<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115</id><updated>2024-12-18T19:27:54.657-08:00</updated><category term="budaya Tionghoa"/><category term="Pengetahuan Umum"/><category term="Negara China"/><category term="Review Buku"/><category term="makalah"/><title type='text'>PUKSIPUKSI</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>24</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-8518289302909094052</id><published>2012-07-18T23:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2012-07-23T03:00:27.263-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pengetahuan Umum"/><title type='text'>Makna Lirik Lagu &quot;Viva la Vida&quot; (Coldplay, 2008)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin:0in;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;
 mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;VIVA LA VIDA&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;I used to rule the world&lt;br /&gt;
Seas would rise when I gave the word&lt;br /&gt;
Now in the morning I sleep alone&lt;br /&gt;
Sweep the streets I used to own&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I used to roll the dice&lt;br /&gt;
Feel the fear in my enemy&#39;s eyes&lt;br /&gt;
Listen as the crowd would sing&lt;br /&gt;
&quot;Now the old king is dead! Long live the king!&quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
One minute I held the key&lt;br /&gt;
Next the walls were closed on me&lt;br /&gt;
And I discovered that my castles stand&lt;br /&gt;
Upon pillars of salt and pillars of sand&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I hear Jerusalem bells a ringing&lt;br /&gt;
Roman Cavalry choirs are singing&lt;br /&gt;
Be my mirror, my sword and shield&lt;br /&gt;
My missionaries in a foreign field&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For some reason I can&#39;t explain&lt;br /&gt;
Once you go there was never&lt;br /&gt;
Never an honest word&lt;br /&gt;
And that was when I ruled the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It was the wicked and wild wind&lt;br /&gt;
Blew down the doors to let me in&lt;br /&gt;
Shattered windows and the sound of drums&lt;br /&gt;
People couldn&#39;t believe what I&#39;d become&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Revolutionaries wait&lt;br /&gt;
For my head on a silver plate&lt;br /&gt;
Just a puppet on a lonely string&lt;br /&gt;
Oh who would ever want to be king?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I hear Jerusalem bells a ringing&lt;br /&gt;
Roman Cavalry choirs are singing&lt;br /&gt;
Be my mirror, my sword and shield&lt;br /&gt;
My missionaries in a foreign field&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For some reason I can&#39;t explain&lt;br /&gt;
I know Saint Peter won&#39;t call my name&lt;br /&gt;
Never an honest word&lt;br /&gt;
But that was when I ruled the world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I hear Jerusalem bells a ringing&lt;br /&gt;
Roman Cavalry choirs are singing&lt;br /&gt;
Be my mirror, my sword and shield&lt;br /&gt;
My missionaries in a foreign field&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For some reason I can&#39;t explain&lt;br /&gt;
I know Saint Peter won&#39;t call my name&lt;br /&gt;
Never an honest word&lt;br /&gt;
But that was when I ruled the world&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Songwriters:&lt;/b&gt; Berryman, Guy Rupert; Buckland, Jonathan Mark; Champion,
Will; Martin, Christopher A J&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;===================================================&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;ZH-CN&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseFELayout/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;
  LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
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&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Viva la Vida&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt; adalah lagu
yang ditampilkan oleh band asal Inggris, Coldplay. Lagu yang diciptakan oleh
seluruh personel Coldpaly ini terdapat dalam album keempat mereka yang berjudul
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends&lt;/i&gt;
(2008).&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; Viva la Vida&lt;/i&gt; meraih
kesuksesan besar di pasaran serta menempati urutan atas di berbagai chart lagu internasional
seperti UK Singles Chart dan Billboard Hot 100. Lagu ini meraih Grammy Award
for Song of The Year pada Grammy Award ke-51 tahun 2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Lagu
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva la Vida&lt;/i&gt; selain memiliki unsur
musikalitas yang sangat baik, juga memiliki lirik lagu yang sangat menarik
untuk ditelaah. Lirik dalam &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva la Vida&lt;/i&gt;
dapat membuat pendengarnya penasaran karena memiliki ‘makna yang sangat dalam’.
Pada lagu inilah seluruh personel Coldplay menuangkan ide dan memberikan berbagai
sudut pandang mengenai hidup, sejarah, dan agama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbRdnsoK_Oom20B-A7XFO4smGH-v2_-SFRCtBSv5ZMXTF2mIQlt1QUEs5WFg_4RhcNJ4nVMOhb5Erls3RrvAHmpTi3WIVBEecY8RSBDhFc7gjBb0GV-CLzjUe0rZC7m_bWaI5QY0nB-czr/s1600/Coldplay_-_Viva_la_Vida.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;200&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbRdnsoK_Oom20B-A7XFO4smGH-v2_-SFRCtBSv5ZMXTF2mIQlt1QUEs5WFg_4RhcNJ4nVMOhb5Erls3RrvAHmpTi3WIVBEecY8RSBDhFc7gjBb0GV-CLzjUe0rZC7m_bWaI5QY0nB-czr/s200/Coldplay_-_Viva_la_Vida.jpg&quot; width=&quot;200&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva
la Vida&lt;/i&gt; mendapatkan inspirasinya dari lukisan hasil karya pelukis abad 20 asal
Meksiko, Frida Kahlo. Chris Martin, vokalis band Coldplay, mengatakan bahwa &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva la Vida&lt;/i&gt; yang dalam bahasa Inggris
memiliki arti “Long Live Life” adalah lagu yang didedikasikan kepada sosok
Frida Kahlo yang tetap kuat dan menghargai hidup meskipun menderita penyakit
polio. Kahlo yang telah melalui berbagai kepahitan dalam hidup dapat melukis
karya yang hebat di rumahnya dan mengatakan “Viva la Vida”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Lirik lagu &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva la Vida&lt;/i&gt; memiliki banyak sekali referensi sejarah dan
keagamaan, dalam hal ini agama Kristen. Lirik &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva la Vida&lt;/i&gt; sangat menarik untuk ditelaah per bagian. Lirik &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva la Vida &lt;/i&gt;terbagi menjadi 5 bagian
lirik dan 2 chorus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bagian
1:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;“I used to rule the world&lt;br /&gt;
Seas would rise when I gave the word&lt;br /&gt;
Now in the morning I sleep alone&lt;br /&gt;
Sweep the streets I used to own”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pada bagian pertama lagu ini, kita
dapat melihat bahwa lirik lagu ini menceritakan mengenai seseorang yang pernah
menguasai dunia, atau setidaknya menjadi penguasa suatu negara yang besar dan
kuat. Apa pun yang dikatakannya selalu didengarkan dan menjadi perhatian
seluruh dunia. Penguasa tersebut kemudian tiba-tiba kehilangan kekuasaannya dan
menjadi orang biasa atau orang rendahan di daerah yang dulu pernah dikuasainya.
Dari raja menjadi pesuruh atau pengemis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bagian 2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;“I
used to roll the dice&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Feel
the fear in my enemy&#39;s eyes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Listen
as the crowd would sing”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Now
the old king is dead! Long live the king!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pada bagian kedua, sosok yang
menceritakan kehidupannya dalam lirik lagu &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva
la Vida&lt;/i&gt; menyatakan bahwa dia pernah menguasai dunia serta mengambil resiko
seperti bermain dadu dalam memperluas daerah kekuasaannya sehingga membuat
takut lawan-lawannya. Sosok ini memiliki kekuasaan yang sangat besar sehingga
rakyat memujanya karena dapat mengalahkan kekuatan penguasa sebelumnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bagian
3:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;“One minute I held the key&lt;br /&gt;
Next the walls were closed on me&lt;br /&gt;
And I discovered that my castles stand&lt;br /&gt;
Upon pillars of salt and pillars of sand”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bagian ketiga lirik lagu
menceritakan tentang sosok yang pernah berkuasa tersebut selama beberapa waktu
memiliki kekuasaan (‘the key’), tetapi terkurung di dalam temboknya sendiri dan
tidak dapat lagi memperluas daerah kekuasaannya. Sosok ini menyadari bahwa pusat
kekuasaannya (‘castle’) berdiri dalam kekuasaan orang-orang yang penurut dan
pembangkang serta cerdas dan bodoh. ‘Pillars of salt’ merujuk pada istri Lot
yang diubah menjadi pilar yang terbuat dari garam. Cerita ini terdapat pada ‘Book
of Genesis’ yang menceritakan tentang kota Sodom dan Gomorrah. Istri Lot tidak
mengikuti perintah malaikat yang melarangnya melihat ketika kota Sodom
dihancurkan di belakangnya. ‘Pillars of sand’ merujuk pada referensi Kristen
yang terdapat dalam Injil berupa ‘Parable of The Wise and The Foolish Builders’
atau ‘House on The Rock’. Perumpamaan (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;parable&lt;/i&gt;)
ini menceritakan tentang orang bodoh yang membangun rumahnya dari pasir dan
orang bijak yang membangun rumahnya dari batu yang kuat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Bagian 4:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;“It was the wicked and wild wind&lt;br /&gt;
Blew down the doors to let me in&lt;br /&gt;
Shattered windows and the sound of drums&lt;br /&gt;
People couldn&#39;t believe what I&#39;d become”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bagian keempat lagu setelah chorus
ini menceritakan bagaimana sosok dalam lirik lagu ini mencapai kekuasaan dengan
cara yang jahat dan kasar. Kekuasaan diraih dengan menghancurkan rumah-rumah.
Rakyat pun menjadi tidak percaya dengan sosok yang menjadi berkuasa tersebut. Sosok
penguasa menjadi seorang tirani karena memiliki kekuasaan yang absolut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bagian 5:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“Revolutionaries wait&lt;br /&gt;
For my head on a silver plate&lt;br /&gt;
Just a puppet on a lonely string&lt;br /&gt;
Oh who would ever want to be king?”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bagian kelima lirik menceritakan
tentang bagaimana sosok yang pernah berkuasa kemudian jatuh dari kekuasaannya
dengan nasib yang tragis. Kekuasaan yang dimiliki sosok penguasa pada akhirnya
dijatuhkan melalui revolusi. Revolusi dalam lirik ini dapat mengacu pada
Revolusi Prancis yang menggulingkan para penguasa Prancis. ‘&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Head on a silver plate’&lt;/i&gt; dapat mengacu
pada pemenggalan kepala di Prancis pada masa lalu dengan &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;guillotine&lt;/i&gt;. Banyak penguasa Prancis yang dipenggal kepalanya dengan
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;guillotine&lt;/i&gt; ketika terjadi revolusi. Istilah
‘&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;head on a silver plate’ &lt;/i&gt;dapat pula
mengacu pada peristiwa pemenggalan kepala St. John the Baptism. Herod memenggal
kepala John the Baptism karena diminta oleh Salome yang menginginkan kepala
John the Baptism di atas piring perak. Selain itu, Herod menganggap John the
Baptism sebagai musuh yang berbahaya karena John the Baptism dianggap memiliki
pengaruh yang kuat di kalangan rakyat dan dapat menciptakan pemberontakan. Sang
penguasa dalam lirik &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva la Vida&lt;/i&gt; pun
merasa seperti boneka yang digerakkan oleh tali penggerak. Dengan segala nasib
tragis yang diperoleh oleh sang penguasa, siapa yang mau menjadi raja?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Chorus
1:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;“I hear Jerusalem bells a ringing&lt;br /&gt;
Roman Cavalry choirs are singing&lt;br /&gt;
Be my mirror, my sword and shield&lt;br /&gt;
My missionaries in a foreign field”&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Pada bagian chorus lagu pertama,
lirik lagu yang dituliskan menceritakan mengenai masa kekuasaan sosok penguasa
dalam lirik lagu. Sosok penguasa tersebut mendengar ‘Jerusalem Bell’ yang
mungkin biasa digunakan oleh para pendeta Yahudi. Maksud Coldplay menulis lirik
ini mungkin untuk mengingatkan Perang Salib di Yerusalem. Pasukan kavelari
Romawi kemudian dituliskan bergerak untuk melakukan perang atas nama agama.
Pasukan kavelari Romawi seolah-olah menyanyikan &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;choir&lt;/i&gt; (paduan suara gereja) saat pergi berperang. Kaca (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;mirror&lt;/i&gt;) dapat mengacu pada imej, pedang
(&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;sword&lt;/i&gt;) mengacu pada kekuasaan, dan
perisai (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;shield&lt;/i&gt;) mengacu pada kekuatan.
Tiga hal inilah yang menjadi sumbu kekuasaan sosok penguasa. Sosok penguasa
pada &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Viva la Vida&lt;/i&gt; ini melakukan
penaklukan terhadap wilayah lain dengan dalih agama. Dia mengatasnamakan agama
dalam melakukan kekejaman dalam rangka menaklukan daerah yang asing. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;br style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Chorus
2:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;“For some reason I can&#39;t explain&lt;br /&gt;
I know Saint Peter won&#39;t call my name&lt;br /&gt;
Never an honest word&lt;br /&gt;
But that was when I ruled the world”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Bagian chorus kedua, sosok penguasa
menyadari bahwa pada titik tertentu dia mengakui kejahatannya ketika
memerintah. Dia menyadari bahwa dirinya tidak akan masuk surga setelah
kematiannya. Saint Peter dalam agama Kristen adalah rasul utama, paus pertama
Katolik, lalu dimuliakan menjadi santo (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;saint&lt;/i&gt;).
Sosok penguasa tersebut merasa namanya tidak terdapat dalam daftar manusia yang
masuk ke dalam surga. Sosok tersebut tidak pernah mengatakan kata yang jujur
dalam memerintah. Lirik lagu ini pun ditutup dengan menyatakan bahwa hal itu (kejahatan
dan kekejaman) terjadi dan dilakukan pada saat dia memerintah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;……But that was when I ruled the world&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;==================================================== &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;Lirik
lagu menurut personel Coldplay:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Bassis Guy Berryman (dalam &lt;i&gt;Q&lt;/i&gt; Magazine Juli 2008)
     menyatakan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&quot;It&#39;s a story about a king who&#39;s lost his
kingdom, and all the album&#39;s artwork is based on the idea of revolutionaries
and guerrillas. There&#39;s this slightly anti-authoritarian viewpoint that&#39;s crept
into some of the lyrics and it&#39;s some of the payoff between being surrounded by
governments on one side, but also we&#39;re human beings with emotions and we&#39;re all
going to die and the stupidity of what we have to put up with every day. Hence
the album title.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Vokalis &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Chris Martin menyatakan: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&quot;I know Saint Peter won&#39;t call
my name.&quot; The Coldplay lead singer replied: &quot;It&#39;s about… You&#39;re not on
the list. I was a naughty boy. It&#39;s always fascinated me that idea of finishing
your life and then being analyzed on it. And it&#39;s that runs through most
religions. That&#39;s why people blow up buildings. Because they think they&#39;re
going to get lots of virgins. I always feel like saying, Just join a band
(cackles head off). That is the most frightening thing you could possibly say
to somebody. Eternal damnation. I know about this stuff because I studied it. I
was into it all. I know it. It&#39;s still mildly terrifying to me. And this is
serious.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0in;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;Drumer Will Champion menyatakan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;&quot;trying
to remember what&#39;s important in your life, rather than being carried away by
the trappings of other things.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/8518289302909094052/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2012/07/viva-la-vida.html#comment-form' title='17 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/8518289302909094052'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/8518289302909094052'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2012/07/viva-la-vida.html' title='Makna Lirik Lagu &quot;Viva la Vida&quot; (Coldplay, 2008)'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbRdnsoK_Oom20B-A7XFO4smGH-v2_-SFRCtBSv5ZMXTF2mIQlt1QUEs5WFg_4RhcNJ4nVMOhb5Erls3RrvAHmpTi3WIVBEecY8RSBDhFc7gjBb0GV-CLzjUe0rZC7m_bWaI5QY0nB-czr/s72-c/Coldplay_-_Viva_la_Vida.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>17</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-525985409279969655</id><published>2012-07-06T02:02:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-07-06T02:02:16.634-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Festival Tradisional China</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
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   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;19&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;21&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;31&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;32&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;33&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Book Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;37&quot; Name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;/&gt;
 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
 /* Style Definitions */
 table.MsoNormalTable
 {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;
 mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 mso-style-noshow:yes;
 mso-style-priority:99;
 mso-style-qformat:yes;
 mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;
 mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
 mso-para-margin-top:0in;
 mso-para-margin-right:0in;
 mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
 mso-para-margin-left:0in;
 line-height:115%;
 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 font-size:11.0pt;
 font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;
 mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;
 mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;![endif]--&gt;

&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:WordDocument&gt;
  &lt;w:View&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;
  &lt;w:Zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackMoves/&gt;
  &lt;w:TrackFormatting/&gt;
  &lt;w:PunctuationKerning/&gt;
  &lt;w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/&gt;
  &lt;w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;
  &lt;w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;
  &lt;w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;
  &lt;w:DoNotPromoteQF/&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeOther&gt;EN-US&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeAsian&gt;ZH-CN&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;
  &lt;w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;
  &lt;w:Compatibility&gt;
   &lt;w:BreakWrappedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:SnapToGridInCell/&gt;
   &lt;w:WrapTextWithPunct/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseAsianBreakRules/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontGrowAutofit/&gt;
   &lt;w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/&gt;
   &lt;w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/&gt;
   &lt;w:Word11KerningPairs/&gt;
   &lt;w:CachedColBalance/&gt;
   &lt;w:UseFELayout/&gt;
  &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;
  &lt;w:BrowserLevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;
  &lt;m:mathPr&gt;
   &lt;m:mathFont m:val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBin m:val=&quot;before&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:brkBinSub m:val=&quot;--&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:smallFrac m:val=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:dispDef/&gt;
   &lt;m:lMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:rMargin m:val=&quot;0&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:defJc m:val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:wrapIndent m:val=&quot;1440&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:intLim m:val=&quot;subSup&quot;/&gt;
   &lt;m:naryLim m:val=&quot;undOvr&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;/m:mathPr&gt;&lt;/w:WordDocument&gt;
&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;
 &lt;w:LatentStyles DefLockedState=&quot;false&quot; DefUnhideWhenUsed=&quot;true&quot;
  DefSemiHidden=&quot;true&quot; DefQFormat=&quot;false&quot; DefPriority=&quot;99&quot;
  LatentStyleCount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;0&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Normal&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;9&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;heading 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 4&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 5&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 6&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 7&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 8&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;39&quot; Name=&quot;toc 9&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;35&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;caption&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;10&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Title&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; Name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;11&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;22&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Strong&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;20&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;59&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;1&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;65&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Revision&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;34&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;29&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;30&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; QFormat=&quot;true&quot; Name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;66&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;67&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;68&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;69&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;70&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;71&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;72&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;73&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;60&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;61&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;62&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;63&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
  &lt;w:LsdException Locked=&quot;false&quot; Priority=&quot;64&quot; SemiHidden=&quot;false&quot;
   UnhideWhenUsed=&quot;false&quot; Name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;/&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Festival tradisional China merupakan bagian yang penting
dalam kebudayaan China. Pada dinasti Qin (221 – 206 SM) festival tradisonal China
semakin berkembang dan menjadi semakin meriah. Pada masa dinasti Tang (618 –
907) perayaan festival tradisional China menjadi meriah dan menghilangkan
unsur-unsur upacara. Perayaan festival China menjadi lebih menarik dengan
berbagai hiburan yang dapat dinikmati oleh seluruh anggota keluarga.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;
Terdapat 8 festival tradisional China yang selalu dirayakan
setiap tahun, yaitu:&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 38.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Spring Festival&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 38.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Lantern Festival&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 38.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Qingming Festival&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 38.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Dragon Boat Festival&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 38.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Double Seven Festival&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 38.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;6.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Mid-Autumn Festival&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 38.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;7.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Double Ninth Festival&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 38.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;8.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Winter Solstice Festival &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoListParagraphCxSpLast&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 38.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;&quot;&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/525985409279969655/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2012/07/festival-tradisional-china.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/525985409279969655'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/525985409279969655'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2012/07/festival-tradisional-china.html' title='Festival Tradisional China'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-5556344007987886291</id><published>2011-08-04T03:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-12-29T01:20:18.797-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><title type='text'>One Child Policy / Kebijakan Satu Anak di China</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfHLtiE9jRYRD9Z4hoS35X4ltWuC7524XbcXMwP8CpzljU6gCjd-Rd82srMREmTkDpgymzQF9ZveXyd92MmawFezsy74aKU0q7hQ98Q6v4iChQaPmNOAWHrPiFh9f0m_qBj8Xq8Px7iDq/s1600/Peningkatan+Jumlah+Penduduk+China.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 247px; height: 158px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfHLtiE9jRYRD9Z4hoS35X4ltWuC7524XbcXMwP8CpzljU6gCjd-Rd82srMREmTkDpgymzQF9ZveXyd92MmawFezsy74aKU0q7hQ98Q6v4iChQaPmNOAWHrPiFh9f0m_qBj8Xq8Px7iDq/s320/Peningkatan+Jumlah+Penduduk+China.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5636948707180375106&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:trackmoves/&gt;   &lt;w:trackformatting/&gt;   &lt;w:punctuationkerning/&gt; 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priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt; 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line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;Berada di kota-kota besar &lt;span class=&quot;yshortcuts&quot;&gt;China&lt;/span&gt; jaman sekarang, sangatlah jarang bisa menemui orang menggendong anak kecil. Bandingkan dengan kondisi di &lt;span class=&quot;yshortcuts&quot;&gt;Indonesia&lt;/span&gt; (di setiap tempat dan setiap waktu), di mana sangat gampang menjumpai tiap orang tua membawa lebih dari satu anak saat antre minyak, jalan-jalan di mall, naik bis, pergi taman hiburan, dan sebagainya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt; Tahun 1953, sensus menunjukkan pertumbuhan penduduk China mengkhawatirkan. Kebijakan keluarga berencana dijalankan selama hingga 1978 gagal total.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt; Tahun 1979, pemerintah menjalankan kebijakan &quot;Keluarga Beranak Satu&quot; (dalam Mandarin disebut &lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;jihua shengyu zhengce&lt;/span&gt;) yang dijalankan dengan tegas. Pasangan yang setuju membatasi keluarga hanya satu anak, menerima berbagai tunjangan. Sementara pasangan yang (ketahuan) memiliki anak kedua, gaji mereka dikurangi dan anak yang bersangkutan tidak bisa mendapatkan akte lahir sehingga akan menyulitkan anak tersebut saat dewasa. Akhirnya untuk mendapatkan akte lahir, tetap harus mengaku dan membayar denda. Pengecualian ada pada penduduk desa, anak yang lahir cacat, dan pada etnis minoritas. Sebagai informasi, etnis minoritas di China adalah etnis di luar etnis Han. Mayoritas orang Tionghua yang tersebar di dunia (termasuk Indonesia) adalah keturunan etnis Han. Etnis minoritas seperti &lt;span class=&quot;yshortcuts&quot;&gt;Tibet&lt;/span&gt;, Xinjiang, Yunnan (dalam buku sejarah dianggap nenek moyang orang Indonesia). China memiliki 55 etnis minoritas dengan jumlah penduduk mencapai 90 juta orang atau 7 persen dari total penduduk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt; Kebijakan ini menentang kepercayaan mendalam bahwa sebuah keluarga harus punya anak lelaki untuk meneruskan garis keturunan. Pelaksanaan kebijakan ini mengakibatkan meluasnya praktik aborsi dan pembunuhan bayi. Pengecualian yang lebih luas diperkenalkan tahun 1984. Sejak itu kebijakan ini dijalankan penuh di wilayah-wilayah perkotaan, namun kurang jalan di pedesaan. Untuk &lt;span class=&quot;yshortcuts&quot;&gt;Hongkong&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;span class=&quot;yshortcuts&quot;&gt;Macau&lt;/span&gt;, dan Tibet tidak berlaku kebijakan ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SAfont-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11.0pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt; Orang-orang kaya membayar pemerintah untuk bisa melahirkan anak kedua, ketiga, dan seterusnya. Saat ini, ada 23 juta anak di China yang &quot;ditinggalkan&quot; orang tuanya karena orang tuanya pergi mencari kerja di kota besar dengan harapan penghasilan yang lebih baik. Anak-anak ini tinggal di desa bersama kakek dan neneknya, dan seringkali mereka hanya berjumpa dengan orang tuanya 3 tahun sekali. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Di China, saat ini makin banyak orang muda yang tidak ingin lagi tinggal di desa. &lt;span class=&quot;yshortcuts&quot;&gt;Jadi&lt;/span&gt;, jika kita pergi ke China pada hari-hari biasa (bukan musim Tahun Baru Imlek), mayoritas penduduk desa adalah orang-orang yang sudah renta dan anak-anak kecil. Anak-anak kecil ini bersekolah di desa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Walau survei yang dilakukan Pew Research Center pada tahun 2008, sebanyak 76% penduduk China mendukung kebijakan &quot;Satu Anak&quot;, saat ini kebijakan ini telah menimbulkan perdebatan di dalam negeri China. Banyak anak-anak menjadi lebih manja karena kebijakan ini menghasilkan &quot;Kaisar Cilik&quot; dalam rumah, di mana apa yang mereka minta akan dipenuhi (jika ada uang). Permen &lt;span class=&quot;yshortcuts&quot;&gt;adalah salah satu&lt;/span&gt; bisnis besar di China, dengan volume lebih dari USD 3 miliar per tahun, di mana permen asal China lebih populer daripada permen impor. Salah satu permen China yang paling terkenal di luar negeri adalah White Rabbit Creamy Candy (&lt;span style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;baitu tang&lt;/span&gt;), yang baru-baru ini terkena kasus melamin di China.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; line-height: 115%; Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height:115%; font-family:&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SAfont-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11.0pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; China, dengan segala kekuasaan pemerintahnya, banyak hal-hal kehidupan masyarakatnya telah diatur oleh negara dan menjadi maju hingga sekarang. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height:115%;font-family:&amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-Times New Roman&amp;quot;; mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: AR-SAfont-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:11.0pt;color:black;&quot;    lang=&quot;FR&quot;&gt;Ada bagusnya Indonesia mencontohnya, tapi seringkali terbentur urusan HAM.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/5556344007987886291/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/08/one-child-policy-kebijakan-satu-anak-di.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/5556344007987886291'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/5556344007987886291'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/08/one-child-policy-kebijakan-satu-anak-di.html' title='One Child Policy / Kebijakan Satu Anak di China'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlfHLtiE9jRYRD9Z4hoS35X4ltWuC7524XbcXMwP8CpzljU6gCjd-Rd82srMREmTkDpgymzQF9ZveXyd92MmawFezsy74aKU0q7hQ98Q6v4iChQaPmNOAWHrPiFh9f0m_qBj8Xq8Px7iDq/s72-c/Peningkatan+Jumlah+Penduduk+China.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-6232582540591372038</id><published>2011-07-15T01:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-08-04T03:46:19.619-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><title type='text'>Kung Fu China</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUWTxo7fJj59wusOdOAgtijtQ8KDvycLXrLOnzIhoK3JqSz2vfNYuK5nvof91uU60vzraLogTuzGsLSJ2yzGRfH1mVjFV7NnxtFoUhNi9h8II7hxccybShzDH5KEwORfIRRHIwO3GuybIq/s1600/kung+fu.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 196px; height: 148px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUWTxo7fJj59wusOdOAgtijtQ8KDvycLXrLOnzIhoK3JqSz2vfNYuK5nvof91uU60vzraLogTuzGsLSJ2yzGRfH1mVjFV7NnxtFoUhNi9h8II7hxccybShzDH5KEwORfIRRHIwO3GuybIq/s320/kung+fu.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5629494807267205746&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;Chinese Kung Fu combines both, theory and practice, and combines the techniques of self-defense and obtaining good health.&quot;&gt;Kung  Fu Cina merupakan perpaduan antara teori, dan praktek, dan menggabungkan  teknik-teknik pertahanan diri dan juga untuk mendapatkan kesehatan yang baik. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;Chinese Kung Fu combines both, theory and practice, and combines the techniques of self-defense and obtaining good health.&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;Chinese Kung Fu combines both, theory and practice, and combines the techniques of self-defense and obtaining good health.&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;It is thought that the origins of Chinese Kung Fu can be traced to primeval society.&quot;&gt;Diperkirakan bahwa asal-usul Kung Fu Cina dapat ditelusuri kepada masyarakat kuno (purba). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;At that time people used cudgels to fight wild beasts and they slowly accumulated experience in self defense.&quot;&gt;Pada  waktu itu orang-orang menggunakan pentungan untuk melawan binatang buas  dan mereka perlahan-lahan mendapatkan pengalaman dalam mempertahanankan diri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;During the Shang Dynasty, hunting was considered as an important part of Kung Fu training.&quot;&gt;Selama Dinasti Shang, berburu dianggap sebagai bagian penting dari pelatihan Kung Fu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;During the Shang Dynasty, hunting was considered as an important part of Kung Fu training.&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;During the Shang Dynasty, hunting was considered as an important part of Kung Fu training.&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;During Shang and Zhou Dynasties, martial arts evolved into a kind of dancing.&quot;&gt;Selama Dinasti Shang dan Zhou, seni bela diri berkembang menjadi semacam menari. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;Usually the dancing movements in martial arts were utilized to train soldiers and increase morale.&quot;&gt;Biasanya gerakan-gerakan menari dalam seni bela diri dimanfaatkan untuk melatih tentara dan meningkatkan moral. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;During the Zhou Dynasty, martial-arts dancing was designated as a component of education.&quot;&gt;Selama Dinasti Zhou, seni bela diri menari ditetapkan sebagai komponen pendidikan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The application of wrestling techniques on the battlefield received much attention from various states during the period of Spring and Autumn.&quot;&gt;Penerapan teknik gulat di medan perang menerima banyak perhatian dari berbagai negara selama periode Musim Semi dan Gugur. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The emperor held twice yearly wrestling contests in the spring and autumn to select the best exponents of martial arts.&quot;&gt;Kaisar mengadakan kontes gulat dua kali setahun pada musim semi dan musim gugur  untuk memilih eksponen terbaik dari seni bela diri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;At the same time, the skill and technology in sword forging was increasing and the sword ceremony developed rapidly.&quot;&gt;Pada saat yang sama, keterampilan dan teknologi dalam menempa pedang meningkat dan seni bela diri dengan menggunakan pedang berkembang pesat.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;During the Qin and Han Dynasties, wrestling, swordplay, and martial arts dancing were very popular.&quot;&gt;Selama Dinasti Qin dan Han, gulat, permainan pedang, dan bela diri seni menari sangat populer. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;A well known instance was Xian g Zhuang&#39;s Sword Dancing in Hongmen Banquet of the same period.&quot;&gt;Sebuah contoh terkenal adalah Tari Pedang Xiang Zhuang dalam Perjamuan Hongmen dari periode yang sama. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The style of his performance was very close to today&#39;s martial arts.&quot;&gt;Gaya penampilannya sangat dekat dengan seni bela diri saat ini. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Spear play reached its summit in the Han Dynasty when many techniques for spear usage were practiced.&quot;&gt;Permainan tombak mencapai puncak ketenaran pada saat Dinasti Han, ketika banyak teknik untuk penggunaan tombak dipraktekkan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The Five-animal-style exercise was another innovation of Hua Tuo in the development of Chinese martial arts.&quot;&gt;Latihan Gaya 5 Hewan adalah salah satu inovasi lain dari Hua Tuo dalam pengembangan seni bela diri Cina. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The Five-animal-style exercise was another innovation of Hua Tuo in the development of Chinese martial arts.&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The Five-animal-style exercise was another innovation of Hua Tuo in the development of Chinese martial arts.&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Kung Fu examinations were proposed and implemented during the Tang Dynasty.&quot;&gt;Ujian Kung Fu diusulkan dan dilaksanakan selama Dinasti Tang. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The best combatants would receive titles and awards through the examination thereby propelling the development of martial arts.&quot;&gt;Para  pejuang terbaik akan menerima gelar dan penghargaan melalui ujian, sehingga mendorong perkembangan seni bela diri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;By this time martial arts had evolved to be an artistic form and an independent genre and were gradually introduced to many countries in Southeast Asia.&quot;&gt;Saat  ini seni bela diri telah berevolusi menjadi bentuk artistik dan menjadi genre  yang independen dan secara bertahap diperkenalkan ke banyak negara di  Asia Tenggara. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Today Kung Fu is honored as the ancestor of kickboxing, karate, aikido, and judo.&quot;&gt;Hari ini Kung Fu dihormati sebagai nenek moyang dari kickboxing, karate, aikido, dan judo. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Today Kung Fu is honored as the ancestor of kickboxing, karate, aikido, and judo.&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Today Kung Fu is honored as the ancestor of kickboxing, karate, aikido, and judo.&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The Song and Yuan Dynasties were the highpoint of Kung Fu&#39;s development, and the practice of Kung Fu by civil organizations became more and more popular.&quot;&gt;Pada  Dinasti Song dan Yuan adalah puncak dari pengembangan Kung Fu, dan  Kung Fu oleh organisasi-organisasi sipil menjadi lebih  populer. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Some organizations or clubs centered on the use of spear play and cudgel, and they were called Yinglue Organizations; while others majored in the practice of arching and therefore called Arching Origination.&quot;&gt;Beberapa  organisasi atau klub berpusat pada penggunaan bermain tombak dan gada,  dan mereka dipanggil Organisasi Yinglue; sementara itu  yang lain mengambil  jurusan dalam Memanah dan karena itu  disebut Pemurnian Memanah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Performer called Luqi People made a living by performing martial arts all over the country.&quot;&gt;Terdapat banyak orang yang disebut dengan Orang Luqi, yaitu orang yang mencari nafkah dengan melakukan seni bela diri ke seluruh negeri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Usually the performances were carried out by a one or two people.&quot;&gt;Biasanya pertunjukkan dilakukan oleh satu atau dua orang. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Usually the performances were carried out by a one or two people.&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Usually the performances were carried out by a one or two people.&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Chinese Kung Fu thrived during the Ming Dynasty.&quot;&gt;Kung Fu Cina berkembang selama Dinasti Ming. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The Ming Dynasty saw many genres come into being and numerous books on martial arts were published.&quot;&gt;Selama Dinasti Ming banyak genre yang berkembang dan banyak buku tentang seni bela diri diterbitkan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The Emperors of the Qing Dynasty banned the practice of martial arts, and the folk had to set up clubs or societies to pass down the secrets of the art.&quot;&gt;Kaisar  dari Dinasti Qing melarang praktek seni bela diri, dan rakyat harus  mendirikan klub atau masyarakat untuk mewariskan rahasia seni. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Many schools sprang up, with examples being taiji, xingyi shadowboxing, eight–diagram shadowboxing.&quot;&gt;Banyak sekolah bermunculan, dengan contoh yang Taiji, Xingyi Shadowboxing, Delapan Diagram Shadowboxing. Pada &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The Qing Dynasty also saw the integration among genre.&quot;&gt;Dinasti Qing juga dapat dilihat integrasi antar genre. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Wrestling techniques were introduced into martial arts, facilitating its improvement and maturing.&quot;&gt;Teknik gulat diperkenalkan ke dalam seni bela diri, memfasilitasi peningkatan dan pendewasaan Kung Fu. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This period was a watershed between genres for appreciation and those for actual combat.&quot;&gt;Pada periode ini terjadi pertentangan antara genre untuk apresiasi seni dan  untuk pertarungan yang sebenarnya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This period was a watershed between genres for appreciation and those for actual combat.&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This period was a watershed between genres for appreciation and those for actual combat.&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;In 1927 the Central National Martial Arts Society was established and in August, 1936, a Chinese Martial Arts Team went to Berlin to participate in the Olympics Games.&quot;&gt;Pada  tahun 1927 Pusat Seni Bela Diri Masyarakat Nasional Pusat didirikan dan  pada bulan Agustus, 1936, Tim Seni Bela Diri pergi ke Berlin untuk  berpartisipasi dalam Olimpiade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The Chinese Martial Arts Association was established and in 1985 the International Marital Arts Invitational Tournament was held in Xi&#39;an with the establishment of the International Martial Arts League.&quot;&gt; Asosiasi Seni Bela Diri Cina didirikan dan pada tahun 1985 dengan Turnamen Invitasi Seni Bela Diri Internasional diadakan di Xi&#39;an  dengan pembentukan Liga Seni Bela Diri Internasional. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The Chinese Martial Arts Association was established and in 1985 the International Marital Arts Invitational Tournament was held in Xi&#39;an with the establishment of the International Martial Arts League.&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;result_box&quot; class=&quot;long_text&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The Chinese Martial Arts Association was established and in 1985 the International Marital Arts Invitational Tournament was held in Xi&#39;an with the establishment of the International Martial Arts League.&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;The first Asian Martial Arts Tournament was held in Hengbin in 1987 and in 1990, martial arts were, for the first time, listed as a competition event in the 11th Asian Games.&quot;&gt;Turnamen Seni Bela Diri Asia pertama kali diadakan di Hengbin pada tahun 1987 dan  pada tahun 1990, seni bela diri Kung Fu,untuk pertama kalinya, tercatat  sebagai acara kompetisi di Asian Games 11. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;In 1999, The International Martial Arts League was invited to join the International Individual Events Federation by the International Olympic Committee.&quot;&gt;Pada  tahun 1999, Liga Seni Bela Diri Internasional diundang untuk  bergabung dengan Federasi Internasional individu Acara oleh Komite  Olimpiade Internasional. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);&quot; title=&quot;That was the sign of Chinese Martial Arts global acceptance &amp;amp; appeal.&quot;&gt;Itu adalah tanda diterimanya Seni Bela Diri Cina secara global.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;articleArea&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/6232582540591372038/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/07/kung-fu-cina-merupakan-perpaduan-antara.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/6232582540591372038'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/6232582540591372038'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/07/kung-fu-cina-merupakan-perpaduan-antara.html' title='Kung Fu China'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUWTxo7fJj59wusOdOAgtijtQ8KDvycLXrLOnzIhoK3JqSz2vfNYuK5nvof91uU60vzraLogTuzGsLSJ2yzGRfH1mVjFV7NnxtFoUhNi9h8II7hxccybShzDH5KEwORfIRRHIwO3GuybIq/s72-c/kung+fu.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-5983974230465121195</id><published>2011-05-11T04:23:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-11T05:03:17.030-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><title type='text'>Puisi Tionghoa: Ganjue &quot;感觉&quot;</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin:0cm;  mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:11.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;  mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;  mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;  mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;  mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;MS Gothic&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-MS Gothic&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language: ZH-CNfont-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;感&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;MS Song&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family:&amp;quot;MS Song&amp;quot;;mso-bidi-MS Song&amp;quot;; mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;觉&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;顾城&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;MS Gothic&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-MS Gothic&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;天是灰色的&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;路是灰色的&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;楼是灰色的&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;雨是灰色的&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi- mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;在一片死灰中&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;走过两个孩子&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;一个&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;MS Song&amp;quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&amp;quot;MS Song&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-MS Song&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;鲜红&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:MingLiU;mso-bidi-mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:MingLiU;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;一个淡&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:&amp;quot;MS Song&amp;quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&amp;quot;MS Song&amp;quot;; mso-bidi-MS Song&amp;quot;;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CNfont-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:180%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  &gt;绿&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-fareast-language:ZH-CN;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/5983974230465121195/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/05/puisi-tionghoa-ganjue.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/5983974230465121195'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/5983974230465121195'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/05/puisi-tionghoa-ganjue.html' title='Puisi Tionghoa: Ganjue &quot;感觉&quot;'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-3397663212735291068</id><published>2011-05-10T01:13:00.002-07:00</published><updated>2012-03-05T03:18:08.714-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="makalah"/><title type='text'>Makalah: Sejarah Orang Tionghoa di Indonesia</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVk7h8Ihd4p-sRMhrUv4MiNenTnHJBoQ1Jp_JkV4Mw8-5dZm1TM564QFv9GwmlfqLVuWB_gO-b_ibk-z-f_Cb9n5lafhVC-xEkf11s8uGqIlTAhEQm41_o0tgswRFZgFQsXz0ugUVfmqS4/s1600/chinese.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5604997712936877474&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVk7h8Ihd4p-sRMhrUv4MiNenTnHJBoQ1Jp_JkV4Mw8-5dZm1TM564QFv9GwmlfqLVuWB_gO-b_ibk-z-f_Cb9n5lafhVC-xEkf11s8uGqIlTAhEQm41_o0tgswRFZgFQsXz0ugUVfmqS4/s320/chinese.jpg&quot; style=&quot;cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 221px; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; width: 320px;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;. &lt;b&gt;Kedatangan orang Tionghoa di Indonesia&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Latar belakang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bila sekarang kita lihat, terdapat banyak sekali warga negara Indonesia keturunan Tionghoa. Mereka adalah keturunan dari orang-orang Tionghoa yang sejak dulu telah merantau ke Nusantara. Banyak sekali orang Tionghoa yang datang ke Indonesia. Tentu terdapat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi orang-orang Tionghoa tersebut sehingga membuat mereka tertarik untuk datang ke Nusantara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Times,&amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,serif; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-        Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;▄       Faktor yang mendorong dari intern Tionghoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Keadaan di Tionghoa pada saat itu sangat tidak baik. Tionghoa merupakan daerah yang miskin sehingga banyak bandit-bandit dan banyak terjadi tindak kriminal. Selain itu sering terjadi bencana kelaparan dan bencana alam. Ditambah lagi terjadi Perang Candu. Setelah Perang Candu, keadaan Tionghoa semakin tidak baik. Tionghoa merupakan daerah yang tidak aman terutama bagi golongan rakyat jelata. Karena rakyat jelata tidak dapat melakukan apapun untuk menghindar dari keadaan tersebut. Mereka hanya bisa pergi dari Tionghoa dan mencari tempat yang baru yang lebih baik bagi kehidupan mereka. Mereka ingin mencari daerah yang lebih aman dan daerah yang baru untuk berdagang, untuk mencari penghidupan yang lebih baik. Hal ini didukung oleh  pemerintah Tionghoa yang mengizinkan rakyatnya untuk bermigrasi. Keinginan mereka untuk bermigrasi juga didorong oleh transportasi di Tionghoa yang semakin lancar, contoh: kapal uap.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;▄       Faktor yang menarik dari Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang Tionghoa banyak mendengar kabar bahwa di Nusantara banyak terdapat sumber daya alam, seperti pertambangan dan pertanian yang membutuhkan tenaga manusia untuk mengolahnya, sedangkan di Nusantara sendiri belum mengolah sumber-sumber tersebut. Nusantara dilihat sebagai daerah yang masih “perawan” untuk dijelajahi dan daerah yang menyimpan banyak kekayaan yang belum digali. Nusantara, karena letaknya yang strategis, waktu itu adalah daerah yang sering disinggahi oleh pedagang-pedagang dari luar Nusantara, seperti pedagang dari India, Persia dan Arab. Kehidupan di Indonesia dianggap lebih baik daripada di Tionghoa dan memberi harapan yang cerah sehingga menarik orang-orang Tionghoa untuk datang dan membuka usaha di Nusantara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bilamana orang Tionghoa datang ke Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tahun 400 Masehi, seorang pendeta Tionghoa singgah di Indonesia dalam perjalanan pulang dari India ke Tionghoa. Mungkin setelah singgah di Indonesia, dia mengabarkan tentang Nusantara di Tionghoa dan ditambah lagi dengan berita yang dibawa oleh Faxian dan Yixinq. Setelah itu, banyak pedagang Tionghoa mulai berdatangan ke Indonesia, misalnya saja sejak jaman dinasti Song (420-479) banyak terjadi transaksi perdagangan dengan pedagang di Nusantara. Tidak hanya pedagang-pedagang dari dinasti Song saja, tapi pedagang-pedagang dan orang-orang dengan profesi yang beragam dari generasi berikutnya terus berdatangan ke Nusantara sampai sekarang. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bagaimana orang Tionghoa datang ke Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tionghoa merupakan daerah yang tidak dekat dengan Nusantara, apalagi pada jaman dahulu tidak ada pesawat yang bisa membuat jarak yang jauh terasa dekat. Dalam perjalanan ke Nusantara, satu-satunya cara yang dapat diambil adalah melalui laut. Mereka datang dengan menggunakan kapal laut dan kebanyakan dari mereka tiba pertama kali di teluk Sunda Kelapa, baru setelah itu mulai berpencar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Asal daerah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang-orang Tionghoa datang ke Indonesia melalui jalan laut. Hal ini berarti penduduk Tionghoa yang berada di dekat lautlah yang dapat lebih mudah berlayar ke Nusantara. Daerah-daerah yang dekat laut adalah daerha-daerah di bagian selatan Tionghoa. Mereka kebanyakan datang dari daerah-daerah di Tionghoa bagian selatan, seperti Fujian dan Guangdong. Orang-orang dari Fujian ini lebih dikenal di Indonesia dengan sebutan Hokkian dan orang dari Guangdong ini lebih dikenal dengan sebutan Kanton.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Siapa dan dari golongan mana orang Tionghoa yang datang ke Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mayoritas orang-orang Tionghoa yang datang ke Nusantara adalah golongan petani miskin atau rakyat jelata yang tidak memiliki kedudukan apapun. Mereka adalah orang-orang yang tidak berkesempatan untuk mendapat pendidikan, sehingga mereka tidak dapat meningkatkan taraf hidup mereka. Mereka adalah orang-orang yang hanya memiliki kemampuan untuk bekeja kasar, seperti bertani dan bertukang. Orang-orang ini kebanyakan laki-laki yang berasal dari suku Hokkian, Kanton, Hakka dan Tiociu yang ingin mencari penghidupan yang lebih baik. Mereka ini, seperti telah disebutkan, berasal dari daerah selatan di Tionghoa. Mereka tidak datang bersama keluarganya, biasanya mereka (laki-laki) datang sendiri, mungkin dengan teman-temannya, karena tujuannya adalah untuk bekerja mencari nafkah. Biasanya, jika sudah berkeluarga, keluarganya ditinggal di Tionghoa, tapi tetap diberi nafkah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Menetap di mana&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang Hakka yang datang ke Nusantara pada umumnya menetap di Kalimantan Barat. Orang Kanton banyak yang memilih untuk menetap di pantai timur Sumatra, Sumatra Selatan, Kalimantan dan Sulawesi. Orang Tiociu kebanyakan menetap di pantai timur Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, Indragiri dan Pontianak. Mayoritas orang Hokkian menetap di Bagan Siapi-api, pantai timur Sumatra, Jawa Barat dan Jakarta.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;II. Kehidupan orang Tionghoa di Indonesia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A.      Kehidupan sosial-budaya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sebelum kita membicarakan mengenai kehidupan sosial dan budaya orang-orang Tionghoa di Indonesia, ada baiknya dibahas secara singkat mengenai Tionghoa peranakan dan Tionghoa totok. Di dalam orang-orang Tionghoa yang menetap di Indonesia, ada yang disebut Tionghoa peranakan dan ada yang disebut Tionghoa totok. Berikut akan dipaparkan mengenai keduanya.   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tionghoa peranakan :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang Tionghoa yang orientasi kebudayaannya berintikan kebudayaan setempat, di rumah menggunakan bahasa setempat., mengalami proses akulturasi yang mendalam dengan kebudayaan di mana mereka dilahirkan dan dibesarkan, biasanya tapi tidak selalu WNI dan lahir di Indonesia, biasanya tapi tidak selalu dilahirkan dari perkawinan campuran (ayah Tionghoa, ibu Indonesia), berdasarkan ras mereka bukan orang Tionghoa lagi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tionghoa totok    :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang Tionghoa yang orientasi kebudayaannya berintikan kebudayaan Tionghoa, di rumah menggunakan bahasa Tionghoa, pernah sekolah di sekolah Tionghoa, mempunyai hubungan kerabat atau dagang dengan orang Tionghoa lain di Indonesia, biasanya tapi tidak selalu WNA, bisa dilahirkan di luar RI tetapi juga bisa di RI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;a.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kebudayaan, adat-istiadat dan kebiasaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang-orang Tionghoa yang datang ke Nusantara kemudian menetap, lambat laun berbaur dengan orang-orang di Nusantara. Ada di antara mereka yang menikah dengan wanita Nusantara dan ada yang tetap memilih untuk menikahi wanita Tionghoa. Kebudayaan orang-orang Tionghoa yang datang dan menetap di Nusantara lambat laun mulai bercampur dengan kebudayaan daerah yang mereka tinggali. Misalnya saja pakaian dan adat perkawinan mereka. Kebudayaan mereka tetap dipertahankan namun secara tidak disadari mendapat pengaruh dari kebudayaan setempat sehingga menghasilkan kebudayaan baru. Ciri khas kebudayaan mereka tetap tampak, tapi diwarnai dengan kebudayaan setempat. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;b.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pendidikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Di antara orang-orang Tionghoa yang menetap di Hindia, terdapat orang-orang Tionghoa yang merasa membutuhkan pendidikan. Umumnya, Tionghoa peranakan tidak merasa terarik untuk mengenyam pendidikan yang tinggi, mereka hanya mementingkan bagaimana agar mendapatkan uang. Bagi mereka, tidak punya pendidikan tapi memiliki banyak uang tidak apa-apa. Tapi di antara mereka terdapat juga orang Tionghoa yang ingin anaknya belajar di sekolah. Pemerintah Belanda tidak merasa wajib menyediakan pendidikan bagi orang-orang Tionghoa. Pemerintah Belanda waktu itu melarang orang-orang Tionghoa utnuk sekolah di sekolah-sekolah Belanda. Maka akhirnya mereka mendirikan sekolah sendiri. Kemudian didirikanlah THHK (Tiong Hoa Hwei Kuan) untuk memaksa Belanda mendirikan sekolah bagi Tionghoa peranakan. Sekolah-sekolah THHK mengajarkan kebudayaan dan Konfusius serta menggunakan bahasa Tionghoa dalam pelajaran, tapi kemudian ajaran-ajaran Konfusius mulai ditinggalkan dan sekolah-sekolah ini memakai buku-buku teks yang lebih sederhana. Setelah sekolah Belanda akhirnya dibuka untuk umum, sekolah-sekolah THHK tidak lagi diminati oleh Tionghoa peranakan sendiri karena masa depan lulusan sekolah Belanda lebih cerah. Waktu itu terdapat lima kelompok dalam masyarakat Tionghoa, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;orang kaya dan kelas menengah yang ingin terus hidup di Hindia dan ingin lebih meningkatkan pendidikan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tionghoa peranakan miskin yang ingin terus hidup di Hindia dan cukup puas dengan kemampuan baca tulis bahasa Melayu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tionghoa peranakan nasionalis yang menginginkan anaknya kelak dapat membantu Tionghoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;4.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tionghoa peranakan dan Tionghoa totok yang ingin mempertahankan identitasnya tapi merasa bahasa Tionghoa tidak dapat membuat mereka makmur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;5.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tionghoa totok yang ingin kembali ke Tionghoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Akhirnya sekolah-sekolah yang didirikan oleh Tionghoa peranakan mulai diambil alih oleh Tionghoa totok karena Tionghoa peranakan tidak memiliki biaya untuk meneruskan sekolah-sekolah itu dan karena kebanyakan orang Tionghoa peranakan ingin sekolah di sekolah-sekolah Belanda, sedangkan Tionghoa totok menginginkan pendidikan di sekolah-sekolah yang masih bergaya Tionghoa. Pada perkembangannya di tahun 1957, sekolah-sekolah Tionghoa dianggap oleh pemerintah Indonesia sebagai sekolah asing. Menteri Pendidikan mengeluarkan peraturan bahwa sekolah Tionghoa beserta gurunya harus mendapat izin dari Depatemen Pendidikan Nasional dan tidak diperbolehkan adanya sekolah baru yang didirikan dan warga negara Indonesia dilarang masuk sekolah itu. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh adanya anggapan bahwa orang Tionghoa adalah antek-antek komunis.Tapi akhirnya anggapan ini berubah dan sekolah-sekolah yang dianggap sekolah Tionghoa dinasionalisasikan dan siapapun boleh bersekolah di situ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;c.&lt;span style=&quot;-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pola tempat tinggal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang-orang etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia terkonsentrasi di daerah perkotaan, terutama kota besar. Pola pemukiman ini terbentuk karena peraturan pemerintah Belanda. Tahun 1816 dikeluarkan peraturan surat jalan, yang menharuskan orang-orang Tionghoa memperoleh ijin untuk tiap kepertgian. Pada tahun 1854 semua orang Tionghoa harus tinggal di daerah-daerah tertentu di kota tertentu. 1870 dikeluarkan UU Agraria yang melarang orang-orang yang bukan pribumi untuk memiliki tanah pertanian. Gejolak sospol pada Perang Dunia II dan Revolusi Kemerdekaan RI mengakibatkan eksodus besar2an dari desa ke kota. PP 10 tahun 1959-1960 orang tionghoa asing di Jawa tidak diperbolehkan berusaha di tingkat di bawah kabupaten. Pada tahun 1973, orang Tionghoa asing dan orang Tionghoa WNI terkonsentrasi di Kal bar dengan konsentrasi terbesar di Pontianak, DKI Jakarta, Jatim-konsentrasi di Surabaya, Sumut-konsentrasi di Medan, Sumsel-konsentrasi di Palembang. Pengelompokan ini menjadikan golongan tersebut sangat menyolok di daerah-daerah padat tertentu dan mengesankan jumlah orang-orang etnis Tionghoa yang jauh lebih besar daripada keadaan sebenarnya. Oleh karenanya mereka sangat rawan dan mudah dijadikan sasaran tindakan2 kekerasan pada saat2 tercetusnya gejolak2 sosial, ekonomi dan politik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;B. EKONOMI&lt;/span&gt;          &lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Mata pencaharian dan etos kerja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Konsentrasi tempat tinggal orang Tionghoa mengakibatkan pengelompokan dalam jenis-jenis pekerjaan yang bersifat perkotaan. Hal itu disebabkan oleh UU Agraria, yang melarang orang asing dan keturunan asing memiliki tanah pertanian, dan karena sampai tahun 1913 mereka tidak dapat mengikut ujian pegawai-pegawai negeri sehingga tidak dapat menjadi pegawai negeri.  Sejak kedatangan dan berkuasanya orang Belanda, terutama di Pulau Jawa, orang Tionghoa digunakan sebagai perantara dagang antara Belanda dan orang Indonesia. Orang Indonesia sebagai produsen hasil bumi. Orang Tionghoa juga sebagai tukang-tukang untuk membuat dan memelihara rumah-rumah dan kota-kota yang orang-orang Belanda dirikan. Selain berperan dalam perdagangan, orang Tionghoa juga berperan dalam ekonomi lainnya seperti pertambangan, perkebunan, pertanian sawah serta sayur mayur. Perkembangan selanjutnya, ada perubahan pola kegiatan ekonomi, terutama pada Tionghoa peranakan. Perbandingan tahun 1930 dan 1956, orang Tionghoa yang dilahirkan di Indonesia, persentase dalam perdagangan kurang lebih konstan, sedangkan para profesional (dokter, insinyur, dokter gigi) bertambah hampir dua kali lipat. Orang Tionghoa di Indonesia tetap memegang peranan penting dalam kehidupan ekonomi, meskipun sudah ada diversifikasi di luar bidang perdagangan perantara dan di luar bidang perekonomian belaka.   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;C. Politik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orientasi politik warga keturunan Tionghoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang Tionghoa, baik peranakan maupun totok, sebenarnya tidak terlalu tertarik tentang masalah politik di Indonesia dan tidak ingin bergabung dengan organisasi politik yang ada di Indonesia. Organisasi politik Indonesia sendiri tidak mengkategorikan Tionghoa peranakan dan Tionghoa totok sebagai anggota yang layak. Mereka, kalaupun ada yang bergabung dalam partai, hanya dianggap sebagai simpatisan saja. Hal ini disebabkan oleh tujuan dari partai-partai atau organisasi-organisasi tersebut adalah untuk melindungi pribumi dari orang-orang Tionghoa, contohnya SI (Sarekat Islam). ISDV (Indische Sociaal Democratische Vereeniging), sebuah organisasi yang ingin menyatukan tiap ras yang ada di Indonesia, sebenarnya ingin merekrut orang Tionghoa peranakan dan Tionghoa totok, tapi gagal. Ini karena kebanyakan Tionghoa peranakan dan Tionghoa totok adalah pedagang dan tidak tertarik dengan gerakan radikal ISDV. Walaupun ISDV sudah berubah menjadi PKI, mereka tetap tidak berminat karena mereka hanya ingin ketentraman dalam berdagang. Karena orang Tionghoa dianggap orang kaya, jadi banyak pribumi yang umumnya tidak kaya protes menentang orang Tionghoa. Orang Tionghoa semakin sulit masuk ke dalam partai. Jika ada orang Tionghoa yang nasionalis, ia tidak dapat membuktikan kesetiaannya pada Indonesia dan akhirnya kecewa. Hal inilah yang membuat adanya jurang pemisah antara orang Tionghoa dan orang Indonesia. Namun, di antara partai-partai yang menolak oran Tionghoa, Gerindo menerima orang Tionghoa sebagai anggotanya &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Gerakan nasionalis Indonesia yang tampak dari pembentukan organisasi atau partai cenderung untuk tidak memasukkan orang-orang Tionghoa dalam usaha membebaskan Indonesia dari penjajahan Jepang dan Belanda karena perasaan komune yang sangat kuat. Orang Tionghoa pun memiliki perasaan komune yang sama dan inilah yang menyebabkan adanya keterpisahan antara orang-orang Tionghoa di Indonesia dan orang-orangpribumi. Walaupun ada partai Tionghoa peranakan, tetapi tidak dianggap sebagai partai orang Indonesia oleh kebanyakan pribumi. Pribumi tidak menganggap orang-orang Tionghoa sebagai bagian dari orang Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Status kewarganegaraan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Terdapat kekaburan dan ketidaktepatan mengenai status hukum maupun status sosial masyarakat Tionghoa dalam masyarakat luas. Kekaburan ini saya rasa disebabkan oleh anggapan “orang Tionghoa bukan orang Indonesia” sejak awal. Hal ini terutama dialami oleh keturunan dari mereka yang menanggalkan kewarganegaraan RRC sesuai perjanjian dwikewarganegaraan Chou-Soenario yang berlangsung dari Januari 1960 sampai Januari 1962. Pada saat itu anak-anak yang belum dewasa mengikuti orangtuanya dan nama mereka tercantum dalam dokumen orang tuanya. Ketika mencapai umur dewasa mereka diharuskan mempunyai dokumen tersendiri. Tidak jelas apakah hal ini menurut peraturan yang berlaku, dan sebuah masalah lainnya ialah bahwa memperoleh surat terpisah itu membawa ongkos-ongkos yang tidak sedikit. Dapat dipertanyakan apakah hal ini juga harus dilakukan oleh anak dari anak (cucu) dari orang yang pertama menanggalkan kewarganegaraan RRC itu, sehingga turun-temurun tiap generasi harus mempunyai bukti kewarganegaraan Indonesianya. Kalau tindakan ini dibenarkan dan diteruskan, maka seorang keturunan asing (Tionghoa) secara turun-temurun tetap diperlakukan seakan-akan “sekali keturunan asing, tetap keturunan asing.” Seorang keturunan asing selalu diingatkan bahwa ia keturunan asing dan selalu harus mempunyai dokumen khusus untuk membuktikan kewarganegaraannya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot; style=&quot;font-size: large;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/3397663212735291068/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/05/sejarah-orang-tionghoa-di-indonesia_10.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/3397663212735291068'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/3397663212735291068'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/05/sejarah-orang-tionghoa-di-indonesia_10.html' title='Makalah: Sejarah Orang Tionghoa di Indonesia'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVk7h8Ihd4p-sRMhrUv4MiNenTnHJBoQ1Jp_JkV4Mw8-5dZm1TM564QFv9GwmlfqLVuWB_gO-b_ibk-z-f_Cb9n5lafhVC-xEkf11s8uGqIlTAhEQm41_o0tgswRFZgFQsXz0ugUVfmqS4/s72-c/chinese.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-5828278494791248667</id><published>2011-05-05T03:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-09T02:48:55.270-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pengetahuan Umum"/><title type='text'>Disneyland Heroes of Our Times</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; class=&quot;font16&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Disneyland Heroes of Our Times&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;Oleh: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.juliasuryakusuma.com/column.php?menu_id=1&quot;&gt;Julia Suryakusuma&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.juliasuryakusuma.com/column.php?menu_id=1&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; class=&quot;font14&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Jakarta Post&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; class=&quot;font14&quot;&gt;Wed, 04 May 2011&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;Last  week I went to see Opera Tan Malaka, which its author, Goenawan  Mohamad, calls an &quot;essay opera&quot;. I watched my first opera at the  Budapest State Opera House, aged 8, and I still love it, so I was  curious to know what an &quot;essay opera&quot; was, and to learn something about  the man who inspired the whole thing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  Why Tan Malaka? He is usually considered a revolutionary hero, but I&#39;m  not sure why. A 20-year stint in exile left him a political outsider in  Indonesia, and his life was fraught with failure.  He was head of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) for three months  (December 1921-February 1922), but they later came to hate him. In any  case, he was soon arrested by the Dutch colonial government and exiled  to Holland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He went on to Germany, the USSR, China, the Philippines,  Thailand, Burma (Myanmar) and only returned to Indonesia in 1942. There  he formed the Murba Party in 1948, but that was somewhat of a flop as  well, and he was shot dead in 1949 by Indonesian soldiers under  mysterious circumstances.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  Despite all these, Tan Malaka was officially declared a national hero by the People&#39;s Consultative Assembly in 1963.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;    Again, this is a bit weird, as he&#39;d been imprisoned by president Sukarno  from 1946 to 1948. Perhaps Sukarno, then increasingly cozying-up to the  Left, needed a hero to support his &quot;Nasakom&quot;  (nationalism-religion-communism) doctrine?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  There weren&#39;t a lot of Communist heroes floating around, and Tan Malaka  had conveniently been dead for 14 years, so maybe that&#39;s all there was  to it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  In any case, Amir Sjarifuddin might have been a better choice for an  opera romanticizing Indonesian revolutionary heroes. Sjarifuddin was a  Marxist, like Tan Malaka, but unlike him, he was one of the first  leaders of the republic, holding positions as Cabinet minister and even  prime minister, but never declared a hero (heavens, he was executed as a  communist rebel!) His life was no less controversial, and at least he  lived in Indonesia!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  Despite somehow remaining a national hero through the Soeharto era  (1966-1998) when most other communists were dead or demonized, Tan  Malaka was largely erased from history books.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;   Now he&#39;s made a Reformasi &quot;comeback&quot; as a revolutionary cult figure. Like Che Guevara, he&#39;s become &quot;sexy&quot;!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;    Another national hero who has long been hot political stuff is Raden Ayu  Kartini (1879-1904) who recently just turned 136! She was declared a  national heroine for pioneering women&#39;s emancipation. People  unquestioningly celebrate her birthday on April 21 every year, despite  her achieving virtually none of her noble aspirations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  In fact, some historians see her as a Dutch creation. She lived at a  time when the colonial government was implementing its &quot;Ethical Policy&quot;  in the East Indies.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;   As a Javanese aristocrat aspiring to a Dutch education, she was a convenient icon for them - much more so than a real rebel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  What about Tjoet Nyak Dien (1848-1908), for example? She was a feisty  Acehnese noblewoman, who led armies against the Dutch for decades. She  was made a national heroine in 1964, so why wasn&#39;t her birthday chosen  to commemorate women&#39;s emancipation?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;   Simple: She wasn&#39;t Javanese, and she didn&#39;t compromise, whereas Kartini,  for all the great ideas in her widely read letters, is the perfect icon  for Indonesian women, who are expected always to compromise. After all,  that is what Kartini did when she became the fourth wife of Raden  Adipati Joyodiningrat, the regent of Rembang, despite her vehement  opposition to polygamy.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  These two case studies are good reminders that our heroes are usually heavily constructed with politics in mind.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  And that&#39;s true for holy figures too. There&#39;s a whole website devoted to debunking Gandhi (&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.juliasuryakusuma.com/www.mohandasgandhitruth.com&quot;&gt;Mohandas Gandhi Truth&lt;/a&gt;)  and a new book by Joseph Lelyveld entitled Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi  and his Struggle with India, which portrays him as a bigoted racist, a  sex maniac and pervert.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;   Another author, G.B. Singh, says in Gandhi: Behind the Myth of Divinity,  that his image as a great leader was &quot;the work of the Hindu propaganda  machine&quot; and Christian clergy with ulterior  motives&quot;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;   Pretty controversial stuff, and you may not accept it all, but it does  suggest the movie Gandhi may have been gilding the lily a bit!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  Mother Teresa and the Dalai Lama have also been subjected to the same  treatment. Some of the stuff you find on the Internet is gob-smacking if  it is true.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;   Again, this may not be what you want, but we shouldn&#39;t just accept our  heroes and saints as they are served up by the powers-that-be.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  The point is that there are two kinds of history: academic and  ideological. Academic historians are fussy and annoying. They try to dig  up facts, to get to the multi-layered, complex, sometimes contradictory  &quot;truth&quot;. Most of us prefer the much simpler and more satisfying myths  propagated by the people who rule us.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  Trouble is, this means we miss chances to learn from the realities and human foibles of our (usually deeply flawed) heroes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;    That leaves us trusting in the next &quot;superman&quot; or &quot;superwoman&quot; who comes  along promising to save us all and fix everything, and we end up paying  for it for years after every election!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  When next someone makes another opera about a revolutionary hero, why  don&#39;t they just make it an imaginary one? That way, we can focus on  assessing the art form, and not worry about political controversies!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/05/04/view-point-disneyland-heroes-our-times.html&quot;&gt;Disneyland Heroes Our of Times&lt;/a&gt;                        &lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/5828278494791248667/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/05/disneyland-heroes-of-our-times.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/5828278494791248667'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/5828278494791248667'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/05/disneyland-heroes-of-our-times.html' title='Disneyland Heroes of Our Times'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-9139760973586200913</id><published>2011-05-04T01:50:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-10T02:27:25.049-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Review Buku"/><title type='text'>Review: The Regionalization of Chinese Business Networks: A study of Singaporean Firms in Hainan China</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;footnote text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;footer&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;footnote reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;page number&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; 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&lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin:0cm;  mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:11.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;  mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-fareast-font-family:SimSun;  mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;  mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;  mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Artikel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh34fMHLP4emY8nMGp968qIdWWHCd2kul4__W_ugrRx9_cOYoMEuGZYlQVLtbQj54Vl0t5ItawvB4OiyEdQ9JeNENN_K4Uz27bu9kuVJok1adlJ3_5WgxE4bu8StlNM4PEQG19RjqCq4a81/s1600/Hainan-where.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 183px; height: 161px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh34fMHLP4emY8nMGp968qIdWWHCd2kul4__W_ugrRx9_cOYoMEuGZYlQVLtbQj54Vl0t5ItawvB4OiyEdQ9JeNENN_K4Uz27bu9kuVJok1adlJ3_5WgxE4bu8StlNM4PEQG19RjqCq4a81/s320/Hainan-where.gif&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5602781889481681634&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; berjudul &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;The Regionalization of Chinese Business Networks: A study of Singaporean &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Firms in Hainan China &lt;/i&gt;yang ditulis oleh Chia-Zhi Tan dan Henry Wai-chung Yeung&lt;a style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7605826023734621115#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; berisi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; tulisan yang membahas besarnya peranan institusi sosial dan politik dibalik motivasi dan strategi investasi masyarakat Cina Singapura&lt;a style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7605826023734621115#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; dalam &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;berinvestasi di Hainan, Cina. &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Investasi yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Cina Singapura terpengaruh oleh adanya kebiasaan berbisnis orang-orang beretnis Cina untuk memakai jaringan bisnis Cina yang sangat menekankan pada koneksi (guanxi). Dalam artikel ini dapat dilihat bagaimana jaringan bisnis Cina sangat menentukan arah kebijakan investasi masyarakat Cina Singapura di Hainan. Peranan dari organisasi sosial masyarakat dan institusi pemerintah dalam strategi berinvestasi di Hainan pun dibahas pada artikel ini.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bentuk usaha yang biasa dipakai oleh masyarakat Cina Singapura adalah firma.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karena berkembangnya persaingan di dunia ekonomi global, maka firma secara terus-menerus harus mempertahankan keunggulan mereka melalui organisasi yang dinamis dan strategi operasi yang baik. Strategi berkompetisi yang paling umum dipakai oleh firma adalah berinvestasi di negeri lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Untuk mengejar FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), maka firma nasional berubah menjadi TNC (Transnational Corporation) yang didefinisikan sebagai firma yang memiliki hak untuk mengkoordinasi dan mengontrol operasi di lebih dari satu negara. Sejak terbukanya Cina kepada ekonomi global sejak tahun 1978, telah tercipta pasar yang sangat besar dan kesempatan berinvestasi untuk TNC yang berasal dari negara lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Sebagai negara dengan mayoritas populasi orang Cina, Singapura telah membangun hubungan ekonomi yang erat dengan Cina. Singapura mulai mempromosikan investasi asing sejak terjadinya penurunan GDP (Gross Domestic Product) yang merupakan pertama kalinya terjadi. Sejak dibangunnya kantor resmi diplomatik antara Cina dan Singapura pada Oktober 1990, investasi Singapura di Cina telah meningkat secara drastic, khususnya di daerah Hainan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada abad ke-19 dan awal abad 20, imigran dari Cina tiba di Singapura . Imigran ini berasal dari propinsi pantai di Cina seperti Guangdong, Fujian dan Hainan. Para imigran ini tetap mempertahankan hubungan mereka dengan keluarga yang ada di Cina dengan mengirim dana untuk membangun gedung-gedung di daerah asalnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Investasi Singapura di Cina telah mengalami naik turun. Sebelum tahun 1980-an investasi yang dilakukan sangat sedikit karena adanya perang dingin dan kontrol ekonomi yang sangat ketat dari Partai Komunis Cina pada saat itu. Jumlah perdagangan dengan Cina baru dua dekade terakhir ini terlihat peningkatan yang tajam. Pada awalnya investasi dari Singapura dikonsentrasikan di bagian selatan Cina yang mempunyai SEZ (Special Economic Zone). Lima SEZ itu adalah provinsi Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xiamen, Shantou dan Hainan. Selain memiliki keuntungan sebagai SEZ, Hainan diberikan kebebasan untuk mengadaptasi sistem ekonomi liberal agar dapat menarik investor asing untuk membantu memajukan Hainan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Sejak Hainan menjadi provinsi terpisah lalu menjadi SEZ, para orang-orang Hainan yang beremigrasi ke Singapura menjadi bersemangat berinvestasi di Hainan untuk membantu Hainan berkembang. Singapura lalu menjadi peringkat ketiga yang terbanyak dalam berinvestasi di&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Hainan setelah Hongkong dan Jepang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Sekarang terdapat banyak penelitian mengenai investasi Singapura di Cina tapi terdapat beberapa kelemahan dalam beberapa penelitian awal. Pertama, terlalu ditekankannya peran dari negara tuan rumah. Kedua, kebanyakan penelitian ditujukan kepada propinsi besar di Cina selatan yaitu Guangdong, Fujian dan Jiangsu. Daerah lain kurang mendapat perhatian dari penelitian ini. Ketiga, adanya bias dari penelitian empiris terhadap industri manufaktur sebagai industri yang menyediakan pelayanan dan industri utama. Tidak ada yang meneliti peran sosial dan mekanisme institusi yang memperkuat investasi Singapura di Cina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Kekuatan-kekuatan institusional mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat signifikan dalam investasi Singapura di Hainan. Institusi kebudayaan sangat berperan karena pentingnya keluarga adalah salah satu pendorong investasi di Cina oleh Singapura. Kekeluargaan adalah salah satu nilai yang masih sangat tertanam dengan sangat dalam di diri orang-orang Cina. Orang-orang Hainan di Singapura mempertahankan hubungan yang sangat dekat dengan keluarga di Hainan apalagi setelah menurunnya ancaman komunis dan dibangunnya Chinese Trade Mission. Banyak orang-orang Hainan di Singapura secara berkala pulang kampung sehingga mempunyai keterikatan batin dengan Hainan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Keterikatan ini ditunjukkan dengan cara berinvestasi di Hainan dengan tujuan selain mendapat untung juga untuk memajukan Hainan. Selain hubungan kekeluargaan ada juga yang sama pentingnya, yaitu kepercayaan dan koneksi atau bisa juga disebut &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;guanxi&lt;/i&gt;. Hubungan yang terjalin antara teman sekolah, teman sepermainan dan sebagainya bisa menjadi hubungan bisnis yang kuat di dalam jaringan bisnis Cina. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Karena pentingnya marga bagi orang Cina, maka hubungan marga menjadi salah satu bentuk penting dalam dukungan institusional dari imigran Cina. Di Singapura dan negara-negara lainnya, asosiasi klan adalah institusi sosial yang penting yang bisa mengumpulkan orang-orang Cina yang terpencar berdasarkan kesamaan marga, dialek dan asal daerah. Institusi klan ini akan membantu anggota klannya dalam berbagai segi kehidupan termasuk juga urusan bisnis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;hr style=&quot;height: 4px;font-size:78%;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; &gt;    &lt;div style=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7605826023734621115#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Kedua penulis artikel ini berasal dari National University of Singapore.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:78%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7605826023734621115#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Masyarakat Cina Singapura di sini berarti masyarakat berwarga negara Singapura yang beretnis Cina (Chinese Singaporean).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    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rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/9139760973586200913/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/05/review-regionalization-of-chinese.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/9139760973586200913'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/9139760973586200913'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/05/review-regionalization-of-chinese.html' title='Review: The Regionalization of Chinese Business Networks: A study of Singaporean Firms in Hainan China'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh34fMHLP4emY8nMGp968qIdWWHCd2kul4__W_ugrRx9_cOYoMEuGZYlQVLtbQj54Vl0t5ItawvB4OiyEdQ9JeNENN_K4Uz27bu9kuVJok1adlJ3_5WgxE4bu8StlNM4PEQG19RjqCq4a81/s72-c/Hainan-where.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-6107733355208990627</id><published>2011-05-03T03:04:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-09T03:00:34.966-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><title type='text'>Guanxi （关系）Dalam Jaringan Bisnis Cina</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   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&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception 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 &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt; &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;object classid=&quot;clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D&quot; id=&quot;ieooui&quot;&gt;&lt;/object&gt; &lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!----&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin:0cm;  mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:10.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Guanxi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（关系）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam Jaringan Bisnis Cina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;(Oleh: Bai Faze)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;I. Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;I.1 Latar Belakang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Orang-ora&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgflnajUhOC6-1IXI76SE94Ai_RBq4Ma_G1dlMIcpad0DfSMX8D8l5Qwiz6jAGGslxrdHDAzf3o7MzLpX3MIWAqR0oruwNveRq7Tsekw7_nyZwQZX9IBzhGubKqW2cfzlX8nwKh4PO-xLw9/s1600/guanxi-col.gif&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 180px; height: 320px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgflnajUhOC6-1IXI76SE94Ai_RBq4Ma_G1dlMIcpad0DfSMX8D8l5Qwiz6jAGGslxrdHDAzf3o7MzLpX3MIWAqR0oruwNveRq7Tsekw7_nyZwQZX9IBzhGubKqW2cfzlX8nwKh4PO-xLw9/s320/guanxi-col.gif&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5602430358296954642&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;ng Cina di wilayah Asia Tenggara sejak dulu sudah dikenal sebagai pedagang yang tangguh &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;dan mendapatkan kemakmuran dari bisnis yang dikembangkannya. Orang-orang Cina yang berimigrasi ke suatu negara di wilayah Asia Tenggara dari Cina membawa serta kebiasaan-kebiasaan berdagang mereka untuk diaplikasikan di tempat tinggal baru mereka. Salah satu kebiasaan yang digunakan orang-orang Cina ini dalam berbisnis adalah dikembangkannya suatu jaringan bisnis yang di dalamnya terdapat orang-orang yang memiliki &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;hubungan-hubungan tertentu karena adanya rasa saling percaya antara satu dengan yang lainnya. Melalui jaringan bisnis, orang-orang Cina yang ada di dalamnya mempergunakan jaringan bisnis ini untuk saling membantu dalam mendapatkan profit. Dalam jaringan bisnis ini terdapat satu elemen penting untuk membangun suatu hubungan yang sebenarnya bagi orang-orang barat cukup unik untuk dipakai dalam berbisnis, yaitu &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;guanxi&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Guanxi adalah suatu fenomena yang sangat unik di dalam kegiatan bisnis orang-orang Cina. Meskipun sebenarnya guanxi atau yang mirip dengan hal itu juga dilakukan oleh banyak orang selain etnis Cina, namun pada umumnya pola guanxi atau yang mirip dengan hal tersebut dijauhkan dari bisnis. Model-model bisnis yang ada, terutama yang berasal dari barat, kebanyakan menekan dan menghilangkan kegiatan bisnis yang didasari atas hubungan tertentu seperti pada guanxi. Akan tetapi orang-orang Cina di berbagai tempat sampai sekarang terus menggunakan guanxi dalam kegiatan bisnisnya dan terbukti di berbagai tempat berhasil mendatangkan keuntungan dan menciptakan jaringan bisnis yang menguntungkan mereka. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;I.2 Permasalahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Guanxi adalah salah satu elemen terpenting ketika membicarakan jaringan bisnis Cina. Masih sering muncul perdebatan mengenai baik atau buruknya kegiatan bisnis yang didasari atas guanxi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada kenyataanya melalui guanxi orang-orang Cina di berbagai negara, khususnya Asia Tenggara, telah berhasil membawa mereka ke arah kemakmuran. Meskipun demikian pada akhirnya banyak yang menganggapnya sebagai tindakan eksklusifisme, yaitu penyebaran keuntungan hanya untuk orang-orang yang berada di jaringan bisnis itu saja atau banyak “orang pribumi” yang mengartikannya sebagai penyebaran keuntungan hanya untuk orang-orang yang berasal dari etnis Cina saja. Di sinilah pemahaman mengenai guanxi yang ada di dalam jaringan bisnis Cina perlu diperhatikan dan dipelajari lebih jauh agar kita dapat memahami lebih jauh bagaimana sebenarnya orang-orang Cina berbisnis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;I.3 Batasan Masalah&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Dalam tulisan ini penulis akan membatasi isi dari makalah ini hanya pada guanxi yang biasa dipergunakan orang-orang Cina dalam berbisnis. Jaringan bisnis Cina yang dimaksud dalam makalah ini adalah jaringan bisnis yang dikembangkan oleh orang-orang yang beretnis Cina baik yang ada di Cina maupun Asia Tenggara. Dalam makalah ini penulis memakai kata “orang-orang Cina” untuk merujuk pada orang-orang yang beretnis Cina yang tinggal di Cina maupun Asia Tenggara.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;I.4 Tujuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Tujuan dari ditulisnya makalah ini adalah untuk memaparkan apa yang dimaksud dengan guanxi dalam jaringan bisnis Cina. Dalam makalah ini akan dipaparkan bagaimana guanxi dapat berkembang di dalam jaringan bisnis Cina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;I.5 Metode Penulisan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Dalam makalah ini penulis menggunakan sistem penelitian kepustakaan dengan metode deskriptif analitis. Deskripsi analitis digunakan karena penulis berusaha mendeskripsikan masalah berdasarkan analisa yang dilakukan dari berbagai sumber-sumber sebelum diambil kesimpulan. Bahan-bahan yang digunakan untuk membuat makalah ini terdiri dari situs-situs internet yang memuat tulisan mengenai guanxi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;I.6 Sistematika Penulisan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Penulis selanjutnya akan menyajikan isi dari makalah ini menjadi 4 bagian, yaitu:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Bab I: Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Bab II: Guanxi Dalam Jaringan Bisnis      Cina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Bab III: Kesimpulan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Daftar Acuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt; =================================================&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;II. Guanxi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（关系）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam Jaringan Bisnis Cina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Terdapat beberapa makna untuk mendefinisikan guanxi. Guanxi ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;关系&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;, Pinyin: gūan xi) umumnya secara harfiah diartikan sebagai koneksi “connections” dan hubungan “relationship”. Kedua kata tersebut sebenarnya sudah sangat jelas menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan guanxi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Guanxi dapat pula diartikan sebagai hubungan dasar dalam suatu jaringan yang dipengaruhi oleh hubungan pribadi. Hubungan pribadi yang dimaksud dapat didasari bermacam-macam hubungan, seperti hubungan keluarga, hubungan pertemanan, hubungan alumni sekolah, dan masih banyak lagi yang dapat dijadikan dasar guanxi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Terdapat beberapa ahli yang berusaha mendefinisikan guanxi, diantaranya adalah Yadong Luo dalam bukunya yang berjudul “Guanxi: Principles, Philosophies, and Implications”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&quot;The Chinese word &#39;guanxi&#39; refers to the concept of drawing on connections in order to secure favors in personal relations. It is an intricate and pervasive relational network which Chinese cultivate energetically, subtly, and imaginatively. It contains implicit mutual obligation, assurance and understanding, and governs Chinese attitudes toward long-term social and business relationships.&lt;a style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7605826023734621115#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (Luo Yadong: 1997)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Thomas W. Dunfee dan Danielle E Warren mendefinisikan guanxi dengan cara yang berbeda dengan cara menggabungkan pendapat beberapa ahli yang telah ada sebelumnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&quot;The first step in determining the merits of guanxi as a business practice requires that we define it. Guanxi is not a precise term of art. Instead, it refers to a cultural phenomenon and, as such, has been described differently by various scholars. Scholarly descriptions of guanxi include &quot;tight, close-knit networks&quot; (Yeung and Tung, 1996, p. 54), &quot;interpersonal connections&quot; (Xin and Pearce, 1996, p.1641; Leung et al., 1996, p. 749), and a &quot;gate or pass&quot; (Yeung and Tung, 1996, p. 54). Tsui and Farh (1997, p. 59) remark &quot;the literature (both Chinese and English) shows no consensus in the translation or definition of the term &#39;guanxi&#39;. According to Bain (1994), guanxi could refer to one of three things: (a) the existence of a relationship between people who share a group status or are related to a common person, (b) actual connections with and frequent contact between people, and (c) a contact person with little direct interaction.&lt;a style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7605826023734621115#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (Thomas W Dunfee; Danielle E Warren: 2001)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Ahli antropologi barat yang juga sempat menjadi dosen dan peneliti di Universitas Indonesia, Peter Verhezen, mendeskripsikan guanxi dengan membedakannya dari nepotisme.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;Deeply rooted in the Confucian Chinese tradition, guanxi involves relationships between or among individuals, creating obligations for continued momentum of exchange and established trust and credibility. Revealing is the fact that quite a number of scholars agree that guanxi cannot be founded merely through the one-time payment of a coarse bribe. forth.&lt;a style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7605826023734621115#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; (Peter Verhezen: 2003)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Dari deskripsi-deskripsi yang dikemukakan beberapa ahli dapat disimpulkan bahwa guanxi merupakan suatu konsep yang telah lama ada di Cina yang juga terpengaruh ajaran Konfusius mengenai hubungan antara dua orang atau lebih yang orang-orang yang berada di dalam hubungan ini dapat saling memberikan sesuatu yang menguntungkan (baik yang bersifat bisnis atau pun politik) karena adanya hubungan tertentu dan tidak akan memberikan bantuan dalam bentuk sama pada orang lain yang tidak memiliki hubungan ini. Dalam hubungan ini yang terjadi adalah hubungan jangka panjang&lt;span style=&quot;;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;dan tidak terjadi dalam momen tertentu saja. Dalam guanxi, hubungan yang terjadi adalah hubungan yang bersifat interpersonal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Dalam guanxi terdapat saling pengertian yang bersifat umum. Jika terdapat seseorang yang berada di dalam guanxi memerlukan bantuan, maka orang lain yang ada di dalam guanxi itu secara otomatis memberikan bantuannya. Jika di masa mendatang orang yang sebelumnya memberikan bantuan memerlukan bantuan, maka orang yang sebelumnya dibantu akan secara otomatis memberikan bantuannya. Transfer ini akan terjadi secara terus menerus dalam bentuk sirkular selama hubungan guanxi ini terus terjaga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Ahli-ahli sosiologi menghubungkan guanxi dengan konsep &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;social capital&lt;/i&gt; yang juga dapat dijabarkan sebagai sebuah &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Gemeinschaft&lt;/i&gt; struktur nilai. Ketika akan membuka sebuah usaha bisnis, orang-orang Cina akan mencari modal untuk menjalankan bisnisnya. Di sini modal (capital) tidak hanya terbatas kepada uang dan barang saja, tetapi juga mencakup guanxi. Guanxi sangat diperlukan baik oleh antar orang Cina yang melakukan bisnis maupun orang yang tidak beretnis Cina melakukan hubungan bisnis dengan orang Cina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Ketika melakukan bisnis, orang-orang Cina sangatlah memperhatikan guanxi. Guanxi kemudian menjadi salah satu elemen terpenting di dalam jaringan bisnis orang-orang Cina. Suatu jaringan bisnis tidak akan berkembang dan maju jika guanxi tidak diterapkan dengan baik oleh orang-orang Cina yang ada di dalam jaringan bisnis tersebut. Dalam kenyataannya hampir seluruh jaringan bisnis yang dikembangkan oleh orang Cina terjadi secara alamiah. Hal ini berkaitan dengan proses terciptanya jaringan bisnis Cina. Ada dua kemungkinan yang dapat menghubungkan jaringan bisnis dengan guanxi. Kemungkinan pertama yaitu terdapat suatu keterikatan antar orang karena adanya hubungan tertentu sehingga orang-orang tersebut menciptakan suatu jaringan berdasarkan hubungan yang telah mereka buat. Dari sini dapat terlihat terciptanya jaringan bisnis karena adanya guanxi. Kemungkinan kedua yaitu terdapat seseorang yang berusaha masuk ke dalam jaringan bisnis kemudian setelah masuk ke dalamnya memanfaatkan guanxi untuk kepentingan bisnisnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pebisnis Cina kebanyakan mempunyai mental “Jika kau cakar punggungku, akan aku cakar punggungmu”. Dalam hal baik pun berlaku hal yang sama, “Jika seseorang membantuku, di masa datang pun akan akan kubalas budimu”. Dalam guanxi terjadi hal yang sama, hubungan saling membantu terjadi secara sukarela karena pada dasarnya dengan adanya hubungan saling membantu juga dapat memberikan keuntungan secara pribadi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Orang-orang Cina perantauan yang ada di Asia Tenggara yang bergerak di bidang bisnis sangat memperhatikan guanxi. Di beberapa negara, orang-orang keturunan Cina hanya memiliki keleluasaan untuk berkembang hanya di sektor ekonomi. Hal ini menyebabkan orang-orang keturunan Cina ini kemudian berkembang dan menguasai sektor ekonomi di beberapa negara tersebut. Melalui guanxi, semua pengusaha Cina dapat terhubung meskipun berbeda negara. Pengusaha Cina di Indonesia dapat memiliki guanxi dengan pengusaha Cina yang berasal dari Malaysia. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa jaringan bisnis dengan guanxi di dalamnya dapat menembus batas wilayah mana pun. Di sinilah keunggulan jaringan bisnis Cina yang dapat mengembangkan sayapnya lintas negara bahkan lintas benua.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Hubungan keluarga dengan menjadikan nama marga sebagai pemersatu merupakan bentuk guanxi yang paling umum terjadi di antara pedagang Cina. Biasanya orang-orang Cina yang memiliki nama marga yang sama kemudian membentuk suatu jaringan bisnis dan di dalam jaringan bisnis tersebut terjadi interaksi guanxi. Umumnya orang Cina sangat erat rasa persaudaraannya. Nama marga mempererat persatuan dan amat membuka peluang kerja sama. Tak heran, orang Cina hanya mempercayakan usahanya kepada bangsa dan keluarganya sendiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Dapat dikatakan bahwa pengusaha Cina sedemikian percaya satu sama lain. Contohnya, konsumen tinggal menghubungi via telepon dan pedagang dengan cepat mengirim barang sesuai pesanan. Kejujuran dipegang teguh meski konsumen belum memberikan uangnya. Kegiatan yang terjadi sebenarnya adalah bukan antara pedagang dan konsumen, tetapi antarpedagang yang di dalamnya terdapat rasa saling percaya, terutama dalam hal kredit. Pengusaha Cina terkenal karena &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;trust&lt;/i&gt; yang tinggi sehingga mereka dapat merebut peluang sekecil apa pun. Pada saat ada kesempatan dan modal yang diperoleh dengan cepat, mereka segera merebut kesempatan itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Trust&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt; (xinyong) antar pedagang Cina ini sangat menarik. Mereka sendiri memakai istilah guanxi (hubungan) guna menjelaskan gejala &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;trust&lt;/i&gt; antar mereka. Guanxi ini sebenarnya tidak terbatas pada hubungan kekeluargaan saja. Hubungan-hubungan lain yang bisa menimbulkan guanxi misalnya kesamaan asal daerah (desa, kabupaten, provinsi), kesamaan sekolah (alumni), dan persahabatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Trust&lt;/i&gt; ini lain dibanding &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;trust&lt;/i&gt; yang dibangun dalam institusi modern. Kehidupan modern, termasuk ekonomi, tidak bisa bertahan jika tidak ada &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;trust&lt;/i&gt;. Dapat dikatakan &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;trust&lt;/i&gt; di dunia modern diletakkan berdasar kepastian hukum. Namun &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;trust&lt;/i&gt; di kalangan orang China dibangun atas dasar yang berbeda. &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Trust&lt;/i&gt; di kalangan orang China didasarkan kekeluargaan, kedaerahan, alumni sekolah, dan persahabatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Orang akan mengatakan, &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;trust&lt;/i&gt; yang didasarkan atas hukum lebih ”terbuka” dibanding yang didasarkan faktor-faktor di atas. Tidak mungkin membangun &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;trust &lt;/i&gt;dengan orang Cina jika bukan berasal dari keluarga, daerah, atau alumni sekolah. Masih ada peluang lain, lewat hubungan persahabatan (pengyou). Dalam banyak legenda dari Cina dilukiskan banyak hubungan persahabatan yang mengharukan. Sampai hari ini pun sering ditemukan banyak persahabatan antar orang Cina yang erat, bahkan sama atau melebihi hubungan dengan anggota keluarga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Pembicaraan tentang &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;trust&lt;/i&gt; dan guanxi sebenarnya menggugat semua teori hubungan transaksi yang didasarkan atas teori hubungan pasar. Dalam situasi pasar, semua individu adalah rival atau kompetitor yang bersaing, bahkan bersaing dengan tidak jujur. Karena itu, semua transaksi harus didasarkan atas secarik kertas yang berisi kontrak, hitam atas putih, yang dijamin negara sebagai pemegang alat pemaksa yang sah. Akibatnya orang menjadi musuh bagi orang lain. Hubungan keluarga, kedaerahan, sekolah, dan persahabatan, semua dianggap tidak relevan. Saudara dan saudara bisa saling menggugat di pengadilan, sahabat dan sahabat bisa terlibat pengadilan bertele-tele. Yang penting, kepentingan pribadi (self-interest) harus menang lewat kompetisi bengis di tengah pasar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Kultur Cina justru mengajarkan kebalikannya. Boleh ada pasar, tetapi hubungan baik antarmanusia tetap jalan. Boleh ada persaingan, tetapi tolong-menolong antarkeluarga, orang sedaerah, satu alumni, dan sahabat tidak boleh dilupakan. Pasar selalu embedded, tidak mengalahkan guanxi. Bisa saja dikatakan hal ini akan menimbulkan nepotisme dan kolusi, tetapi dibuktikan empiris, guanxi mendukung pertumbuhan dahsyat ekonomi China.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Di Indonesia pun sebenarnya terdapat fenomena yang mirip. Kekeluargaan penting, kedaerahan, bahkan hubungan alumni juga penting. Lihat pasar-pasar di Jakarta yang didominasi berbagai suku, juga kantor-kantor pemerintah maupun swasta penuh alumni universitas tertentu. Semangat ”tolong-menolong” dan ”gotong royong” masih ada, belum hilang. Akan tetapi yang terjadi di Indonesia selalu dikhawatirkan dapat menimbulkan apa yang disebut korupsi, kolusi, dan neptisme (KKN). Hal ini sangat berbeda dengan pendapat kalangan orang Cina yang menganggapnya sebagai &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;social capital&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;III. Kesimpulan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Guanxi adalah elemen terpenting dalam berbisnis bagi kebanyakan orang-orang Cina. Ketika melakukan kegiatan bisnis, orang-orang Cina selalu memanfaatkan guanxi dalam jaringan bisnis yang telah mereka bentuk. Guanxi yang berarti &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;connections&lt;/i&gt; dan &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;relationships&lt;/i&gt; menjadi dasar orang-orang Cina dalam berbisnis. Ketika melakukan bisnis, guanxi dapat dianggap sebagai sebuah &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;social capital&lt;/i&gt; yang peranannya sangat penting dalam mengembangkan bisnis. Selain uang dan barang, guanxi dapat diapakai untuk mengembangkan bisnis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Sebenarnya fenomena ini tidak hanya terjadi pada orang-orang bertenis Cina karena di banyak daerah dengan penduduk aslinya (pribumi) yang juga menerapkan hal yang sama. Bedanya jika orang-orang Cina menganggap guanxi sebagai hal yang biasa dan bagian dari kultur sehingga&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;dapat memanfaatkan guanxi dengan baik dalam suatu jaringan bisnis, orang-orang non-Cina cenderung memakai pola pikir barat yang menganggapnya tidak baik dan bagian dari KKN.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Terlepas dari bisa diterima atau tidaknya guanxi oleh orang-orang yang beretnis non-Cina, guanxi terbukti dapat menjadikan orang-orang Cina unggul dalam bidang ekonomi. Banyak dari mereka yang berhasil membangun jaringan bisnis yang kuat dan luas. Dalam jaringan bisnis tersebut guanxi menjadi sebuah kunci utama kesuksesan orang-orang yang berada di dalam jaringan bisnis tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:130%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:130%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;IV. Daftar Acuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:100%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:100%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Guanxi Bases, Xinyong and Chinese Business Networks (penulis: Tong Chee Kiong &amp;amp; Yong Pit Kee)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:100%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;-&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:100%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Chinese Capitalism: cultures, the Southeast Asia Region and Economic Globalization (penulis: Darryl Crawford)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Internet&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-size:100%;&quot; &gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanxi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;http://chinese-school.netfirms.com/guanxi.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;www.exportinfo.org/region/articles/Guanxi.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Kesemua situs ini diunduh (download) pada hari Senin, tanggal 12 Juni 2006, Pukul 21.45 WWIB&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;hr style=&quot;height: 3px;font-size:78%;&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; &gt;    &lt;div style=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7605826023734621115#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Luo Yadong.&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt; Guanxi: Principles, Philosophies, and Implications&lt;/i&gt;, Human System Management, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1997&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7605826023734621115#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Thomas W Dunfee; Danielle E Warren. &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Is Guanxi Ethical? A Normative Analysis of Doing Business in China&lt;/i&gt;. Journal of Business Ethics;Vol.32, No.3, Aug 2001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;div style=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;&quot; href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-create.g?blogID=7605826023734621115#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;Peter Verhezen. &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;From a culture of gift exchange to a culture of exchanging gifts&lt;/i&gt;, Jurnal Antropologi, University of Indonesia – Jakarta, November 2003, hal.101-115&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:latentstyles&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/6107733355208990627/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/05/guanxi-dalam-jaringan-bisnis-cina.html#comment-form' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/6107733355208990627'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/6107733355208990627'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/05/guanxi-dalam-jaringan-bisnis-cina.html' title='Guanxi （关系）Dalam Jaringan Bisnis Cina'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgflnajUhOC6-1IXI76SE94Ai_RBq4Ma_G1dlMIcpad0DfSMX8D8l5Qwiz6jAGGslxrdHDAzf3o7MzLpX3MIWAqR0oruwNveRq7Tsekw7_nyZwQZX9IBzhGubKqW2cfzlX8nwKh4PO-xLw9/s72-c/guanxi-col.gif" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-3076834200398363236</id><published>2011-04-29T00:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-05-02T21:31:40.193-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><title type='text'>Budaya Tradisi Perkawinan Tionghoa di Teluknaga, Tangerang</title><content type='html'>&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:worddocument&gt;&lt;w:trackmoves&gt;&lt;w:trackformatting&gt;&lt;w:punctuationkerning&gt;&lt;w:validateagainstschemas&gt;&lt;w:donotpromoteqf&gt;&lt;w:compatibility&gt;&lt;w:breakwrappedtables&gt;&lt;w:snaptogridincell&gt;&lt;w:wraptextwithpunct&gt;&lt;w:useasianbreakrules&gt;&lt;w:dontgrowautofit&gt;&lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark&gt;&lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp&gt;&lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables&gt;&lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx&gt;&lt;w:word11kerningpairs&gt;&lt;w:browserlevel&gt;&lt;/w:browserlevel&gt; &lt;m:mathpr&gt;&lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;&lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;&lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;&lt;m:dispdef&gt;&lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;&lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;&lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;&lt;m:narylim 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semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception 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&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 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locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; 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&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; 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qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt; &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!----&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin:0cm;  mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:10.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-weight: bold;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Tradisi Upacara Perkawinan di Teluknaga&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;       &lt;/span&gt;Dalam kitab sejarah &lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYapTcdlSxRUU5XBr_tyjxGRjyP2Ri6kNp8rZ1K1BsYMIeZJbP1jN3qTBF4m6b9LFJ8DLm32Z0pWeoWjTphpkD6UdgBnzqh81E9Px4Jxm0GYp_SmmqiHH53mco4n2ACpsdsYkEO55BuW54/s1600/Pernikahan+cina+Benteng.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 199px; height: 132px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYapTcdlSxRUU5XBr_tyjxGRjyP2Ri6kNp8rZ1K1BsYMIeZJbP1jN3qTBF4m6b9LFJ8DLm32Z0pWeoWjTphpkD6UdgBnzqh81E9Px4Jxm0GYp_SmmqiHH53mco4n2ACpsdsYkEO55BuW54/s320/Pernikahan+cina+Benteng.JPG&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5600918758943570498&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Sunda yang berjudul &lt;em&gt;“Tina Layang Parahyang”&lt;/em&gt; (Catatan  dari Parahyangan) disebut tentang kedatangan orang Tionghoa ke daerah  Tangerang. Kitab tersebut menceritakan tentang mendaratnya rombongan  Tjen Tjie Lung (Halung) di muara sungai Cisadane yang sekarang diberi  nama Teluk Naga pada tahun 1407. Pada waktu itu pusat pemerintahan ada  di sekitar pusat kota sekarang, yang diperintah oleh Sanghyang  Anggalarang selaku wakil dari Sanghyang Banyak Citra dari Kerajaan  Parahyangan. Perahu rombongan Halung terdampat dan mengalami kerusakan  juga kehabisan perbekalan. Daerah tujuan yang semula ingin dikunjungi  adalah Jayakarta.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;        Rombongan Halung ini membawa tujuh kepala keluarga dan diantaranya  terdapat sembilan orang gadis dan anak-anak kecil. Mereka kemudian  menghadap Sanghyang Anggalarang untuk minta pertolongan. karena  gadis-gadis yang ikut dalam rombongan itu cantik-cantik, para pegawai  Anggalarang jatuh cinta&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;dan akhirnya kesembilan gadis itu  dipersuntingnya. Sebagai kompensasinya, rombongan Halung diberi sebidang  tanah pantai utara Jawa di sebelah timur sungai Cisadane, yang sekarang  disebut Kampung Teluk Naga.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;       Daerah itu dinamakan ”Teluk Naga” karena, menurut pakar sinologi, Eddie  Prabowo Witanto, dan dari beberapa cerita tentang asal-usul Teluk Naga,  pada tahun 1400 kawasan ini kedatangan perahu Tiongkok yang di bagian  haluan memiliki ukiran naga. Segera terjadi perkawinan campur antara  sembilan putri Tionghoa dan pepatih dari Kerajaan Sunda yang berkuasa itu.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;        Penduduk etnis Tionghoa yang tinggal di daerah Teluknaga, Tangerang, banyak yang sampai kini masih memegang teguh tradisi budaya Tionghoa. Tentunya tradisi budaya yang dijalankan oleh mereka sudah mengalami akulturasi dengan budaya asli setempat, khususnya budaya Betawi. Salah satu bentuk tradisi yang kadang-kadang masih dijalankan oleh masyarakat Tionghoa Teluknaga adalah tata upacara tradisi perkawinan. Perkawinan yang biasa diadakan memiliki beberapa tahapan dan ritual, yaitu:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;A.    Sebelum hari perkawinan&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-          Tukar cincin: Upacara tukar cincin dilaksanakan setelah melewati tahapan melamar. Waktu pelaksanaannya sesuai dengan kesepakatan kedua belah pihak keluarga dan biasanya dilaksanakan di rumah pihak keluarga wanita, di depan meja abu keluarganya.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-          Anceng: Anceng atau Anchuang adalah upacara membersihkan ranjang dan kamar pengantin dari roh-roh jahat, memberkatinya serta meriasnya. Upacara ini dilakukan kurang lebih satu minggu sebelum hari perkawinan. Dan hanya dilakukan di rumah calon mempelai laki-laki.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-          Malam Lasur: Peranakan Cina di Teluknaga memiliki tradisi menyelenggarakan beberapa kali jamuan perkawinan. Salah satu di antaranya adalah pada malam Lasur, yang biasanya diadakan sekitar lima atau enam hari sebelum hari perkawinan.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-          Malam muda-mudi: Pada malam ini, kedua calon mempelai menjamu teman-teman mereka. Malam muda-mudi dianggap sebagai malam terakhir bagi kedua calon mempelai untuk menikmati kesenangan sebagai pemuda dan pemudi lajang bersama teman-teman mereka.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -17.85pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-          Hari Potong Ayam, Hari Bumbu, Sedekah dan Anter Keceng : Satu atau dua hari sebelum hari perkawinan, di rumah kedua mempelai diadakan hari potong ayam, di mana pada hari ini para wanita bergotong royong memotong dan memasak ayam untuk pesta perkawinan. Sehari sebelumnya mereka membuat bumbu untuk masakan yang akan dihidangkan pada waktu pesta. Meskipun saat ini tradisi potong ayam sudah berkurang karena mereka lebih suka memesan makan jadi, namun pada hari potong ayam biasanya keluarga calon mempelai mengadakan acara sedekahan yang dipimpin oleh seorang kyai atau pribumi lain yang biasa melakukannya. Kagiatan lain yang dilakukan pada hari potong ayam adalah upacara antar keceng. Keceng adalah hadiah perkawinan yang diterima calon mempelai perempuan dari orangtuanya. Seringkali keceng dianggap sebagai bekal dari orangtua calon mempelai perempuan untuk kehidupan barunya. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 54.15pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;2&quot; type=&quot;A&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pada Hari Perkawinan &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;# Peralatan Upacara&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-          Meja Samkai : Meja ini digunakan sebagai altar dan diletakkan persis di depan meja abu. Altar ini diberi to’wi, yakni semacam taplak uatu kain penutup warna merah bersulam motif-motif Cina tradisional. Di atas altar ini diletakkan benda-benda upacara seperti: &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                              i.      SoanLou/ XuanLu, yaitu sejenis perapian untuk membakar kayu garu dalam rangka ‘mengundang’ para dewa agar hadir pada kesempatan itu.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                            ii.       Hio Lou, yaitu tempat untuk menancapkan Hio.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                          iii.       Cenap, yaitu kotak kayu berukir yang berbentuk seperti kapal untuk tempat manisan buah-buahan. Benda ini berfungsi untuk menunjukkan status sebuah altar.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                          iv.      Kembang Siantan/ Xiandan warna merah yang ditaruh dalam jambangan. Bunga ini adalah lambang keberuntungan.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                            v.      Sebotol arak putih.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                          vi.      Sebuah poci dan cawan kecil dari perak.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                        vii.      Buah-buahan.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                      viii.      Dua batang lilin merah.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                          ix.      Sebuah pelita.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-          Meja Abu : di meja ini diletakkan :&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                              i.      Sajian berupa beberapa jenis kue.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                            ii.      Beberapa cangkir kecil berisi air the.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                          iii.      Beberapa batang Hio.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                          iv.      Lilin Liong.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-          Altar Dewa Dapur : disebut juga Caokunkong/ Zaogungong. Di meja ini diletakkan sesisir pisang, hio, dan lilin merah kecil, juga diletakkan payung hitam.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-          Nyiru besar berwarna merah yang diletakkan di antara meja samkai dan meja abu. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;-          Sebuah meja kecil yang diatasnya diletakkan dua batang lilin dan tauteng/douding, yakni perangkat upacara yang terdiri ari benda-benda simbolis berikut ini:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                              i.      Sebuah gantang berwarna merah yang pada dindingnya terdapat gambar Ba Gua. Hal ini menyimbolkan takaran rejeki manusia.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                            ii.      Sebuah gunting yang menyimbolkan sebuah kerjasama untuk menyelesaikan masalah.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                          iii.      Sebuah Liteng, yakni timbangan obat Cina.Sebagai simbol bahwa suami-istri harus mempertimbangkan masak-masak apa yang akan dilakukannya dan mempertimbangkan segala akibatnya.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                          iv.      Ciok/ Chi, yaitu sebuah alat pengukur dari kayu. Hal ini sebagai simbol bahwa suamu-istri harus mengetahui batas-batas dalam bertingkah laku, dan juga harus jujur.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                            v.      Cermin, sebagai simbol bahwa mereka harus selalu berintrospeksi diri.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                          vi.      Benang Sutera, sebagai simbol sebuah hubungan yang kuat dan indah.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                        vii.      Pelita, sebagai simbol kejujuran.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                      viii.      Sisir, segala percekcokan di antara suami-istri haru segera diselesaikan sebagaimana sisir yang merapikan rambut yang kusut.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -108pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;                                                          ix.      Kitab LakJit/ LiRi, sebagai simbol pengetahuan. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;# Pakaian dan Aksesoris Pengantin&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;            Pakaian tradisional pengantin wanita terdiri atas HoaKun berwarna dasar hijau, blus putih berlengan panjang dan sebuah baju warna merah berpotongan longgar yang panjangnya sebatas lutut. Lengan baju merah tersebut cukup lebar dan lebih panjang dari panjang lengan rata-rata wanita. Selain itu mempelai wanita juga mengenakan selubung muka yang terbuat dari bahan transparan warna hijau.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;            Untuk aksesoris pengantin terbagi atas aksesoris untuk kepala yang terdiri atas Mahkota kecil, Tusuk konde, Blengker konde, Kalung konde, Kembang cabe, Kayu mati, Kembang goyang, Burung Hong, Anting panjang, Sumping, dan Sianko, dan aksesoris untuk tangan yang terdiri dari Cincin, dan Gelang beras. Ada juga aksesoris untuk dada dan punggung yang terdiri dari kalung, dan teratai. Sedangkan untuk aksesoris pria tidak terlalu banyak. Hanya sebuah cetok/ tudung berwarna merah, dan sebuah kipas yang diikat dengan saputangan merah.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;# Jalannya upacara&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;            Upacara pertama dari keseluruhan rangkaian upacara adalah Ciotao/ Shang Tou. Di Tangerang upacara ini adalah upacara perkawinan adat peranakan Cina. Selesai melakukan rangkaian upacara Ciaotao, ayah dan ibu mempelai menghadap meja abu dan soja kepada leluhur. Setelah dirias ulang mempelai pun menjalankan upacara selanjutnya yaitu Paiciu/ Baijiu. Pada upacara ini kedua mempelai mempersembahkan arak kepada kedua orangtuanya. Mereka bergantian meminumkannya dan memberi selamat kepada kedua mempelai karena sejak saat itu mereka telah menjadi orang dewasa. Upacara Baijiu diikuti oleh upacara makan dua belas mangkok, Dalam upacara ini mempelai diingatkan bahwa mulai saat ini mereka harus mencari makan sendiri dan tidak lagi bergantung pada kedua orangtuanya. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;            Selesai melakukan upacara di atas, mempelai akan memasuki kamar pengantin dan kembali melakukan berbagai upacara, yaitu nyawer, Cinpang/ Jin Fang, lalu upacara makan onde. Selesai melakukan upacara tersebut, kedua mempelai melakukan upacara minum teh atau Chabai, upacara ini juga digunakan sebagai ajang perkenalan mempelai dengan keluarga besar pasangannya. Usai melakukan Chabai maka berakhirlah serangkaian upacara pada hari itu, ban kedua mempelai pun berkeliling sambil mengucapkan terima kasih kepada semua yang membantu terlaksananya acara.&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:latentstyles&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;/m:brkbinsub&gt;&lt;/m:brkbin&gt;&lt;/m:mathfont&gt;&lt;/m:mathpr&gt;&lt;/w:word11kerningpairs&gt;&lt;/w:dontvertalignintxbx&gt;&lt;/w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables&gt;&lt;/w:dontvertaligncellwithsp&gt;&lt;/w:splitpgbreakandparamark&gt;&lt;/w:dontgrowautofit&gt;&lt;/w:useasianbreakrules&gt;&lt;/w:wraptextwithpunct&gt;&lt;/w:snaptogridincell&gt;&lt;/w:breakwrappedtables&gt;&lt;/w:compatibility&gt;&lt;/w:donotpromoteqf&gt;&lt;/w:validateagainstschemas&gt;&lt;/w:punctuationkerning&gt;&lt;/w:trackformatting&gt;&lt;/w:trackmoves&gt;&lt;/w:worddocument&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/3076834200398363236/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/budaya-tradisi-pernikahan-tionghoa-di.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/3076834200398363236'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/3076834200398363236'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/budaya-tradisi-pernikahan-tionghoa-di.html' title='Budaya Tradisi Perkawinan Tionghoa di Teluknaga, Tangerang'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYapTcdlSxRUU5XBr_tyjxGRjyP2Ri6kNp8rZ1K1BsYMIeZJbP1jN3qTBF4m6b9LFJ8DLm32Z0pWeoWjTphpkD6UdgBnzqh81E9Px4Jxm0GYp_SmmqiHH53mco4n2ACpsdsYkEO55BuW54/s72-c/Pernikahan+cina+Benteng.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-4527313708652097468</id><published>2011-04-27T23:52:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2012-03-05T03:09:59.234-08:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="makalah"/><title type='text'>Makalah: Kehidupan Politik, Sosial Budaya, dan Ekonomi Etnis Tionghoa Pasca Orde Baru</title><content type='html'>&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Normal&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;heading 1&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; 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priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kehidupan Politik, Sosial Budaya, dan Ekonomi &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Etnis Tionghoa Pasca Orde Baru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;SV&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pendahuluan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Latar belakang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Sudah sejak lama orang-orang keturunan Tionghoa menemukan masalah dalam menentukan jatidiri mereka. Di satu sisi saat ini hampir seluruh dari mereka merasa sebagai orang Indonesia yang hidup dan tinggal di negeri yang mereka cintai. Akan tetapi di sisi lain, sudah lama mereka tidak diakui keberadaannya sebagai bagian dari bangsa Indonesia. Hal ini disebabkan karena adanya berbagai kebijakan yang diterapkan oleh penguasa yang dianggap sangat merugikan orang yang berasal dari etnis Tionghoa. Hal ini terutama sangat mereka rasakan ketika Orde Baru masih berkuasa di Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Orang yang berasal dari etnis Tionghoa oleh penguasa diperlakukan sama sekali berbeda dengan warga negara Indonesia lainnya. Berbagai kebijakan yang dibuat sangat membatasi ruang gerak etnis Tionghoa untuk dapat hidup dengan aman dan nyaman di negara yang sebenarnya mereka cintai ini. Adanya tekanan dari penguasa Orde Baru terhadap etnis Tionghoa juga berimbas kepada persepsi masyarakat terhadap orang yang berasal dari etnis Tionghoa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Etnis Tionghoa mengalami banyak tekanan terutama dalam tiga bidang pokok kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara, yaitu politik, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi. Berbagai kegiatan mereka diawasi dengan ketat dalam tiga bidang tadi dan adanya perlakuan diskriminasi dalam pemberian izin untuk terjun dalam tiga bidang itu. Dibentuknya Badan Koordinasi Masalah Cina (BKMC) juga menunjukan bagaimana pemerintah Orde Baru memandang etnis Tionghoa sebagai sebagai suatu “masalah” yang harus dipecahkan. BKMC ini sendiri berada langsung di bawah Badan Koordinasi Intelejen (BAKIN) yang menunjukan bahwa kegiatan dan aktivitas orang-orang etnis Tionghoa harus diawasi dan dimata-matai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Pada tahun 1998 terjadi perubahan yang sangat besar dalam kehidupan negara Indonesia. Rezim Orde Baru yang telah berkuasa selama 32 tahun tumbang. Rezim ini yang telah mengakar dengan sangat kuat dalam ketatanegaraan Indonesia jatuh dan digantikan oleh pemerintahan baru. Adanya pergantian kekuasaan ini juga menyebabkan terjadinya keterbukaan di Indonesia. Perubahan ini membawa dampak yang sangat besar bagi etnis Tionghoa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mereka yang seperti hidup dalam sangkar pada saat rezim Orde Baru berkuasa, pada akhirnya merasakan angin kebebasan. Mereka mendapatkan kebebasan untuk berekspresi dalam tiga bidang yang sebelumnya sangat dikontrol pemerintah Orde Baru, yaitu politik, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi. Sangat menarik untuk disimak bagaimana kehidupan politik, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi etnis Tionghoa sejak era reformasi bergulir.  &lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Permasalahan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Politik, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi adalah tiga bidang yang sangat menentukan dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Sejak era reformasi bergulir, masyarakat etnis Tionghoa mengecap manisnya arus perubahan ini. Mereka mengapresiasi tiga bidang tadi dengan sangat antusias. Terjadi perubahan yang sangat besar dalam kehidupan politik, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi masyarakat etnis Tionghoa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tujuan penulisan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan bagaimana kehidupan politik, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi masyarakat etnis Tionghoa sejak era reformasi bergulir. Terjadi perubahan yang sangat besar dalam tiga bidang tadi jika dibandingkan dengan pada saat rezim Orde Baru masih berkuasa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Metode penulisan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam menyusun isi dari makalah ini kami menggunakan metode studi kepustakaan dan internet. Kami mengambil bahan-bahan yang terdapat di buku dan internet untuk disusun menjadi bahan acuan dan data dalam makalah ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kehidupan Politik&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pada zaman Hindia Belanda, perbedaan politik tampak jelas dari perbedaan aliran dari masing-masing organisasi politik yang dibentuk orang Tionghoa. Pertama yang berorientasi ke Tiongkok, kedua yang berorientasi ke Hindia Belanda, dan ketiga yang berorientasi ke Indonesia. Organisasi yang berorientasi ke Tiongkok adalah Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan (THHK, 1900), Siang Hwee (1908), dan Soe Po Sia (1908). Organisasi ini didukung oleh orang Tionghoa Totok, yang baru datang ke Indonesia sekitar akhir abad ke 19 sampai dengan awal abad ke 20. Organisasi yang berorientasi ke Hindia Belanda adalah Chung Hwa Hui (CHH) yang didirikan pada tahun 1920. Para pendirinya adalah orang Tionghoa Peranakan yang berpendidikan Belanda, yang sudah beberapa generasi tinggal di Indonesia. Karena terlalu &quot;kebelanda-belandaan&quot;, oraganisasi ini akhirnya terpecah dua. Yang tidak setuju kemudian mendirikan partai politik yang pro-lndonesia, yaitu Partai Tionghoa Indonesia (PTI) pada tahun 1932.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Berbeda dengan kelompok Sin Po dan CHH, PTI yang didirikan pada tahun 1932 berkiblat ke Indonesia dan lebih mengidentifika-sikan diri kepada Indonesia daripada ke negara Cina atau  Belanda. Partai itu bertujuan &quot;membantu Indonesia membangun bidang ekonomi, sosial, dan politiknya menuju ke suatu negara di mana rakyat menikmati hak-hak dan kewajiban-kewajiban yang sama&quot;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7605826023734621115&amp;amp;postID=4527313708652097468#_ftn1&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Berbeda dengan awal tahun 1900-an, runtuhnya rezim Orde Baru dan dimulainya era Reformasi menyebabkan terjadi banyak perubahan dalam kehidupan sosial dan politik orang-orang Tionghoa di Indonesia. Berbagai peristiwa tersebut menimbulkan kesadaran di kalangan etnis Tionghoa bahwa ada sesuatu yang salah dalam kehidupan mereka. Akibat tindakan represif yang dijalankan Jenderal Soeharto di masa penumpasan G30S dan PKI (1965-1969) dimana puluhan ribu orang-orang Tionghoa di seluruh Indonesia dituduh terlibat dan turut dikejar-kejar dan ditangkap untuk dijadikan objek pemerasan, terjadi trauma yang luar biasa di kalangan etnis Tionghoa sehingga mereka menjauhi wilayah politik. Ribuan sekolah dan beberapa universitas baik yang didirikan oleh Baperki maupun milik yayasan-yayasan Tionghoa ditutup dan gedungnya dijadikan markas tentara atau kesatuan aksi mahasiswa yang kemudian berubah menjadi sekolah negeri, ruko, atau perkantoran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Semua hal ini terjadi karena rezim Orde baru menjadikan “metode asimilasi” sebagi solusi untuk menyelesaikan apa yang disebut “masalah Cina”. Berbagai kebijakan dikeluarkan pemerintah Orde Baru berkenaan dengan etnis Tionghoa. Misalnya pelarangan sekolah dan penerbitan berbahasa Cina, keputusan Presidium Kabinet No. 127/U/Kep/12/1966 mengenai pergantian nama, Instruksi Presiden No. 14/1967 yang mengatur agama, kepercayaan, dan adat istiadat keturunan Cina, Keputusan Presiden No. 240/1967 mengenai kebijakan pokok yang mengatur WNI keturunan asing, serta Instruksi Presidium Kabinet No. 37/U/IN/6/1967 tentang kebijaksanaan pokok penyelesaian masalah Cina (Leo Suryadinata, 1984: 153—173).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tindakan rezim Orde Baru yang melarang penggunaan bahasa dan aksara Tionghoa serta larangan merayakan ritual agama, budaya dan tradisi Tionghoa serta penggantian istilah Tionghoa dengan peyoratif Cina ditambah dibentuknya Badan Koordinasi Masalah Cina (BKMC) menimbulkan rasa takut dan enggan sebagian besar etnis Tionghoa untuk memasuki wilayah politik. Mereka perlahan-lahan digiring untuk memasuki wilayah bisnis semata dan dikurung di sana untuk tiga puluh dua tahun lamanya sampai runtuhnya rezim tersebut. Celakanya rezim Orde Baru memelihara segelintir pengusaha Tionghoa untuk dijadikan kroni mereka dalam menumpuk kekayaan dengan mengembangkan sistem percukongan yang memberikan fasilitas-fasilitas tertentu yang melahirkan konglomerat-konglomerat gelap yang menimbulkan imej yang sangat buruk di mata rakyat yang sangat merugikan seluruh etnis Tionghoa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Kerusuhan Mei 1998 telah membuktikan bahwa tanpa didukung kekuatan politik, posisi orang-orang Tionghoa di Indonesia yang menurut mitos yang selama ini berkembang di masyarakat seolah-olah “sangat kuat” di bidang ekonomi, ternyata sangat rentan dan dapat dibuat tidak berdaya hanya dalam hitungan jam saja. Telah terbukti pula bahwa keyakinan sementara kalangan etnis Tionghoa bahwa perlindungan yang paling aman adalah dengan cara &lt;i&gt;mencantolkan&lt;/i&gt; diri kepada para penguasa ternyata keliru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Selama berlangsungnya kerusuhan Mei, kita dapat menyaksikan adanya “pembiaran” dari aparat keamanan sehingga aksi-aksi anarkis tersebut dapat berlangsung dengan bebas tanpa ada sedikitpun usaha untuk menghalanginya. Tidak lama setelah jatuhnya rezim Orde Baru bermunculanlah berbagai LSM, ormas dan partai politik yang didirikan oleh berbagai kalangan etnis Tionghoa dengan visi dan misinya masing-masing. Apalagi setelah Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid mengeluarkan Keppres yang memberi kebebasan kepada etnis Tionghoa dalam melakukan ritual-ritual keagamaan, tradisi dan budayanya serta Keppres Presiden Megawati yang menjadikan Imlek hari libur nasional, terjadi &lt;i&gt;euphoria&lt;/i&gt; yang luar biasa di kalangan etnis Tionghoa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Jika selama rezim Orde Baru orang-orang Tionghoa hanya berkonsentrasi di wilayah bisnis saja, maka di masa Reformasi terjadi perubahan. Mereka sekarang mencoba memasuki wilayah-wilayah lain yang selama tiga puluh dua tahun tertutup baginya. Etnis Tionghoa sekarang telah berani tampil ke depan untuk memperjuangkan hak-haknya sebagai warga negara dengan menuntut pencabutan seluruh peraturan-peraturan yang diskriminatif, antara lain yang sekarang sedang hangat-hangatnya adalah masalah Surat Bukti Kewarganegaraan Republik Indonesia (SBKRI). Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mereka masih mendapatkan perlakuan khusus, misalnya kalau melamar untuk mendapatkan paspor mereka harus menyertakan surat kewarganegaraan.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            SBKRI lahir karena adanya kebijakan Orde Baru yang sebenarnya kini tidak dapat dipakai lagi atau tidak relevan. Hal ini dimulai ketika terjadi perjanjian Dwikewarganegaraan antara Indonesia dengan RRC yang dikenal dengan nama perjanjian Dwikewarganegaraan Chou-Soenario yang berlangsung dari Januari 1960 sampai Januari 1962.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7605826023734621115&amp;amp;postID=4527313708652097468#_ftn2&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Adanya kebebasan untuk membentuk perkumpulan bagi kalangan etnis Tionghoa menyebabkan menjamurnya berbagai perkumpulan yang bercirikan Tionghoa. Setiap perkumpulan memiliki visi dan misinya masing. Diantara mereka sendiri terdapat berbagai perbedaan pandangan dalam hidup berbangsa dan bernegara di Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pandangan berbagai organisasi tersebut  menurut Benny G. Setiono dapat dibagi sebagai berikut :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kelompok yang berpendapat bahwa etnis Tionghoa harus membentuk      partai politiknya sendiri agar dapat memperjuangkan kepentingan dan haknya      secara langsung di DPR.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kelompok yang langsung mengintegrasikan diri ke tengah-tengah      masyarakat dengan membentuk LSM-LSM yang menentang peraturan-peraturan dan      tindakan-tindakan diskriminatif.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Orang-orang Tionghoa yang berpendapat bahwa mereka tidak punya      masalah dengan ke-Tionghoa-annya dan merasa telah sepenuhnya menjadi      bangsa Indonesia.      Mereka terjun langsung memasuki partai-partai politik dan berhasil menjadi      anggota DPR atau MPR bahkan Menteri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kelompok yang hanya ingin memperjuangkan hak-hak etnis Tionghoa      terutama dalam mempertahankan sosial budaya etnis Tionghoa dan menghindari      wilayah politik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kelompok yang ingin menyelesaikan masalah Tionghoa secara &lt;i&gt;holistic&lt;/i&gt; dengan menghimpun sebanyak      mungkin orang-orang Tionghoa ke dalam sebuah wadah untuk bersama-sama komponen      bangsa lainnya menyelesaikan masalah-masalah yang sedang dihadapi bangsa      Indonesia menuju Indonesia Baru yang adil, makmur, dan berperadaban tinggi      sehingga dapat bersaing di tengah globalisasi yang sedang melanda dunia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kelompok pengusaha yang selama ini merasa aspirasinya tidak      terwakili oleh KADIN membentuk Perhimpunan Pengusaha Tionghoa Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Selebihnya ratusan organisasi di seluruh Indonesia yang      dibentuk kalangan “totok” berupa yayasan, perkumpulan dan perhimpunan yang      pada umumnya berdasarkan asal provinsi atau kampung halamannya di daratan      Tiongkok (Hokkian, Hakka, Kongfu, dsbnya) maupun berdasarkan marga (Liem,      Wong, dsbnya).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Banyak juga dibentuk perkumpulan kematian, paguyuban alumni eks sekolah-sekolah Tionghoa, dan yayasan-yayasan pendidikan, kesehatan, dan seni budaya. Namun pada umumnya organisasi-organisasi ini dibentuk hanya berdasarkan ikatan kekerabatan dan nostalgia dan sangat menghidari wilayah politik. Yang paling banyak adalah perkumpulan-perkumpulan seni budaya seperti barongsai dan liong yang pada umumnya berbasiskan berbagai kelenteng di seluruh kota-kota di Indonesia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Di antara berbagai organisasi Tionghoa, Perhimpunan INTI yang secara periodik mengadakan diskusi-diskusi dan seminar-seminar politik dengan berbagai tema dan narasumber dalam upaya meningkatkan kesadaran dan pengetahuan politik para anggota dan simpatisannya. Hasilnya menunjukkan kemajuan yang cukup signifikan. Jika pada awalnya peserta diskusi dan seminar-seminar tersebut hanya sedikit, namun sekarang setiap &lt;i&gt;event&lt;/i&gt; diikuti oleh ratusan orang secara tekun dan aktif. Padahal Perhimpunan INTI bukanlah sebuah organisasi politik praktis dan melarang pengurusnya menjadi pengurus partai politik apapun. Perhimpunan INTI tidak &lt;i&gt;mencantolkan&lt;/i&gt; diri kepada kekuatan politik apapun dan berusaha selalu independen. Dalam menghadapi Pemilu, Perhimpunan INTI mengajurkan para anggota dan simpatisannya untuk menggunakan hati nurani dan pengetahuan politiknya untuk menentukan pilihannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bagi mereka yang merasa partisipasi politik Tionghoa tidak penting karena populasinya sedikit, mereka melupakan bahwa jumlah mungkin memiliki makna cukup besar bagi perhitungan suara pemilu, tetapi kecil bagi proses demokratisasi secara komprehensif. Demokrasi bukan monopoli mayoritas. Partisipasi politik minoritas yang demokratis justru bisa memberikan kontribusi pembelajaran yang menarik dalam proses demokratisasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Seperti telah diduga sebelumnya partai-partai politik yang bersifat primordial dan menggantungkan diri kepada basis Tionghoa pasti akan mengalami kegagalan. Dalam Pemilu Legislatif 2004 yang lalu, tidak sebuah pun parpol berbasis Tionghoa berhasil lolos seleksi, baik Departemen Kehakiman &amp;amp; Ham maupun KPU. PPBI tidak lolos seleksi Departemen Kehakiman &amp;amp; Ham dan PBI tidak lolos seleksi KPU. Masih ada satu partai politik lainnya yang dipimpin oleh seorang etnis Tionghoa dan juga mengandalkan dukungan dari kalangan etnis Tionghoa yaitu PDPR yang juga gagal mengikuti Pemilu karena tidak lolos seleksi KPU. Tetapi dengan gesit dan lincahnya para pemimpin parpol tersebut segera bermigrasi dan menjadi caleg partai politik lainnya. Ironisnya semuanya gagal menjadi anggota DPR.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam Pemilu yang baru saja berlalu, lebih dari dua ratus orang etnis Tionghoa menerjunkan diri menjadi caleg, baik untuk DPR maupun DPRD. Namun pada umumnya mereka hanya digunakan oleh berbagai partai politik terutama partai-partai gurem untuk menghimpun suara dan dana.Mereka hampir semuanya ditempatkan di posisi “nomor sepatu”. Para caleg Tionghoa ini kebanyakan adalah para pengusaha golongan menengah yang sangat naïf dalam persoalan politik dan belum siap untuk terjun ke kancah politik praktis. Dari seluruh caleg tersebut hanya beberapa orang saja yang berhasil menjadi anggota DPR maupun DPRD.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Orang Tionghoa cukup pesimistis dalam menghadapi Pemilu. Menurut anggapan mereka apa yang dijanjikan selama masa kampanye hanyalah janji gombal belaka. Memang ada sekelompok orang Tionghoa yang mungkin bertujuan menjadi kroni para penguasa yang akan datang dengan secara aktif terjun menjadi tim sukses para Capres/Cawapres, tetapi mereka hanya minoritas dan tidak dapat mewakili keseluruhan etnis Tionghoa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Selama beberapa dasawarsa, aksara Tionghoa atau &lt;i&gt;Hanzi&lt;/i&gt; dilarang atau paling tidak &quot;tidak dianjurkan penggunaannya&quot; di Indonesia. Namun akhir-akhir ini bahkan kandidat presiden dan wakil presiden Megawati dan Wahid Hasyim menggunakannya pada poster kampanye Pemilu Presiden 2004.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kehidupan Sosial dan Budaya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Pada masa Orde Baru terdapat beberapa kebijakan pemerintah yang bersifat diskriminatif, seperti Surat Edaran No.06/Preskab/6/67 yang memuat tentang perubahan nama. Dalam surat itu disebutkan bahwa masyarakat keturunan Cina harus mengubah nama Cinanya menjadi nama yang berbau Indonesia, misalnya Liem Sioe Liong menjadi Sudono Salim. Selain itu, penggunaan bahasa Cinapun dilarang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Di masa pasca Orde Baru, partisipasi sosial kalangan etnis Tionghoa sangat menonjol. Pada umumnya mereka aktif bergerak di bidang pendidikan dan kesehatan. Banyak sekali orang-orang Tionghoa yang memilih profesi sebagai guru, dosen, profesor, dokter, insinyur, pengacara, hakim, jaksa, advokat, bahkan polisi dan tentara. Mereka mendirikan berbagai sekolah mulai dari TK sampai SMA dan berbagai universitas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Demikian juga puluhan rumah sakit didirikan kalangan etnis Tionghoa. Rumah sakit-rumah sakit ini didirikan dengan tujuan sosial semata yaitu untuk memberikan bantuan medis bagi yang membutuhkan tanpa memandang kemampuan ekonominya. Bandingkan dengan rumah sakit-rumah sakit yang didirikan di masa Orde Baru yang bertujuan komersial semata.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Selaras dengan berlangsungnya reformasi, berbagai kegiatan sosial dilakukan oleh organisasi-organisasi Tionghoa antara lain dalam membantu korban gempa bumi, banjir, dan kebakaran. Demikian juga dengan kegiatan pembagian sembako dan pakaian bekas, donor darah, khitanan massal serta pengobatan massal secara cuma-cuma bagi kaum duafa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Di bidang pendidikan mereka banyak mendirikan lembaga-lembaga pendidikan mulai dari kursus bahasa Inggris, Mandarin, komputer sampai akademi dan universitas. Kalangan mudanya secara aktif mulai memasuki bidang-bidang profesi di luar wilayah bisnis semata. Mereka sekarang secara terbuka berusaha menjadi artis sinetron, presenter TV, peragawati, foto model, pengacara, wartawan, pengarang, pengamat sosial/ politik, peneliti, dsbnya. Hal ini sangat berbeda ketika rezim Orde Baru memberlakukan kebijakan diskriminasi. Misalnya, pemberlakuan batasan 10 persen bagi etnis Cina untuk bisa belajar di bidang medis, permesinan, sains dan hukum di universitas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Di dalam kehidupan sosial mereka mulai membuka diri dan mau peduli terhadap lingkungan di sekitarnya. Mereka tidak lagi menolak apabila terpilih menjadi Ketua RT/RW dan secara aktif ikut dalam penyelengaraan Pemilu di lingkungan tempat tinggalnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Dalam hubungan mereka dengan negara leluhur (RRC), pada umumnya mereka mengambil sikap bahwa hubungan tersebut hanya bersifat kekerabatan semata. Mereka merasa telah sepenuhnya menjadi bangsa Indonesia yang lahir, besar, dan meninggal serta dikebumikan di Indonesia. Filsafat mereka sekarang adalah &lt;i&gt;luo di sheng gen&lt;/i&gt; yaitu “berakar di bumi tempat berpijak” yang dapat diartikan menetap di Indonesia selama-lamanya menggantikan &lt;i&gt;ye luo gui gen&lt;/i&gt; yang berarti “ibarat daun rontok kembali ke bumi”.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7605826023734621115&amp;amp;postID=4527313708652097468#_ftn3&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Demikian juga sikap pemerintah RRC yang dengan tegas menyatakan bahwa orang Tionghoa Indonesia adalah warga Indonesia yang harus loyal kepada Indonesia, mentaati hukum dan peraturan Indonesia serta memberikan sumbangan pada pembangunan dan kemajuan Indonesia. Orang Tionghoa Indonesia bukan warga RRC dan tidak berada di bawah yurisdiksi Tiongkok. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kehidupan Ekonomi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Walaupun jumlah orang etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia relatif sedikit, namun berhubung dengan peranan mereka dalam kehidupan ekonomi, suatu peranan kunci dalam masyarakat mana pun, maka mereka merupakan suatu minoritas yang berarti. Keadaan inilah yang merupakan sumber permasalahan apa yang dinamakan “masalah Cina”. (Melly G. Tan, 1981).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Dari pernyataan Melly G. Tan tersebut dapat kita lihat bahwa masalah ekonomi merupakan salah satu sebab pokok mengapa sampai muncul “masalah Cina”. Masyarakat Tionghoa yang sebagian besar terjun dalam bidang usaha dan pada akhirnya berhasil meraih sukses dianggap mengeruk keuntungan dari masyarakat Indonesia lain. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Banyaknya orang yang berasal dari etnis Tionghoa yang meraih sukses dalam bidang ekonomi menyebabkan pemerintahan Orde Baru mengeluarkan kebijakan yang bersifat diskriminatif, yaitu PP 10 Tahun 1959-1960 dan Keputusan Menteri Perdagangan dan Koperasi Nomor 286/KP/XII/1978&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;yang menyebutkan orang Tionghoa di Jawa tidak diperbolehkan berusaha di tingkat kabupaten. Kebijakan ini menyebabkan terpusatnya pemukiman etnis Tionghoa di perkotaan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Di masa Orde Baru segelintir pengusaha Tionghoa dijadikan kroni oleh para penguasa untuk memupuk kekayaan. Dalam melakukan bisnisnya mereka banyak melakukan tindakan-tindakan kotor yang sangat merugikan rakyat. Sudah tentu hal ini menimbulkan citra yang sangat buruk bagi orang-orang Tionghoa di Indonesia. Perbuatan mereka benar-benar merusak kehormatan etnis Tionghoa dan menjadikan mereka sasaran empuk ketidak puasan rakyat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            &quot;Binatang ekonomi&quot; dan &quot;apolitis&quot; adalah dua stigma populer yang berurat-akar bagi orang Tionghoa. Persepsi mayoritas elite politik Indonesia tampaknya masih berkutat di situ karena menilai partisipasi Tionghoa sebatas keuntungan ekonomis. Persepsi ini adalah buah dari asumsi tidak mendasar bahwa komunitas Tionghoa yang hanya 2 persen dari populasi menguasai 70 persen perekonomian nasional. Citra kekuatan ekonomi komunitas Tionghoa memang sudah ada sejauh sejarah kolonial.&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7605826023734621115&amp;amp;postID=4527313708652097468#_ftn4&quot; name=&quot;_ftnref4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Terjadi generalisasi di masyarakat bahwa etnis Tionghoa adalah binatang ekonomi yang rakus belaka. Padahal mayoritas etnis Tionghoa adalah kalangan menengah ke bawah. Pada umumnya para pedagang Tionghoa adalah pedagang perantara dan distribusi yang jauh dari praktek KKN, malahan merekalah yang selalu menjadi korban pemerasan para birokrat dan preman. Dalam setiap aksi kerusuhan merekalah yang selalu menjadi korban penjarahan dan perusakan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Demikian juga tuduhan bahwa pengusaha-pengusaha Tionghoa anasionalis karena memindahkan modalnya ke luar negeri terutama ke RRC harus dipelajari dengan seksama. Di era globalisasi, perpindahan modal adalah hal yang wajar. Modal akan mencari tempat-tempat di mana mereka akan berkembang dan memperoleh untung. Modal para pengusaha baik domestik maupun asing akan pergi apabila terjadi situasi yang tidak menguntungkan di suatu tempat atau negara manapun. Tetapi sebaliknya modal asing akan berduyun-duyun masuk ke sebuah negara yang situasinya kondusif dan menjanjikan keuntungan. Untuk itulah kita perlu memberi kemudahan, menjamin stabilitas keamanan, adanya kepastian dan tegaknya hukum serta menghapuskan KKN yang menjadi momok para pengusaha baik domestik maupun asing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Apabila kita berkunjung ke kampung-kampung di sekitar Jabotabek seperti di perkampungan Penjaringan Jakarta, Dadap, Kamal, Mauk di Tangerang, Cileungsi di Bogor, dan Babelan di Bekasi maka kita akan menjumpai banyak sekali orang-orang Tionghoa yang sangat miskin. Demikian juga apabila kita berkunjung ke kampung-kampung di Kalimantan Barat terutama di Singkawang. Hal yang sama akan kita jumpai di provinsi Riau dan Bangka Bilitung. Semua ini membuktikan bahwa tidak semua orang Tionghoa adalah golongan ekonomi kuat seperti yang selalu digembar-gemborkan sehingga dapat menimbulkan kesan yang sangat negatif di kalangan masyarakat luas yang sangat merugikan etnis Tionghoa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Di masa Reformasi terjadi perubahan paradigma di kalangan pengusaha Tionghoa. Mereka sekarang berusaha menghindari cara-cara kotor seperti suap-menyuap walaupun tidak mudah karena mereka selalu menjadi objek para penguasa dan birokrat. Mereka juga berusaha melakukan kemitraan dengan pengusaha-pengusaha kecil non Tionghoa dalam membangun dan mengembangkan usahanya. Justru para pengusaha kelas menengah inilah yang di masa krisis menunjang perekonomian kita sehingga tidak bangkrut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;            Sudah tentu masih ada orang-orang Tionghoa yang terlibat dalam perbuatan-perbuatan kotor seperti menjadi penyelundup, penyalur narkoba, perjudian gelap, dsbnya. Tetapi sudah tentu perbuatan-perbuatan kriminal ini tidak hanya dilakukan orang-orang Tionghoa saja. Dalam aksi-aksi pombobolan bank yang terjadi baru-baru ini ternyata pelakunya bukanlah orang-orang Tionghoa seperti yang dahulu biasa terjadi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;             &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Simpulan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Arus perubahan yang terjadi setelah reformasi bergulir harus disyukuri oleh semua pihak. Terjadi perubahan yang mengarah kepada perbaikan setelah rezim Orde Baru tumbang. Masyarakat etnis Tionghoa sangat merasakan dampak positif dari perubahan ini. Tragedi Mei 1998 yang merupakan saat dimana terjadi peristiwa yang paling memilukan bagi orang etnis Tionghoa ternyata berubah menjadi berkah setelah masa itu lewat. Masyarakat etnis Tionghoa mendapatkan kebebasan dalam hidup berbangsa dan bernegara di Indonesia. Perlahan-lahan eksistensi mereka diakui dan dihargai di negeri ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Terjadi perubahan sikap masyarakat Tionghoa terhadap bidang politik, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi. Hal ini juga terjadi karena adanya perubahan sikap dan persepsi masyarkat Indonesia lain dalam memandang mereka. Cap negatif yang sebelumnya distempel rezim Orde Baru pada masyarakat Tionghoa perlahan-lahan luntur dan mengubah pandangan sebagian besar masyrakat Indonesia yang berasal dari etnis yang berbeda. Tedapat kemajuan yang sangat besar dalam bidang politik, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi yang telah dilakukan masyarakat Tionghoa.  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Untuk membangun kembali Indonesia, suka tidak suka etnis Tionghoa harus diterima dengan legowo dan apa adanya, karena etnis Tionghoa adalah bagian integral bangsa Indonesia. Potensi mereka harus dimanfaatkan sebaik-baiknya demi kemajuan bangsa dan negara kita. Marilah kita belajar dari pengalaman negara-negara tetangga kita. Kita lihat kemajuan yang dicapai Thailand, Malaysia dan Singapura yang memberikan kesempatan yang sama kepada warga negaranya tanpa membedakan asal-usulnya. Untuk itulah kita harus bersama-sama menghilangkan prasangka dan memberikan kesempatan kepada etnis Tionghoa untuk memasuki semua wilayah yang selama masa pemerintahan Orde Baru tertutup bagi mereka. Berikanlah kesempatan kepada mereka sebagai komponen bangsa untuk benar-benar memberikan sumbangsih terbaiknya kepada bangsa dan negara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 16pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Daftar acuan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sumber acuan dari buku:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Setiono, Benny G. 2003. Tionghoa Dalam Pusaran Politik. Jakarta: Elkasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tan, Melly G. Golongan Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Suatu Masalah Pembinaan Kesatuan Bangsa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Yuniarti, Fransisca M. 1983. Skripsi Sarjana: Partai Tionghoa Indonesia 1932—1942. Depok: Fakultas Sastra UI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sumber acuan dari internet:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www.csis.or.id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www.geocities.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www.indonesiahouse.org&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www.indonesiamedia.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www.mail-archive.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www.munindo.brd.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www.seasite.niu.edu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;web.singnet.com.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www.tokohindonesia.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr align=&quot;left&quot; size=&quot;1&quot; width=&quot;33%&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn1&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7605826023734621115&amp;amp;postID=4527313708652097468#_ftnref1&quot; name=&quot;_ftn1&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Yuniarti, Fransisca M. 1983. Skripsi Sarjana: Partai Tionghoa Indonesia 1932—1942. Depok: Fakultas Sastra UI&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn2&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7605826023734621115&amp;amp;postID=4527313708652097468#_ftnref2&quot; name=&quot;_ftn2&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Melly G. Tan, 1981. &lt;i&gt;Golongan Etnis Tionghoa di Indonesia: Suatu Masalah Pembinaan Kesatuan Bangsa&lt;/i&gt;. Jakarta: PT Gramedia&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn3&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7605826023734621115&amp;amp;postID=4527313708652097468#_ftnref3&quot; name=&quot;_ftn3&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt;&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Setiono, Benny G. 2003. &lt;i&gt;Tionghoa Dalam Pusaran Politik&lt;/i&gt;. Jakarta: Elkasa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div id=&quot;ftn4&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoFootnoteText&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=7605826023734621115&amp;amp;postID=4527313708652097468#_ftnref4&quot; name=&quot;_ftn4&quot; title=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;MsoFootnoteReference&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10pt;&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Christine Susanna Tjhin, &lt;i&gt;Partisipasi politik Tionghoa dan demokrasi.&lt;/i&gt; Kompas, September 20, 2004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/4527313708652097468/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/makalah-kehidupan-politik-sosial-budaya.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/4527313708652097468'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/4527313708652097468'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/makalah-kehidupan-politik-sosial-budaya.html' title='Makalah: Kehidupan Politik, Sosial Budaya, dan Ekonomi Etnis Tionghoa Pasca Orde Baru'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-4561248045920281679</id><published>2011-04-27T22:01:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-27T23:41:10.418-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><title type='text'>Budaya Bertukar Kartu Nama Orang Tionghoa</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Pebisnis C&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk21p7YaRMAQnTWx6B3aPQX2E61d1n0dGHY2NEgd4Rr2M5Vp3AUSExb4vCkYvNc-qv5ZkVStGbZybc0AwQECPLfYlrpNG4O_iVkKMsyi0JyYZqB_AyvaqhYsoez16tGi3aoNOWBeUx1ond/s1600/mingpian.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 110px; height: 70px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk21p7YaRMAQnTWx6B3aPQX2E61d1n0dGHY2NEgd4Rr2M5Vp3AUSExb4vCkYvNc-qv5ZkVStGbZybc0AwQECPLfYlrpNG4O_iVkKMsyi0JyYZqB_AyvaqhYsoez16tGi3aoNOWBeUx1ond/s320/mingpian.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5600508189742669042&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;hina saat berkenalan akan menukar kartu nama dengan 2 tangan (budaya sopan santun orang China), sambil berkata, &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;这是我的名&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;片。请多指教&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&quot;Zheshi wo de mingpian. Qing duo zhijiao&quot;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; (Ini adalah kartu namaku. Mari kita bekerja sama.) &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:worddocument&gt;&lt;w:trackmoves&gt;&lt;w:trackformatting&gt;&lt;w:punctuationkerning&gt;&lt;w:validateagainstschemas&gt;&lt;w:donotpromoteqf&gt;&lt;w:compatibility&gt;&lt;w:breakwrappedtables&gt;&lt;w:snaptogridincell&gt;&lt;w:wraptextwithpunct&gt;&lt;w:useasianbreakrules&gt;&lt;w:dontgrowautofit&gt;&lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark&gt;&lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp&gt;&lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables&gt;&lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx&gt;&lt;w:word11kerningpairs&gt;&lt;w:cachedcolbalance&gt;&lt;m:mathpr&gt;&lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;&lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;&lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;&lt;m:dispdef&gt;&lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Normal&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; 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priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;    &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;请多指教&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Qing duo zhijiao&quot; jika diterjemahkan menjadi &quot;Mohon petunjuknya&quot; . Ini adalah kalimat yang umum diucapkan saat bertukar kartu nama.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;      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rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/4561248045920281679/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/budaya-bertukar-kartu-nama-orang.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/4561248045920281679'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/4561248045920281679'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/budaya-bertukar-kartu-nama-orang.html' title='Budaya Bertukar Kartu Nama Orang Tionghoa'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhk21p7YaRMAQnTWx6B3aPQX2E61d1n0dGHY2NEgd4Rr2M5Vp3AUSExb4vCkYvNc-qv5ZkVStGbZybc0AwQECPLfYlrpNG4O_iVkKMsyi0JyYZqB_AyvaqhYsoez16tGi3aoNOWBeUx1ond/s72-c/mingpian.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-5325878711926427167</id><published>2011-04-26T20:53:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-26T23:09:41.987-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pengetahuan Umum"/><title type='text'>Mitos Pesut Mahakam</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   &lt;w:zoom&gt;0&lt;/w:Zoom&gt;   &lt;w:trackmoves/&gt;   &lt;w:trackformatting/&gt;   &lt;w:punctuationkerning/&gt;   &lt;w:validateagainstschemas/&gt;   &lt;w:saveifxmlinvalid&gt;false&lt;/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid&gt;   &lt;w:ignoremixedcontent&gt;false&lt;/w:IgnoreMixedContent&gt;   &lt;w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext&gt;false&lt;/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText&gt;   &lt;w:donotpromoteqf/&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeother&gt;IN&lt;/w:LidThemeOther&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemeasian&gt;ZH-CN&lt;/w:LidThemeAsian&gt;   &lt;w:lidthemecomplexscript&gt;X-NONE&lt;/w:LidThemeComplexScript&gt;   &lt;w:compatibility&gt;    &lt;w:breakwrappedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:snaptogridincell/&gt;    &lt;w:wraptextwithpunct/&gt;    &lt;w:useasianbreakrules/&gt;    &lt;w:dontgrowautofit/&gt;    &lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp/&gt;    &lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables/&gt;    &lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx/&gt;    &lt;w:word11kerningpairs/&gt;    &lt;w:cachedcolbalance/&gt;   &lt;/w:Compatibility&gt;   &lt;w:browserlevel&gt;MicrosoftInternetExplorer4&lt;/w:BrowserLevel&gt;   &lt;m:mathpr&gt;    &lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:dispdef&gt;    &lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;    &lt;m:narylim val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;   &lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt; &lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Normal&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;footer&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;page number&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;Normal (Web)&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; 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style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;Mitos Pesut Mahakam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;I. Pengertian Mitos&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaz1kTS__cqXkBpflwKIDh21YQUasQvIYqe_Qb3XrTLAeqSCiM5M0lo50czw5Qe1N470983XJbC6CZbBjCcjwZA5KqtSz7JJAc-oMlYP_CAQcuhF4XyVthW5KPaA7cGDjwGqaiNTgj_lq1/s1600/pesut.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 143px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaz1kTS__cqXkBpflwKIDh21YQUasQvIYqe_Qb3XrTLAeqSCiM5M0lo50czw5Qe1N470983XJbC6CZbBjCcjwZA5KqtSz7JJAc-oMlYP_CAQcuhF4XyVthW5KPaA7cGDjwGqaiNTgj_lq1/s320/pesut.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5600108589571125218&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mitos atau mite (myth) adalah cerita prosa rakyat yang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; tokohnya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; para &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;dewa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; atau makhluk setengah dewa yang terjadi di dunia lain pada masa lampau d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;an dianggap benar-benar terjadi oleh yang empunya cerita atau penganutnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mitos pada umumnya menceritakan tentang terjadinya alam semesta, dunia, bentuk khas binatang, bentuk topografi, petualangan para dewa, kisah &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;percintaan mereka dan sebagainya.Mitos itu sendiri, ada yang berasal dari Indonesia dan ada juga yang berasal dari luar negeri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;II. Cerita Mitos Pesut Mahakam&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Pada zaman dahulu kala di rantau Mahakam, terdapat sebuah dusun yang didiami oleh beberapa keluarga. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mata pencaharian mereka kebanyakan adalah sebagai petani maupun nelayan. Setiap tahun setelah musim panen, penduduk dusun tersebut biasanya mengadakan pesta adat yang diisi dengan beraneka macam pertunjukan ketangkasan dan kesenian.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Di tengah masyarakat yang tinggal di dusun tersebut, terdapat suatu keluarga yang hidup rukun dan damai dalam sebuah pondok yang sederhana. Mereka terdiri dari sepasang suami-istri dan dua orang putra dan putri. Pada suatu ketika, sang ibu terserang oleh suatu penyakit. Walau telah diobati oleh beberapa orang tabib, namun sakit sang ibu tak kunjung sembuh pula hingga akhirnya ia meninggal dunia. Sepeninggal sang ibu, kehidupan keluarga ini mulai tak terurus lagi.  Mereka larut dalam kesedihan yang mendalam karena kehilangan orang yang sangat mereka cintai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Suatu hari di dusun tersebut kembali diadakan pesta adat panen. Berbagai pertunjukan dan hiburan kembali digelar. Dalam suatu pertunjukan ketangkasan, terdapatlah seorang gadis yang cantik dan mempesona sehingga selalu mendapat sambutan pemuda-pemuda dusun tersebut bila ia beraksi. Mendengar berita yang demikian itu, tergugah juga hati sang ayah untuk turut menyaksikan bagaimana kehebatan pertunjukan yang begitu dipuji-puji penduduk dusun hingga banyak pemuda yang tergila-gila dibuatnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Sengaja sang Ayah berdiri di depan agar dapat dengan jelas menyaksikan permainan serta wajah sang gadis. Akhirnya pertunjukan pun dimulai. Suatu saat, akhirnya bertemu jua pandangan antara si gadis dan sang ayah tadi. Kejadian ini berulang beberapa kali, dan tidak lah diperkirakan sama sekali kiranya bahwa terjalin rasa cinta antara sang gadis dengan sang ayah dari dua orang anak tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Demikianlah keadaannya, atas persetujuan kedua belah pihak dan restu dari para sesepuh maka dilangsungkanlah pernikahan antara mereka setelah pesta adat di dusun tersebut usai. Dan berakhir pula lah kemuraman keluarga tersebut, kini mulailah mereka menyusun hidup baru. Mereka mulai mengerjakan kegiatan-kegiatan yang dahulunya tidak mereka usahakan lagi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Dalam keadaan yang demikian, tidak lah diduga sama sekali ternyata sang ibu baru tersebut lama kelamaan memiliki sifat yang kurang baik terhadap kedua anak tirinya. Kedua anak itu baru diberi makan setelah ada sisa makanan dari ayahnya. Sang ayah hanya dapat memaklumi perbuatan istrinya itu, tak dapat berbuat apa-apa karena dia sangat mencintainya. Pada suatu ketika, sang ibu tiri telah membuat suatu rencana jahat. Ia menyuruh kedua anak tirinya untuk mencari kayu bakar di hutan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Setelah membawa beberapa perlengkapan, berangkatlah mereka menuju hutan. Mereka pun mulai mengumpulkan kayu sebanyak-banyaknya. Menjelang tengah hari, rasa lapar pun tak tertahankan lagi, akhirnya mereka tergeletak di tanah selama beberapa saat. Dan tanpa mereka ketahui, seorang kakek tua datang menghampiri mereka. &quot;Apa yang kalian lakukan disini, anak-anak?&quot; tanya kakek itu kepada mereka. Kedua anak yang malang tersebut lalu menceritakan semuanya, termasuk tingkah ibu tiri mereka dan keadaan mereka yang belum makan nasi sejak kemarin hingga rasanya tak sanggup lagi untuk meneruskan pekerjaan. &quot;Kalau begitu..., pergilah kalian ke arah sana.&quot; kata si kakek sambil menunjuk ke arah rimbunan belukar, &quot;Disitu banyak terdapat pohon buah-buahan. Makanlah sepuas-puasnya sampai kenyang. Tapi ingat, janganlah dicari lagi esok harinya karena akan sia-sia saja. Pergilah sekarang juga!&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Sambil mengucapkan terima kasih, kedua kakak beradik tersebut bergegas menuju ke tempat yang dimaksud. Ternyata benar apa yang diucapkan kakek tadi, disana banyak terdapat beraneka macam pohon buah-buahan. Mereka kemudian memakan buah-buahan tersebut hingga kenyang dan badan terasa segar kembali. Setelah beristirahat beberapa saat, mereka dapat kembali melanjutkan pekerjaan mengumpulkan kayu hingga sesuai dengan yang diminta sang ibu tiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Menjelang sore, sedikit demi sedikit kayu yang jumlahnya banyak itu berhasil diangsur semuanya ke rumah. Mereka kemudian menyusun kayu-kayu tersebut tanpa memperhatikan keadaan rumah. Setelah tuntas, barulah mereka naik ke rumah untuk melapor kepada sang ibu tiri, namun alangkah terkejutnya mereka ketika melihat isi rumah yang telah kosong melompong. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Ternyata ayah dan ibu tiri mereka telah pergi meninggalkan rumah itu. Seluruh harta benda di dalam rumah tersebut telah habis dibawa serta, ini berarti mereka pergi dan tak akan kembali lagi ke rumah itu. Kedua kakak beradik yang malang itu kemudian menangis sejadi-jadinya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Esok harinya, kedua anak tersebut bersikeras untuk mencari orangtuanya. Mereka memberitahukan rencana tersebut kepada tetangga terdekat. Beberapa tetangga yang iba kemudian menukar kayu bakar dengan bekal bahan makanan bagi perjalanan kedua anak itu. Menjelang tengah hari, berangkatlah keduanya mencari ayah dan ibu tiri mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Telah dua hari mereka berjalan namun orangtua mereka belum juga dijumpai, sementara perbekalan makanan sudah habis. Pada hari yang ketiga, sampailah mereka di suatu daerah yang berbukit dan tampaklah oleh mereka asap api mengepul di kejauhan. Mereka segera menuju ke arah tempat itu sekedar bertanya kepada penghuninya barangkali mengetahui atau melihat kedua orangtua mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Mereka akhirnya menjumpai sebuah pondok yang sudah reot. Tampak seorang kakek tua sedang duduk-duduk di depan pondok tersebut. Kedua kakak beradik itu lalu memberi hormat kepada sang kakek tua dan memberi salam. &quot;Dari mana kalian ini? Apa maksud kalian hingga datang ke tempat saya yang jauh terpencil ini?&quot; tanya sang kakek sambil sesekali terbatuk-batuk kecil. &quot;Maaf, &lt;em&gt;Tok&lt;/em&gt;.&quot; kata si anak lelaki, &quot;Kami ini sedang mencari kedua &lt;i&gt;urangtuha&lt;/i&gt; kami. Apakah &lt;em&gt;Datok&lt;/em&gt; pernah melihat seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan yang masih muda lewat disini?&quot; Sang kakek terdiam sebentar sambil mengernyitkan keningnya, tampaknya ia sedang berusaha keras untuk mengingat-ingat sesuatu. &quot;Hmmm..., beberapa hari yang lalu memang ada sepasang suami-istri yang datang ke sini.&quot; kata si kakek kemudian, &quot;Mereka banyak sekali membawa barang. Apakah mereka itu yang kalian cari?&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;&quot;Tak salah lagi, &lt;em&gt;Tok&lt;/em&gt;.&quot; kata anak lelaki itu dengan gembira, &quot;Mereka pasti &lt;i&gt;urangtuha&lt;/i&gt; kami! Ke arah mana mereka pergi, &lt;i&gt;Tok&lt;/i&gt;?&quot; &quot;Waktu itu mereka meminjam perahuku untuk menyeberangi sungai. Mereka bilang, mereka ingin menetap diseberang sana dan hendak membuat sebuah pondok dan perkebunan baru. Cobalah kalian cari di seberang sana.&quot; &quot;Terima kasih, &lt;em&gt;Tok&lt;/em&gt;...&quot; kata si anak sulung tersebut, &quot;Tapi, bisakah &lt;em&gt;Datok &lt;/em&gt;mengantarkan kami ke seberang sungai?&quot; &quot;&lt;em&gt;Datok ni dah tuha&lt;/em&gt;... mana kuat lagi untuk mendayung perahu!&quot; kata si kakek sambil terkekeh, &quot;Kalau kalian ingin menyusul mereka, pakai sajalah perahuku yang ada di tepi sungai itu.&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Keduanya lupa akan rasa lapar yang membelit perut mereka karena rasa gembira setelah mengetahui keberadaan orangtua mereka. Akhirnya mereka sampai di seberang dan menambatkan perahu tersebut dalam sebuah anak sungai. Setelah dua hari lamanya berjalan dengan perut kosong, barulah mereka menemui ujung sebuah dusun yang jarang sekali penduduknya. Tampaklah oleh mereka sebuah pondok yang kelihatannya baru dibangun. Perlahan-lahan mereka mendekati pondok itu. Dengan perasaan cemas dan ragu si kakak menaiki tangga dan memanggil-manggil penghuninya, sementara si adik berjalan mengitari pondok hingga ia menemukan jemuran pakaian yang ada di belakang pondok. Ia pun teringat pada baju ayahnya yang pernah dijahitnya karena sobek terkait duri, setelah didekatinya maka yakinlah ia bahwa itu memang baju ayahnya. Segera ia berlari menghampiri kakaknya sambil menunjukkan baju sang ayah yang ditemukannya di belakang. Tanpa pikir panjang lagi mereka pun memasuki pondok dan ternyata pondok tersebut memang berisi barang-barang milik ayah mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Rupanya orangtua mereka terburu-buru pergi, sehingga di dapur masih ada periuk yang diletakkan diatas api yang masih menyala. Di dalam periuk tersebut ada nasi yang telah menjadi bubur. Karena lapar, si kakak akhirnya melahap nasi bubur yang masih panas tersebut sepuas-puasnya. Adiknya yang baru menyusul ke dapur menjadi terkejut melihat apa yang sedang dikerjakan kakaknya, segera ia menyambar periuk yang isinya tinggal sedikit itu. Karena takut tidak kebagian, ia langsung melahap nasi bubur tersebut sekaligus dengan periuknya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Karena bubur yang dimakan tersebut masih panas maka suhu badan mereka pun menjadi naik tak terhingga. Dalam keadaan tak karuan demikian, keduanya berlari kesana kemari hendak mencari sungai. Setiap pohon pisang yang mereka temui di kiri-kanan jalan menuju sungai, secara bergantian mereka peluk sehingga pohon pisang tersebut menjadi layu. Begitu mereka tiba di tepi sungai, segeralah mereka terjun ke dalamnya. Hampir bersamaan dengan itu, penghuni pondok yang memang benar adalah orangtua kedua anak yang malang itu terheran-heran ketika melihat banyak pohon pisang di sekitar pondok mereka menjadi layu dan hangus. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Namun mereka sangat terkejut ketika masuk kedalam pondok dan mejumpai sebuah bungkusan dan dua buah mandau kepunyaan kedua anaknya. Sang istri terus memeriksa isi pondok hingga ke dapur, dan dia tak menemukan lagi periuk yang tadi ditinggalkannya. Ia kemudian melaporkan hal itu kepada suaminya. Mereka kemudian bergegas turun dari pondok dan mengikuti jalan menuju sungai yang di kiri-kanannya banyak terdapat pohon pisang yang telah layu dan hangus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Sesampainya di tepi sungai, terlihatlah oleh mereka dua makhluk yang bergerak kesana kemari di dalam air sambil menyemburkan air dari kepalanya. Pikiran sang suami teringat pada rentetan kejadian yang mungkin sekali ada hubungannya dengan keluarga. Kedua ikan yang mirip manusia itu adalah kedua anaknya. Ia terperanjat karena tiba-tiba istrinya sudah tidak ada disampingnya. Rupanya ia menghilang secara gaib. Kini sadarlah sang suami bahwa istrinya bukanlah keturunan manusia biasa. Semenjak perkawinan mereka, sang istri memang tidak pernah mau menceritakan asal usulnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style=&quot;margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Tak lama berselang, penduduk desa datang berbondong-bondong ke tepi sungai untuk menyaksikan keanehan yang baru saja terjadi. Dua ekor ikan yang kepalanya mirip dengan kepala manusia sedang bergerak kesana kemari ditengah sungai sambil sekali-sekali muncul di permukaan dan menyemburkan air dari kepalanya. Masyarakat yang berada di tempat itu memperkirakan bahwa air semburan kedua makhluk tersebut panas sehingga dapat menyebabkan ikan-ikan kecil mati jika terkena semburannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;  style=&quot;font-size:10pt;&quot;&gt;Oleh masyarakat Kutai, ikan yang menyembur-nyemburkan air itu dinamakan ikan &lt;em&gt;Pasut&lt;/em&gt; atau &lt;em&gt;Pesut. &lt;/em&gt;Sementara masyarakat di pedalaman Mahakam menamakannya ikan &lt;em&gt;Bawoi&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;III. Analisis Kritis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tidak seperti mamalia air lain yakni lumba-lumba dan ikan paus yang hidup di laut, pesut &lt;/span&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:7.5pt;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;(Orcaella brevirostris)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; hidup di sungai-sungai daerah tropis. Populasi satwa langka yang dilindungi Undang-Undang ini hanya terdapat pada tiga lokasi di dunia yakni Sungai Mahakam, Sungai Mekong, dan Sungai Irawadi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pesut mempunyai kepala berbentuk bulat (seperti umbi) dengan kedua matanya yang kecil (mungkin merupakan adaptasi terhadap air yang berlumpur). Tubuh Pesut berwarna abu-abu sampai wulung tua, lebih pucat dibagian bawah - tidak ada pola khas. Sirip punggung kecil dan membundar di belakang pertengahan punggung. Dahi tinggi dan membundar; tidak ada paruh. Sirip dada lebar membundar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Cerita mitos pesut di daerah sungai mahakam tercipta beratus-ratus tahun yang lalu dengan media penyebaran dari mulut ke mulut. Mitos pesut sungai Mahakam tercipta mungkin disebabkan beberapa hal, seperti:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;1.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bentuk tubuh pesut jika dilihat selintas akan nampak seperti manusia yang berenang di dalam air. Pesut Mahakam memiliki kepala bulat, ukuran cukup besar, dan berwarna abu-abu yang dilihat sepintas dan dari kejauhan akan kelihatan seperti manusia. &lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bentuk khas tubuh pesut&lt;/b&gt; yang berbeda dari hewan-hewan lain di sungai Mahakam membuat masyarakat Mahakam takjub dan mencari-cari cerita “mengapa bisa sampai ada hewan seperti itu”. Pada akhirnya masyarakat Mahakam zaman dahulu yang masih berpikiran sederhana, tidak kritis, dan masih terpengaruh takhayul menciptakan cerita yang sedikit irasional dan berkembang menjadi mitos pesut Mahakam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Populasi pesut yang terus menurun dikhawatirkan oleh masyarakat Mahakam yang peduli dengan keberadaan pesut tersebut. Untuk mencegah penangkapan dan perburuan pesut di sungai Mahakam, masyarakat Mahakam mengembangkan mitos ini agar orang-orang Mahakam sendiri maupun dari luar terus menjaga dan menghormati keberadaan pesut di sungai Mahakam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 39pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;3.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;      &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Masyarakat sungai Mahakam yang peduli pada kesejahteraan anak-anak menciptakan sebuah cerita yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan dan kesejahteraan anak. Cerita ini dikaitkan dengan pesut yang secara fisik mirip dengan anak yang berenang di air. Cerita ini kemudian berkembang menjadi mitos, sehingga orang-orang di sungai Mahakam diharapkan menjadi lebih perhatian kepada anak-anak mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mitos &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pesut Sungai Mahakam&lt;/i&gt; tercipta ratusan tahun yang lalu ketika masyarakat pada saat itu masih berpikiran sederhana dan masih percaya pada hal-hal gaib. Pandangan irasional mereka tercermin dalam cerita mitos &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pesut Sungai Mahakam&lt;/i&gt; yang menyebar dari mulut ke mulut. Beberapa contoh bagian yang tidak rasional dari cerita ini di antaranya adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Banyak buah-buahan yang lezat yang      ditunjukkan oleh seorang kakek kepada dua anak yang sedang mencari kayu      bakar. Buah-buahan tersebut hadir secara tiba-tiba dan menghilang secara      tibab-tiba pula. Sang kakek pun mengingatkan bahwa di lain kesempatan dua      anak itu tidak akan dapat menemukan tempat itu lagi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ketika dua anak tersebut menemukan      rumah orangtuanya, mereka langsung makan nasi yang telah menjadi bubur      meskipun sangat panas. Bahkan sang adik makan bubur beserta periuknya      sekaligus. Setelah makan bubur panas, kedua anak itu suhu tubuhnya      langsung panas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Karena kepanasan kedua anak bersaudara      berlari-lari kesana kemari. Di beberapa kesempatan mereka memeluk beberapa      pohon pisang yang langsung layu dan hangus begitu mereka peluk.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ibu tiri yang menghilang tiba-tiba      secara gaib ketika mengetahui kedua anak tirinya berubah menjadi pesut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dua anak yang berubah menjadi      pesut karena makan bubur panas buatan ibu tirinya yang ternyata bukanlah      seorang manusia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;IV. Pesan yang ditampilkan oleh mitos &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pesut Sungai Mahakam&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Mitos &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pesut Sungai Mahakam&lt;/i&gt; secara jelas menyiratkan beberapa pesan moral. Pesan moral yang terkandung di dalamnya diharapkan diikuti oleh orang-orang Mahakam. Beberapa pesan moral yang terkandung dalam mitos &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pesut Sungai Mahakam&lt;/i&gt; adalah:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Jangan pernah menelantarkan anak      sendiri. Kalau menelantarkan anak sendiri seperti yang terjadi pada mitos &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pesut Sungai Mahakam&lt;/i&gt;, maka anaknya      akan berubah menjadi pesut. Meskipun tergila-gila pada orang lain, semua      orangtua harus menjaga dan mengurus anak-anak mereka sendiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Harus mengenal asal-usul dan latar      belakang pasangan hidup kita. Jangan sampai seperti sang Ayah dalam cerita      mitos Pesut Sungai Mahakam yang langsung menikahi seorang wanita padahal      baru melihat. Wanita tersebut ternyata jahat dan bukanlah seorang manusia.      Sang ayah pun terpengaruh wanita gaib itu untuk menelantarkan anaknya.      Oleh karena itu, pintar-pintarlah mencari jodoh agar dapat diterima oleh      orang-orang yang kita sayangi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;V. Komentar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Mitos &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pesut Sungai Mahakam&lt;/i&gt; berkembang turun menurun sejak ratusan tahun yang lalu. Mitos ini sangat unik karena hanya ada di daerah sungai Mahakam di mana terdapat populasi pesut yang langka. Bentuk tubuhnya yang sangat khas, berbeda dari ikan, dan menyerupai manusia membuat orang-orang di sekitar sungai Mahakam bertanya-tanya “bagaimana bisa ada ikan yang seperti itu di sini?”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Masyarakat sungai Mahakam kemudian mengembangkan sebuah cerita yang menghubungkan pesut dengan pesan moral kepada para orangtua untuk menjaga dan tidak menelantarkan anak-anak. Hal ini mungkin berkaitan dengan kebiasaan orang-orang sekitar sungai Mahakam zaman dulu yang sering lupa memberi makan anak-anaknya karena sibuk bekerja di sepanjang sungai Mahakam. Cerita ini kemudian berkembang menjadi mitos.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Terdapat hal-hal gaib dalam mitos &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Pesut Sungai Mahakam&lt;/i&gt; ini. Adanya hal-hal gaib dalam cerita mungkin disebabkan agar orang yang mendengar cerita ini menjadi percaya dan takut untuk melanggar pesan moral yang terdapat dalam cerita. Hal-hal gaib yang ada dalam mitos diharapkan membuat orang takut untuk melanggarnya karena hal-hal gaib tersebut berada di luar kemampuan dan kekuasaan mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Secara keseluruhan, mitos ini baik dan sangat berguna untuk menyebarkan pesan moral yang terkandung dalam cerita. Cerita asal-muasal pesut di sungai Mahakam ini penting untuk menjaga moral dan tradisi yang berkembang di sekitar sungai Mahakam. Mitos ini sangat khas karena hanya ada di sungai Mahakam dan tidak ada di tempat lain. Sehingga pesan moral yang hendak disampaikan terasa begitu membumi dan &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;familia&lt;/i&gt;r bagi masyarakat sungai Mahakam.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/5325878711926427167/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/mitos-pesut-mahakam.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/5325878711926427167'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/5325878711926427167'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/mitos-pesut-mahakam.html' title='Mitos Pesut Mahakam'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaz1kTS__cqXkBpflwKIDh21YQUasQvIYqe_Qb3XrTLAeqSCiM5M0lo50czw5Qe1N470983XJbC6CZbBjCcjwZA5KqtSz7JJAc-oMlYP_CAQcuhF4XyVthW5KPaA7cGDjwGqaiNTgj_lq1/s72-c/pesut.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-9021939768544480922</id><published>2011-04-25T22:10:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-26T23:08:39.560-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Negara China"/><title type='text'>Hubungan Republik Rakyat Cina - Amerika Serikat</title><content type='html'>&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:worddocument&gt;&lt;w:trackmoves&gt;&lt;w:trackformatting&gt;&lt;w:punctuationkerning&gt;&lt;w:validateagainstschemas&gt;&lt;w:donotpromoteqf&gt;&lt;w:compatibility&gt;&lt;w:breakwrappedtables&gt;&lt;w:snaptogridincell&gt;&lt;w:wraptextwithpunct&gt;&lt;w:useasianbreakrules&gt;&lt;w:dontgrowautofit&gt;&lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark&gt;&lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp&gt;&lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables&gt;&lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx&gt;&lt;w:word11kerningpairs&gt;&lt;w:browserlevel&gt;&lt;/w:browserlevel&gt; 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priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; name=&quot;Body Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; 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&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;  &lt;h1 style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;Hubungan Cina – Amerika&lt;/h1&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Masa se&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0ebDU3QJ5rAeQx29BPYsU7JUcSGqwvmauA3oTBWsIA9_xwIyLowjysb_I0fBCTyrn-BauZBQAsbXVTRisqLQ5AHNK4tXJT6kX73NnOzV64PbXY2VgkAB5bT_spJQgsY-pXvkh8Tlt2Nv9/s1600/china-us200.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 199px; height: 200px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0ebDU3QJ5rAeQx29BPYsU7JUcSGqwvmauA3oTBWsIA9_xwIyLowjysb_I0fBCTyrn-BauZBQAsbXVTRisqLQ5AHNK4tXJT6kX73NnOzV64PbXY2VgkAB5bT_spJQgsY-pXvkh8Tlt2Nv9/s320/china-us200.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5599756943594472578&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;habis perang&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Hubungan antara Cina – Amerika selalu bertentangan sejak terbentuknya RRC. Awalnya, Amerika melihat Cina sebagai bagian dari satu-satunya blok komunis yang dipimpin oleh Uni Soviet. Karena itu, kebijakan-kebijakan pengurungan dijalankan terhadap Cina sama seperti terhadap bagian-bagian lain dari blok itu. Sikap permusuhan Amerika terhadap Cina diperkuat dengan adanya Perang Korea, ketika “sukarelawan” Cina turut campur dan mendukung Korea Utara. Pada saat yang sama, hubungan Amerika dengan Taiwan menguat dengan ditandatanganinya perjanjian perdamaian tahun 1954.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pandangan Amerika terhadap Cina sebagai ancaman besar bagi keamanan wilayah Asia Pasifik dibalas dengan pandangan Cina terhadap Amerika sebagai ancaman besar bagi keamanan Cina. Perkembangan konflik Cina – Uni Soviet semakin mempersulit situasi ini. Tetapi di tahun 1950-an, Cina lebih focus terhadap ancaman dari Amerika. Hal ini disebabkan adanya perkembangan hubungan keamanan antara Amerika dengan Taiwan (termasuk dukungan Amerika untuk klaim pemerintah Taiwan untuk mengesahkan pemerintahan bagi seluruh Cina), kemelut Selat Taiwan tahun 1955 dan 1958 serta dibentuknya SEATO tahun 1954. cina melihat SEATO – yang dilengkapi dengan perjanjian pertahanan Amerika dengan Australia dan New Zealand (ANZUS), Jepang dan Taiwan – sebagai bentuk nyata pengepungan Cina oleh Amerika.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tahun 1960-an, Amerika semakin waspada terhadap menghebatnya konflik Cina – Uni Soviet. Permusuhan Amerika terhadap Cina tetap menguat dan ini adalah salah satu factor yang membuat Amerika turut campur di Vietnam, di mana kesuksesan komunis dilihat sebagai cara perluasan kekuasaan oleh Cina. Serangan dalam Perang Vietnam dimaksudkan untuk menunjukkan adanya konflik militer yang besar di perbatasan Cina. Peningkatan perang tersebut berbarengan dengan menguatnya konflik Cina – Uni Soviet. Hal ini membuat Cina merasa terancam dengan kedua kekuatan tersebut.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Akhir 1960-an, situasi mulai berubah. Nixon melihat bahwa membaiknya hubungan dengan Cina adalah sebagai bagian dari strategi Amerika untuk menstabilkan politik internasional dan khususnya sebagai alat untuk memudahkan penyelesaian kasus Vietnam. Cina dipengaruhi oleh keinginan untuk menghindari adanya konflik yang berbarengan, dengan Amerika dan dengan Uni Soviet. Meskipun dalam intern Cina sendiri masih terdapat keinginan untuk menentang imperialisme, yang tampak lenih dominan adalah yang ingin mengakhiri permusuhan dengan salah satu lawan Cina.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pendekatan  kembali Cina – Amerika diresmikan dengan penandatanganan Shanghai Communique pada Februari 1972. Ini bertepatan dengan periode penangguhan hubungan antara Cina – Uni Soviet.cina dan Uni Soviet masih tetap dalam konflik, tetapi masing-masing berusaha  memperbaiki hubungan dengan Amerika. Tahun 1978, Carter setuju untuk menormalisasi penuh hubungan diplomasi dengan Cina. Dalam proses normalisasi ini, terdapat perjanjian adanya pembedaan pejabat diplomasi dengan yang ada di Taiwan. Resolusi dari hal tersebut dinyatakan dalam Cina – Amerika Joint Communique tanggal 17 Agustus 1982. Amerika menyatakan akan perlahan-lahan mengurangi penjualan senjatanya ke Taiwan. Indikasi adanya perbaikan dalam hubungan Cina – Amerika adalah adanya penjualan senjata besar-besaran ke Cina oleh Amerika tahun 1980-an.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Meskipun keadaan berkembang seperti ini, pada tahap ini tidak ada pembicaraan mengenai strategi kooperasi antara Cina – Amerika. Pada Maret 1983, George Shultz menyatakan bahwa Jepang adalah sekutu Amerika yang paling penting di Asia dan Cina, meskipun penting, hanyalah sebuah kekuatan regional. Sikap ini diperkuat oleh adanya perbaikan hubungan Amerika – Uni Soviet pada masa Gorbachev. Hubungan keamanan kooperatif dengan Cina penting bagi Amerika, tapi tidak dalam strategi global. Yang membuatnya penting adalah karena Cina memiliki peranan regional dan pengaruhnya dapat mendesak wilayah-wilayah di Timur Tengah.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;Konflik Tian’anmen&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Setiap aspek dalam hubungan Cina – Amerika dipertaruhkan dalam peristiwa pembantaian Tian’anmen (4 Juni 1989).&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3&gt;Respon Amerika&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bush mengatakan, “Saya tidak ingin terjadi pemutusan total dalam hubungan ini dan saya tidak akan mendukung terjadinya pemutusan total dalam hubungan ini.” Kemudian diumumkan adanya pertukaran tingkat tinggi yang akan ditangguhkan dan Amerika beserta sekutunya akan mempersulit pinjaman untuk Cina melalui institusi keuangan internasional. Bush menyarankan Amerika untuk menggunakan pengaruhnya untuk memperbaiki keadaan HAM di Cina dengan tetap mempertahankan hubungan yang sudah ada. Hubungan Cina – Amerika juga penting untuk menyelesaikan konflik-konflik regional, seperti Afganistan dan Kamboja dan juga menjadi alat bagi Amerika untuk menekan Korea Utara.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Bush menjadi wakil Amerika bagi Cina pada tahun 1974-1975 dalam pertemuan-pertemuan. Pertemuan ini mempengaruhi formulasi kebijakan bagi Cina selama masa pemerintahannya. Bush menganggap penting hubungan Cina – Amerika, maka ia mengirim Brent Scowcroft dan Lawrens Eagleburger untuk misi rahasia ke Beijing pada 1-2 juli 1989 dan Desember 1989. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengamankan modifikasi-modifikasi kebijakan politik domestik Cina dan untuk mempertahankan hubungan Cina – Amerika. Sikap lemah Bush terhadap pembantaian Beijing mengundang banyak kritik dalam Kongres. Bush diangap telah kowtow kepada pemerintahan Beijing, bahwa Bush lebih memikirkan sensibilitas kepemimpinan Cina daripada aspirasi rakyat Cina yang berharap adanya demokrasi di tanah air mereka.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Respon Cina&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Posisi Deng Xiaoping tidak jelas, sesaat ia Amerika atas kejadian-kejadian buruk yang menimpa Cina, tetapi kemudian ia berusaha memperbaiki hubungan antara Cina dengan Amerika. Dalam akibat dari pembantaian Beijing, salah satu pejabat Cina menyatakan bahwa apa yang terjadi di Cina merupakan maslaha intern Cina dan pemerintah Cina mampu untuk mengatasi pemberontakan yang ada di Beijing. Pembebanan sanksi oleh Amerika ditolak mentah-mentah, Cina protes terhadap amandemen sanksi yang dilakukan oleh Kongres pada pertengahan November 1989. Deng juga mengatakan bahwa walaupun terdapat pertentangan dan perbedaan tertentu, pada akhirnya hubungan Cina – Amerika tetap harus ditingkatkan karena hal ini penting bagi perdamaian dunia.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;1990-1992&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Karena adanya kemunduran drastic dalam hubungan Cina – Amerika akibat pembantaian di Beijing, Amerika harus menyeimbangkan kepentingan ekonomi dan strateginya terhadap Cina dan kekerasan Cina terhadap HAM. Di lain pihak, cina menolak adanya campur tangan dalam hal yang dianggap sebagai masalah intern dan pada waktu yang bersamaan, ingin menunjukkan bahwa hal ini tidak dapat diabaikan dalam dunia internasional. Amerika ingin mempengaruhi kebijakan politik domestik, menganjurkan adanya hubungan ekonomi dan ingin meningkatkan keamanan, baik keamanan global maupun regional. Menurut Eagleburger, peranan regional Cina terbukti dengan sendirinya, contohnya dalam kasus Korea dan Kamboja. Dalam konflik Teluk tahun 1990-1991, Cina lebih memilih untuk tidak menghalang-halangi kedua keuatan ini (melalui keanggotaannya dalam Dewan Keamanan PBB). Tindakan ini ada hubungannya dengan keinginan Cina mengurangi isolasi diplomasi setelah peristiwa Tian’anmen.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Masalah bagi pemerintahan Bush adalah bagaimana mencapai tujuannnya di Cina dalam situasi terdapat pertentangan dalam Kongres. Pada dasarnya, pemerintahannya meneruskan mencapai tujuannnya sambil mencoba berkompromi dengan Kongres. Satu masalah yang timbul antara presiden dan Kongres, yaitu status MFN Cina. Tahun 1990, protes Cina terhadap kebijakan campur tangan Amerika terus diluncurkan. Ketika Kongres mengeluarkan undang-undang yang mengatur sanksi oleh Amerika pada Januari 1990, protes menentang “tindakan hegemonis Amerika yang mendasarkan undang-undangnya berdasarkan rumor, telah dengan sengaja menginjak-injak norma dasar pelaksanaan hubungan internasional dan dengan tanpa alasan mencampuri urusan intern Cina”.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cina menunjukkan kegunaan dirinya dalam konflik Teluk dan mencoba meningkatkan hubungannnya dengan Uni Soiviet dan Jepang dan negara-negara lain di Asia Pasifik, seperti Vietnam. Hubungan-hubungan ini secara khusus berhubungan dengan penyelesaian konflik Kamboja. Tahun 1991, Cina menentang keinginan Amerika untuk menghubung-hubungkan  pembaharuan status MFN dengan kemajuan masalah HAM. Pada saat yang sama, ketegangan dalam hubungan Cina – Amerika diperburuk dengan adanya defisit dalam perdagangan yang sedang bertumbuh di Cina dan pernyataan Amerika tentang adanya praktek perdagangan yang tidak jujur. Sementara masalah MFN dan HAM terus mempertegang hubungan Cina – Amerika di tahun 1992, muncul masalah baru yang berdampak pada keamanan Cina, yaitu keputusan Bush untuk mengizinkan penjualan F-16 ke Taiwan. Keputusan ini melanggar Communique Cina – Amerika, mencampuri masalah intern Cina, mempertaruhkan  hubungan Cina – Amerika dan mengganggu serta merusak sebab-sebab terjadinya penyatuan kembali Cina secara damai.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h2&gt;Masalah-masalah hubungan Cina – Amerika sejak tahun 1993&lt;/h2&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Pendekatan awal&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;Tindakan dari keinginan pemerintahan Clinton untuk mempertahankan hubungan antara Cina – Amerika merupakan inti dari pertemuan antara pejabat tinggi kedua negara. Dalam pertemuan ini, mereka memiliki pandangan yang sama, yaitu mementingkan hubungan Cina – Amerika. Cina menunjukkan keinginan untuk bekerja dengan presiden yang baru atas dasar prinsip-prinsip yang diabadikan dalam 3 Joint Communique Cina – Amerika. Karena Cina lebh mencemaskan kesulitan hubungan dengan Clinton, maka  Cina mengambil langkah mempercepat penjualan senjata (termasuk teknologi misil) ke negara-negara seperti Iran, Syria dan Pakistan.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Perdagangan dan HAM&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Tahun 1994, pemerintahan Cina memutuskan bahwa menghubung-hubungkan MFN dengan HAM adalah cara yang tidak efektif untuk mencapai perubahan dan mempertaruhkan kemampuan Amerika untuk bekerja dengan Cina pada titik-titik kesamaan lain. Tanggal 24 Mei, Clinton mengumumkan  bahwa status MFN Cina akan ditangguhkan, perdagangan tidak akan digunakan untuk menekan Cina dalam hal HAM. Clinton mengatakan bahwa keputusannya ini memberikan kesempatan terbaik untuk memberikan dasar bagi kemampuan jangka panjang dalam HAM dan bagi kemajuan minat-minat Amerika yang lain terhadap Cina. Masalah HAM tetap berpengaruh dalam hubungan Cina – Amerika, tetapi untuk selanjutnya pemerintahan Clinton bermaksud untuk berurusan dengan masalah ini dalam konteks hubungan secara keseluruhan, bukan memfokuskannya secara khusus.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Senjata dan pengembangan misil&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Amerika melihat bahwa Cina mengurangi keinginannya untuk menahan penyebaran nuklir, senjata kimia dan teknologi misil. Tahun 1993, ketika Cina menjual misil M-11 ke Pakistan, Amerika memohon larangan ekspor barang-barang elektronik ke Cina. Pembukaan kembali pengujian nuklir oleh Cina pada Oktober 1993 turut merusak hubungan Cina – Amerika. Ketegangan berkembang di area perkembangbiakan senjata kimia ketika Amerika mengklaim bahwa kapal Cina Yinhe mengangkut bahan-bahan senjata kimia untuk digunakan oleh Iran. Hal ini menyebabkan Amerika menolak mengurangi penjualan senjata ke Taiwan yang pernah disebutkan dalam Joint Communique Shanghai tahun 1982. Cina merespon dengan mengatakan bahwa respon Amerika terhadap insiden itu tidak berdasar. Sanksi pelarangan menjual barang-barang elektronik ke Cina dianggap benar-benar tidak dapat dibenarkan. Insiden Yinhe digambarkan sebagai politik hegemoni dan kekuatan, murni dan sederhana.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Taiwan adalah sumber utama dalam konflik Cina – Amerika. Hal ini tidak hanya disebabkan penjualan senjata ke Taiwan oleh Amerika secara terus-menerus, tapi juga disebabkan perlawanan Cina terhadap keinginan Taiwan untuk meningkatkan status internasionalnya. Menlu Cina menuduh Amerika “menciptakan dua Cina atau satu Cina satu Taiwan”. Setelah itu Cina meningkatkan gencatan terhadap Taiwan dengan mengadakan pengujian misil dekat utara Taiwan pada Juli-Agustus 1995. ketika Taiwan mengadakan pemilihan presiden secara demokratis, Cina khawatir akan kemenangan Partai Progresif Demokrsi yang prokemerdekaan. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cina menunjukkan perlawanannya dengan mengarahkan pengujian misilnya dekat Pulau Formosa. Amerika merespon dengan menempatkan angkatan lautny di tempat yang dapat melindungi Taiwan di Selat Taiwan. Meskipun Li Denghui menang, status kemrdekaan Taiwan dapat membawa kepada ketegangan dalam hubungan Cina – Amerika.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;h3 style=&quot;text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;Hubungan keamanan&lt;/h3&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Sejak 1993, muncul pertanyaan apakah hubungan keamanan yang lebih luas antara Cina – Amerika dapat dilihat sebagai kerjasama atau malah konflik. Dalam pandangan Amerika, pertanyaan ini kadang-kadang menjadi apakah Cina harus dilihat sebagai ancaman keamanan. Walaupun Amerika seringkali memangdang negatif Cina mengenai perkembangbiakan nuklir dan penghirimian teknologi nulkir ke negara-negara seperti Irang dan Pakistan, Cina telah berada di posisi di mana ia dapat bekerja sama ataupun tidak dengan Amerika dalam masalah seperti Korea Utara. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Kebijakan dan tindakan Cina dalam hubungan Laut Cina Selatan juga dapat merusak tujuan Amerika untuk mencapai stabilitas dalam wilayah itu. Juga terdapat pertanyaan yang lebih luas, yaitu bagaimana Cina memposisikan dirinya sendiri dalam pola wilayah yang multikutub. Posisi ini berdampak langsung terhadap hubungan Cina – Amerika. Jika Cina menjalin hubungan dengan Amerika dan Jepang, ini akan membawa kerrjasama besar antara Cina dan Amerika. Jika Cina menjalin hubungan dengan negara-negara yang bermasalah dengan Amerika, seperti Rusia, maka Cina dan Rusia akan bersama-sama bersikap anti Amerika. Situasi ini akan menjadi masalah serius bagi Amerika. Tahun 1996, Clinton memutuskan bahwa Amerika harus mencari strategi untuk bersatu daripada bertentangan dengan Cina.       &lt;/p&gt;      &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:latentstyles&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;&lt;/m:brkbinsub&gt;&lt;/m:brkbin&gt;&lt;/m:mathfont&gt;&lt;/m:mathpr&gt;&lt;/w:word11kerningpairs&gt;&lt;/w:dontvertalignintxbx&gt;&lt;/w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables&gt;&lt;/w:dontvertaligncellwithsp&gt;&lt;/w:splitpgbreakandparamark&gt;&lt;/w:dontgrowautofit&gt;&lt;/w:useasianbreakrules&gt;&lt;/w:wraptextwithpunct&gt;&lt;/w:snaptogridincell&gt;&lt;/w:breakwrappedtables&gt;&lt;/w:compatibility&gt;&lt;/w:donotpromoteqf&gt;&lt;/w:validateagainstschemas&gt;&lt;/w:punctuationkerning&gt;&lt;/w:trackformatting&gt;&lt;/w:trackmoves&gt;&lt;/w:worddocument&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/9021939768544480922/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/hubungan-republik-rakyat-cina-amerika.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/9021939768544480922'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/9021939768544480922'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/hubungan-republik-rakyat-cina-amerika.html' title='Hubungan Republik Rakyat Cina - Amerika Serikat'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0ebDU3QJ5rAeQx29BPYsU7JUcSGqwvmauA3oTBWsIA9_xwIyLowjysb_I0fBCTyrn-BauZBQAsbXVTRisqLQ5AHNK4tXJT6kX73NnOzV64PbXY2VgkAB5bT_spJQgsY-pXvkh8Tlt2Nv9/s72-c/china-us200.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-1837014164255514909</id><published>2011-04-24T19:40:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-24T20:19:25.998-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pengetahuan Umum"/><title type='text'>Iklan Nutrilon</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;I want to live my life to the absolute fullest&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;To open my eyes to be all I can be&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;To travel roads not taken, to meet faces unknown&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;To feel the wind, to touch the stars&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;I promise to discover myself&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;To stand tall with greatness&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;To chase down and catch every dream&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;em&gt;LIFE IS AN ADVENTURE&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/1837014164255514909/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/iklan-nutrilon.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/1837014164255514909'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/1837014164255514909'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/iklan-nutrilon.html' title='Iklan Nutrilon'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-7283736486804363446</id><published>2011-04-18T20:03:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-27T22:58:55.642-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><title type='text'>Fengshui dan Pengetahuan Modern</title><content type='html'>Fengshui dan Pengetahuan Modern&lt;xml&gt;&lt;w:worddocument&gt;&lt;w:trackmoves&gt;&lt;w:trackformatting&gt;&lt;w:punctuationkerning&gt;&lt;w:validateagainstschemas&gt;&lt;w:donotpromoteqf&gt;&lt;w:compatibility&gt;&lt;w:breakwrappedtables&gt;&lt;w:snaptogridincell&gt;&lt;w:wraptextwithpunct&gt;&lt;w:useasianbreakrules&gt;&lt;w:dontgrowautofit&gt;&lt;w:splitpgbreakandparamark&gt;&lt;w:dontvertaligncellwithsp&gt;&lt;w:dontbreakconstrainedforcedtables&gt;&lt;w:dontvertalignintxbx&gt;&lt;w:word11kerningpairs&gt;&lt;w:browserlevel&gt;&lt;/w:browserlevel&gt;&lt;m:mathpr&gt;&lt;m:mathfont val=&quot;Cambria Math&quot;&gt;&lt;m:brkbin val=&quot;before&quot;&gt;&lt;m:brkbinsub val=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;m:smallfrac val=&quot;off&quot;&gt;&lt;m:dispdef&gt;&lt;m:lmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;m:rmargin val=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;m:defjc val=&quot;centerGroup&quot;&gt;&lt;m:wrapindent val=&quot;1440&quot;&gt;&lt;m:intlim val=&quot;subSup&quot;&gt;&lt;m:narylim val=&quot;undOvr&quot;&gt;&lt;/m:narylim&gt;&lt;/m:intlim&gt;&lt;/m:wrapindent&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!----&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:latentstyles deflockedstate=&quot;false&quot; defunhidewhenused=&quot;true&quot; defsemihidden=&quot;true&quot; defqformat=&quot;false&quot; defpriority=&quot;99&quot; latentstylecount=&quot;267&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;0&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Normal&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Fengshui sering&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipztO2UXnUO-dIMi9XvIyCSFIM9X3RCmW48phLVihLWe4kN0d1GoaHDs23gHHqVDXrQviPB63ct1H1aJHI0A-0FpV-QYz52Dff8evi6VdyC5WdmXLojbwTJx7g-LdnalhgYBXHQCw4HzfR/s1600/bagua.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 228px; height: 224px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipztO2UXnUO-dIMi9XvIyCSFIM9X3RCmW48phLVihLWe4kN0d1GoaHDs23gHHqVDXrQviPB63ct1H1aJHI0A-0FpV-QYz52Dff8evi6VdyC5WdmXLojbwTJx7g-LdnalhgYBXHQCw4HzfR/s320/bagua.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5600508606531352226&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; diterjemahkan menjadi ‘Geomansi’. Istilah ini sebenarnya kurang tepat, karena pengertian Geomansi adalah ilmu meramal yang didasarkan pada pengamatan garis-garis atau gambar-gambar. Pada kenyataannya, fengshui tidaklah cukup dengan hanya mengamati gambar atau garis (cetak biru) sebuah design bangunan saja, lebih dari itu, seorang analis fengshui harus turun ke lapangan tempat sebuah bangunan akan atau telah didirikan, untuk mengamati secara langsung arah dan keadaan lingkungan di sekitarnya, serta bagaimana pengaruh lingkungan tersebut terhadap bangunan itu secara langsung. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Keadaan jalan, kolam, danau, pergunungan, jembatan, menara pemancar, menara tegangan tinggi, bentuk bangunan lain di sekelilingnya, kadar curah hujan setempat, kelembaban udara, struktur tanah, kecepatan angin, serta tingkah laku kehidupan sosial yang berada di sekitarnya, semuanya itu akan memberikan pengaruh baik atau buruk secara langsung terhadap sebuah bangunan, dan secara tidak langsung terhadap orang-orang yang tinggal di dalam bangunan tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt;&quot;&gt;Jadi ilmu fengshui tidak sekedar mengamati garis dan gambar, tetapi ia mencakup beberapa disiplin ilmu pengetahuan modern; seperti Geologi, Geografi, Geomorfis, Geomagnectis, Geonosi, Geoekonomi, Humangeografi dan geoteknologi - geoteknologi lainnya, bahkan keadaan Sosiogeografis, Sosialekonomi dan prilakusosial disekitarnya juga ikut mempengaruhi baik buruknya fengshui suatu tempat. Jadi seorang analis fengshui dituntut harus memiliki wawasan dan pengetahuan yang luas, tanpa itu, mustahil seseorang dapat menjadi seorang ahli fengshui yang baik. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Misalnya sebuah bangunan yang sangat megah dan tinggi berdiri di tengah-tengah permukiman kumuh, Dalam hukum dasar fengshui, bangunan seperti itu disebut bangunan penyendiri, dimana penghuninya akan dikucilkan orang dari pergaulannya. Dalam kehidupan nyata, rumah mewah yang berdiri sendiri di antara pemukimam kumuh, memang akan mengundang kecemburuan sosial dari masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitarnya.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Sebuah toko di sudut kota yang ramai dikunjungi orang, bisa saja menjadi sepi dari pengunjung karena perubahan arah lalulintas kendaraan. Kadang kita menjadi kesal dan malas, karena toko yang hendak kita kunjungi itu sebenarnya cukup dekat, tetapi kita justru harus berputar sangat jauh mengikuti arah lalu lintas untuk dapat sampai di depan toko tersebut, sehingga lamanya perjalanan yang tadinya dapat dicapai dalam waktu hanya 10 menit, kini menjadi butuh waktu hampir satu jam, karena jalan di sekitarnya macet total. Jadi dalam hal ini, bagaimana pun bagusnya fengshui toko tersebut, keramaiannya tentu akan berkurang dari yang sebelumnya. Contoh ini menunjukkan, betapa pentingnya faktor lingkungan bagi sebuah sistim fengshui, dengan kata lain, fengshui tidak dapat diamati hanya melalui gambarnya saja.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Hasil penelitian para ahli geologi dunia barat di tahun enam puluhan menyimpulkan dan menyetujui teori keseimbangan antara manusia dan alam, ini sejalan dengan paham persamaan manusia dan langit dari filosofi Tiongkok kuno, yang manjadi cikal bakal fengshui. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pada penelitian selanjutnya, ternyata ditemukan adanya hubungan antara potensi manusia dan gaya gravitasi bumi; grafik pertumbuhan ekonomi serta grafik pertumbuhan penduduk juga mempunyai hubungan dengan grafik pertumbuhan dan penyebaran makluk hidup; demikian juga penyebaran penduduk bumi dapat pula dijelaskan dengan teori gravitasi universal. Transmisi data dalam disiplin ilmu ekonomi memiliki persamaan dengan hukum termal ke 2 dalam disiplin ilmu fisika. Teori mengenai manusia dan perkembangan ekonominya berhubungan langsung dengan kondisi alami geografisnya. Dengan adanya keterkaitan dan saling berhubungan satu hal dengan hal lainnya seperti di atas, setidak tidaknya telah memberitahukan kepada kita, bahwa suatu posisi dengan arah dan keadaan lingkungan tertentu, akan memberi pengaruh secara langsung kepada orang yang berada di dalamnya, baik dari segi pendapatan (yang biasanya kita sebut sebagai keberuntungan), mau pun dari segi kesehatan jiwa dan raganya. Logika seperti ini sangat masuk akal dan wajar, ia telah dirumuskan oleh para cendikia Tiongkok kuno ribuan tahun yang silam dengan istilah fengshui.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Karena fengshui juga mengatur penataan ruang bangunan, karena itu sejalan dengan dengan ilmu pengetahuan modern seperti teknik sipil bangunan, arsitektur, estetika, interior, exterior, pencahayaan, kelembaban udara dan sirkulasi udara sebuah bangunan, serta disiplin ilmu lainnya yang berhubungan.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pada umumnya, sebuah bangunan yang telah didesign secara baik dari segi arsitektur, biasanya ia telah memenuhi segala persyaratan yang dibutuhkan oleh sebuah rumah yang sehat, karena itu, kita juga dapat mengatakan bahwa bangunan tersebut telah memenuhi standart dasar fengshui yang baik pula, yang mungkin masih kurang dari sistim bangunan seperti itu adalah, apakah penempatan ruangan dan kaitan fungsi ruang dengan penempatannya sudah tepat pula menurut fengshui ? karena bisa saja pintu utama, kamar tidur utama ataupun posisi dapur dari bangunan tersebut berada di tempat yang memiliki energi ‘Qi’ tidak baik, sehingga membawa pengaruh yang kurang baik pula bagi penghuninya.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;‘Qi’ berbeda dengan udara, ia tidak berbentuk, tidak berbau dan tidak menimbulkan efek angin, sehingga ilmu aerodinamika maupun aerostatistika tidak dapat menjangkaunya. Ia hanya dapat dihitung dengan mengunakan rumusan perhitungan fengshui, ilmu pengetahuan modern untuk sementara belum dapat menyentuhnya, karena itu, tugas seorang ahli fengshui harus bekerja sama dengan seorang arsitek dengan menunjukkan hasil hitungan fengshuinya, di posisi mana seharusnya pintu utama, kamar utama, dapur atau pun mulut tangga harus ditempatkan, kemudian arsitek tersebut dapat mendesign, menata dan merancang gambar bangunan tersebut, dan selanjutnya diwujudkan menjadi sebuah gedung yang memenuhi persyaratan fengshui, sekaligus juga memenuhi segala persyaratan ilmu pengetahuan modern, bangunan seperti itulah yang pantas kita sebut sebagai bangunan yang baik.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Seorang ahli fengshui yang baik tidak pernah mengatur sampai ke detail-detail ukuran sebuah pintu, hitungan undakkan anak tangga, apalagi ukuran ruang dan perabotan yang ada di dalamnya, karena persoalan hitung-menghitung, seorang arsitek telah lulus uji saat mamasuki falkutasnya, mulai dari matematika yang dipelajarinya semenjak sekolah dasar, hingga ke perhitungan aljabar dan geomentri yang rumit, bahkan ketahanan sebuah bangunan terhadap goncangan, ketahanan terhadap beban, bahkan kelayakan pakai sebuah bangunan telah sanggup dihitung dengan pasti, sehingga tidak lagi pernah kita menemui istilah ‘diramalkan’ yang serba tidak pasti dalam perhitungan bangunan, yang kita temui adalah istilah ‘diperhitungkan’, karena itu tukang fengshui yang kadang masih awam dengan perhitungan difrensial dan integral itu, ada baiknya tidak mengurusi ukur mengukur, serahkan saja kepada yang lebih terlatih dalam hal tersebut !&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Besarnya sebuah pintu, jumlah undakkan anak tangga yang paling penting adalah harus sesuai dengan keadaan, bila sebuah rumah yang lebarnya hanya tiga setengah meter, jika ukuran pintunya diharuskan sama dengan rumah yang lebarnya 10 meter, maka dapat lah dibayangkan apa yang akan terjadi, demikian juga rumah yang jarak lantai dasar dengan lantai atasnya rendah, jika jumlah undakkan anak tangga harus disamakan dengan rumah yang jarak lantai dasar dengan lantai atasnya sangat tinggi, itu malah akan membahayakan orang yang berjalan menaikinya, karena tangganya akan menjadi terlalu terjal atau malah terlalu landai, demikian juga jarak antar undakannya akan menjadi tidak normal, terlalu jauh atau malah terlalu dekat, akibatnya akan mengacaukan kebiasaan lebar langkah kaki seseorang sehingga terjadi salah langkah. Jika salah langkah terjadi di atas permukaan bidang datar, itu tidaklah menjadi masalah, tetapi jika terjadi di permukaan bidang miring akan buruk akibatnya.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Pada dasarnya, yang paling penting untuk dipertimbangkan dalam fengshui untuk pintu utama, tangga, kamar tidur utama, dapur, dan lain-lain adalah posisinya, di posisi manakah paling baik letak sebuah pintu utama pada rumah A, dan rumah B yang arahnya berlainan, demikian juga letak master bedroom, dapur dan lain-lain. Jadi yang dipentingkan adalah penposisian, apakah penempatan suatu fungsi ruang sudah sesuai dengan sifat unsur atau ‘Qi’ di tempat tersebut ? Itulah tugas utama seorang analis fengshui untuk mencarikannnya, untuk kemudian diberitahukan kepada seorang arsitek untuk merancang bangunan. Jadi seorang analis fengshui hanya seorang konsultan, bukan seorang eksekutor. Dengan penguasaan pengetahuan kunonya, ia harus dapat bekerja sama dengan seorang ahli dalam pengetahuan modern untuk dapat mengujudkan sebuah bangunan yang paling ideal. Dengan kata lain yang lebih tegas, tidak ada urusan ukur-mengukur dengannya.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;TableContents&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 14.15pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Dalam fengshui kita kenal ada meteran fengshui, tepatnya disebut sebagai meteran ‘luban’. Meteran itu diciptakan oleh seorang mastro bangunan bernama Lu ban pada masanya, dimana pada saat itu, ilmu ukur masih sangat ketinggalan, dengan adanya meteran yang telah ditandai dengan kode-kode yang telah dirumuskan secara sistematis sedemikian rupa, sehingga orang yang hendak mengetahui berapa tinggi, berapa lebar, berapa panjang dan lainnya untuk sebuah benda yang akan dibuatnya, tinggal mengikuti kode yang ada, maka ukurannya akan menjadi sesuai dengan fungsinya, meteran seperti itu memang sangat praktis dan terus-menerus dipergunakan orang hingga abad ke-19, bahkan hingga kini masih banyak orang yang mempergunakannya. Jadi menggunakan meteran tersebut tidak ada salahnya, akan tetapi harus dipadukan dengan ilmu pengetahuan modren. Adalah sangat tidak bijaksana, jika kita memaksakan kehendak untuk menerapkan ukuran-ukuran berkode baik dalam meteran tersebut secara kaku dalam membuat sebuah perabotan atau ukuran pintu. Itu akan membuat kita menjadi tahayul.&lt;/p&gt;      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rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/7283736486804363446/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/fengshui-dan-pengetahuan-modern.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/7283736486804363446'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/7283736486804363446'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/fengshui-dan-pengetahuan-modern.html' title='Fengshui dan Pengetahuan Modern'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' 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semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;19&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;21&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;31&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtle Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;32&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Reference&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;33&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Book Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;37&quot; name=&quot;Bibliography&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;TOC Heading&quot;&gt;  &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt; &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin:0cm;  mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:10.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;SEJARAH REVOLUSI KEBUDAYAAN&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;Revolusi Kebudaya&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh19BEe1L_AIof4H8PfGeCmbLFNwnyAV_Y_IyOLjXPWy3_0WeMzW3agKF0c_n247NDgC5SeGC0IBqS9ov0Hy87fmVCq8TvDX6dB_Zv1hMeBGN9uWSRLDrUl0noN0TUG-wml8vKNKSTrxO2P/s1600/1967_cultural_revolution.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 280px; height: 320px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh19BEe1L_AIof4H8PfGeCmbLFNwnyAV_Y_IyOLjXPWy3_0WeMzW3agKF0c_n247NDgC5SeGC0IBqS9ov0Hy87fmVCq8TvDX6dB_Zv1hMeBGN9uWSRLDrUl0noN0TUG-wml8vKNKSTrxO2P/s320/1967_cultural_revolution.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596882707625549378&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;an dan berbagai program yang bersifat pergerakan massa yang dicetuskan oleh Mao tel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;ah menyebabkan penderitaan bagi rakyat Cina. Pada masa revolusi kebudayaan, rakyat Cina mengala&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;mi penderitaan dan kemunduran yang luar biasa karena adanya usaha-usaha untuk menjalankan berbagai pemikiran Mao. Revolusi Kebudayaan adalah produk model pembangunan Maois. Pembangunan model Mao mengutamakan pemanfaatan sumber daya manusia Cina yang melimpah. Mao mengutamakan gerakan massa dan volun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;tarisme. Rakyat mau tidak mau dipaksa untuk menyetujui kebijakan Mao. Bagi yang melawan akan dicap kontrarevolusi. Mao juga menganut paham sentralisme demokrasi. Semua kebijakan negara diatur oleh suatu “kediktatoran proletariat”, dalam hal ini Partai Komunis Cina (PKC). Kebijakan Mao yang paling jelas terlihat adalah kultus individu. Mao memposisikan dirinya sebagai “Bapak Revolusi Cina” yang harus selalu dipuja dan dibanggakan. Maosime sebagai buah pikiran Mao dijadikan agama. Semua pernyataan-pernyataan Mao yang dimuat di dalam “buku merah” harus dihafalkan. Pada masa Revolusi Kebudayaan, “buku merah” bisa dianggap sebagai kitab suci orang Cina. Mao memang harus diakui sebagai seorang politikus ulung. Mao sangat mengutamakan pembangunan ideologi. Sayangnya, Mao melupakan pembangunan ekonomi sehingga selama kepemimpinan Mao perekonomian Cina sangat buruk. Pada tahun 1976 Mao Zedong meninggal dunia dan terjadi perubahan kepemimpinan di Cina. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;Berkebalikan&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;dengan Mao Zedong yang Sosialis Romantis, Deng Xiaoping adalah seorang realis. Dalam kebijakannya terdapat pemikiran baru yang berupa Demaoisasi dan Reformasi untuk membawa masyarakat Cina menuju kemakmuran. Sebenarnya Mao dan Deng memiliki satu tujuan yang sama: mengejar ketertinggalan Cina di segala bidang. Namun demikan, cara yang ditempuh kedua pemimpin ini sangat bertolak belakang. Mao lebih mengutamakan pembangunan ideologis melalui kampanye dan mobilisasi massa. Sementara itu, Deng yang beraliran pragmatis lebih menekankan pada pembangunan ekonomi. Kebijakan Deng yang bertolak belakang dengan kebijakan Mao bukannya tanpa kontroversi. Maoisme sebagai sebuah pemikiran sudah tertanam di otak setiap manusia Cina. Konflik antara pengikut Maoisme dan golongan pragmatis dalam tubuh PKC juga tidak begitu saja berhenti dengan menginggalnya Mao. Konflik ini semakin meruncing karena terjadi perebutan kekuasaan antara dua kubu tadi. Deng sebagai wakil kubu pragmatis, setelah mengalami jatuh bangun akhirnya berhasil menjadi pucuk pimpinan PKC. Deng dengan berbagai program pembangunan ekonominya berhasil membawa Cina berkembang menjadi masyarakat yang disegani di dunia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Latar Belakang Demaoisasi dan Reformasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Demaoisasi dimulai sejak musim semi 1973 ketika Deng Xiaoping direhabilitasi oleh Perdana Mentri Zhou Enlai. Deng kemudian diangkat menjadi anggota Komite Sentral dalam kongres Partai Komunis Cina ke-10.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Demaoisasi adalah upaya-upaya yang dilakukan untuk mendeskriditkan Maoisme, serta praktek kultus individu pada diri Mao yang dilakukan oleh Mao dan pengikutnya. Usaha “deradikalisasi” pemikiran Mao mulai menjurus ke arah “demaoisasi” yang berusaha menghapuskan berbagai bentuk kebijaksanaan Mao. &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Mao dan maoismenya bukan tanpa lawan pada era-era berikutnya yang diisi oleh generasi-generasi muda Cina mulai secara perlahan menentang kebijakan Mao. Mao yang dikenal sebagai seorang pemimpin kharismatik sehingga terjadi pengkultusan individu terhadap dirinya yang seolah-olah menganggap dia sebagai seorang pahlawan besar mulai dikaji ulang. Sebagian kalangan merasa hal itu terlalu berlebihan karena apa yang telah dicapai oleh Mao tidak akan berhasil seperti sekarang ini tanpa bantuan dari rekan-rekannya. Semula orang berpikir apa yang dikatakan oleh Mao selalu benar, kini pemikirannya mulai dikaji ulang. Semua kebijakannya tentang negara sosialis yang sukses mulai diragukan sebagai sebuah utopia seperti layaknya bangsa-bangsa yang menganut paham sosialis komunis. Hal ini menyebabkan ketakutan akan hancurnya negara Cina cepat atau lambat, seperti hal yang dialami oleh Uni Soviet. Nyatanya semua kebijakan Mao membuat Negara Cina tertinggal jauh dari Negara-negara lainnya, bahkan dapat dikatakan sebagai negara miskin. Generasi muda Cina merasa perlu adanya perubahan agar Negara Cina tidak terus tertinggal. Dari semua usaha yang dilakukan oleh generasi muda Cina dalam usaha demaoisasi terdapat sebuah kesulitan dalam menjatuhkan Mao terutama karena besarnya kharisma yang dimiliki Mao dalam menarik simpati banyak orang. Namun sudah terlalu banyak orang Cina yang mulai merasa bosan dengan revolusi yang terus menerus diteriakkan oleh Mao.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Dalam sebuah artikel &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Harian Rakyat&lt;/i&gt; tanggal 17 Maret 1978, Luo Ruiqing menyebut salah satu “sifat baik” perdana menteri terdahulu, yaitu tidak pernah mengizinkan rumah tempat lahirnya dijadikan tempat keramat yang dikunjungi banyak orang. Artikel ini merupakan serangan terselubung terhadap pengkultusan individu terhadap Mao yang tampaknya dicoba lagi oleh Hua Guofeng untuk dipraktekkan terhadap dirinya sendiri untuk merebut simpati rakyat. Dari kalangan seniman dan sastrawan pun muncul suatu tema baru yang kontroversial dalam karya-karya seni terutama setelah terbit buku &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Shang Hen&lt;/i&gt; (gores luka) pada pertengahan tahun 1978. Buku ini beserta karya-karya seni yang menyusul kemudian, membeberkan “sisi gelap” kehidupan di masa revolusi kebudayaan yang bisa ditafsirkan sebagai kecaman terhadap kebijakan Mao ketika itu. Sejak akhir tahun 1970-an, proses demaoisasi memang dijalankan di segala segi. Dalam bidang politik dan pendidikan diberitakan bahwa tidak semua apa yang dikatakan Mao benar. Dalam beberapa hal, sering kali Lin Biao dan klik Jiang Qing mencatut nama dan ajaran Mao untuk ambisi politik mereka dalam persiapan merebut kekuasaan. Kampanye tadi dikombinasikan dengan membuat citra Mao sedikit buram. Semua itu merupakan kampanye terencana tak langsung untuk mendiskreditkan Mao. Kampanye itu dilakukan dengan metode &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;membunuh Mao dan maoisme dengan maoisme&lt;/i&gt;, dan dijalankan dengan jubah maoisme. Barangkali dengan melangsungkan kongres partai dan mengumumkan hasilnya secara terbuka&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; Deng dan kawan-kawan berpendapat waktunya sudah tepat untuk menjalankan hal-hal yang berlawanan dengan ajaran Mao secara institusional.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Ada empat masalah politik yang menjadi tema beberapa kongres partai, yakni perubahan kontitusi, penyusutan dan tertib organisasi, regenerasi pimpinan, dan rencana pelaksanaan kampanye pembetulan atau retifikasi. Masalah regenerasi memang merupakan hal yang mendesak. Para pemimpin PKC masih terdiri dari generasi revolusi, artinya mereka yang bergabung dengan partai sekitar masa Long March (pertengahan tahun 1930-an) dan dalam periode Yan’an (sekitar awal sampai petengahan tahun 1940-an). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Dulu, pikiran Mao Zedong selain diangap sebagai titik tolak teoritis, juga dianggap sebagai pegangan praktis melakukan revolusi di segala bidang ideologi maupun hal-hal yang lebih konkret. Melihat pada perkembangan sekarang, kita cenderung untuk mengatakan bahwa&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Maoisme tidak lagi dianggap sebagai petunjuk praktis. Ia hanya akan dipandang sebagai ideologi murni belaka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Arah Kebijakan Deng Xiaoping&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;Deng Xiaoping lahir&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;di propinsi Sichuan pada tanggal 22 Agustus 1904. Ia menuntut ilmu sebagai mahasiswa di Prancis pada tahun 1930 dan bergabung kedalam Partai Komunis Cina disana. Ia termasuk salah seorang kader yang mengikuti Long March pada tahun 1934 sampai 1935. Karir Deng sebagai administrator dimulai pada tahun 1958 ketika ia diangkat sebagai Sekjen PKC. Tahun 1966, masa awal revolusi kebudayaan ia dituduh sebagai “pejalan kapitalis” dan dikucilkan dari lingkungan partai. Pada tahun 1973 namanya direhabilitasi dan diangkat menjadi wakil PM. Kampanye melawan Deng Xiaoping dimulai sejak 1975 yang dimulai dengan poster dinding dan demonstrasi yang dilakukan secara terselubung. Pada tahun 1976 terjadi peristiwa Tiananmen dalam rangka mengenang kematian Zhou Enlai, ratusan orang berdatangan untuk memperingati kematian Zhou Enlai itu yang bertepatan dengan perayaan Qing Ming, keesokan paginya para pendukung Zhou marah karena berbagai poster dan spanduk untuk memperingati Zhou dipindahkan oleh polisi. Mereka mengkritik Mao dan pemimpin radikal Revolusi Kebudayaan. Akibat dari demonstrasi ini Komite Sentral mengumumkan bahwa lembaga ini akan menyingkirkan Deng Xiaoping atas nama Mao Zedong. Pada hari yang sama Komite Sentral mengangkat Hua Guofeng untuk menggantikan Deng sebagai wakil Sekretaris Jendral Partai Komunis Cina. Sementara itu mulai tersebar kampanye anti Deng. Deng dituduh memutarbalikkan keberhasilan Revolusi Kebudayaan dan menyebarkan kapitalisme di Cina. Pada bulan Oktober 1976 Mao Zedong meninggal dunia yang menyebabkan kekuasaan para pendukung Mao semakin melemah sampai pada akhirnya semua anggota “Gang of Four” ditangkap. Para anggota “Gang of Four” terdiri atas Jiang Qing, Zhang Chungqiao, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan. Mereka dituduh melakukan berbagai kejahatan politik di Cina pada saat itu, seperti mengubah berbagai pernyataan Mao, menjatuhkan Lin Biao untuk menyelamatkan kedudukan mereka sendiri, dan mengorganisasi kekuatan militer sendiri. Deng kemudian direhabilitasi kembali dan masuk kembali ke dalam lingkaran kekuasaan di Cina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;Pada tahun 1975 Zhou Enlai dan Deng Xiaoping memperkenalkan 4 Modernisasi di Cina. “Gang of Four” kemudian berusaha menjegal program ini dan menjatuhkan kedua tokoh pengagasnya. Pada bulan Oktober 1976 Mao meninggal dan semua anggota “Gang of Four” ditangkap. Deng kemudian direhabilitasi dan gagasan 4 Modernisasi diluncurkan. Bulan Agustus 1976 di Kongres Partai ke-11 Deng memperkenalkan kebijakan 4 Modernisasi yang terdiri dari bidang:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;1. Pertanian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;2. Industri&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;3. Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;4. Pertahanan nasional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Dalam prakteknya program-program ini mengedepankan masuknya aliran listrik di pedesaan, otomatisasi industri, wajah ekonomi Cina baru, dan penguatan kemampuan pertahanan militer.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;Pada bulan Februari 1978, Presiden Hua Guofeng memeperkenalkan rencana 10 tahun yang berlangsung pada periode 1976—1985 dan berisi 120 proyek. Banyak dari proyek yang diperkenalkan bertujuan untuk kembali membangun negeri Cina dari keterpurukan setelah Revolusi Kebudayaan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;Selama kurang lebih sepuluh tahun pada awal reformasi, pihak pemimpin partai tidak berani mengotak-atik ideologi resmi partai maupun negara, Deng Xiaoping juga tidak berani untuk melakukannya. Ketika para mahasiswa berdemonstrasi menuntut liberalisasi dan demokrasi, pada tahun 1979 ia dengan tegas mengeluarkan fatwa tentang “4 prinsip dasar” yang pada pokoknya tetap mempertahankan ideologi komunisme. Ketika Deng ingin mendorong perubahan yang cepat, ia meminjam kata-kata Mao Zedong, yaitu “Shishi Qiushi”( mencari kebenaran dari fakta). Dalam konteks reformasi waktu itu, Deng mendorong rakyat Cina dan kader-kader partai untuk mencari “kebenaran”, jangan mencari dari ideologi atau dogma-dogma partai. Jika faktanya memang tidak harus memeluk kapitalisme, maka itulah kebenaran. Ideologi bukanlah fakta, dan juga bukanlah kebenaran. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Seperti Mao dahulu, Deng Xiaoping kini mendapat gilirannya. Deng juga melancarkan “Lompatan Jauh ke Depan”tetapi dengan cara-cara yang rasional. Deng tidak memilih strategi “revolusi permanen” tetapi sistem ekonomi pasar. Deng memilih jalan kapitalis untuk mereformasi ekonomi Cina. Fenomena ini tentu saja menghancurkan prinsip sosialisme dan timbullah kemacetan ideologis: secara resmi masih menyatakan diri sosialis, tetapi secara tidak resmi dipraktikan ekonomi kapitalis. Hal ini dulu tidak dilakukan oleh Mao yang secara konsisten menolak pemakaian sistem ekonomi pasar. Kegagalan “Lompatan Jauh ke Depan” bukanlah kegagalan ideologis. Dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh reformasi ekonomi Deng justru menohok jantung hati ideologi. Inilah yang dirasakan sebagai “kemacetan ideologis” yang harus diatasi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Sasarannya sekali lagi adalah golongan intelektual dan seniman. Itu jelas sekali setelah dalam beberapa bulan terakhir ini media massa muncul dengan kritik-kritik pedas kepada para penulis, pembuat film, pemikir, dan ahli-ahli ilmu &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;sosial&lt;/span&gt; terkemuka yang dituduh murtad dari garis partai atau melawan pimpinan. Dalam beberapa kasus, cara-cara revolusi kebudayaan dipakai. Tertuduh dipaksa menulis kritik diri, mengaku salah, kemudian tutup mulut. Dari semula, gejala kekacauan dalam operasi antikanan itu sudah kelihatan dan menjurus ke tindakan ekstem. Sepucuk surat pembaca yang dimuat di &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Harian Pemuda&lt;/i&gt;, menceritakan tentang pengalaman pengirimnya, seorang gadis. Ketika harus berurusan dengan kantor walikota Beijing, ia tidak dilayani karena rambutnya terurai sebahu. Setelah mengikatnya dengan karet gelang dan mencopot semua perhiasannya ia diperbolehkan masuk. Di akhir suratnya, gadis itu bertanya, “Apakah sepotong karet gelang sangat penting dalam menentukan ideologi seseorang.”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pada bulan Agustus 1977 diadakan Kongres PKC ke-11 yang memutuskan bahwa periode “11 tahun Revolusi Kebudayaan” (1965—1976) telah berakhir. Komposisi keanggotaan Komite Sentral tampak berubah pada masa ini, yaitu bertambahnya dominasi militer di dalam partai. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Deng mulai berusaha melanjutkan program modernisasinya dengan membenahi aparat militer dan menerapkan profesionalisme dan spesialisasi dalam organisasi pemerintahan. Program-program pemerintah diprioritaskan di bidang pendidikan dan latihan, sementara media massa didominasi oleh kampanye program Empat Modernisasi dengan penekanan terhadap sains dan teknologi. Salah satu realisasi yang paling terkenal adalah diumumkannya pembukaan kembali sistem ujian masuk sekolah dan universitas. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Munculnya berita-berita tentang Deng pada akhir 1977 di media-media massa menunjukkan adanya penilaian positif atas program-program modernisasi yang dijalankan pemerintah. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Deng Xiaoping yang menjadi ketua eksekutif Konferensi Konsultatif Politik Republik Rakyat Cina (KKPRC) mengumumkan bahwa akan ditegakkannya kembali kontrol partai dengan mengutamakan pengembangan ekonomi. Secara umum sidang-sidang tersebut mencerminkan upaya pemerintah meninggalkan kebijakan yang pernah ditempuh Mao terutama di masa Revolusi Kebudayaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Pemerintah cenderung kembali kepada kebijakan yang pernah ditempuh sebelum tahun 1960-an. Pada Februari 1978 suatu rencana pembanguanan sepuluh tahun diajukan untuk meningkatkan pelaksanaan program empat modernisasi yang disertai dengan peminjaman modal asing. Program seperti ini juga pernah diajukan pada tahun 1960 dengan slogan “ Berdiri di Atas Kaki Sendiri” namun ketika itu program tersebut tidak berjalan dengan baik. Pada tahun 1978 Deng memberikan pemikiran untuk menjaga para professional, baik kader partai maupun nonpartai, untuk tidak diperlakukan sebagai “orang luar”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Deng memberikan dukungan terhadap kampanye demokrasi dan juga mengajukan suatu reformasi yang memberi kebebasan terhadap individu-individu dalam pemanfaatan energi-energi produktif yang ada. Dalam bidang pertanian ia mengizinkan para petani untuk menjual kelebihan produksi mereka kepada pemerintah dengan harga tinggi. Reformasi ini mengarah kepada sistem perekonomian yang berorientasi ke pasar bebas. Deng juga berusaha memisahkan dunia ekonomi dari dunia politik. Kini insentif material menjadi lebih berperan dibanding insentif moral politik. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Meski demikian, walaupun terdapat revisi atas jalan yang ditempuh Cina dalam membangun Negara sosialis menuju massa komunis, pada umumnya semua pihak termasuk Deng tidak ingin lepas dari pemikiran Mao. Deng tidak dapat mengabaikan beberapa pikiran Mao yang telah berakar dalam kehidupan rakyat dan tidak mudah untuk dihilangkan begitu saja. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Dalam beberapa aspek, partai memberi kebebasan dengan batas-batas yang belum ditentukan di bidang kebudayaan, ekonomi, dan lain-lain. Dukungan partai dalam kebebasan mengemukakan pendapat telah menimbulkan reaksi yang beragam dari masyarakat. Sebenarnya, Deng dan Mao menggunakan cara yang sama dalam komunikasi politik dengan cara memanfaatkan tradisi poster dinding yang sangat efektif untuk menjatuhkan lawan-lawan politiknya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;     &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Demaoisasi dan reformasi terjadi dilatarbelakangi oleh gagalnya berbagai kebijakan Mao yang lebih mengutamakan pembangunan ideologi melalui gerakan-gerakan yang bersifat politis dan megutamakan pergerakan massa, terutama Revolusi Kebudayaan. Kebijakan ini akhirnya dikaji ulang oleh para penerus Mao, seperti Deng Xiaoping, yang memiliki pandangan yang cukup bertolak belakang dengan pemikiran Mao. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot; &gt;Deng Xiaoping yang beberapa kali megalami naik turun jabatan pada akhirnya berhasil naik menjadi Sekjen PKC dan membawa perubahan yang cukup signifikan dalam kehidupan di Cina. Namun demikian, kebijakan reformasi Deng hanya terbatas pada reformasi ekonomi. Deng dengan tegas menyatakan bahwa tidak terdapat reformasi politik. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa Cina masih menganut ajaran sosialisme. Berbagai kebijakan Deng kemudian terbukti dapat membawa Cina menjadi negara yang makmur dan disegani di dunia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    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rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/4540533371383493257/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/sejarah-revolusi-kebudayaan-demaoisasi.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/4540533371383493257'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/4540533371383493257'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/sejarah-revolusi-kebudayaan-demaoisasi.html' title='SEJARAH REVOLUSI KEBUDAYAAN: DEMAOISASI - REFORMASI'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh19BEe1L_AIof4H8PfGeCmbLFNwnyAV_Y_IyOLjXPWy3_0WeMzW3agKF0c_n247NDgC5SeGC0IBqS9ov0Hy87fmVCq8TvDX6dB_Zv1hMeBGN9uWSRLDrUl0noN0TUG-wml8vKNKSTrxO2P/s72-c/1967_cultural_revolution.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-2124678650313934853</id><published>2011-04-18T04:01:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-18T21:24:52.116-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Negara China"/><title type='text'>Tiananmen 1989</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 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align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;PeristiwaTiananmen 1989&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Perjua&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;ngan Mahasiswa Cina Pro-demokrasi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Mahasisw&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ6rFxLQWcAZlxrK-0YYLJLT61rFB0K5xaY-RzLaGC1lVZUCIveLEr3f-UH-ET2F1O41tXkjXffeawQjjWxb0cP4hG48Tjz81jisjrmbNw2UL8ZiRbX9TM2y4TIA9_1wTf3I0qhhhFBGGX/s1600/tiananmen.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 202px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ6rFxLQWcAZlxrK-0YYLJLT61rFB0K5xaY-RzLaGC1lVZUCIveLEr3f-UH-ET2F1O41tXkjXffeawQjjWxb0cP4hG48Tjz81jisjrmbNw2UL8ZiRbX9TM2y4TIA9_1wTf3I0qhhhFBGGX/s320/tiananmen.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596878970013983714&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;a di Cina termasuk ke dalam golongan intelektual yang peranannya sangat penting dalam perjalanan sejarah Cina. Hampir semua peristiwa bersejarah di Cina memiliki kaitan dengan golongan intelek&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;tual, terutama mahasiswa. Mahasiswa dapat dianggap sebagai golongan masyarakat yang p&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;aling peka dan memiliki pengetahuan paling banyak tentang keadaan masyarakat. Mahasiswa sedikit banyak mengetahui keadaan di luar Cina yang membuat mereka dapat membandingkan antara kehidupan di luar Cina dan di dalam Cina sendiri. Dari masa ke masa, mahasiswa melakukan b&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;erbagai aksi menyuarakan protes dan kritik pada pemerintah. Hal ini mereka lakukan agar Cina tidak tertinggal dengan negara-negara lain. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Sejak 1949, Cina menganut paham sosialis-komunis dan tidak mengenal demokrasi. Mahasiswa yang telah mempelajari demokrasi dari negara-negara di luar Cina kemudian terdorong untuk membawa Cina menuju demokrasi. Kebijakan Empat Modernisasi yang dikeluarkan Deng Xiaoping membuat mahasiswa menjadi lebih leluasa untuk menekan pemerintah dalam mendemokratisasikan Cina. Pemerintah sendiri masih ingin berkuasa melalui partai tunggal, yaitu Partai Komunis Cina (PKC). Terjadilah pertentangan antara pemerintah yang masih menginginkan ideologi komunis dalam politik dengan mahasiswa yang menginginkan perubahan dalam bidang politik. Mahasiswa yang pro-demokrasi kemudian melakukan demonstrasi di lapangan Tiananmen pada tahun 1989 untuk menuntut diterapkannya demokrasi di Cina. Pemerintah menganggap aksi tersebut membahayakan negara dan melakukan “pembersihan” di lapangan Tiananmen. Aksi “pembersihan” tersebut kemudian memakan ribuan nyawa dan menjadi tragedi bagi bangsa Cina. Setelah peristiwa tersebut, mahasiswa tidak lagi terlalu nyaring bersuara menuntut penerapan demokrasi di Cina. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyTextIndent&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-GB&quot;&gt;Menarik sekali untuk mengkaji pergerakan mahasiswa dari masa ke masa dengan Peristiwa Tiananmen sebagai pusatnya. Cina yang saat ini berubah menjadi negara besar seiring dengan perkembangan zaman mau tidak mau akan tersentuh oleh demokrasi. Saat ini jika membicarakan Cina dan demokrasi pasti akan membahas pergerakan mahasiswa pada tahun 1989 di Tiananmen. Peristiwa Tiananmen 1989 adalah titik puncak perjuangan mahasiswa dalam memperjuangkan demokrasi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pergerakan mahasiswa pro-demokrasi sebelumnya dimulai dengan adanya gerakan yang dikenal dengan nama Dinding Demokrasi (&lt;i&gt;minzhu qiang&lt;/i&gt;) pada tahun 1978. Tahun ini juga merupakan awal dari pelaksanaan modernisasi dan dimulainya kepemimpinan Deng Xiaoping. Gerakan pro-demokrasi 1978 dimulai dengan penempelan poster-poster berkarakter besar (&lt;i&gt;da zibao&lt;/i&gt;) yang berisikan kritikan terhadap Revolusi Kebudayaan (&lt;i&gt;wenhua geming&lt;/i&gt;), Kelompok Empat (&lt;i&gt;si renbang&lt;/i&gt;), dan kritikan lainnya. Para aktivis gerakan ini menerbitkan jurnal tak resmi yang disebut dengan jurnal bawah tanah (&lt;i&gt;dixia kanwu&lt;/i&gt;). Jurnal ini kemudian menjadi alat utama dalam pergerakan demokrasi 1978.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Tuntutan dasar gerakan demokrasi 1978 adalah kebebasan warga negara, hak ekonomi, reformasi demokrasi., dan lain-lain. Mahasiswa kemudian menuntut untuk menambah satu elemen agar masuk ke dalam Empat Modernisasi, yaitu modernisasi demokrasi dalam pemerintahan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Gerakan ini kemudian dianggap berjalan terlalu jauh bagi Deng Xiaoping. Ia mengatakan Dinding Demokrasi tidak bertujuan untuk menjaga stabilitas, persatuan, dan Empat modernisasi. Para pemimpin ini kemudian ditangkap karena dianggap berusaha menggulingkan kediktatoran proletariat. Pada desember 1978 gerakan Dinding Demokrasi ditutup, sedangkan Empat Prinsip Utama terus berjalan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Berakhirnya gerakan Dinding Demokrasi tidak menghentikan gerakan mahasiswa pro-demokrasi. Tahun-tahun berikutnya terjadi gerakan mahasiswa dengan tutntutan yang sama. Pada tahun 1986 dimulai keterbukaan dalam bidang politik, pemimpin Cina mengumumkan adanya demokratisasi yang berarti adanya keterbukaan dan kebebasan yang lebih besar bagi kaum intelektual. Gerakan mahasiswa yang terjadi pada saat itu terjadi ketika Cina sedang mengumandangkan keterbukaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Untuk mendukung keberhasilan program Empat Modernisasi, pemerintah memanfaatkan orang-orang yang memiliki kemampuan dalam hal menyedot modal asing. Mereka umumnya adalah korban Pengawal Merah (&lt;i&gt;hong weibing&lt;/i&gt;) pada masa Revolusi Kebudayaan yang ditarik ke pusat semenjak Deng Xiaoping berkuasa. Mereka memperoleh berbagai fasilitas untuk menarik investor asing, termasuk berbagai kemewahan yang tidak terjangkau rakyat banyak.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Setelah reformasi berjalan selama hampir satu dasawarsa, pada tahun 1985 muncul banyak dampak negatif. Pada tahun itu banyak kota yang kekurangan bahan makanan dan sistem ransum yang kembali diberlakukan. Ratusan pabrik menghentikan produksi karena kekurangan bahan baku. Setiap hari harga-harga naik yang menyebabkan serbuan massa untuk memborong stok barang yang dijual.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Proses modernisasi dan liberalisasi ekonomi memberikan dampak yang sangat besar bagi mahasiswa. Proses ini cenderung mengendurkan kontrol partai atas individu. Hal ini membawa pengaruh yang sangat besar pada golongan intelektual, mereka berpendapat liberalisasi ekonomi harus diimbangi dengan demokrasi politik. &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Politik pintu terbuka untuk dunia luar (&lt;i&gt;kaifang&lt;/i&gt;) memberikan dampak yang besar bagi mahasiswa. Demi keberhasilan modernisasi, ribuan mahasiswa dikirim ke luar negeri untuk transfer teknologi. Ternyata pada saat yang sama terjadi pula transfer pemikiran. Mata mahasiswa terbuka lebar melihat kemajuan di luar dan ketertinggalan dari negara lain. Mahasiswa yang pulang ke Cina kemudian merasa sistem yang ada di Cina tidak sebaik di negara lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Adanya fasilitas istimewa yang diterima oleh segolongan orang yang memiliki hubungan dengan kader partai atau pejabat pemerintah, gaoganzidi, menimbulkan perasaan iri bagi beberapa mahasiswa. Di universitas dan akademi, mahasiswa tidak harus membayar kuliah. Bahkan beberapa perguruan tinggi memberikan bea siswa berdasarkan prestasi. Dalam situasi seperti itulah terjadi demonstrasi terbesar pertama pada masa kepeminpinan Deng Xiaoping.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada 5 Desember 1986, ribuan mahasiswa berdemonstrasi di Hefei untuk menuntut demokrasi yang lebih besar. Terjadinya demonstrasi ini merupakan reaksi dari dialog antara wakil PM Wan Li dengan wakil rektor Universitas Sains dan Teknologi Hefei, Fang Lizhi. Dalam dialog tersebut Wan Li meminta pimpinan universitas untuk memperketat kontrol terhadap mahasiswa. Fang Lizhi sendiri menolak permintaan dari Wan Li. “Universitas adalah mimbar yang bebas dan otonom, demikian pula ilmu pengetahuan,” jelasnya. Fang Lizhi melalui pidato-pidatonya&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;menunjukan dukungannya terhadap mahasiswa. Dia menganggap mahasiswa adalah kekuatan yang progresif dalam proses dempokrasi. Pidato-pidato Fang Lizhi pada umumnya berisi kegagalan sistem sosialisme oleh Marx, Lenin, Stalin, dan Mao Zedong. Pemerintah kemudian menganggap Fang Lizhi telah menyebarkan liberalisasi borjuis di kalanghan mahasiswa dan menentang Empat prinsip utama. Karena aksi-aksinya itu dia dikeluarkan dari partai.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                                &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pada 23 Desember 1986 di Beijing, sekitar empat ribu mahasiswa berdemonstrasi untuk menuntut diakhirinya sistem otokrasi. Gerakan itu memperoleh formula yang baru dengan tuntutan yang bobot politiknya mulai nyata, yaitu “demi demokrasi, akselerasi pembaharuan, dan kebebasan pers.” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Aksi pergerakan mahasiswa kemudian menjalar ke beberapa tempat. Ketika aksi menjalar ke Nanjing dan Shanghai terjadi bentrokan fisik antara mahasiswa dengan polisi. Pemerintah setempat melarang diadakannya demonstrasi dan akan memberikan sanksi bagi yang melanggarnya. Akan tetapi mahasiswa tampaknya tidak peduli, bahkan mereka merencanakan untuk menegakkan demonstrasi di Cina dengan mengadakan demonstrasi besar-besaran di Tiananmen pada tahun baru, 1 Januari 1987. Fang Lizhi pada saat itu berperan sebagai penghubung antar berbagai universitas dalam mengadakan berbagai pergerakan mahasiswa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;Demonstrasi mahasiswa di penghujung tahun 1986 menyebabkan PKC menghadapi pilihan yang sangat sulit. Demi modernisasi dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, rakyat harus diberi beberapa hak kebebasan. Hak kebebasan ini saat itu dianggap belum cukup bagi golongan inteletual. Di pihak lain, pemberian beberapa hak kebebasan akan mengendurkan cengkeraman partai atas individu dan melunturkan kesadaran ideologi rakyat atas paham komunis. Jika hal ini terus berlanjut yang disertai dengan adanya demonstrasi mahasiswa dan mulai berkembangnya ketidakpercayaan rakyat terhadap partai akan menyebabkan kedudukan PKC terus merosot.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Selanjutnya gerakan mahasiswa ternyata tidak bertambah besar dan akhirnya meredam sendiri. Harian Rakyat (&lt;i&gt;Renmin Ribao&lt;/i&gt;) edisi 6 Januari 1987 menunjukan bahwa gerakan mahasiswa telah meredam. Gerakan demokrasi 1987 dapat dikatakan tenang. Mahasiswa tidak mengadakan gerakan apapun, pada saat itu terlihat bahwa proses pergerakan demokrasi lebih terpusat pada tulisan-tulisan dan pidato-pidato kaum intelektual yang dipengaruhi oleh pihak luar mahasiswa yang ingin menyebarkan liberalisasi borjuis, seperti itulah anggapan pemerintah mengenai pergerakan mahasiswa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada kenyataannya terjadi perselisihan antara kelompok konservatif dengan kelompok reformis di dalam tubuh partai. Demonstrasi yang terjadi pada akhir tahun 1986 menyebabkan Hu Yaobang, Sekjen PKC, kehilangan jabatannya. Posisinya kemudian diisi oleh Zhao Ziyang yang pada waktu itu menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri. Hu Yaobang sendiri tetap menjabat sebagai anggota politbiro PKC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Tuntutan demokrasi di Cina terus berkembang, tahun 1988 timbul kembali gerakan mahasiswa prokebebasan sebagai lanjutan dari gerakan tahun 1986. Pada tahun 1988 poster-poster dinding mulai bermunculan di berbagai universitas dengan tuntutan kebebasan pers, prioritas pendidikan, dan sistem hukum yang lebih baik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Gerakan-gerakan mahasiswa sebelum gerakan 1989 memberikan pemantik terhadap gerakan 1989. Tuntutan mahasiswa yang terus tidak mendapatkan tanggapan dari pemerintah menyebabkan terus berlanjutnya gerakan mahsiswa sampai terjadinya Peristiwa Tiananmen 1989.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada 20 Maret 1989, Hu Yaobang ,sebagai anggota Politbiro PKC, menghadiri sidang Komite Rakyat Nasional (KRN). Pada 8 April 1989, Hu Yaobang juga hadir dalm rapat, tetapi tiba-tiba dia terkena serangan jantung pada saat terjadi perdebatan antar anggota. Sabtu 15 April 1989 pukul 07.53 pagi, Hu Yaobang meninggal dunia. &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Keesokan harinya, puluhan poster yang menyatakan bela sungkawa tersebar di sekitar kampus Beida, Qinghua, dan Universitas Rakyat Beijing. Dari isi poster yang tersebar di kampus-kampus tersebut dapt terlihat nada pesimistis mengenai kebangkitan pergerakan mahasiswa. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada 17 April 1989, 700 mahasiswa Beida mempelopori demonstrasi untuk mengenang Hu Yaobang di lapangan Tiananmen. Gerakan ini kemudian melonjak menjadi ribuan pada siang harinya, sebagian besar merupakan mahasiswa yang berasal dari Beijing dan Shanghai. Mahasiswa menuntut turunnya beberapa anggota politbiro.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Para mahasiswa kemudian memusatkan perhatian pada peringatan Gerakan Empat Mei yang akan datang. Tidak lama setelah kematian Hu Yaobang, mahasiswa mulai mengajukan beberapa tuntutan. Walaupun pada awalnya poster-poster yang mahasiswa tampilkan tampak tak terkoordinir dan menulis semaunya, tetapi dari hari ke hari gerakan itu semakin menemukan bentuknya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada akhirnya terumuskanlah tujuh tuntutan utama mereka, yaitu merehabilitasi Hu Yaobang, menolak kampanye terhadap “liberalisasi borjuis” dan “pencemaran spritual”, mengumumkan penghasilan dan kekayaan pemimpin beserta keluarganya, kebebasan berbicara dan kemerdekaan pers, meningkatkan dana pendidikan, menaikkan gaji guru, menghapuskan larangan arak-arakan di jalanan, dan menghapuskan larangan pemberitaan pers mengenai pergerakan mahasiswa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Tanggapan pemerintah terhadap gerakan ini adalah pernyataan dalam &lt;i&gt;Harian Rakyat&lt;/i&gt; edisi 26 April bahwa gerakan ini mahasiswa ini dapat menimbulkan kekacauan. Pernyataan dalam &lt;i&gt;Harian Rakyat&lt;/i&gt; tersebut ditulis oleh Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping mencap gerakan mahasiswa tersebut sebagai usaha untuk melenyapkan kepemimpinan PKC dan sistem sosialis. Deng menghapus&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;semua kata &lt;i&gt;xuechao&lt;/i&gt; (gerakan mahasiswa) dan menggantinya dengan &lt;i&gt;dongluan &lt;/i&gt;(pengacau). Dia juga mengirim pasukan untuk mengakhiri gerakan tersebut meskipun harus menggunakan kekerasan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Oleh karena tujuan mahasiswa bukanlah untuk menjatuhkan partai, pada 27 April, mahasiswa mengeluarkan slogan baru yang berbunyi “dukung kepemimpinan PKC” dan “hidup demokrasi dan kebebasan.” Hal ini digunakan sebagai tameng bagi mahasiswa untuk melanjutkan pergerakan akibat adanya tulisan Deng Xiaoping di &lt;i&gt;Harian Rakyat&lt;/i&gt; yang menuduh mahasiswa mengganggu kepemimpinan PKC.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Bulan Mei 1989 lebih difokuskan untuk memperingati Gerakan Empat Mei dengan diadakannya “salon demokrasi” dan pidato di kampus-kampus untuk membahas demokrasi. Tuntutan mahasiswa yang utama dalam gerakan ini adalah kebebasan pers. Mereka menganggap pers dapt menampilkan sisi yang benar dari pihak lain sehingga masyarakat lain akan ikut mendukung gerakan mereka. Gerakan mahasiswa mandapatkan dukungan yang besar dari kalangan pers. Pada saat itu banyak sekali beredar koran-koran dan siaran radio yang mendukung demokarasi dan kebebasan. Pemimpin Cina seperti Zhao Ziyang turut mendukung pergerakan mahasiswa untuk diadakannya reformasi pers. Zhao Ziyang menganggap pers harus dapat memainkan peranan sebagai pengawas pejabat negara. Hal ini sangat diperlukan untuk memberantas korupsi, kolusi, dam nepotisme yang telah membudaya di Cina pada saat itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Gerakan mahasiswa ini mendapatkan dukungan dari masyarakat lain, khususnya pekerja yang ikut bersma mahasiswa melakukan gerakan untuk memperingati Gerakan Empat Mei. Dari pimpinan PKC yang reformis pun mahasiswa mendapatkan dukungan. Keunikan aksi pergerakan mahasiswa tahun 1989 yang paling menonjol adalah adanya aksi mogok makan. Aksi ini berhasil menarik dukungan dan simpati dari banyak pihak.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Mahasiswa selama mengadakan gerakannya terlihat mendapat dukungan dari pihak luar mahasiswa. Dukungan ini datang dari kaum intelektual Cina. Kaum intelektual Cina memiliki tuntutan yang sama dengan mahasiswa berupa pemerintahan yang demokratis. Karena dukungan kaum inteletual ini pemerintah mencurigai bahwa mahasiswa telah diperalat oleh pihak tertentu untuk kepentingannya sendiri. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada tanggal 15—18 Mei 1989, negeri Cina kedatangan Mikhail Gorbachev yang menjabat Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Sovyet (PKUS). Orang ini adalah tokoh yang kemudian melakukan reformasi dan keterbukaan di Uni Sovyet. Uni Sovyet sendiri pada akhirnya bubar setelah kebijakan reformasi dan pintu terbuka diterapkan di Uni Sovyet. Kunjungan Gorbachev turut mempengaruhi berlangsungnya pergerakan mahasiswa di Cina yang menuntut diadakannya perubahan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Kunjungan Gorbachev ini dimanfaatkan oleh para mahasiswa untuk menekan pemerintah agar gerakan mereka diakui. Tuntutan mahasiswa agar kebebasan dan demokarsi diterpkan di Cina semakin kencang karena Uni Sovyet yang merupakan negara komunis besar melakukan reformasi di bawah pimpinan Gorbachev. Gorbachev dalam pidatonya di Cina mengatakan bahwa reformasi ekonomi yang sedang dilakukan Cina pada saat itu ridak akan berjalan tanpa dukungan dari perubahan sistem politik. Kunjungan Gorbachev pun dimanfaatkan oleh mahasiswa untuk menunjukan aksi mereka kepada dunia luar. Bagi pemerintah sendiri kunjungan Gorbachev ke Cina membuktikan bahwa kedudukan Cina di mata Uni Sovyet dan dunia internasional telah naik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;Kaum konservatif di pemerintahan semakin kuat, sedangkan kaum reformis semakin terdesak.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Zhao Ziyang dan beberapa pendukungnya berusaha menghindari pertumpahan darah dengan tidak mau memakai kekuatan militer dalam menghadapi mahasiswa. Kaum reformis akhirnya benar-benar tersudut ketika PM Li Peng, tokoh konservatif, menandatangani Undang-undang Darurat pada 20 Mei 1989.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pemberlakuan Undang-undang Darurat benar-benar mampu membuat mahasiswa gentar. Mahasiswa yang berasal dari Beijing menyerukan mahasiswa lain untuk menghentikan gerakan, tetapi mahasiswa yang berasal dari daerah lain tidak ingin kedatangannya di Beijing sia-sia dan terus melanjutkan aksi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pasukan memang benar-benar dikerahkan untuk menjalankan Undang-undang Darurat, tetapi pasukan itu hanya duduk-duduk di sekitar mahasiswa dan tidak melaksanakan perintah untuk membersihkan lapangan Tiananmen. Pasukan yang dikerahkan itu adalah pasukan ke-38 yang berkedudukan di Beijing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot; class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pasukan ke-38 dianggap gagal dalam menjalankan tugasnya, sehingga dikerahkan pasukan divisi 27 yang berangkat dari Shijiazhuang.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Tentara kemudian membentuk satuan-satuan kecil yang dipersenjatai AK-47 dan beberapa peralatan tempur lainnya. Tentara terlihat seperti akan menghadapi perang dengan musuh yang juga tentara, padahal yang akan dihadapi tentara pada saat itu adalah mahasiswa yang hanya menggunakan batu sebagai senjata. Pada 3 Juni 1989 pukul 23.35 mulai terdengar tembakan. Tembakan-tembakan yang terjadi selanjutnya membuat suasana menjadi hiruk pikuk. Sejak 4 Juni 1989, serangan terhadap para demonstran benar-benar dimulai. Kemah-kemah yang dipakai demonstran dibakar dan dilindas tank baja. Tentara kemudian menembak secara membabi buta kepada semua orang yang ada di sekitar Tiananmen. Tentara tidak mempedulikan apa pun dan menembak sesuka hati kepada orang-orang yang ada di hadapannya, tak peduli mahasiswa atau rakyat biasa. Hal yang paling hebat dari gerakan tentara dalam membersihkan Tiananmen adalah dikerahkannya tank-tank lapis baja secara teratur dan rapi seperti akan berperang. Hal ini berjalan sampai beberapa hari sampai tidak ada satu pun orang yang ada di Tiananmen.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Peristiwa Tiananmen yang terjadi pada 3 dan 4 Juni 1989 adalah sebuah tragedi besar bagi demokrasi di Cina. Mahasiswa sebagai motor penggerak berbagai aksi yang mendukung demokrasi ditembak secara membabi buta ketika melakukan aksi demonstrasi di Lapangan Tiananmen.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Wali Kota Beijing saat itu Chen Xitong mengatakan puluhan tentara China tewas, 6.000 tentara terluka, dan 200 warga sipil (termasuk 36 mahasiswa) tewas serta 3.000 terluka. Tentunya terdapat perbedaan estimasi jumlah korban Peristiwa Tiananmen, yaitu 400—800 rakyat biasa tewas, 7000 mahasiswa tewas, dan sekitar 7000—10000 orang (orang biasa, mahasiswa, dan tentara) luka-luka. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pergerakan mahasiswa yang menuntut demokrasi dan kebebasan dimulai sejak 1978, ketika Deng Xiaoping mulai berkuasa. Deng Xiaoping kemudian melaksanakan kebijakan reformasi ekonomi dan liberalisasi ekonomi, tetapi hal ini tidak diikuti dengan reformasi dalam bidang politik. Deng masih mempertahankan dominasi PKC sebagai satu-satunya partai yang berkuasa. Hal ini membuat mahasiswa merasa perlu untuk melakukan aksi demonstrasi menuntut pelaksanaan demokrasi di Cina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pergerakan mahasiswa mengalami beberapa pasang surut. Tahun 1989 merupakan puncak dari pergerakan mahasiswa dengan mengadakan demonstrasi besar-besaran di Lapangan Tiananmen. Hal ini membuat pemerintah, kaum konservatif, merasa dominasi PKC dalam pemerintahan dan ideologi komunis terancam. Deng Xiaoping sendiri merasa takut kalau aksi mahasiswa tersebut berhasil akan menciptakan &lt;i&gt;luan &lt;/i&gt;atau kekacauan dan membuat para pimpinan PKC menjadi tahanan rumah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;PM Li Peng yang berasal dari golongan konservatif berhasil menekan PM Zhao Ziyang untuk mundur dan mengesahkan Undang-undang Darurat yang menyebabkan terjadinya pembantaian di Lapangan Tiananmen. Tentara divisi 27 menyerang mahasiswa dengan peralatan tempur dan memberangus semua pihak yang memiliki kaitan dengan aksi di Tiananmen. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Berakhirnya pergerakan mahasiswa setelah Peristiwa Tiananmen merupakan suatu langkah mundur bagi Cina saat itu yang sedang gencar melakukan liberalisasi ekonomi. Sampai saat ini belum terjadi lagi aksi mahasiswa sebesar aksi yang terjadi di Tiananmen 1989. Seiring dengan terbukanya Cina pada dunia luar dan semakin majunya ekonomi negara itu, tuntutan demokratisasi yang lebih besar pasti tidak akan terelakkan lagi. Dengan adanya pergantian kepemimpinan di Cina, dari Jiang Zemin ke Hu Jintao, menarik untuk disimak ke depan apakah demokratisasi di Cina akan menemui kekerasan dari kaum konservatif seperti Peristiwa Tiananmen 1989; atau pergerakan yang menuntut demokratisasi dalam skala besar akan terjadi lagi dan berhasil; atau mungkin melalui jalan yang mulus tanpa ada pertentangan dari berbagai pihak dan aksi-aksi. Apa pun kemungkinannya, mahasiswa pasti akan tetap terlibat sebagai motor penggerak dan aktor utama.&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Daftar acuan :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Akbar, Ahmad. 1991. &lt;i&gt;Faksionalisme di sekitar Peristiwa Tiananmen&lt;/i&gt;. Skripsi sarjana. FSUI: Depok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Black, George and Munro, Robin.&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;1993. &lt;i&gt;Black Hands of Beijing: Lives of Defiance in China&#39;s Democracy Movement&lt;/i&gt;. John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, Inc: New York&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Celerina, Dewi Hartati. 1999. Peranan mahasiswa dalam gerakan pro-kebebasan 1989. Skripsi sarjana. FSUI: Depok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;color:black;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Joseph, William A. 1992. China Briefing, 1991. Westview Press: Boulder&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Zhang Liang. 2001. Tiananmen Papers. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Public Affairs Books of New York: New   York&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;   &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www. Erabaru.or.id&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www. Kcm. com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoBodyText&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;o&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;www. Wikipedia.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:latentstyles&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/2124678650313934853/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/tiananmen-1989.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/2124678650313934853'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/2124678650313934853'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/tiananmen-1989.html' title='Tiananmen 1989'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ6rFxLQWcAZlxrK-0YYLJLT61rFB0K5xaY-RzLaGC1lVZUCIveLEr3f-UH-ET2F1O41tXkjXffeawQjjWxb0cP4hG48Tjz81jisjrmbNw2UL8ZiRbX9TM2y4TIA9_1wTf3I0qhhhFBGGX/s72-c/tiananmen.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-4380121610235956886</id><published>2011-04-18T03:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-18T21:28:28.255-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><title type='text'>TEH (茶） DALAM KEBUDAYAAN CINA</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   &lt;w:view&gt;Normal&lt;/w:View&gt;   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classid=&quot;clsid:38481807-CA0E-42D2-BF39-B33AF135CC4D&quot; id=&quot;ieooui&quot;&gt;&lt;/object&gt; &lt;style&gt; st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } &lt;/style&gt; &lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte mso 10]&gt; &lt;style&gt;  /* Style Definitions */  table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-name:&quot;Table Normal&quot;;  mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;  mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;  mso-style-noshow:yes;  mso-style-priority:99;  mso-style-qformat:yes;  mso-style-parent:&quot;&quot;;  mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;  mso-para-margin:0cm;  mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:10.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;TEH ( &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;茶&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; ) DALAM KEBUDAYAAN CINA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:180%;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kebiasaan minum t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPHyXlLDm8g0kEQCvqPb_Jzrjaji62KkbQeX1U8aBOzOi550uZVgcTIVsKCqaKUgB-guOPexby7iUbLyhzaW5oKKoe9glJVrAmxPb74lc3nVUHILXdpfB3FqkRYTG6M_XnPOAbcMzwfVOK/s1600/%25E8%258C%25B6.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 211px; height: 206px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPHyXlLDm8g0kEQCvqPb_Jzrjaji62KkbQeX1U8aBOzOi550uZVgcTIVsKCqaKUgB-guOPexby7iUbLyhzaW5oKKoe9glJVrAmxPb74lc3nVUHILXdpfB3FqkRYTG6M_XnPOAbcMzwfVOK/s320/%25E8%258C%25B6.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5596875224212864514&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;eh (di Hongkong dan Guangdong dikenal dengan istilah &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;Yumcha&lt;/i&gt;) di Cina telah populer sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu karena teh telah dianggap sebagai salah satu dari tujuh kebutuhan ha&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;rian utama masyarakat Cina selain perapian, beras, minyak, garam, kecap, dan cuka. Budaya minum teh di Cina sa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;ngat berbeda jika dibandingkan dengan yang ada di Eropa, Inggris, atau Jepang dalam hal metode penyiapan, metode pencicipan, dan pada acara apa teh biasanya disajikan. Berbeda dari tempat lain yang menjadikan teh hanya sebagai bahan minuman, masyarakat Cina juga memakai teh sebagai bahan obat dan bahan masakan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Budaya teh dalam masyarakat Cina telah berumur ribuan tahun. Sejak masa dinasti Tang, teh telah menjadi bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari masyarakat Cina. Kemunculan teh memiliki legenda tersendiri di Cina. Orang-orang Cina percaya bahwa 4000 tahun yang lalu Yan Di, salah satu penguasa kuno di Cina, mencoba berbagai macam obat-obatan untuk menyembuhkan dirinya dari racun yang ada di dalam tubuhnya. Suatu ketika setetes air dari daun teh tanpa disengaja terminum olehnya. Yan Di kemudian sembuh dari sakitnya dan khasiat dari daun teh pun tersebar ke seluruh Cina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Masyarakat Cina menganggap Lu Yu (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;陆羽&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;) (733—804) sebagai orang yang memiliki peranan penting dalam mempopulerkan teh di Cina. Lu Yu menulis sebuah buku berjudul Klasika Teh (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;茶经&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;) yang berisi bagaimana cara menanam teh, membuat teh, dan meminum teh. Buku ini dianggap memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam memperkenalkan teh di Cina sehingga Lu Yu pun dianggap sebagai “Dewa teh”.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Teh memiliki bermacam-macam jenis yang masing-masing jenisnya memiliki rasa dan khasiat yang berbeda-beda. Orang Cina menggunakan berbagai jenis teh ini untuk menyembuhkan berbagai macam penyakit dan menyajikan teh dengan kualitas terbaik untuk kaisar pada masa kedinastian Cina. Tiap daerah di Cina pun tumbuh bermacam-macam jenis teh yang menjadikan teh sebagai ciri khas masing-masing daerah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Terdapat tiga hal yang paling penting dalam kebiasaan meminum teh yang menjadikan hal ini sesuatu “budaya yang sangat Cina”. Tiga hal penting itu adalah metode penyiapan teh, peralatan yang digunakan, dan pada acara apa teh biasa disajikan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam metode penyiapan teh terdapat proses yang cukup rumit jika dibandingkan dengan penyiapan teh di tempat lain. Metode penyiapan teh yang biasa dilakukan di Cina berbeda-beda ditentukan dengan seberapa formal acara minum teh yang diadakan, tujuan diadakannya acara jamuan minum teh, atau jenis teh yang akan disajikan. Metode penyiapan teh yang cukup rumit ini menjadikan proses pembuatan teh di Cina menjadi suatu seni yang dihargai oleh banyak orang. Selain seni membuat teh yang rumit, ada pula metode penyiapan yang biasa dilakukan oleh orang Cina. Metode penyiapan teh yang biasa ini biasanya disajikan bersama dengan Dimsum.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Ada bermacam-macam jenis peralatan yang biasa digunakan untuk merebus daun teh. Peralatan yang digunakan berbeda-beda berdasarkan jenis acara minum teh yang akan dilangsungkan. Peralatan minum teh pun berbeda-beda baik dari jenis peralatan maupun bahan yang digunakan untuk minum teh. Peralatan yang digunakan untuk acara perjamuan teh dapat menunjukan kelas sosial dan ekonomi tuan rumah yang menyajikan teh.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Acara minum teh di Cina dilakukan untuk tujuan yang berbeda-beda. Hal ini menyebabkan terdapat beberapa jenis acara minum teh yang biasa dilakukan masyarakat Cina, diantaranya adalah acara minum teh untuk menunjukkan rasa hormat, untuk mengumpulkan keluarga, sebagai rasa terima kasih, dan untuk menunjukan permintaan maaf. Perbedaan tujuan melangsungkan acara minum teh juga akan menyebabkan perbedaan dalam hal bagaimana teh disiapkan, peralatan apa yang digunakan, bagaimana menyajikannya, jenis teh yang disajikan, dan banyak hal lainnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Minum teh telah menjadi suatu “budaya Cina” yang tidak dapat dilepaskan dari kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat Cina. Jika kita biasa menggunakan teh celup dan memandang biasa dalam hal minum teh, maka banyak orang Cina yang menganggap minum teh sebagai suatu ritual atau upacara yang pelaksanaannya sangat diperhatikan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Minum teh adalah kebiasaan masyarakat Cina yang telah berlangsung ribuan tahun. Kegiatan ini sangat berbeda jika dibandingkan dengan tempat-tempat lain yang juga memiliki kebiasaan minum teh dalam hal metode penyiapan, peralatan yang digunakan, dan pada acara apa teh biasanya disajikan. Bagi kebanyakan orang Cina, minum teh secara “formal” merupakan suatu acara yang sangat penting dan memiliki nilai yang sangat tinggi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Teh telah melalui sejarah yang panjang sampai dapat diterima masyarakat Cina. Orang Cina sangat mempercayai bahwa teh mempunyai khasiat yang sangat berguna bagi kesehatan. Pembuatan teh dan cara meminum teh yang tidak banyak berubah sejak ribuan tahun yang lalu dapat dengan jelas menunjukan karakteristik masyarakat Cina dalam memandang teh. Segala hal yang berhubungan dengan teh dalam masyarakat Cina menjadi salah satu bagian dari kebudayaan Cina yang sangat menarik untuk dibahas, apalagi kebiasaan ini dapat kita lihat sampai sekarang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-size:16pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Daftar acuan:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; type=&quot;disc&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;http://www.livelogcity.com/users/chinesetea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;http://funtier.com/_fc_chinesetea.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;storefront3.com/dir_chinesetea.htm&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_tea&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;fullpost&quot;&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/4380121610235956886/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/normal-0-false-false-false-in-zh-cn-x.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/4380121610235956886'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/4380121610235956886'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/normal-0-false-false-false-in-zh-cn-x.html' title='TEH (茶） DALAM KEBUDAYAAN CINA'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPHyXlLDm8g0kEQCvqPb_Jzrjaji62KkbQeX1U8aBOzOi550uZVgcTIVsKCqaKUgB-guOPexby7iUbLyhzaW5oKKoe9glJVrAmxPb74lc3nVUHILXdpfB3FqkRYTG6M_XnPOAbcMzwfVOK/s72-c/%25E8%258C%25B6.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-2293577251482577074</id><published>2011-04-18T02:52:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-18T21:30:21.146-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><title type='text'>白蛇传: Legenda Ular Putih</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt; 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&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;传&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;) adalah sebuah kisah percintaan yang romantis, tragis, dan penuh intrik. Cerita ini mengisahkan percintaan antara seorang anak manusia bernama Xu Xian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;许&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;仙）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; dengan seekor siluman ular putih bernama Bai Suzhen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（白&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;素&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;贞）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. Ketulusan dan kemurnian cinta mereka mampu mengikis segala perbedaan, rintangan, dan halangan yang datang silih berganti. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Alkisah, seekor ular putih telah berhasil menyelesaikan pertapaannya selama ribuan tahun di Gunung Emei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（峨&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;眉&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;山）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ia menjelma menjadi gadis cantik bernama Bai Suzhen. Bersama adiknya seekor siluman ular hijau, Xiao Qing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（小&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;青）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, Bai Suzhen pergi meninggalkan Gunung Emei untuk melihat dunia luar. Suatu hari sampailah mereka di Danau Xihu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（西&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;湖）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; yang terletak di Hangzhou&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（杭&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;州）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. Mereka sangat mengagumi pemandangan danau itu. Hari itu adalah hari raya Qing Ming&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（清&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;明&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, mereka berpapasan dengan banyak orang yang pergi untuk membersihkan kuburan. Tak jauh dari mereka, di dekat jembatan ada seorang pemuda tampan yang menarik perhatian Bai Suzhen, pemuda itu bernama Xu Xian. Bai Suzhen membuat hujan dengan sihirnya untuk menarik perhatian pemuda itu. Hal ini berhasil, Xu Xian pun mengantarkan mereka dengan perahu yang disewanya. Oleh karena hujan masih turun, Xu Xian meminjamkan payungnya kepada Bai Suzhen untuk dibawa pulang. Bai Suzhen kemudian meminta Xu Xian datang ke rumahnya pada keesokan harinya untuk mengambil payung tersebut.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Hari berikutnya Xu Xian datang ke rumah Bai Suzhen untuk mengambil payungnya. Bai Suzhen mengajak Xu Xian untuk minum teh dan bercakap-cakap. Xiao Qing juga menyuguhkan beberapa cangkir arak untuk disajikan. Xiao Qing mengetahui kedua insan tersebut telah saling jatuh cinta, maka ia meminta Xu Xian mengajukan lamaran pada Bai Suzhen. Pada awalnya Xu Xian ragu-ragu namun karena Xiao Qing pandai berbicara dan Xu Xian sedikit mabuk pada akhirnya ia setuju untuk melamar Bai Suzhen, sebab jauh di dalam lubuk hatinya ia pun menyukai Bai Suzhen. Akhirnya pada malam itu juga Xu Xian menikahi Bai Suzhen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Setelah menikah, Bai Suzhen dan Xu Xian lalu membuka toko obat di daerah Zhenjiang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;镇&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;江）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. Usaha mereka sangat lancar terlebih lagi karena Bai Suzhen berhasil menyembuhkan warga yang terkena berbagai macam penyakit. Sampai pada suatu hari datanglah biksu Fa Hai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（法&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;海）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; dari Kuil Jin Shan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（金&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;山）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, ia ingin menangkap dan memusnahkan Bai Suzhen. Biksu Fa Hai beranggapan bahwa keberadaan Bai Suzhen merupakan suatu kesalahan yang bisa mengakibatkan bencana. Xu Xian yang polos berhasil terkena pengaruh biksu Fa Hai, ia mulai meragukan keberadaan Bai Suzhen sebagai manusia. Xu Xian lalu melakukan semua perkataan Fa Hai yaitu mengajak Bai Suzhen minum arak Xionghuang &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（雄&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;黄）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;pada hari Festival Perahu Naga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（端&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;午&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;节）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. Pada hari itu apabila semua siluman meminum arak Xionghuang akan berubah ke wujud aslinya. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada awalnya Bai Suzhen menolak untuk meminum arak tersebut, namun karena suaminya terus memaksanya, akhirnya ia terpaksa untuk meminumnya. Setelah meminumnya ia merasa tidak enak badan, Xu Xian lalu mencoba untuk mengobati istrinya. Akan tetapi pada saat Xu Xian menyingkap selimut, ia tidak menemukan istrinya melainkan seekor ular. Hal ini membuatnya terkejut sampai ia mengalami kematian. Saat mengetahui suaminya meninggal dunia ia merasa sangat kehilangan, untunglah Xiao Qing mengetahui kalau di Gunung Kunlun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;（昆&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;仑&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;山）&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;terdapat suatu tumbuhan dewa yang bisa menghidupkan manusia dari kematian. Walaupun Bai Suzhen dalam keadaan hamil namun ia tetapi pergi ke Gunung Kunlun untuk mengambil tumbuhan tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ketika ia hendak mengambil tumbuhan tersebut, ia dihadang oleh dua orang penjaga yang hebat. Mereka adalah Putra Rusa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;（鹿 童&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;dan Putra Bangau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;鹤&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;童&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, mereka berdua berhasil memojokkan Bai Suzhen. Akan tetapi tiba-tiba Dewa Gunung (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;南&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;极&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;仙&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;翁&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;) datang menyelamatkan Bai Suzhen, selain itu ia juga memberikan tumbuhan dewa itu kepada Bai Suzhen. Dewa Gunung tersentuh oleh keberanian dan pengorbanan Bai Suzhen terhadap suaminya. Dengan tumbuhan dewa yang ia dapat, Bai Suzhen dapat menyadarkan Xu Xian kembali.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Suatu hari Xu Xian tidak sengaja kembali bertemu dengan biksu Fa Hai, lalu biksu itu mengajak Xu Xian ke Kuil Jinshan. Xu Xian yang polos tidak merasa curiga terhadap biksu Fa Hai. Akan tetapi sesampainya di Kuil Jinshan biksu Fa Hai malah memaksanya menjadi biksu. Xu Xian&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;tentu saja menolak hal itu namun biksu jahat itu tetap memaksanya menjadi biksu dan mengurungnya di Kuil Jinshan. Setelah beberapa hari Xu Xian menghilang, Bai Suzhen mulai khawatir dengan keadaan suaminya. Ia kemudian menyuruh Xiao Qing untuk mencarinya. Akhirnya Bai Suzhen dan Xiao Qing mengetahui keberadaan Xu Xian, mereka lalu datang ke Kuil Jinshan untuk membebaskannya. Mereka pun meminta bantuan pasukan hewan air untuk menenggelamkan Kuil Jinshan. Akan tetapi keadaan Bai Suzhen tidak memungkinkannya untuk bertarung, akhirnya Bai Suzhen dan Xiao Qing memutuskan untuk mundur sementara waktu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bai Suzhen dan Xiao Qing lalu memutuskan untuk pindah ke rumah kakak perempuan Xu Xian di Hangzhou. Xu Xian diam-diam telah dibebaskan oleh seorang biksu muda dari Kuil Jinshan. Xu Xian lalu pulang ke rumahnya, namun ketika sampai di rumah ia tidak mendapati Bai Suzhen dan Xiao Qing di sana. Ia lalu pergi Hangzhou untuk mencari istrinya. Saat melintasi Danau Xihu secara tidak sengaja Xu Xian bertemu dengan istrinya dan Xiao Qing. Xiao Qing yang sedang emosi langsung menyerang Xu Xian, tetapi Bai Suzhen menahannya. Bai Suzhen pada saat itu juga mengatakan hal yang sebenarnya kepada suaminya. Xu Xian terkejut dengan pernyataan istrinya tetapi ia tetap menerima Bai Suzhen apa adanya malah setelah mengetahui semuanya ia lebih mencintainya. Mereka bertiga kemudian tinggal di rumah kakak perempuan Xu Xian di Hangzhou.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Beberapa bulan kemudian Bai Suzhen melahirkan bayi laki-laki. Bayi laki-laki itu kemudian diberi nama Meng Jiao (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;梦&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;蛟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;), akan tetapi kegembiraan mereka tidak bertahan lama. Saat Meng Jiao genap berusia satu bulan biksu Fa Hai datang ke rumah mereka dan menangkap Bai Suzhen. Ia dengan mangkuk emasnya berhasil mengalahkan Bai Suzhen dan mengurungnya di bawah Pagoda Leifengta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;雷&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;峰&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;塔&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. Xu Xian merasa sangat sedih karena kehilangan istrinya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Untunglah sesaat sebelum Bai Suzhen tertangkap, ia berpesan pada Xiao Qing agar ia kembali ke Gunung Emei untuk melanjutkan pertapaannya. Tujuh tahun kemudian Xiao Qing datang&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;kembali untuk membebaskan Bai Suzhen. Akhirnya Bai Suzhen berhasil dibebaskan oleh Xiao Qing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Peran dan Peranan dalam Drama Ular Putih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Peran Tokoh-tokoh dalam Drama Ular Putih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bai Suzhen &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;白&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;素&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;贞&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bai Suzhen berperan sebagai Dan &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;旦&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;(perempuan) yang cantik, baik dan setia. Bai Suzhen adalah seekor siluman ular putih yang menikah dengan seorang manusia biasa, Xu Xian. Akan tetapi pernikahan mereka terancam kandas di tengah jalan karena kehadiran Biksu Fa Hai. Biksu Fa Hai ingin menangkap dan memusnahkan Bai Suzhen.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;2&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Xiao Qing &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;小&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;青&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Xiao Qing yang juga berperan sebagai Dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;旦&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;(perempuan) adalah pelayan Bai Suzhen yang berani, tangkas, dan juga setia. Xiao Qing adalah seekor siluman hijau yang merupakan pelayan Bai Suzhen. Akan tetapi kedekatan hubungan mereka melebihi hubungan pelayan dan majikan, bahkan Bai Suzhen sudah menganggap Xiao Qing sebagai adiknya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;3&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Xu Xian &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;许&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;仙&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Xu Xian berperan sebagai sheng &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;生&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (laki-laki).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Ia adalah seorang pemuda yang menaruh hati pada Bai Suzhen, sampai suatu hari ia menjadi suami Bai Suzhen. Pemuda desa yang sangat sederhana ini berparas tampan dan memiliki budi pekerti yang sangat baik hati. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;4&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Biksu Fa Hai &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;法&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;海&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Biksu Fa Hai berperan sebagai sheng &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;生&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (laki-laki). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Seorang biksu yang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;dulunya adalah seekor kura-kura yang pernah belajar ilmu sihir sehingga ia memanfaatkan ilmunya tersebut untuk kejahatan. Biksu Fa Hai adalah kepala biksu dari Kuil Jin Shan. Walaupun seorang biksu namun dia mempunyai sifat yang tidak baik.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;5&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dewa Gunung &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;南&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;极&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;仙&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;翁&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dewa Gunung berperan sebagai sheng &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;生&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (laki-laki). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dewa yang menguasai Gunung Kunlun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;昆&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;仑 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;山&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. Ia mempunyai sifat arif dan bijaksana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;6&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Putra Rusa &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;鹿&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;童&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Putra Rusa berperan sebagai sheng &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;生&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (laki-laki). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Salah satu penjaga obat dewa yang ada di Gunung Kunlun.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;7&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Putra Bangau &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;鹤&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;童&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Putra Bangau berperan sebagai sheng &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;生&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; (laki-laki). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Salah satu penjaga obat dewa yang ada di Gunung Kunlun. Ia bersama putra rusa menjaga obat dewa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Peranan Tokoh-tokoh dalam Drama Ular Putih&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;color: rgb(153, 153, 153); text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;Bai Suzhen merupakan tokoh yang      memiliki peranan sebagai Qing Yi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;color:#000000;&quot;   lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;青&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;color:#000000;&quot;   lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;衣&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;, karena ia adalah seorang wanita yang      setia dan pecinta yang malang.      Hal itu dapat dilihat dari sikap rela berkorban yang dimilikinya terhadap      suaminya, Xu Xian. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 150%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:10pt;&quot;  lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Xiao Qing mempunyai peranan sebagai Wu Dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;武&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;旦&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, karena      ia adalah wanita muda yang berani, tangkas, dan bisa berkelahi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Xu Xian mempunyai peranan sebagai Xiao Sheng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;小&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;生&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, karena ia merupakan seorang pemuda desa yang sederhana, baik      hati, dan memiliki cinta yang tulus, serta penuh kelembutan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Biksu Fa Hai mempunyai peranan sebagai Duan Da&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;短&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;打&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. Ia      memiliki sifat yang tidak baik karena suka melakukan kejahatan, gemar      berkelahi, dan selalu membuat kekacauan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dewa Gunung      mempunyai peranan sebagai Wen Jing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;文&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;净&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;. Ia merupakan dewa      yang mempunyai sifat baik, arif, dan bijaksana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Putra Rusa mempuyai peranan sebagai Wu Jing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;武&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;净&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, karena ia adalah seorang prajurit dan ia      mempunyai kemampuan berkelahi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Putra Bangau mempunyai peranan sebagai Wu Jing &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;武&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot; style=&quot;font-family:SimSun;&quot;&gt;净&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;, karena ia adalah seorang prajurit dan ia      mempunyai kemampuan berkelahi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kostum dan Tata Rias Pemain&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: center; line-height: 150%;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Drama Cina Tradisional sangat memperhatikan warna kostum yang dikenakan oleh pemainnya, karena warna-warna tersebut mewakili sifat atau karakter dari seorang tokoh yang berperan di dalam cerita.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Kostum yang dikenakan oleh tokoh-tokoh yang terdapat dalam Drama Ular Putih terdiri dari:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;1&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Bai Suzhen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Memakai pakaian berwarna putih yang melambangkan kesedihan yang selalu menerpa hidupnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tata rias wajahnya didominasi oleh warna merah, kuning keemasan. Warna-warna tersebut melambangkan kesetiaan, keberanian, dan juga ia bisa melakukan sesuatu yang gaib.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;2&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Xiao Qing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Memakai pakaian berwarna hijau keemasan yang melambangkan seseorang yang penuh semangat, setia dan mempunyai keberanian yang tinggi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tata rias wajahnya sama dengan tata rias wajah Bai Suzhen. Warna yang mendominasi yaitu warna merah dan kuning keemasan. Warna-warna tersebut melambangkan kesetiaan, keberanian, dan juga ia bisa melakukan sesuatu yang gaib.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;3&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Xu Xian&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Memakai pakaian berwarna hitam dan dikombinasi dengan warna merah yang melambangkan bahwa ia masih muda, jujur serta baik hati.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tata rias wajahnya didominasi oleh warna merah dan sedikit warna hitam. Warna-warna tersebut melambangkan keberanian, kesetiaan, dan juga kejujuran.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;4&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Biksu Fa Hai&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Memakai pakaian yang berwarna biru tua yang melambangkan seseorang yang hatinya penuh dengan kelicikan, kejahatan sehingga dapat menimbulkan kesengsaraan pada orang lain. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tata rias wajahnya didominasi oleh warna putih dan biru, melambangkan bahwa ia adalah seseorang yang jahat dan kejam. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;5&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dewa Gunung&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Memakai pakaian dengan dominasi warna kuning, merah tua, dan sedikit warna ungu. Warna-warna tersebut melambangkan sesuatu yang agung, kemegahan, dan kebesaran seorang Dewa.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tata rias wajahnya didominasi oleh warna merah dan kuning keemasan Warna-warna tersebut melambangkan kesetiaan, keberanian, dan juga ia bisa melakukan sesuatu yang gaib.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;6&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Putra Rusa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Memakai pakaian dengan dominasi warna kuning, hijau, dan biru. Warna-warna tersebut yang melambangkan kesetiaan, pengabdian, selain itu memiliki karakter kurang baik. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tata rias wajahnya didominasi oleh warna merah dan kuning keemasan Warna-warna tersebut melambangkan kesetiaan, keberanian, dan juga ia bisa melakukan sesuatu yang gaib.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol style=&quot;margin-top: 0cm;&quot; start=&quot;7&quot; type=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Putra Bangau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Memakai pakaian dengan dominasi warna kuning, hijau, dan biru. Warna-warna tersebut yang melambangkan kesetiaan, pengabdian, selain itu memiliki karakter kurang baik. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tata rias wajahnya didominasi oleh warna merah dan kuning keemasan Warna-warna tersebut melambangkan kesetiaan, keberanian, dan juga ia bisa melakukan sesuatu yang gaib.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  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rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/2293577251482577074/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/legenda-ular-putih.html#comment-form' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/2293577251482577074'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/2293577251482577074'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/legenda-ular-putih.html' title='白蛇传: Legenda Ular Putih'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnCKi31ygazKHZyMk4NxirtDFTfxr-SHJ19_WFCzRPq0eDXNH3usIN2dWeK60imyptaY7dUYWm_hDupTWNAIFCcExDnF9DqSyMuFgdelt1-sBAzB5e_28SmKvYDeAzKm3j6ZNuU0Qw8UQS/s72-c/bai+she+zhuan.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-1916742087018617423</id><published>2011-04-07T19:02:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-18T21:45:21.019-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Review Buku"/><title type='text'>The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--[if gte mso 9]&gt;&lt;xml&gt;  &lt;w:worddocument&gt;   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&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Review Buku&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14pt;&quot; lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Judul Buku&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                  &lt;/span&gt;: The New Emperors: China In The Era Of Mao And Deng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Penulis&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                         &lt;/span&gt;: Harrison E. Salisbury&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Penerbit&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                       &lt;/span&gt;: Avon Books, New York&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tahun Terbit&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;                &lt;/span&gt;: 1992&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Jumlah Halaman&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;: 544 halaman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Buku &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng&lt;/i&gt; adalah sebuah buku yang membahas tentang kekuasaan dua pemimpin kharismatik Cina yang dulu pernah berkuasa, yaitu Mao Zedong dan Deng Xiaoping. Buku yang ditulis oleh Harrison E. Salisbury ini menggambarkan dua tokoh besar Cina itu dengan gaya yang sangat berbeda dan dari sudut pandang yang berbeda&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;pula. Salisbury dengan sangat baik membawa pembaca untuk mengenal lebih jauh tentang Mao Zedong dan Deng Xiaoping dan menganalogikan kedua tokoh tersebut sebagai kaisar baru Cina. Salisbury menggambarkan Mao dan Deng sebagai kaisar baru di masa Cina yang modern pada saat kedua tokoh itu berkuasa di masanya masing-masing.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Buku yang berisikan 544 halaman ini dibagi menjadi 8 bagian yang tiap bagiannya terdiri atas beberapa bab, yang jika dijumlahkan menjadi 50 bab. Dalam buku ini pun, Salisbury menambahkan beberapa suplemen, seperti peta Cina, kronologi, personages, catatan penulis ketika menulis buku ini, sumber catatan, bibliografi, sumber ilustrasi, dan indeks.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;1&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Buku ini dimulai dengan bagian pertama yang berjudul &lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;The Birth of New China&lt;/b&gt;. Pada bagian pertama buku ini, Salisbury menggambarkan bagaimana keadaan di lingkungan Mao Zedong dan Deng Xiaoping pada masa awal berdirinya Republik Rakyat Cina (RRC). Pada tahun 1949, Partai Komunis Cina (PKC) yang dipimpin oleh Mao Zedong telah berhasil menekan Partai Nasionalis Cina (Guomindang) yang dipimpin Chiang Kaisek. Tanda-tanda kemenangan komunis di Cina pun sudah terlihat di depan mata. Mao yang telah yakin dengan kemenangan komunis di Cina harus menentukan letak ibukota bagi republik yang baru akan berdiri tersebut. Beijing dengan beberapa alasan dipilih menjadi ibukota bagi Negara RRC yang baru berdiri ini. Lokasi bagi para petinggi negara baru yang disiapkan adalah Zhongnanhai, berada di Kota Terlarang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Mao mulai pindah ke Zhongnanhai pada awal 1949 ketika semua orang sudah yakin akan kemenangan PKC atas Guomindang. Mao sebagai pemimpin PKC sudah mulai sulit dilihat sejak perang antara kubu komunis dengan kubu nasionalis dimulai pada tahun 1946. Pada tahun 1947, Mao memerintahkan semua anggota PKC untuk mninggalkan basis komunis di Yanan dan pergi ke pelosok pedesaaan untuk melakukan perang gerilya melawan tentara nasionalis. Tahun 1948 Mao pindah ke desa Xibaipo, sekitar 175 mil barat daya Beijing.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Communist Northeast Field Army yang dipimpin Lin Biao mulai mengepung Beijing pada Desember 1948. Seluruh kota mulai dikepung dan dikuasai oleh tentara komunis sampai akhirnya Beijing secara resmi jatuh ke tangan komunis tanggal 21 Januari 1949.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Kepindahan Mao dari Xibaipo ke Beijing dilakukan dengan sangat hati-hati dan rahasia. Seperti hantu, Mao berangkat pada tanggal 23 Maret 1949 dan sampai di Bejing dua hari kemudian. Di Beijing inilah Mao kemudian memerintah negara berpenduduk terbanyak di dunia, seperti kaisar-kaisar Cina dahulu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Sebelum meninggalkan Xibaipo, Mao sudah terlebih dahulu memutuskan untuk menjadikan Beijing sebagai ibukota RRC yang akan berdiri. Keputusan ini sendiri bukanlah sebuah keputusan yang diperoleh dengan mudah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Dalam sejarahnya yang panjang, Cina beberapa kali berpindah-pindah ibukota sesuai dengan kebijakan penguasa Cina di masanya masing-masing. Chiang Kaishek menjadikan Nanjing sebagai ibukota Republik Cina. Nanjing merupakan ibukota tradisional Cina selain Beijing. Secara harfiah Nanjing berarti ibukota selatan, sedangakan Beijing memiliki arti ibukota utara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Mao tidak mau menjadikan Nanjing sebagai ibukota karena adanya kekhawatiran beberapa pihak dengan kemungkinan invasi Amerika Serikat (AS) jika RRC dengan komunisnya berkuasa di Cina. Stalin kemudian menyarankan Mao untuk menjadikan Beijing sebagai ibukota negara. Dengan beribukota di Beijing, Mao dapat melarikan diri ke wilayah Uni Sovyet yang jaraknya dekat jika AS menyerang Cina untuk membantu Chiang Kaishek. Akses transportasi dan komunikasi dari Beijing ke wilayah lain di Cina pun sudah cukup memadai. Mao pun pada akhirnya mengikuti saran Stalin.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Hubungan antara Mao dan Stalin sebenarnya kurang harmonis. Keduanya beberapa kali terlibat perseteruan. Mao tidak mempercayai Stalin yang menurutnya lebih banyak menolong Guomindang dibandingkan menolong “saudara muda” PKC. Stalin sendiri tidak menyukai Mao dan menganggapnya sebagai ancaman bagi stabilitas keamanan. Stalin tampaknya lebih menyukai kebijakan dua Cina, yaitu komunis dan nasionalis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Saat Front Persatuan antara PKC dengan Guomindang terbentuk pada tahun 1930, Stalin mengirim banyak pesawat dengan senjata lengkap kepada Chiang Kaishek. Kepada Mao Zedong, Stalin hanya mengirimkan beberapa pesawat yang berisi pamflet propaganda. Tahun 1948 ketika komunis sudah mulai menguasai hampir seluruh daratan Cina, Stalin menyarankan Mao menghentikan serangannya terhadap kubu nasionalis. Mao mengacuhkan saran Stalin dan terus menyerang basis-basis Guomindang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Mao semakin yakin dengan sikap Stalin yang cenderung menyukai Chiang Kaishek daripada dirinya saat detik akhir berakhirnya kekuasaan Chiang Kaishek di daratan Cina tahun 1949. Ketika Chiang Kaishek dan petinggi Guomindang lainnya meninggalkan Nanjing untuk menyeberang ke Taiwan, duta besar-duta besar dari berbagai negara di Cina mempersiapkan diri bagi pemimpin Cina yang baru, Mao Zedong dan PKC. Semua duta besar bersiap menyambut lahirnya negara baru RRC. Hanya satu duta besar yang pergi meninggalkan Cina, yaitu duta besar Uni Soviet. Stalin memerintahkan duta besarnya untuk meninggalkan Nanjing bersama dengan Chiang Kaishek dan Guomindang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Deng Xiaoping adalah salah satu komandan perang yang peranannya penting dalam mengalahkan Guomindang. Meskipun berperawakan kecil, namun ia dapat mengalahkan lebih banyak jenderal Guomindang dibanding siapa pun. Deng yang beroperasi di wilayah selatan Cina merupakan komandan favorit Mao. Pada saat itu tidak ada satu pun yang menjagokan Deng sebagai penerus Mao. Orang lain lebih cenderung melihat Zhu De dan Zhou Enlai sebagai&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;penerus yang cocok. Seiring dengan waktu, popularitas Deng semakin meningkat karena keberhasilannya dalam beberapa misi. Dari kalangan generasi muda, Deng dianggap layak sebagai penerus Mao untuk memimpin PKC dan Cina. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Mao dan komandan-komandannya adalah orang-orang yang melakukan Long March dan berhasil selamat. Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Lin Biao, Chen Yi, Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, dan lain-lain adalah tokoh-tokoh yang menjadi bersaudara karena Long March. Mereka bersaudara satu sama lain karena penderitaan Long March dengan Mao sebagai kakak tertua.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Jika Mao sibuk dengan pembentukan RRC di Beijing, Deng di wilayah selatan Cina lebih terfokus untuk membasmi sampai habis semua elemen pendukung Chiang Kaishek. Tanggal 24 April 1949, ibukota Nanjing berhasil direbut kubu komunis tanpa perlawanan. Shanghai yang merupakan kota terbesar di Cina dan basis utama pendukung Chiang Kaishek dapat direbut pada tanggal 27 Mei 1949. Pada tanggal 10 Desember 1949, seluruh personil Guomindang dan Chiang kaishek benar-benar meninggalkan daratan Cina dan kabur ke pulau Taiwan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Mao dan Deng dapat dikatakan berasal dari latar belakang keluarga yang sama. Keduanya tumbuh besar di daerah pedesaan yang tidak memiliki akses yang memadai, namun Mao dan Deng hidup berkecukupan dan mendapatkan pendidikan yang lebih baik dari anak-anak desa pada umumnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Mao tumbuh besar di desa Shaoshan, provinsi Hunan. Kakek dan ayah Mao adalah petani, pedagang, dan pemberi pinjaman yang sukses. Hal ini berbeda dengan keluarga lain yang bermarga Mao yang tidak seberhasil keluarga Mao Zedong. Ada beberapa versi mengenai garis keturunan Mao Zedong. Banyak yang menyebut Mao Zedong adalah keturunan dari Mao Dehua yang hidup pada masa dinasti Ming. Banyak pula yang meneyebut Mao Zedong sebagai keturunan dai Mao Bozheng, anak dari kaisar Zhouwen. Mao Zedong sendiri menutup rapat asal garis keturunannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Mao Zedong muda adalah seorang pemuda yang tidak bahagia, tak berbakat, ambisius, dan patriotis. Semua hal ini ditambah dengan kebenciannya pada ayahnya. Hal ini menyebabkan masa mudanya dipenuhi oleh perang melawan ayahnya, perang melawan dunia, dan perang melawan dirinya sendiri. Pengagum George Washington ini lebih suka disebut sebagai petani, &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;tu&lt;/i&gt;. Ia selalu menyebut dirinya sebagai anak petani dan memiliki kebiasaan hidup sebagai seorang petani.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Deng Xiaoping lahir di desa Paifangcun, utara Sichuan. Keluarga Deng Xiaoping adalah keluarga yang kaya dan memiliki kesadaran yang tinggi terhadap pendidikan. Keluarga Deng Xiaoping memiliki tradisi untuk menjadi pejabat negara (&lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;mandarin&lt;/i&gt;). Pada abad 20, gelar &lt;i style=&quot;&quot;&gt;mandarin&lt;/i&gt; tidak berlaku lagi, ayah Deng Xiaoping, Deng Wenming, kemudian bergabung dengan warlord yang berkuasa di utara Sichuan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Sejak kecil Deng Xiaoping selalu menjadi anak yang baik. Orang-orang yang mengenalnya sejak kecil mengingatnya sebagai orang yang rajin, baik hai, ambisius, dan cerdas. Dengan bantuan ayah dan pamannya, Deng Xiaoping berangkat ke Prancis untuk belajar. Di Prancis ia berteman dengan pemuda komunis Cina lain, termasuk Zhou Enlai. Deng Xiaoping dan Zhou Enlai yang sempat menjadi teman sekamar kemudian pergi ke Uni Soviet untuk mempelajari komunis lebih dalam sampai akhirnya kembali ke Cina untuk menjadi pimpinan pergerakan komunis.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Deng Xiaoping sangat tidak menyukai kultus individu seperti Mao Zedong. Deng Xiaoping melarang penjualan dan pemasangan poster dirinya di tempat-tempat umum. Ia pun melarang penerbitan buku biografi tentang dirinya, interview antara pers dengan dirinya, dan pemuatan artikel tentang dirinya di surat kabar secara terus menerus.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;Deng Xiaoping adalah seorang komandan non-militer yang bertugas untuk merebut kota-kota di selatan Cina untuk jatuh ke tangan komunis. Ia adalah komandan perang non-militer yang berperang tapi tidak pernah sekalipun membawa pistol atau senapan. Ia bertugas untuk membuat strategi perang, mengubah petani menjadi tentara gerilya, dan sebagai pengambil keputusan di divisinya. Deng tidak pernah sekalipun memakai tanda kepangkatan militer dan tidak memiliki title militer secara formal.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Deng memulai kehidupan militernya pada tahun 1929. Ia ditempatkan di daerah Guangxi dalam misi tanpa harapan. Deng yang sebelumnya bergerak dalam kehidupan komunis bawah tanah Shanghai harus menggerakkan petani di daerah Guangxi untuk menyerang kota-kota di sekitarnya. Perintah dari Moskow ini terlihat seperti misi bunuh diri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;           &lt;/span&gt;Dalam misinya merebut daerah Guangxi, ia harus pergi ke beberapa daerah yang liar dengan kehidupan yang keras. Daerah yang yang tidak pernah terjamah manusia sebelumnya dan tidak pernah berbuah kondisinya selama ribuan tahun. Bagi orang-orang bawahannya, Deng Xiaoping dikenal sebagai pemimpin yang radikal dan kejam. Setelah merebut tanah dari tuan tanah, ia tak segan untuk membunuh tuan tanahnya. Meskipun hal tersebut tidak diperlukan. Hal sama dimiliki oleh Mao Zedong.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Deng Xiaoping yang tidak mengikuti perintah dari Shanghai untuk berperang untuk menaklukan kota-kota besar terus ditekan pemipin komunis dari Shanghai. Deng Xiaoping kemudian ditarik ke Shanghai dan diancam dikeluarkan dari keanggotan PKC, dicabut tanggung jawabnya dari militer dan politik, dan dianggap bersalah karena menentang keputusan partai. Akan tetapi PKC tidak menemukan pengganti sebai Deng Xiaoping, sehingga ia pun diangkat kembali menjadi komandan di divisinya denga tambahan kekuatan politik dan militer yang justru bertambah kuat. Inilah yang di kemudian hari beberapa kali terjadi pada diri Deng Xiaoping, jatuh terpuruk kemudian naik kembali dengan kekkuatan yang lebih besar. Hal ini meneybabkan ia dijuluki sebagai karet bola India oleh orang-orang Cina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Setelah Ruijin menjadi basis kaum komunis, Deng Xiaoping meninggalkan pasukannya untuk bergabung dengan Mao Zedong di Ruijin. Di sana Deng menjadi sekretaris partai dan menjadi pendukung Mao. Saat itu terjadi perebutan kekuasaan antar faksi di PKC. Deng Xiaoping kemudian diserang faksi lain penentang Mao Zedong dengan tuduhan berlaku kejam ketika merebut tanah dari tuan tanah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Deng Xiaoping kemudian ditahan dan kehilangan istri yang meninggalkannya. Istri Deng Xiaoping menceraikan dirinya dan kemudian menikahi lawan politik Deng Xiaoping. Kejatuhan Deng Xiaoping ini tidak berlangsung lama. Deng Xiaoping direhabilitasi dan melakukan Long March bersama Mao Zedong. Di Yanan. Mao Zedong menjadi pemimpin PKC dan posisi politik Deng Xiaoping di partai semakin kuat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;2 Pada&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; bagian dua buku ini, proses berdirinya RRC dan kehidupan di Zhongnanhai pada masa awal berdirinya RRC dijelaskan. &lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;The Secret Life of Zhongnanhai&lt;/b&gt; dengan baik menggambarkan kehidupan para pemimpin PKC di kawasan elit tersebut dengan kehidupan pribadi mereka.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Penetapan Beijing sebagai ibukota bagi RRC tidak diputuskan dengan singkat. Mao masih ragu untuk menjadikan Beijing sebagai ibukota dengan Zhongnanhai sebagai kompleks kantor dan tempat tinggal pemimpin Cina. Mao terutama khawatir terhadap keamanan kota Beijing dan kompleks Zhongnanhai. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Kepindahan Mao ke Zhongnanhai dilakukan dengan sangat hati-hati dan ketat keamanannya. Setiap lorong Zhongnanhai dijaga oleh penjaga keamanan&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;yang dipimpin oleh polisi rahasia partai, Li Kenong dan Kang Sheng. Kepindahan Mao dan para pemimpin Cina lain dianggap oleh banyak orang sebagai sebuah symbol yang menunjukkan berdirinya sebuah kedinastian baru bernama Republik Rakyat Cina dengan komunis sebagai ideologi dan Mao sebagai kaisar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Di Zhongnanhai, Mao menempati tempat yang sering disebut sebagai The Study of Chrysanthemum Fragrance. Kamar yang dipakai Mao adalah kamar yang biasa diapakai oleh kaisar-kaisar terdahulu. Di dalam kamarnya Mao mengoleksi buku-buku peninggalan kedinastian terdahulu yang sudah ada sebelumnya di Zhongnanhai atau buku yang dicari oleh Kang Sheng. Di perpusatakaan pribadi Mao tersebut terdapat beberapa buku karya Marx, Engels, Lenin, tanpa satu pun buku Stalin. Buku-buku yang ada lebih banyak buku klasik Cina, seperti Arts of War, The Romance of Three Kingdom, Records of The Historian, The General Mirror for the Aid of Government, dan lain-lain. Mao sangat menyukai bacaan buku Cina klasik dan tidak terlalu menyukai buku bacaan dari luar. Seperti kaisar zaman dahulu Mao selalu berkutat pada dunia, Cina adalah dunia itu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pada tanggal 1 Oktober 1949, semua pemimpin PKC berkumpul di Tiananmen untuk mendeklarasikan berdirinya RRC. Pada saat itu pula Qi Lai ( The March of Volunteers) ditetapkan sebagai lagu kebangsaan nasional. Mao yang menjadi pimpinan dari semua pemimpin dengan lantang mengatakan “Inilah era baru dalam sejarah Cina”. Lin Biao turut hadir di sana. Ia adalah arsitek dalam menaklukan Manchuria, Beijing, dan Tianjin. Lin Biao selalu berusaha berada di dekat Mao untuk mendapatkan kekuasaan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Di bawah gerbang yang bernama The Gate Heavenly Peace itu hadir pula Gao Gang. Ia pada waktu itu sebagai perwakilan partai di Manchuria merupakan orang yang disukai oleh Mao karena selalu menyelesaikan tugas-tugasnya dengan baik. Deng Xiaoping dan letnan kepercayaannya Liu Bocheng ikut bersuka cita di sana sebelum kembali ke medan perang melawan sisa pasuka Nasionalis yang masih tersisa. Zhou Enlai yang sangat menguasai bidang diplomasi turut berpidato di sana. Di sana pula Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, He Long, Soong Chingling yang merupakan janda dari Dr. Sun Yatsen, dan hampir semua pemimpin partai komunis larut dalam kegenbiraan dan optimisme menyambut berdirinya sebuah negara baru.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Orang yang tidak hadir dalam pendeklarasian berdirinya RRC adalah Jiang Qing, istri Mao. Saat itu ia sedang berada di Uni Soviet untuk mendapatkan perawatan kesehatan. Banyak orang yang mengatakan bahwa ia dikirim ke Uni Soviet oleh pemimpin partai lain untuk menjauhkan dirinya dari Mao. Sejak dekat dengan Mao banyak orang yang sudah mengatakan bahwa Jiang adalah orang yang jahat, bahkan Mao sendiri.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Jiang Qing lahir di kota Zucheng, tak jauh dari Qingdao. Sejak kecil ia sudah dijual keluarganya untuk dijadikan budak dan pekerja seks. Jiang yang sudah mengenal Kang Sheng kemudian pindah ke Shanghai untuk menjadi artis kelas B. Kang Sheng dan seseorang yang bernama David berusaha menjadikan Jiang sebagai alat untuk meraih kekuasaan. Kang Sheng dan David mengajak Jiang Qing ke Yanan untuk bertemu dengan para petinggi partai. Di sinilah Jiang dan Mao bertemu dan akhirnya menikah.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mao dikenal sebagai orang yang sangat menyukai wanita-wanita muda. Mao yang sebelumnya telah menikah sebanyak dua kali memutuskan untuk menceraikan istri terakhirnya untuk menikahi Jiang. Setelah menikah, Mao menyesali perbuatannya karena sifat Jiang yang buruk. Mao bahkan pernah berkomentar mengenai sikap Jiang, katanya “ Jiang Qing memiliki mulut dan lidah yang tajam. Ia akan membuat masalah. Seminggu setelah saya mati orang-orang akan membunuhnya”. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;3. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dari luar, hubungan antara komunis Cina dengan komunis Uni Soviet terlihat sangat erat seperti hubungan kakak dan adik. Namun demikian, kenyataan yang terjadi menyatakan sebaliknya. Terdapat hubungan yang tidak harmonis dan dipenuhi dengan rivalitas di antara kedua negara, terutama antara Mao Zedong sebagai pimpinan RRC dengan Joseph Stalin sebagai pimpinan Uni Soviet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Stalin adalah seorang pemimpin yang memiliki kecenderungan paranoid yang berlebihan terhadap musuh-musuhnya. Stalin menganggap Mao sebagai sebuah ancaman terhadap dirinya sebagai pemimpin komunis dunia. Stalin mengaggap Mao sebagai pesaing yang kuat dalam usahanya mengkomuniskan dunia. Stalin lebih cenderung menyukai Chiang Kaishek yang meskipun berseberangan paham dengan dirinya tetapi memiliki kekuatan yang lebih lemah dari Mao dan mudah dipengaruhi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mao sendiri selalu menganggap Uni Soviet di bawah Stalin tidak pernah membantu Mao mendirikan negara komunis di Cina. Saat Front Persatuan antara pihak Nasionalis dengan pihak Komunis berlangsung, Stalin mengirim banyak pesawat tempur modern kepada pihak Chiang Kaishek. Sedangkan kepada Mao, Stalin hanya mengirim beberapa pesawat yang berisi pamflet-pamflet propaganda. Ketika pihak nasionalis semakin terdesak pun Stalin meminta Mao untuk menghentikan perang. Stalin tampaknya lebih menyukai status quo yang berlangsung pada saat itu, negeri Cina dengan dua negara. Komunis di utara dan Nasionalis di selatan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Meskipun demikian, Mao menyadari bahwa RRC yang baru berdiri membutuhkan pelindung dari serang musuh, terutama Amerika Serikat. Pelindung yang dapat diandalkan adlah musuh AS sendiri, yaitu Uni Soviet. Mao denga kematangannya kemudian berkunjun ke Uni Soviet untuk menghadiri perayaan ulang tahun Stalin. Mao melupakan sejenak perlakuan Stalin tahun-tahun sebelumnya demi mendapatkan bantuan perlindungan dari Uni Soviet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pada tahun 1950, ketegangan di Korea semakin meningkat. Korea Utara yang berpaham komunis siap berperang melawan Korea selatan yang didukung AS. Mao memutuskan RRC ikut campur dalam perang ini dengan mendukung Korea UTara. Tanpa memedulikan kenyataan bahwa RRC masih lemah karena baru berdiri, Mao mengrim pasukan PLA terbaik yang dimilikinya untuk berperang di Korea. Peng Dehuai diangkat menjadi komandan perang menggantikan Lin Biao yang sakit. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Perang Korea terbukti menjadi sebuah kerugian besar bagi RRC. Pasukan RRC dan Korea Utara berhasil dikalahkan oleh pasukan Korea Selatan yang didukung AS. Soviet sebelumnya menjanjikan akan membantu dengan mengirim pasukan udara dengan jet-jet tempur, pada saat perang membatalkan rencananya untuk ikut terjun dalam perang Korea. RRC menderita kerugian besar dari kekalahannya di perang Korea karena kehilangan pasukan terbaiknya dan peralatan perang. Mao sendiri kehilangan putranya, Mao Anying, yang dikirim ke Korea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;RRC tidak hanya kehilangan materi karena turut campur dalam perang Korea. RRC kehilangan dukungan internasional karena diputusnya hubungan dipolomasi dari berbagai negara karena Cina dianggap sebagai negara agresor. RRC pun kehilangan kesempatan untuk mendapatkan Taiwan kembali. Tak lama setelah perang Korea, AS mengumumkan bahwa Taiwan berada dalam perlindungan AS. AS akan membom Cina jika RRC menyerang pulau Taiwan yang dikuasai Chiang Kaishek. Keamanan RRC menjadi berbahaya karena adanya ancaman AS. Mao sadar bahwa ia harus memperkuat pertahanannya dari ancaman musuh dan orang yang tepat untuk mengurusnya adalah Deng Xiaoping.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Mao mengembangkan konsep pertahanan yang bernama “Third Line”. Konsep ini pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk melindungi obyek-obyek vital milik RRC dengan memindahkannya ke tempat yang rahasia dan tidak diketahui musuh. Deng kemudian mengembangkan daerah-daerah terpencil di Cina untuk dijadikan tempat saran dan prasarana obyek vital negara. Dengan pindahnya obyek-obyek vital negara Mao berharap jika AS menyerang Cina di pusat pemerintahan yang berada di kota-kota besar, RRC dapat bertahan karena kekuatan RRC berada di daearah terpencil yang tidak diketahui musuh. Proyek ini terbukti menjadi proyek yang paling banyak menghabiskan uang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Pada tahun 1956, Mao membuat program yang memperbolehkan orang-orang untuk menyampaikan kritik terhadap partai. Mao menyebut kampanye ini sebagai&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Gerakan Seratus Bunga. Meskipun ditentang koleganya yang lain, Mao tetap berusaha mempertahankan kampanye Gerakan Seratus Bunga terus berlangsung. Pada akhirnya Gerakan Seratus Bunga ini menjadi boomerang bagi partai karena terlalu banyaknya kritik terhadap partai sehingga tidak terkendali lagi. Untuk mengendalikannya Mao mengeluarkan program lain yang bernama Gerakan Anti Kanan. Kampanye ini bertujuan mengendalikan kritik yang terlalu banyak terhadap partai dengan cara menyerang orang-orang yang bersuara terlalu vokal pada saat Gerakan Seratus Bunga.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tahun 1958 Mao mencanangkan program barunya di bidang ekonomi yang bernama Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan. Kampanye baru dari Mao ini bertujuan untuk membangun industri Cina menjadi lebih besar. Tujuan utama proyek ini adalah mengejar ketertinggalan produksi baja Cina dari Inggris dalam waktu 15 tahun. Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan pada akhirnya justru menyebabkan kesengaaraan bagi rakyat Cina khususnya petani.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Dalam Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan, Mao mengangkat Deng Xiaoping sebagai pemimpin kampanye ini. Posisi Deng Xiaoping kemudian semakin kuat dan masuk ke dalam jajaran tertinggi di RRC. Deng Xiaoping menjadi pemimpin nomor empat Cina setelah Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, dan Liu Shaoqi. Hubungan orang-orang yang berada di bawah tersebut sangat dekat dan memiliki pandangan yang sama mengenai masa depan Cina.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Melalui Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan, Mao mengedepankan “pergerakan massa” sebagai kekuatan utama. Sistem komune yang mengedepankan pergerakan massa diperkenalkan di seluruh Cina. Semua orang kemudian hidup dengan makan dari satu mangkuk besi. Apa pun jenis pekerjaannya dan bagaimana pun bekrjanya seseorang tidak akan mempengaruhi jatah makanan yang di dapat. Semua mendapatkan kupon makan yang sama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt; Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan pada akhirnya menemui kegagalan total yang menyebabkan terjadinya krisis di negara Cina. Kelaparan terjadi di seluruh Cina karena tidak memiliki bahan makanan yang cukup untuk dimakan. Korban dari Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan mencapai puluhan juta karena mati kelaparan. Pemimpin Cina masa kini menyebut angka 30 juta korban meninggal dan ada pula yang menyebut angka 43-46 juta jiwa. Reaksi Mao terhadap banyaknya korban meninggal karena kelaparan tidak menunjukkan rasa penyesalan. Menurut Mao demi kepentingan negara rakyat harus dikorbankan berapa pun jumlahnya. Prinsipnya adalah biarkan petani kelaparan hingga mati karena hal inilah yang menyebabkan rakyat menjadi revolusioner.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Gagalnya Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan disebabkan karena semua petani harus bekerja di pabrik pada malam hari setelah siangnya bekerja di ladang. Demi mencapai kuota produksi baja yang diinginkan pemerintah, para petani terpaksa memakai alat-alat pertanian yang terbuat dari besi atau baja sebagai bahan baku peroduksi baja. Para petani menjadi kekurangan alat-alat pertanian untuk mengolah ladangnya, produksi padi di seluruh Cina merosot tajam. Sistem makan dari satu mangkuk besi pun terbukti gagal. Sistem ini menyebabkan orang-orang menjadi malas bekerja. Orang yang bekerja denganrajin akan mendapatkan jatah makan yang sama dengan orang yang tidak bekerja sama sekali. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada tahun 1959, diadakan pertmuan para petinggi RRC di Gunung Lu (Lushan). Pertemuan ini biasa disebut sebagai Konferensi Lushan. Semua orang yang akan hadir pada konferensi tersebut bahwa Cina mengalami bahaya kelaparan di seluruh wilayah karena program Mao, Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan. Meski Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan menghancurkan negara, tidak ada satu pun orang dari tingkat bawah samapai tingkat atas yang berani mengatakan kondisi yang sesungguhnya pada Mao. Semua memalsukan produksi bahan makanan yang dihasilkan agar posisinya aman. Mao tidak ingin mendengarr hal yang buruk mengenai programnya. Pada Konferensi Lushan, salah satu sahabat Mao sejak Long March berani mengatakan apa yang sesungguhnya terjadi dan mengkritik Mao. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Konferensi Lushan adalah awal sikap Mao yang menjatuhkan satu persatu pimpinann partai di bawahnya. Terjadi perdebatan yang sengit pada saat konferensi ketika Peng Dehuai meminta Mao untuk mengubah kebijakannya dalam hal Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan, sedangakn Mao yang sadar bahwa posisinya terancam jika programnya dianggap gagal segera menuduh Peng berusaha menggulingkan kekuasaannya dengan dukungan PLA. Dukungan terhadap Mao dari para petinggi negara lain dan rakyat Cina sendiri masih terlalu kuat. Jabatan Peng sebagai menteri pertahanan segera dicopot dan digantikan oleh Lin Biao yang sejak dulu menginginkan jabatan tersebut. Peng Dehuai pun segera merasakan penderitaan, apalagi ketika Revolusi Kebudayaan bergulir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Untuk terus mempertahankan kekuasaannya, Mao menggelar Revolusi Kebudayaan pada tahun 1965. Revolusi Kebudayaan bertujuan menghapus apa yang biasa disebut 4 lama, yaitu pemikiran lama, budaya lama, kebiasaan lama, dan sifat lama. Semua dokumen dan monumen hasil peninggalan kedinastian Cina dibakar dan dibuang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sasaran Mao setelah Peng Dehuai adalah Tian Jiaying, sekretaris pribadi Mao. Tian Jiaying termasuk orang yang disukai Mao karena kesamaan mereka dalam menyukai bacaan Cina klasik. Pada saat Konferensi Lushan, Tian Jiaying adalah orang yang turut membantu Peng Dehuai dalam mengkritik kebijakan Mao, Lompatan Jauh Ke Depan. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Saat Revolusi kebudayaan dimulai, beberapa pejabat seperti Peng Zhen, Luo Ruiqing, Lu Dingyi, dan Yang Shangkun dituduh sebagai anggota kelompok anti-partai dan berusaha menggulingkan Mao dari kekuasaan. Tian Jiaying yang dikenal dekat dengan Yang Shangkun turut terseret tuduhan, apalagi sebelumnya ia pernah mengkritik Mao pada saat Konferensi Lushan berlangsung.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Ketika ia akan disiksa oleh pengawal merah, dengan cepat ia meminum sebotol pil tidur hingga ia mati. Tampaknya ia termauk orang yang lebih baik mati cepat dengan cara bunuh diri daripada mati disiksa pengawal merah. Sebelum mati ia sempat mengatakan 3 hal mengenai Mao, yaitu Mao dapat memimpin alam semesta tetapi ia tidak dapat memimpin orang-orang di sekitarnya, Mao sebaiknya tidak melakukan sesuatu yang dapat dikritik orang-orang setelah ia meninggal, dan Mao tidak akan pernah menerima opini negative sehingga tidak akan ada orang yang akan mengatakan sebuah kebenaran pada dirinya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Tuduhan sebagai bagian dari kelompok anti partai kepada Yang Shangkun mengejutkan semua pihak. Yang Shangkun yang menjabat sebagai Kepala Urusan Umum Partai dikenal sebagai orang yang bertanggung jawab dan loyal pada Mao. Yang tidak pernah mengeluarkan pernyataan negatif tentang partai atau pun Mao. Alasan Mao menyerang Yang Shangkun adalah karena kedekatan Yang dengan Peng Dehuai. Tahun 1964 Yang Shangkun ditangkap oleh pengawal merah dengan tuduhan berkonspirasi menggulingkan kekuasaan Mao dan sebagai mat-mata musuh karena merekam pembicaraan Mao dengan tamu negara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;6.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Deng Xiaoping yang berumur 65 tahun pada tahun 1969 dibuang ke Nanchang, Provinsi Jiangxi. Di sana ia menjadi tahanan militer dan tidak diberi akses untuk berkomunikasi dengan dunia luar. Pemindahan Deng Xiaoping ini merupakan kebijakan Lin Biao yang membuang semua tahanan politik keluar dari Beijing dengan alasan ancaman dari Uni Soviet.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Semua anggota keluarga dan teman dekat Deng Xiaoping mengalami penyiksaan dari pengawal merah. Yang paling parah adalah Deng Pufang, anak Deng Xiaoping, yang berada di Beijing. Para pengawal merah berlomba-lomba menyiksa Deng Pufang untuk menujukkan kesetiaan pada partai. Penyiksaan dari pengawal merah menyebabkan Pufang menjadi cacat dan tidak mampu berjalan lagi.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Tahun 1971 Pufang diperbolehkan bergabung kembali bersama keluarganya di Nanchang. Di Nanchang, keluarga Deng Xiaoping beraktivitas seperti keluarga umumya di masa itu. Meskipun dibatasi ruang geraknya, Deng Xiaoping masih dapat berkebun, bekerja di pabrik, dan berkumpul bersama keluarganya. Anak-anak Deng Xiaoping mengingat masa tersebut sebagai masa yang membuat mereka dekat satu sama lainnya, terutama Deng Xiaoping yang tidak lagi sibuk dengan urusan negara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada bulan November 1971 segalanya berubah sehubungan dengan kematian Lin Biao. Deng Xiaoping diajak ikut serta dalam pertemuan partai di Nanchang. Ini adalah langkah awal dari kembalinya Deng Xiaoping ke jajaran atas partai. Ia mengetahui semakin kuatnya posisi Zhou Enlai, adanya komunike Shanghai, dan kunjungan Presiden AS Nixon ke Cina. Ia segera mengirim surat kepada Mao untuk mengakui kesalahannya dan menyatakan siap untuk kembali membantu Mao di lingkungan kekuasaan. Deng selalu menjadi anak emas dan dianggap berbeda dengan Liu Shaoqi. Bulan Februari 1973 Deng Xiaoping kembali ke Beijing. Bulan maret Mao Zedong dan Zhou Enlai dengan resmi menjadikan Deng Xiaoping sebagai wakil ketua dewan negara.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Deng dengan cepat meraih kembali posisinya di pemerintahan. Dengan dukungan dari Zhou Enlai dan Marshal Ye Jianying, ia berusaha membawa Cina kembali menjadi negara yang kuat. Hal ini tidaklah mudah karena Mao masih ingin memperthankan berlangsungnya Revolusi Kebudayaan dengan Gang of 4 masih berada di sekitarnya. Posisi Gang masih kuat meskipun Lin Biao telah tewas. Deng masih harus berpacu dengan waktu, kondisi kesehatan Mao yang semakin menurun dan penyakit kanker Zhou Enlai yang semakin parah mengharuskan Deng berpacu dengan waktu menyusun kekuatan sebelum posisi Gang of 4 semakin kuat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada tahun1973, Deng Xiaoping mendapatkan kembali jabatan-jabatan penting di lingkungan kekuasaan. Ia menjadi wakil perdana menteri, anggota komite sentral, dan anggota komite sentral militer. Kekuasaan Deng Xiaoping meningkat pada tahun 1975 dengan menjadi wakil ketua komite militer, kepala PLA, wakil ketua komite sentral, dan anggota komite tetap politbiro. Deng Xiaoping memerintahkan berbagai pembangunan struktur dan infrastruktur negara dilanjtkan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt;            &lt;/span&gt;Pada pertemuan politbiro bulan mei 1975, Deng Xiaoping secara terbuka menyerang Jiang Qing yang sebelumnya menyerang Zhou Enlai tidak menaati perintah Mao untuk bersatu. Jiang Qing sendiri menyerang Deng Xiaoping dengan menyebutnya sebagai “orang kanan” dan pejalan kapitalis. Perang terbuka antara kubu Deng Xiaoping yang didukung kader senior partai melawan Jiang Qing beserta Gang of 4 semakin jelas, sedangkan Mao sendiri terus sakit. Mao mengidap penyakit mata katarak dan secara keseluruhan penyakitnya semakin parah sehingga setiap perkataannya harus diterjemahkan oleh Wang Hairong dan Nancy &lt;span style=&quot;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Tang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/m:defjc&gt;&lt;/m:rmargin&gt;&lt;/m:lmargin&gt;&lt;/m:dispdef&gt;&lt;/m:smallfrac&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/1916742087018617423/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/new-emperors-china-in-era-of-mao-and.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/1916742087018617423'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/1916742087018617423'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/new-emperors-china-in-era-of-mao-and.html' title='The New Emperors: China in the Era of Mao and Deng'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-2223540925852238172</id><published>2011-04-05T02:57:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-18T02:52:06.888-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Pengetahuan Umum"/><title type='text'>Perubahan Zodiak</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Apakah zodiak Anda berubah atau tidak?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;border-bottom: 2px dotted rgb(54, 99, 136); cursor: pointer; background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% transparent;&quot; class=&quot;yshortcuts&quot; id=&quot;lw_1301997214_0&quot;&gt;Zodiak&lt;/span&gt; yang kita kenal selama ini adalah zodiak yang dibuat oleh bangsa Babylonia kuno.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Profesor Parke Kunkle yang ahli di bidang astronomi meluncurkan  konstelasi zodiak yang dianggapnya sudah up to date. Astronom ini  menambah Ophiuchus, yang membuat total zodiak berjumlah 13 bintang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Silakan melihat perubahan zodiak yang baru di bawah ini . Zodiak Anda kemungkinan bergeser, dan ini berimbas ke Anda yang hobi membaca ramalan nasib.:D&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pembagian zodiak yang lama (versi Babylonia kuno):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-Aquarius  : 20 Januari-18 Februari&lt;br /&gt;-Pisces    : 19 Februari-20 Maret&lt;br /&gt;-Aries     : 21 Maret-19 April&lt;br /&gt;-Taurus    : 20 April-20 Mei&lt;br /&gt;-Gemini    : 21 Mei-20 Juni&lt;br /&gt;-Cancer    : 21 Juni-22 Juli&lt;br /&gt;-Leo       : 23 Juli-22 Agustus&lt;br /&gt;-Virgo     : 23 Agustus-22 September&lt;br /&gt;-Libra     : 23 September-22 Oktober&lt;br /&gt;-Scorpio   : 23 Oktober-21 November&lt;br /&gt;-Sagitarius: 22 November-21 Desember&lt;br /&gt;-Capricorn : 22 Desember-19 Januari&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pembagian zodiak yang baru setelah sumbu bumi bergeser:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFjSUGtOhVHbeX95c2iVxiz5NS-XPvLcrfG7BCUip44ZfHxBh5_pK1K-AKeZUyGLi6vEOZGLtn3F0EYTpxHfclg6Yn7uWR7nsv48CWzDbqtj6cHacstQsw_xTp4PxtXGP4Dd2IPFfq9Mb1/s1600/New-Zodiac-Table.JPG&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 234px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFjSUGtOhVHbeX95c2iVxiz5NS-XPvLcrfG7BCUip44ZfHxBh5_pK1K-AKeZUyGLi6vEOZGLtn3F0EYTpxHfclg6Yn7uWR7nsv48CWzDbqtj6cHacstQsw_xTp4PxtXGP4Dd2IPFfq9Mb1/s320/New-Zodiac-Table.JPG&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5592040166856238562&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jadi, apakah bintang Anda tetap atau berubah?&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/2223540925852238172/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/perubahan-zodiak.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/2223540925852238172'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/2223540925852238172'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/04/perubahan-zodiak.html' title='Perubahan Zodiak'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFjSUGtOhVHbeX95c2iVxiz5NS-XPvLcrfG7BCUip44ZfHxBh5_pK1K-AKeZUyGLi6vEOZGLtn3F0EYTpxHfclg6Yn7uWR7nsv48CWzDbqtj6cHacstQsw_xTp4PxtXGP4Dd2IPFfq9Mb1/s72-c/New-Zodiac-Table.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-6120929878075547021</id><published>2011-03-18T03:31:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-18T21:31:37.230-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="budaya Tionghoa"/><title type='text'>Chengbeng/ Qingming</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBiCEShdWpJABe0u9ucI6Iy8r4Q9g9I8RjFWcJGqv1R_MJkZLvgPm8xlSDypM91hO8k9pKm5uzifqSKmQkGkJRS8NvEcsHhAeA8B-hdzjbBGKMPW-9cIKC_5Sz2b4Db7zue2gJNxS3cnTp/s1600/cheng_beng.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 239px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBiCEShdWpJABe0u9ucI6Iy8r4Q9g9I8RjFWcJGqv1R_MJkZLvgPm8xlSDypM91hO8k9pKm5uzifqSKmQkGkJRS8NvEcsHhAeA8B-hdzjbBGKMPW-9cIKC_5Sz2b4Db7zue2gJNxS3cnTp/s320/cheng_beng.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5585366576423063986&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;color:red;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Chengbeng/Qingming Festival &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;color:blue;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Salah satu festival besar orang Tionghoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;Tanggal 5 April bagi orang tradisi Tionghoa, adalah hari Chengbeng. Dan ini adalah hari libur nasional di China dan Taiwan. Chengbeng adalah bahasa Hokkian, di mana  dalam bahasa Mandarin disebut Qingming. Di mana menurut tradisi Tionghoa, orang akan beramai-ramai pergi ke tempat pemakaman orang tua atau para leluhurnya untuk sembahyang, membersihkan kuburan, menebarkan kertas sampai dengan membakar kertas yang sering dikenal dengan Gincua (Mandarin: Yinzhi = kertas perak).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;Chengbeng tahun 2010 ini, pemerintah Taiwan meminta masyarakat untuk tidak lagi membakar dupa dan uang kertas sembahyang dalam ritual Chengbeng. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Mereka diminta untuk melakukan ritual secara online demi lebih menjaga kelestarian lingkungan. Badan Perlindungan Lingkungan menyatakan, praktik itu tidak hanya memperburuk polusi udara di Taiwan, tetapi juga bisa menimbulkan kebakaran. &quot;Kita sekarang bisa memilih untuk menghormati leluhur dengan cara modern dan ramah lingkungan melalui internet atau menyumbangkan uang yang akan dipersembahkan untuk amal,&quot; sebut lembaga itu. Studi-studi menemukan bahwa pembakaran uang-uang kertas itu melepaskan sejumlah besar karbondioksida, salah satu gas utama yang bertanggung jawab atas perubahan iklim global. Badan-badan lingkungan juga telah menawarkan diri untuk mengumpulkan uang kertas dari rumah-rumah dan kuil-kuil untuk dibakar di tempat pembakaran milik negara yang bisa mengatur pelepasan asapnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Jaman sekarang, orang mati pun diminta berhubungan dengan dunia online. Apakah bisa terlaksana?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chengbeng adalah salah satu dari 24 Jieqi yang ditentukan berdasarkan posisi bumi terhadap matahari. Pada Kalender Gregorian (internasional) , Chengbeng jatuh pada tanggal 4-5 April setiap tahun. Bila kita artikan kata Chengbeng, maka Cheng (Qing) berarti cerah dan Beng (Ming) artinya terang sehingga bila digabungkan maka Chengbeng berarti terang dan cerah. Dan memang Chengbeng (tanggal 4-5 April) adalah hari yang paling cerah dalam musim semi. Saat Chengbeng ideal untuk berziarah dan membersihkan makam karena cuaca yang bagus. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;Apalagi pada jaman dahulu lokasi pemakaman cukup jauh dari tempat pemukiman.&lt;br /&gt;Bahkan bila ada orang yang tinggal jauh dari kampung halamannya,mereka akan berusaha untuk pulang ke kampung halamannya,khusus untuk melakukan upacara penghormatan para leluhur. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 12pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;color:green;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot;&gt;Sejarah ChengBeng&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; &gt;Sejarah Chengbeng dimulai sejak dulu kala dan sulit dilacak kapan dimulainya. Pada dinasti Zhou, awalnya tradisi ini merupakan suatu upacara yang berhubungan dengan musim dan pertanian serta pertanda berakhirnya hawa dingin (bukan cuaca) dan dimulainya hawa panas.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ada sebuah syair yang menggambarkan bagaimana Chengbeng itu yaitu &quot;Sehari sebelum Chengbeng tidak ada api&quot; atau yang sering disebut Hanshijie (han: dingin, shi:makanan, jie: festival). Hanshijie adalah hari untuk memperingati Jie Zitui yang tewas terbakar di gunung Mianshan. Jin Wengong (raja muda negara Jin pada periode Chunqiu akhir dinasti Zhou) memerintahkan rakyat untuk tidak menyalakan api pada hari tewasnya Jie Zitui. Semua makanan dimakan dalam kondisi dingin, sehingga disebut perayaan makanan dingin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chengbeng lebih tepat jika dikatakan terjadi pada tengah musim semi. Pertengahan musim semi (Chunfen) sendiri jatuh pada tanggal 21 Maret, sedangkan awal musim panas (Lixia) jatuh pada tanggal 6 Mei. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;Sejak jaman dahulu hari Chengbeng ini adalah hari untuk menghormati leluhur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada dinasti Tang, hari Chengbeng ditetapkan sebagai hari wajib untuk para pejabat untuk menghormati para leluhur yang telah meninggal, dengan membersihkan kuburan para leluhur, sembahyang dan lain-lain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;Di dinasti Tang ini, implementasi Chengbeng hampir sama dengan kegiatan sekarang, misalnya seperti membakar uang-uangan, meletakkan kertas sembahyang di atas tanah kuburan, dan membersihkan kuburan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:blue;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;Pada dinasti Song (960-1279) dimulai kebiasaan menggantungkan gambar burung walet yang terbuat tepung dan buah pohon liu di depan pintu. Gambar ini disebut burung walet Zitui. Kebiasaan orang-orang Tionghoa yang menaruh untaian kertas panjang di kuburan dan menaruh kertas di atas batu nisan itu dimulai sejak dinasti Ming.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;Menurut cerita rakyat yang beredar, kebiasaan seperti itu atas suruhan Zhu Yuanzhang, kaisar pendiri dinasti Ming, untuk mencari kuburan ayahnya. Karena tidak tahu letaknya, ia memerintahkan seluruh rakyat untuk meletakkan kertas di batu nisan leluhurnya. Rakyat pun mematuhi perintah tersebut, lalu ia mencari kuburan ayahnya yang batu nisannya tidak ada kertas dan ia menemukannya!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kenapa pada hari Chengbeng itu harus membersihkan kuburan?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; line-height: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;Itu berkaitan dengan tumbuhnya semak belukar yang dikawatirkan akar-akarnya akan merusak tanah kuburan tersebut. Juga binatang-binatang akan bersarang di semak tersebut sehingga dapat merusak kuburan itu juga. Karena saat itu cuaca mulai menghangat, maka hari itu dianggap hari yang cocok untuk membersihkan kuburan. Selain cerita di atas, ada pula tradisi dimana jika orang yang merantau itu ketika pulang pada saat Chengbeng, orang itu akan mengambil tanah tempat lahirnya dan menaruh di kantong merah. Ketika orang tersebut tiba lagi di tanah tempat ia merantau, ia akan menorehkan tanah tersebut ke alas kakinya sebagai perlambang bahwa ia tetap menginjak tanah leluhurnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;color:black;&quot;   lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;line-height: 115%;font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:100%;&quot;  lang=&quot;FR&quot; &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/feeds/6120929878075547021/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/03/chengbeng-qingming.html#comment-form' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/6120929878075547021'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7605826023734621115/posts/default/6120929878075547021'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://puksipuksi.blogspot.com/2011/03/chengbeng-qingming.html' title='Chengbeng/ Qingming'/><author><name>PUKSIPUKSI</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/04963754818224159616</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='31' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLELWBJTvWJM5E931r7q9runtxCO9WK-hERkMLvY8NoDLKQ1spJfsiqzr8SlRM4Cv5wsLTtGz2iVIS_1F8BArZDOVTgNAeq7CTOe1Q_YYO2ggLgJ8RctFQWHUTOoSYyA/s220/stempel.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBiCEShdWpJABe0u9ucI6Iy8r4Q9g9I8RjFWcJGqv1R_MJkZLvgPm8xlSDypM91hO8k9pKm5uzifqSKmQkGkJRS8NvEcsHhAeA8B-hdzjbBGKMPW-9cIKC_5Sz2b4Db7zue2gJNxS3cnTp/s72-c/cheng_beng.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7605826023734621115.post-658145337067886925</id><published>2011-03-17T21:28:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-04-18T21:39:33.056-07:00</updated><category scheme="http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#" term="Negara China"/><title type='text'>China</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur=&quot;try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}&quot; 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priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; 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unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt; 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name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; 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 &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Cina&lt;/span&gt; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;bahasa Tionghoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;font-family:SimSun;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;中国&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzi_tradisional&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Hanzi tradisional&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;font-family:SimSun;&quot;  lang=&quot;ZH-CN&quot;&gt;中國&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;bahasa Tionghoa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Zhōngguó&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin&quot; title=&quot;Tongyong Pinyin&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Tongyong Pinyin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Jhongguó&lt;/span&gt;; &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade-Giles&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Wade-Giles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Chung1kuo²&lt;/span&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hokkien&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;bahasa Hokkien&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;: &lt;a style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot; href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiongkok&quot; title=&quot;Tiongkok&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Tiong-kok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) adalah nama dari daerah budaya, dan pemukiman turun temurun dari budaya kuno sejak dahulu kala hingga kini, dan merupakan salah satu negara yang berada di kawasan &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Timur&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Asia Timur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Peradaban Cina merupakan salah satu peradaban tertua di dunia, terdiri dari sejarah dan budaya beberapa negara yang ada sejak 6 milenia. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Pada perang saudara terakhir di Cina, perang ini berakhir dengan jalan buntu dan mengakibatkan adanya dua negara yang memiliki dua nama Cina yaitu &lt;a style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot; href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Republik Rakyat Cina&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; - yang lebih umum dikenal sebagai Cina dan pemerintahnya berkuasa atas Cina daratan, &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Hong Kong&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, serta &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makau&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Makau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; yang kedua adalah &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name=&#39;more&#39;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Republik Cina (ROC)&lt;/span&gt; - yang lebih umum dikenal sebagai &lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot; href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Taiwan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;, dan pemerintahnya berkuasa atas &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Taiwan&quot; title=&quot;Pulau Taiwan&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);&quot;&gt;Pulau Taiwan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; dan pulau-pulau disekelilingnya. Namun banyak negara lainnya berpendapat bahwa secara resmi daerah yang diperintah oleh Taiwan merupakan bagian dari Republik Rakyat Cina.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Cina merupakan peradaban tertua di dunia yang masih ada hingga kini. Cina memiliki sistem penulisan yang konsisten sejak dahulu dan masih digunakan hingga kini. 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priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;9&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;heading 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 7&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 8&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;39&quot; name=&quot;toc 9&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;35&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;caption&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;10&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Title&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;Default Paragraph Font&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;11&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Subtitle&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;22&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Strong&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;20&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Emphasis&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;59&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Table Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Placeholder Text&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;1&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;No Spacing&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Revision&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;34&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;List Paragraph&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;29&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;30&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; qformat=&quot;true&quot; name=&quot;Intense Quote&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 1&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 2&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 3&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 4&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;68&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 2 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;69&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 3 Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;70&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Dark List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;71&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Shading Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;72&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful List Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;73&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Colorful Grid Accent 5&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;60&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Shading Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;61&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light List Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;62&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Light Grid Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;63&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;64&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Shading 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;65&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;66&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium List 2 Accent 6&quot;&gt;   &lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;w:lsdexception locked=&quot;false&quot; priority=&quot;67&quot; semihidden=&quot;false&quot; unhidewhenused=&quot;false&quot; name=&quot;Medium Grid 1 Accent 6&quot;&gt; 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 mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:11.0pt;  font-family:&quot;Calibri&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;;  mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;  mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;  mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;  mso-bidi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;  mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;} &lt;/style&gt; &lt;![endif]--&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%; font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Etimologi&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Dokumen tertua yang mencatat istilah &quot;cina&quot; di &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusantara&quot;&gt;Nusantara&lt;/a&gt; adalah inskripsi (tulisan) pada lempeng &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga&quot;&gt;tembaga&lt;/a&gt; Bungur A berangka tahun 860 M. Prasasti ini menyebut tentang juru cina&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_note-0&quot;&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; sebagai orang yang bertugas mengurus pedagang/pemukim dari Cina. Dapat diduga, istilah ini dipinjam dari kata &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sanskerta&quot;&gt;bahasa Sanskerta&lt;/a&gt;, Cīna (चीन), yang sudah dipakai untuk daerah Tiongkok paling tidak sejak 150 M.&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_note-Fairbank-1&quot;&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Teori &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Martini&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Martin Martini (halaman belum tersedia)&quot;&gt;Martin Martini&lt;/a&gt; menyebutkan bahwa nama Sanskerta ini mengambil dari &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Qin&quot;&gt;dinasti Qin&lt;/a&gt; (秦, dibaca seperti tchin, &lt;a style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot; href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_Fonetis_Internasional&quot; title=&quot;Alfabet Fonetis Internasional&quot;&gt;IPA&lt;/a&gt;: tɕʰǐn) yang berkuasa (221 – 206 BC) atau dari nama salah satu kerajaan Cina di era dinasti &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou&quot; title=&quot;Zhou&quot;&gt;Zhou&lt;/a&gt; bernama sama.&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_note-Martini-2&quot;&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Orang Tionghoa sendiri lebih suka menggunakan istilah Tangren atau Tenglang untuk menyebut warga yang menghuni negeri Tiongkok.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Nama modern &quot;Zhongguo&quot; pertama kali digunakan dalam &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Jing#Shu_Jing_.28Kitab_Hikayat.29&quot; title=&quot;Wu Jing&quot;&gt;Kitab Hikayat&lt;/a&gt; (Abad 6 SM), dan digunakan untuk menamakan salah satu Dinasti Zhou yang telah silam, Zhongguo (中國 atau 中国) dalam &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa&quot;&gt;bahasa Tionghoa&lt;/a&gt;. Karakter zhōng (中) berarti &quot;tengah&quot; atau &quot;pusat&quot;, sementara guó (国 atau 國) berarti &quot;kerajaan&quot; atau &quot;negara&quot;. Dalam penggunaan umum bahasa Inggris, para ekspatriat menerjemahkannya sebagai &quot;Kerajaan Tengah&quot;, tapi kadang-kadang juga diterjemahkan sebagai &quot;Kerajaan Pusat&quot;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_note-3&quot;&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt;. Penamaan ini terkait dengan artinya dimana mereka percaya bahwa mereka adalah &quot;pusat dari peradaban&quot; &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_note-4&quot;&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt;, sementara orang-orang lainnya dalam empat daerah yang berbeda dinamakan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--more--&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dongyi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Dongyi (halaman belum tersedia)&quot;&gt;Yi Timur&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanman&quot; title=&quot;Nanman&quot;&gt;Man Selatan&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xirong&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Xirong (halaman belum tersedia)&quot;&gt;Rong Barat&lt;/a&gt; dan &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beidi&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Beidi (halaman belum tersedia)&quot;&gt;Di Timur&lt;/a&gt; sesuai daerahnya. Namun ada beberapa catatan lain yang menyatakan bahwa &quot;Zhongguo&quot; aslinya ditujukan untuk ibukota dari kerajaan, sebagai pembeda dari kota-kota lainnya yang &quot;dilindungi&quot; oleh kerajaan &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_note-5&quot;&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt; Penggunaan &quot;Zhongguo&quot; juga merupakan pengesahan secara politik dimana &quot;Zhongguo&quot; sering digunakan oleh negara-negara bagian yang melihat dirinya sebagai penerus sah satu-satunya dari dinasti sebelumnya; sebagai contoh dalam era &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinasi_Song_Barat&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; title=&quot;Dinasi Song Barat (halaman belum tersedia)&quot;&gt;Dinasi Song Barat&lt;/a&gt;, baik &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Jin&quot; title=&quot;Dinasti Jin&quot;&gt;Dinasti Jin&lt;/a&gt; dan Dinasi Song Barat mengaku sebagai &quot;Zhongguo&quot;.&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_note-6&quot;&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Wc2Qlnv-dxm8aOgqwMe1fZvI5UkcfEwS2fP4NgQIRdRPM-Ro0wLBe74iGZzxagD1Mn4dSMR5WPm0JYS4K2IPaKIxbdGgEpeL9V5mxMz4WBdKLCvC8_yNRXaBXrNSxJ3Avtzv6_Uupncy/s1600/bendera+china.jpg&quot;&gt;&lt;img style=&quot;float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 213px;&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Wc2Qlnv-dxm8aOgqwMe1fZvI5UkcfEwS2fP4NgQIRdRPM-Ro0wLBe74iGZzxagD1Mn4dSMR5WPm0JYS4K2IPaKIxbdGgEpeL9V5mxMz4WBdKLCvC8_yNRXaBXrNSxJ3Avtzv6_Uupncy/s320/bendera+china.jpg&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5585303510020200146&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Zhongguo—&quot;中国&quot; resmi digunakan sebagai singkatan untuk Zhonghua Renmin Minguo—&quot;中华人民共和国&quot; (&lt;a style=&quot;font-weight: bold;&quot; href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Cina&quot;&gt;Republik Rakyat Cina&lt;/a&gt;) setelah didirikannya pemerintahan komunis di tahun 1949.&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_note-7&quot;&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Referensi: &lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;list-style-type: decimal; font-family: times new roman;&quot;&gt; &lt;ol class=&quot;references&quot;&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-0&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_ref-0&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Miksic J.N. 1995. The legacy of Majapahit. National Museum of Singapore. Hal. 92.&lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Fairbank-1&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_ref-Fairbank_1-0&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Tertulis pada kitab &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthashastra&amp;amp;action=edit&amp;amp;redlink=1&quot; class=&quot;new&quot; title=&quot;Arthashastra (halaman belum tersedia)&quot;&gt;Arthashastra&lt;/a&gt; Buku ke-2 karya &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautilya&quot; class=&quot;mw-redirect&quot; title=&quot;Kautilya&quot;&gt;Kautilya&lt;/a&gt; (Denis Crispin Twitchett, Michael Loewe, John King Fairbank, The Ch&#39;in and Han Empires 221 B.C.-A.D. 220, p. 20.)&lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-Martini-2&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_ref-Martini_2-0&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Martino, Martin, Novus Atlas Sinensis, Vienna 1655, Preface, p. 2.&lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-3&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_ref-3&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; *Sumber-sumber dalam mengartikan &quot;Kerajaan Tengah&quot; termasuk: &lt;dl&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Rossabi, Morris, ed. China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Williams, S. Wells. The Middle Kingdom: A Survey of the  Geography, Government, Literature, Social Life, Arts, and History of the  Chinese Empire and Its Inhabitants. Rev. ed. New York: Scribner, 1883.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Wilson, James Harrison. China: travels and investigations in the  &quot;Middle Kingdom.&quot; A study of its civilization and possibilities; with a  glance at Japan. New York, Appleton, 1887.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Zhang, Yongjin. China in the international system, 1918-20 : the middle kingdom at the periphery. New York : St. Martin’s, 1991.&lt;/li&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Sumber-sumber yang menggunakan istilah &quot;Kerajaan Pusat&quot; termasuk:&lt;/li&gt; &lt;dl&gt;&lt;/dl&gt;&lt;dd&gt; &lt;/dd&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;William Edgar Geil, A Yankee on the Yangtze: Being a Narrative of a Journey from Shanghai Through the Central Kingdom. Hodder and Stoughton, 1904.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Aihe Wang, Cosmology and Political Culture in Early China. Cambridge University Press, 2000.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Regarding the accuracy of the translation, Professor Chen Jian  writes: &quot;I believe that &#39;Central Kingdom&#39; is a more accurate translation  for &#39;Zhong Guo&#39; (China) than &#39;Middle Kingdom&#39;. The term &#39;Middle  Kingdom&#39; does not imply that China is superior to other peoples and  nations around it — China just happens to be located in the middle  geographically; the term &#39;Central Kingom&#39;, however, implies that China  is superior to any other people and nation &#39;under the heaven&#39; and that  it thus occupies a &#39;central&#39; position in the known universe.&quot; (Mao&#39;s China and the Cold War. UNC Press. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0807849324&quot; class=&quot;internal mw-magiclink-isbn&quot;&gt;ISBN 0-8078-4932-4&lt;/a&gt;)  &lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-4&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_ref-4&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;  《尚書•梓材》:「皇天既付中國民越厥疆土于先王」secara umum dapat diterjemahkan menjadi &quot;Surga  telah memberikan tanah dan rakyat Zhongguo pada pendahulu kami&quot;.&lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-5&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_ref-5&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; 《毛亨·傳》：「中國，京師也」 Secara umum diterjemahkan sebagai &quot;Zhongguo, Ibukota.&quot;&lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-6&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_ref-6&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt;  Lihat Quansongwen (8345 bab), 2005. Teks sejarah ini ditulis dalam  periode Song Barat dan menilai bahwa Dinasti Jin sebagai &quot;barbar&quot;,  sementara teks Jin menggambarkan rakyat Song sebagai &quot;Manzi&quot;. Teks resmi  sejarah yang dikeluarkan oleh Songshi, yang ditulis setelah periode ini  menggambarkan keduanya secara lebih netral.&lt;li id=&quot;cite_note-7&quot;&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina#cite_ref-7&quot;&gt;^&lt;/a&gt; Bedakan dengan Zhonghua Minguo—&quot;中华民国&quot; (&lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Cina&quot;&gt;Republik Cina&lt;/a&gt; tanpa istilah Renmin—&quot;rakyat&quot;). &quot;Zhongguo&quot;  merupakan karakter pertama dan terkhir dalam nama-nama resmi ini।  Walaupun begitu dalam konteks ini nama tersebut tidak mengandung frase  tepat &quot;Zhongguo&quot;.Sumber: &lt;a href=&quot;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina&quot;&gt;http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:latentstyles&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:lsdexception&gt;&lt;/w:latentstyles&gt;&lt;/xml&gt;</content><link 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