declaring a Two dimensional Array

data type array_name = new type[row size][col size];

Example:
int projectuno[][] = new int[2][4];

Inserting a value in Two dimensional Array
Inserting a value in an array is quite simple you simply invoke its array name plus the index for row and column.


Example:
   projectuno[0][0] = 2;
  projectuno[0][1] = 4;
  projectuno[0][2] = 6;
  projectuno[0][3] = 8;
  projectuno[1][0] = 3;
   projectuno[1][1] = 6;
   projectuno[1][2] = 12;
   projectuno[1][3] = 15;

Accessing a value in an Array
We can access a value in multidimensional array by accessing its indexes the same way we did as we add a value in an array.

Example:
   System.out.println(projectuno[0][0]);
  System.out.println(projectuno[0][1]);
  System.out.println(projectuno[0][2]);
  System.out.println(projectuno[0][3]);
  System.out.println(projectuno[1][0]);
   System.out.println(projectuno[1][1]);
   System.out.println(projectuno[1][2]);
   System.out.println(projectuno[1][3]);

Object-Oriented programming concept

noreply@blogger.com (Unknown) — Wed, 07 Jan 2009 16:38:00 +0000

What is Object-Oriented programming?

Object-Oriented programming or OOP revolves around the concept of objects as the basic elements of your programs. When we compare this to the physical world, we can find many objects around us, such as cars, lion, people and so on. These objects are characterized by their properties (or attributes) and behaviors. For example, a car object has the properties, type of transmission, manufacturer and color. Its behaviors are turning, braking and accelerating. Similarly, we can define different properties and behavior of a lion.

With these descriptions, the objects in the physical world can easily be modeled as software objects using the properties as data and the behaviors as methods. These data and methods could even be used in programming games or interactive software to simulate the real-world objects! An example would be a car software object in a racing game or a lion software object in an educational interactive software zoo for kids.

Difference between a Class and an Object

In the software world, an object is a software component whose structure is similar to objects in the real world. Each object is composed of a set of data (properties/attributes) which are variables describing the essential characteristics of the object, and it also consists of a set of methods (behavior) that describes how an object behaves. Thus, an object is a software bundle of variables and related methods. The variables and methods in a Java object are formally known as instance variables and instance methods to distinguish them from class variables and class methods, which will be discussed later. The class is the fundamental structure in object-oriented programming. It can be thought of as a template, a prototype or a blueprint of an object. It consists of two types of members which are called fields (properties or attributes) and methods. Fields specifiy the data types defined by the class, while methods specify the operations. An
object is an instance of the class.

When instantiated, each object gets a fresh set of state variables. However, the method implementations are shared among objects of the same class. Classes provide the benefit of reusability. Software programmers can use a class over and over again to create many objects.

Class Variables and Methods

In addition to the instance variables, it is also possible to define class variables, which are variables that belong to the whole class. This means that it has the same value for all the objects in the same class. They are also called static member variables.

Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the method of hiding certain elements of the implementation of a certain class. By placing a boundary around the properties and methods of our objects, we can prevent our programs from having side effects wherein programs have their variables changed in unexpected ways.

We can prevent access to our object's data by declaring them declaring them in a certain way such that we can control access to them. We will learn more about how Java implements encapsulation as we discuss more about classes.

Reference: Jedi Courseware