Is it all over then? Not at all! The Bureau is currently developing the Psychogeographic Destination Kit to guide adventurers wishing to develop their own journeys into the unknown. The kits will be ready soon and will be made freely available to one and all. The kits will be ready soon and will be made freely available to one and all.

The Bureau of Unknown Destinations

The Bureau’s offices are open for viewing during Proteus’ hours and will be manned by the station master, Sal Randolph, on most Saturday’s from 1-5 and irregularly during the week. The Bureau of Unknown Destinations is part of a three month artist’s residency by Sal at Proteus Gowanus, extending through mid-April.

Early 20th C Specimen Jars Containing Contents of Birds' Stomachs, contributed by Sam Droege

At the opening of Object Migration on January 12, the second show in the migration year of Proteus Gowanus, I witnessed something unusual to such an event: quiet contemplation.

Lining the bookshelves and encircling the room are objects contributed by participants who were invited to lend an object to the show and include with it the object’s migratory story. These handwritten details of the object, its history and the significance it carries can be found on yellow 3×5” notecards alongside the objects.

Objects in the show include a petrified potato, a portable church, glass from the first atomic detonation in 1945 (hopefully not still radioactive), hipbones from an elk, bird stomach contents, a toilet tank part, and many others.  There is a quip from a scorned lover accompanying a hotel shampoo tube, an ecological proposition with a pile of bread tags, and a number of objects of personal significance to the contributors.  There was a mixture of inquiry, incredulity, and nostalgic pondering in the room as guests at the opening would pick up a set of index cards and travel on their own quiet journey.

Watching people interact with the objects brought to mind a class on collage that I was the teaching assistant for in graduate school.  Specifically, it made me think of the one assignment that students struggled with, term after term:  material meaning.  It is an assignment that requires working with an object in a subtractive way, stripping it of the meanings placed upon it (like “this is my favorite”, or, “I remember when”) and try to see, to listen to what the materials themselves might communicate.

Perhaps it was the hardest to teach, because it is the hardest to discern, so ingrained is our habit of jumping from the raw details of a material to the use value of an object in our own lives.

We all know that each and every object that we come in contact with is the product of complicated systems of production, of economics and international politics.   Hold a smartphone in your hand and you carry with you imbricated issues of class, race, wealth and poverty, union struggles and health and safety concerns, suicides off the roof of the Foxconn building.

If we listen closely to the objects displayed in Object Migration, we hear a lot of stories whispered and sung by plastic bottle caps and mass-produced cardboard, by candy wrappers and, of course, all those shiny rings holding together each little pile of index cards.  In the quiet moments of the opening, there emerged complicated choruses of voices, each with different tonal structures, scales, and rhythms.

As Proteus pairs down and gestures back to basic material meaning, the meanings multiply, revealing more and more complex systems to sort through and try to follow, to retrace the migratory routes.  We look forward to your participation throughout the exhibition as we all learn more about the objects that have filled our lives.

—KD

Ellis Island registration

On Tuesday, January 3rd, Proteus Gowanus hosted their first event of the New Year: a film exploration of Ellis Island.  The evening began with a special magic lantern show guided by Barbara Mathé of the American Museum of Natural History.  The Museum has a collection of magnificent glass slide photographs taken on Ellis Island by Chief Clerk Augustus Sherman, showing exteriors and interiors of the building complex as well as portraits of arriving immigrants.  Many were later skillfully hand-colored by Museum employees. Barbara took us through the history of the island slide by slide.  Joel Schlemowitz, a Brooklyn-based experimental filmmaker, was generous enough to provide an antique magic lantern to project the slides in their original form. The reflective glow of the worn-out faces of weary travelers illuminated the room with a soft tungsten light, allowing the audience to gaze right back into the faces of this nation’s ancestors.  It truly was a unique experience.

Joel Schlemowitz with his lantern slide projector

The evening continued with a screening of “Ellis Island,” the landmark 1981 film by interdisciplinary artist Meredith Monk, featuring the Island’s immigration buildings before the restoration in the early 90s.  Pablo Vela and Ellen Fisher, performers who have worked with Monk since the 1970s and appeared in the film, were in attendance to discuss the making of the project.  It was clear that many of the images in the film evoked the lantern slides taken by Sherman at the turn of the 20th century.  Performers, dressed in period clothing, posed for “moving portraits” and underwent the cursory medical examinations that could determine their fates. When asked about whether any of the performers had personal ties to the decrepit buildings, Ellen Fisher remarked that the mother of two children who appeared in a scene with her recollected her experience coming through Ellis Island as a child.  These stories from the Monk performers brought a new closeness between the film and the lantern slides viewed earlier.  Notes from the audience led to other personal memories of visiting Ellis Island and further discussion about the current state of human migration throughout the world.

Q and A with Sean, Barbara, Joel & Ellen

As the programmer of the series, I’d like to thank Barbara Mathé, Joel Schlemowitz, Peter Scisioli, Pablo Vela & Ellen Fisher for their contributions to the event.  This was the 3rd screening in our Migration Film & Video series, and we’ll continue hosting similar events throughout the year.  The next screening is scheduled for February 7th.

— Sean Hanley, PG Film & Video Coordinator

Duke Riley at Proteus Gowanus

Duke recounted that while surveying the Delaware River for an upcoming project in Philadelphia, he became interested in a tiny piece of land known as Petty’s Island. Subsequent research into its history formed the basis for his work on “Reclaiming the Lost Kingdom of Laird”. The back-story goes something like this: Petty’s island was once in fact the tiny dominion of its own self-proclaimed king: an Irish immigrant and pig farmer named Ralston Laird. Laird, his offspring, and a number of other immigrants he had welcomed to the island were forced out in the early part of the 20^th century to make room for a shipbuilding yard. Years later the island was obtained by the Venezuelan oil giant Citgo for use as a storage facility. Duke’s artistic activities (later displayed at the Philadelphia Historical Society) centered on preserving the legacy of Laird’s territory and included illegal kayak based crossings to retrieve artifacts and the creation of a large mural on top of one of the Citgo containers. He also researched the lineage of King Ralston, contacted surviving parties, and made a series of commemorative plates representing them. Finally he drafted an open letter to Hugo Chavez to demand a monument to the king and educational programming for the city’s deaf (four of Laird’s daughters were deaf) on the island.

Plates commemorating Laird's descendants

For “Invitation to Lubberland”, Duke examined the lives of Cleveland’s historical itinerant population, using John McCook “hobo census” conducted at the end of the 19^th century as a starting point. In an effort to connect the vestiges of this culture back to the present day he hopped freight trains and kayaked the underground path of a river long since subsumed by the expanding city’s sewage system. The museum show that came out of these activities included art related to hobo crafts and anti-government demonstrations of the era. It even included a cigarette tree mosaic (made from real cigarettes) inspired by Harry McClintock’s classic American bum lifestyle song “Big Rock Candy Mountain”. This tune– being based on an old sea chanty– also became a way to connect the landlocked study to Riley’s love for the nautical experience.

Listen to Harry McClintock’s Big Rock Candy Mountain

The historical claims to personal sovereignty by the socially liminal are at the center of both of these works. “Reclaiming the Lost Kingdom of Laird” begins with the individual’s story. The island form has the clearest of borders. And a small island, that resists the formation of internal boundary lines, is perhaps the most conceptually bite-sized of parcels. It is “individual”, and it can be equated with the individual person (“no man is an island” but we are all “islands in the stream”). The small piece of land and its unfortunate exiled king raise questions then about how land rights are conceived, how they are enforced through eminent domain and ultimately how they are pictured within the context of human rights in general. Even the small and dirty Petty’s Island is framed as a contest and nexus of private, state, city, and national interest.

The cultural nomads of “Lubberland” extend these concerns and point to a way of never becoming attached to the land. During the Great Depression of the ‘30s a full 30% of the population were itinerant and more hobos than ever gathered in niches of Cleveland. This portrait is not tied to a miscellaneous case of errantry or squatting, but an entirely alternative approach to the land-ownership-based social system. The Rock Candy Mountain portrayed in McClintock’s song presents an array of shared signs framed as lucky circumstances (a couple of free soft boiled eggs, a lack of snow…). It is ironic in that the mountain is a static goal, but what it promises is an easy way to keep going!

Duke refers to himself as a patriot, and this may be related to his statement at the gathering that– by making a practice of illegal crossings– he attempts to put pressure on the existing rules and codes (perhaps even to expand a concept of democracy). If nomads can be posed as complementary to the sedentary (the bringers of ideas, exchange, organic communications) one wonders what the next social nomad movement of the American landscape could look like…

-Dillon de Give, artist and Proteus collaborator

Randy Dudley (American, born 1950). Gowanus Canal from 2nd Street, 1986. Oil on canvas, 34 x 63 5/8 in. (86.4 x 161.6 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Purchase gift of Charles Allen, 87.31. © artist or artist’s estate

I recently visited Proteus Gowanus  to see their Migration show, which includes photocopies of a portion of The The Wallace Gould Levison Collection  in The Brooklyn Museum Libraries and Archives.  Levison was a member of The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences in the early 20th century. The photocopies are from an entertaining account he wrote of the release of sparrows into Brooklyn by members of the Institute which includes anecdotes about the members.

The space at Proteus Gowanus is charming, with rooms tumbling into one another, each housing a different exhibit housed in a different style. One room is divided into two sections, one displaying the history and future of Gowanus, and the other holding The Reanimation Library. The first portion of the room is a cluttered, homey sort of space, with maps and photographs hanging on the walls, found objects trailing across the shelves, and books on the table. The second half of the room contains the library. The Reanimation Library is a collection of nonfiction works which are no longer in circulation. As I perused the shelves, I wondered if my parents had used these books, or others like them, as reference materials in their youth. But what truly struck me about the collection was how it made me feel about the preceding display and the neighborhood of Gowanus more generally. Here was a room devoted to bringing books back to life, just as spaces like Proteus Gowanus are doing for the neighborhood. This feeling increased when I sat down to look at the design project book design project book on the table. Page after page showed ideas for ways to create a beautiful living space surrounding the now polluted canal. I suddenly felt that I was watching the reanimation of Gowanus.

Armed with this vision of the future, I decided to delve into the Museum Libraries and Archives collection for information on the neighborhood’s past. Georgia Fraser’s The Stone House at Gowanus, Scene of the Battle of Long Island  presents the neighborhood during the colonial period. The neighborhood was originally settled by the the Dutch as farmland surrounding the Gowanus river.

As the title of the book suggests, The Old Stone House, on third street and fifth avenue, is an important monument of the revolutionary period. During the Battle of Long Island, also known as the Battle of Brooklyn, George Washington used the house as his headquarters. This was the first major battle of the Revolutionary War, taking place on August 27, 1776. The battle was fought in what is now Prospect Park and ended with the full retreat of the American Forces. Despite the American loss, the battle remains important to the history of the neighborhood and brings prestige to the Old Stone House.

In the 19th century, the canal was built along the river for transport during the developing industrial period. The canal was used for shipping and the region surrounding it used for production and distribution for over a hundred years.

During the mid 20th century, the canal had such importance to the community that a young woman, titled Miss Gowanus, down the canal each year, tossing flowers into the water as she went. But even then the appearance of the canal and its environs was growing bleak.

Meg Belichick created an artist’s book,  Miss Gowanus, which shows the industrial significance of the canal coupled with the resulting pollution. She used products of the canal to create the book. The book is only fifteen years old, but it is almost impossible to view the photographs (images Miss Gowanus) due to the petroleum sheets above each page. The sheets have lines of a poem about Meg and her sister fishing, but they are badly cracking. The book also has a lead cover (which required gloves to open). The overall effect of the book is to show how pollution has obscured and beauty of the industrial past.

Despite the current polluted state of the canal and the disused industrial land surrounding it, plans for the cleansing of the canal  and for redevelopment bring promise to the area. Leslie Arnett’s The Glory of Brooklyn’s Gowanus: Legacy, Industry, and Artistry relates the history of the neighborhood from the Colonial era to the present day with personal anecdotes and interviews, but strongly highlights the developing artistic community in the neighborhood and the promise of what is to come.

—Katy Christensen, guest blogger for the Brooklyn Museum Library and Archives

Appropriation of well-known materials was another theme of the evening’s work.  The selected filmmakers took classic imagery, such as photographs and Hollywood films, and transported them through both format and time. The earliest appropriated imagery was in Toshio Matsumoto’s Mona Lisa (1973), made around the same time as Schwartz’s experiments with computers.  In this film, Matsumoto used Da Vinci’s painting and morphed in alternative background imagery using early video matting techniques.  Similarily, LJ Frezza’s film Nuke ‘Em, Duke (2009) took two John Wayne films and with data-moshing tools, combined them with You-Tube sourced videos of the invasion of Iraq. The Lossless series, two films screened by Douglas Goodwin and Rebecca Baron, used the same techniques as Frezza, but emphasized abstraction more than détournement, using Maya Deren’s Meshes of the Afternoon and a scene from a Bugsy Berkeley picture.

Stay tuned for the next Migration screening, happening in early December.  Screening program for that show will be announced shortly.

—Sean Hanley, PG Film Coordinator

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

It is often said that history is written by the victors (“Speciesists,” cry the inchworms, “we thread the trees but no one reads!”).  It is hard to know, however, who the victor might be in the case of the sparrow migration.  While accounts in the document (Excerpt of the Source of the English Sparrow, Manuscript and Notes for a History of the Brooklyn Institute, see previous post) include discrepancies in the details on the introduction of the sparrows into Brooklyn, they all converge in the Greenwood Cemetery, where the contentious tale of the sparrow begins.

Sparrow.  Involuntary immigrant.  An experiment.  A solution.  A pest.  An outlaw.  Though there were some previous attempts made, as the document details, to integrate the sparrow into the local ecosystem, the release of the sparrows into the Greenwood Cemetery was the first liberation en masse, and the first nesting place of the birds.  It is perhaps, of no great surprise then, that the sparrows were doomed to the limens of North American ornithology, as figures occupying graveyards and their surrounds, in Western art and literature, often symbolize those shunned or otherwise unable to live among so-called normal society.

The sparrows, scavengers by nature, thriving on the refuse of human activity, spread quickly, greatly outnumbering (and often chasing off) native birds.  The sparrows, like bedbugs and mice, came to be regarded as pests, and many state and local governments across the United States would offer a few cents a head for the extermination of the ubiquitous bird, an offer frequently taken up by children in pursuit for candy money.

Photo from: www.sialis.org/hosphistory.htm

These schemes did little to curb the sparrow population, which only began to wane after the introduction of automobile, decreasing the amount of horse droppings that had been the sparrow’s food source.

Needless to say, the sparrows have remained, and do indeed sing of their histories, whether we understand their version or not.  To try to listen, and perhaps comprehend the interwoven stories of human and animal antagonisms and interventions, the layered voices of tragedies and travails, I went to the Greenwood Cemetery, accompanied by writer/musician/sound artist Lindsay Cuff.  This is what we heard.

Greenwood Sparrow

—KD

“Has all this work paid? Some might say that it has not paid, in a money sense, as we have consumed 103 days’ time, if we allow two and one-half hours for each of the 988 trips made, but against this is the pleasure of becoming acquainted with so many of Nature’s happiest creatures and the storing up of much health through the outdoor exercise. We think it has paid many times over.”- Brooklyn Museum Quarterly, Vol. 3-4 (01/1916-10/1917), pg. 100.

Photo documenting some of the birds seen on a Winter Bird Lovers’ walk. Brooklyn Museum Quarterly, Vol. 3-4 (01/1916-10/1917), pg. 104.

In fact, so plentiful were the observations of the Bird Lovers and their knowledge of Brooklyn bird life, that they organized an exhibition

with the help of the Museum’s Librarian from April 15-April 29 of 1916, featuring charts of different birds, models of bird houses and bird feeders, and graphic representations of bird migration, as well as provided several bird-themed lectures to the public.

Installation images from the Bird Lovers Club exhibition, held in the Museum’s rotunda. Brooklyn Museum Quarterly, Vol. 3-4 (01/1916-10/1917), pg. 108.

The exhibition was heavily attended and was such a success that the National Association of Audobon Societies borrowed much of the exhibit for use in the National Educational Exhibit that Summer in New York City.

In reflecting on these Bird Lovers and the dedication they showed their migratory friends, one can’t help but notice a certain paradox in one of their observations. Regarding the Springtime return of birdsong to Prospect Park, the Bird Lovers note that “Few birds are in best voice during migration” (Brooklyn Museum Quarterly, Vol. 3-4 (01/1916-10/1917), pg. 107).  In this respect we would hope that the Proteus Gowanus  Migration exhibition and collaboration with the Brooklyn Museum Libraries & Archives actually gives voice not only to these creatures specifically, but also to the issues surrounding migration in all its forms and consequences.  We are happy to be a part of this chorus and are confident that our past counterparts, the Bird Lovers, would also chirp their appreciation in this endeavor.

-Emily Atwater, Brooklyn Museum Libraries & Archives

Proteus Gowanus is pleased to announce a Migration collaboration with The Brooklyn Museum Libraries and Archives. The Museum has loaned us a facsimile excerpt of an archive manuscript by Wallace Gold Levison, written in the early 20th C. for a book (never completed) on the early history of the Brooklyn Institute, the Museum’s predecessor. The notes recount a fascinating account of the Institute’s role in importing the English sparrow to Brooklyn in the 1850’s, a tale whose outcome is visible to us every time we go outdoors. —TP

Below is my exploration of the document in three parts: the facimile on display at Proteus, the sites where the sparrows were first released in Brooklyn, and the books on view in the Brooklyn Museum Library Reading Room, collected and put aside as an off-site collaborative project.

For more on the collaboration between The Brooklyn Museum Libraries and Archives and Proteus Gowanus, click here

—KD

Part I: The Arrival

The sign on the cocoon read: Ennomos Subsignaria Only.  Once inside, the   congregation of inchworms wriggled close to hear what the Speaker had to say.

“It has started, they are coming by sea.”  A shiver went up and down (and up and down again) through the crowd.

“How many?”  One of the smaller worms called out.

“Two, twenty, two-hundred maybe,” said the Speaker, “no one knows for sure.”

The story of the introduction of the English Sparrow into the Brooklyn ecosystem in the Excerpt of the Source of the English Sparrow, Manuscript and Notes for a History of the Brooklyn Institute, reads like a mystery novel.  It is a murder mystery, as the “little exiles” were brought to Brooklyn to destroy the inchworm, an “obnoxious and offensive worm or caterpillar ‘ennomos subsignaria’ . . . on account of their hanging by webs from the branches and falling in great numbers upon the pavements some streets having rows of beautiful shade trees [that were] made almost impassible for pedestrians.”

In the document, there are several unofficial accounts of the beginnings of the sparrow in Brooklyn, each naming different potential suspects to be the perpetrator of the inchwormicide.  Among the possible actors in this power play of Pest verses Passeridae are several esteemed members of the Brooklyn Institute, the nineteenth century precursor to the Brooklyn Museum.

The accounts detail the names and positions (along with anecdotal details about the gentlemen’s running abilities and dentistry practices) of the individual members who might have been involved in the introduction of the sparrows, including how many sparrows they had brought from England to Brooklyn, where the birds were kept for the winter, and where they were first released.

The Possible Perps:

Col. Nicolas Pike, Director of the Brooklyn Institute 1850-1854

Mr. John McGeorge, Librarian of the Institute, who was said to have had the sparrows brought from England in 1856

Dr. Salmon Skinner, an early member of the British Institute and a leading dentist in Brooklyn, having an office before 1845 at 57 Hicks St. and after 1845 at the corner of Montague Street and Henry Street.

Mr. Thomas S. Woodcock, “a gentleman of much experience in such matters,” purported to have had the sparrows brought to Brooklyn in 1856.

Of all the accounts in the document, it seems that the majority of accounts name Mr. Woodcock as the one to have spearheaded the project of introducing the sparrows to the New World, presumably because of his “expertise” and avianistically empathic name (though the coincidence —that sparrows might have been released into the Brooklyn skies by a “Mr. Woodcock”— does seem a bit too perfect, leaving one to wonder if the gentleman described here was, in fact, a flock of sparrows and woodcock accomplices dressed in a man’s trench coat).

The numbers and types of birds that may have traveled with the sparrows also differ in the various letters, along with speculations on the grizzly journey the birds underwent traveling over the rough seas, followed by their first Brooklyn winter.

Many of the accounts mention that some of the song birds accompanying the sparrows were intended for the Greenwood Cemetery, where ghostly songs of skylarks, woodlarks, goldfinches, robins, blackbirds, and thrushes can still be heard echoing between the headstones (songs which, according to the expertise of Mr. Woodcock, translate roughly into: If ye can make it here, ye can make it anywhere).

Homesickness and exposure notwithstanding, some of the imported sparrows did indeed survive the passage and the winter, as is evident today.

Meanwhile, back in 1854 (or 1856), the inchworms of Brooklyn braced themselves for the mass liberation of the sparrows soon to come.

(To Be Continued…)