<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:blogger='http://schemas.google.com/blogger/2008' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd="http://schemas.google.com/g/2005" xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1657986511086433223</id><updated>2024-09-13T08:07:29.835-07:00</updated><title type='text'>TUDO É QUÍMICA !</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default?redirect=false'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Josué Martins Gonçalves</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16681937045258644019</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGfvAyx_yYB_aCFqiQW20LLMtAMYu4yIeb86ysd5bIiIp6OAzCg8txiD_-a1nnV_3Oofv25-iANzCjhnQkHYLZhZD00ZX5FrXvFCbvldLJAgP8Ur_XGMPULwwtCG0K0w/s220/DSC_0018+-+Copia.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>5</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>25</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1657986511086433223.post-5180648896499820366</id><published>2016-02-02T15:35:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2016-02-03T03:20:36.442-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Com átomos, cientistas criam menor filme do mundo</title><content type='html'>&lt;h1 class=&quot;story-body__h1&quot; data-asset-uri=&quot;/portuguese/videos_e_fotos/2013/05/130501_filme_atomos_ibm_jp&quot; style=&quot;background-color: white; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #1e1e1e; font-family: Helmet, Freesans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 2rem; font-stretch: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 0px; padding: 16px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
Com átomos, cientistas criam menor filme do mundo&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;figure class=&quot;media-landscape has-caption body-narrow-width&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #111111; border: 0px; clear: both; color: inherit; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 22px -19.9844px 24px 24px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 239.984px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;image-and-copyright-container&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: inherit; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;&lt;img alt=&quot;Filme IBM | Foto: Cortesia IBM Research&quot; class=&quot;responsive-image__img js-image-replace&quot; src=&quot;http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/270/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2013/05/01/130501130620_sp_filme_atomos_ibm_304x171_ibmresearch.jpg&quot; datasrc=&quot;http://ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/ws/320/amz/worldservice/live/assets/images/2013/05/01/130501130620_sp_filme_atomos_ibm_304x171_ibmresearch.jpg&quot; height=&quot;171&quot; style=&quot;-webkit-user-select: none; border: 0px; color: #bdbdbd; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; transition: opacity 0.5s ease-in; vertical-align: baseline; width: 239.984px;&quot; width=&quot;304&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;figcaption class=&quot;media-caption&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;off-screen&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; clip: rect(1px 1px 1px 1px); color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 1px; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;&quot;&gt;Image caption&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;media-caption__text&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px; color: #ececec; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.23077; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Cada esfera que compõe as imagens da animação criada por cientistas da IBM é um átomo de carbono&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/figcaption&gt;&lt;/figure&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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Pesquisadores da IBM criaram o menor filme do mundo – uma animação simples mostrando um menino - ao manipularem átomos de carbono em uma superfície de cobre.&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div style=&quot;border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: 1.375; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;
A animação de 90 segundos, intitulada&amp;nbsp;&lt;i style=&quot;border: 0px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;&quot;&gt;Um Menino e seu Átomo&lt;/i&gt;, foi feita usando uma técnica chamada stop motion, em que o objeto (no caso, os átomos) é manipulado e filmado quadro a quadro.&lt;/div&gt;
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O filme mostra o menino brincando com uma “bola” (feita de um único átomo), dançando e pulando. Cada esfera que forma a imagem do menino também é um átomo.&lt;/div&gt;
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Quatro cientistas tiveram que trabalhar 18 horas por dia durante duas semanas para completar a animação, que tem 242 quadros.&lt;/div&gt;
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Para se ter uma ideia do tamanho do filme, mil quadros dele colocados lado a lado teriam a espessura de um fio de cabelo humano.&lt;/div&gt;
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Agulha&lt;/h2&gt;
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Os átomos foram movimentados usando um microscópio especial.&lt;/div&gt;
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O instrumento funciona com uma agulha muito fina e com carga elétrica que, ao ser passada sobre uma superfície, &quot;salta o intervalo” entre um átomo e outro, criando um efeito físico conhecido como &quot;tunelamento quântico”.&lt;/div&gt;
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Os 242 quadros do filme são, essencialmente, mapas dessas &quot;correntes de tunelamento”.&lt;/div&gt;
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&quot;A ponta da agulha é tanto os nossos olhos como as nossas mãos: ela percebe os átomos para fazer imagens de onde esses átomos estão, e então é movida mais próxima aos átomos para guiá-los sobre a superfície para novas posições”, explica Andreas Heinrich, pesquisador-chefe do Centro de Pesquisas da IBM, na Califórnia.&lt;/div&gt;
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&quot;Os átomos se mantêm em suas posições porque formam ligações com os átomos de cobre abaixo da superfície, e isso nos permite fazer uma imagem de todo o conjunto de átomos em cada quadro do filme”.&lt;/div&gt;
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&quot;Entre cada quadro, nós movemos cuidadosamente os átomos para suas novas posições e fazemos outra imagem”, indica.&lt;/div&gt;
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Heinrich diz que o objetivo do filme foi incentivar novas gerações a se interessar por tecnologia e pelas ciências.&lt;/div&gt;
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&quot;Isto (o vídeo) não é de fato um avanço científico. O filme é na verdade um estímulo para que as crianças e demais pessoas discutam e se empolguem com assuntos como matemática, ciência e tecnologia”, conclui.&lt;/div&gt;
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O filme evidencia a crescente capacidade de cientistas de manipular a matéria no nível atômico, algo que cientistas esperam usar no futuro para criar novas soluções para armazenamento de dados.&lt;/div&gt;
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No ano passado, cientistas da IBM demonstraram a possibilidade de guardar um bit – unidade digital de informação – usando apenas 12 átomos.&lt;/div&gt;
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Fonte:&amp;nbsp;http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/videos_e_fotos/2013/05/130501_filme_atomos_ibm_jp&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;h1 class=&quot;yt watch-title-container&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; color: #222222; display: table-cell; font-family: Roboto, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 0px 13px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; width: 824px; word-wrap: break-word;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span class=&quot;watch-title &quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; id=&quot;eow-title&quot; style=&quot;background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-image-outset: initial; border-image-repeat: initial; border-image-slice: initial; border-image-source: initial; border-image-width: initial; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;&quot; title=&quot;A Boy And His Atom: The World&#39;s Smallest Movie&quot;&gt;A Boy And His Atom: The World&#39;s Smallest Movie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
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&lt;iframe allowfullscreen=&quot;&quot; class=&quot;YOUTUBE-iframe-video&quot; data-thumbnail-src=&quot;https://i.ytimg.com/vi/oSCX78-8-q0/0.jpg&quot; frameborder=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;266&quot; src=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/embed/oSCX78-8-q0?feature=player_embedded&quot; width=&quot;320&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Fonte: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSCX78-8-q0&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/feeds/5180648896499820366/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/2016/02/com-atomos-cientistas-criam-menor-filme.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default/5180648896499820366'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default/5180648896499820366'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/2016/02/com-atomos-cientistas-criam-menor-filme.html' title='Com átomos, cientistas criam menor filme do mundo'/><author><name>Josué Martins Gonçalves</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16681937045258644019</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGfvAyx_yYB_aCFqiQW20LLMtAMYu4yIeb86ysd5bIiIp6OAzCg8txiD_-a1nnV_3Oofv25-iANzCjhnQkHYLZhZD00ZX5FrXvFCbvldLJAgP8Ur_XGMPULwwtCG0K0w/s220/DSC_0018+-+Copia.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://img.youtube.com/vi/oSCX78-8-q0/default.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1657986511086433223.post-218175386761122713</id><published>2016-01-24T12:50:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2016-02-03T03:22:51.296-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Visualizando Átomos</title><content type='html'>&lt;h2 class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;

Visualizando Átomos&lt;/h2&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Entre
a segunda e terceira semana deste mês (jan./2016),&amp;nbsp;tive a oportunidade de
participar do &lt;strong&gt;6th Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Summer School&lt;/strong&gt;
realizado pelo &lt;a href=&quot;http://lnnano.cnpem.br/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Brazilian Nanotechnology National
Laboratory (LNNano)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&amp;nbsp;O&amp;nbsp;evento&amp;nbsp;contou com&amp;nbsp;a participação de vários
especialistas da área de Microscopia Eletrônica, entre eles o pesquisador &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.researcherid.com/rid/P-7716-2014&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; color: windowtext;&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Dr. Yongsoo Yang&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; do &lt;span style=&quot;background: white;&quot;&gt;Departamento de Física e Astronomia da Universidade da
Califórnia – USA, que falou sobre Tomografia Eletrônica dando destaque para sua
ultima publicação na Revista Nature. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;background: white; font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;Nessa publicação os autores relataram, pela primeira vez, a
determinação das coordenadas 3D de milhares de átomos individuais e um defeito
no ponto de um material por meio de tomografia eletrônica com uma precisão de aproximadamente
19 pm. A partir das coordenadas desses átomos individuais, mediram o campo de
deslocamento atômico e do tensor de tensão completa com uma resolução em 3D de
1 nm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. A capacidade de localizar com precisão as coordenadas 3D dos
átomos individuais em materiais sem assumir cristalinidade pode ter aplicações
importantes nas áreas ciência dos materiais, nanociências, física, química e
biologia. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioY-ZPFLthSSr94khh38u8hfks_eqh4np8OlsRACsohga-NLSaX2lbqb8J3SMz5cleeYOwrAP0dk1Q6Xa2NzBAe4a9-QT2FMToGASiEKf7PEi6laSQkyypTWycsA9jUg4vBa5kItpEzQ73/s1600/nature.JPG&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;273&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioY-ZPFLthSSr94khh38u8hfks_eqh4np8OlsRACsohga-NLSaX2lbqb8J3SMz5cleeYOwrAP0dk1Q6Xa2NzBAe4a9-QT2FMToGASiEKf7PEi6laSQkyypTWycsA9jUg4vBa5kItpEzQ73/s640/nature.JPG&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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Fonte: &lt;span style=&quot;font-family: &amp;quot;arial&amp;quot; , &amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v14/n11/full/nmat4426.html&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v14/n11/full/nmat4426.html&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;br /&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/feeds/218175386761122713/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/2016/01/visualizando-atomos-entrea-segunda-e.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default/218175386761122713'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default/218175386761122713'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/2016/01/visualizando-atomos-entrea-segunda-e.html' title='Visualizando Átomos'/><author><name>Anonymous</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/10795836996740763035</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='https://img1.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioY-ZPFLthSSr94khh38u8hfks_eqh4np8OlsRACsohga-NLSaX2lbqb8J3SMz5cleeYOwrAP0dk1Q6Xa2NzBAe4a9-QT2FMToGASiEKf7PEi6laSQkyypTWycsA9jUg4vBa5kItpEzQ73/s72-c/nature.JPG" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1657986511086433223.post-6689358827741357796</id><published>2013-07-11T07:43:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2013-07-17T18:20:18.732-07:00</updated><title type='text'>DIAGRAMA DE ENERGIA DOS ORBITAIS MOLECULARES PAPA MOLÉCULAS DIATÔMICA HOMONUCLEARES </title><content type='html'>&lt;table align=&quot;center&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; class=&quot;tr-caption-container&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc_3YtLy4BO7nAf2LE0KXWjMgxlMKmnZWoIYUQxz0VnvjQ1I2N4OR5ON4WmvWYv0v5L8id3ZI-lYOAdyJa-XDa8oSl2ZdXMhhESaRXXf4mnVNjrmAQcmZbkqA7-PFCcaMQygU00k2uUrrg/s1600/H2.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;186&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc_3YtLy4BO7nAf2LE0KXWjMgxlMKmnZWoIYUQxz0VnvjQ1I2N4OR5ON4WmvWYv0v5L8id3ZI-lYOAdyJa-XDa8oSl2ZdXMhhESaRXXf4mnVNjrmAQcmZbkqA7-PFCcaMQygU00k2uUrrg/s320/H2.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Diagrama de energia dos orbitais moleculares para o gás hidrogênio.&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;tr-caption&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Diagrama de energia dos orbitais moleculares para He&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small;&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;. Note que nesse caso a energia de estabilização, decorrente do preenchimento do orbital sigma ligante, é cancelado pela energia de desestabilização proveniente do orbital sigma antiligante. Consequentemente, não há formação de ligação e essa molécula não deve existir. (J. D. Lee). &amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Diagrama de energia dos orbitais moleculares para o Li&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Diagrama de energia dos orbitais moleculares para o B&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Diagrama de energia dos orbitais moleculares para o N&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 13px; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Diagrama de energia dos orbitais moleculares para o O&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: xx-small; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&lt;span style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: x-large;&quot;&gt;Diagrama de energia dos orbitais moleculares para os Halogênios.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/feeds/6689358827741357796/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/2013/07/diagrama-de-energia-dos-orbitais.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default/6689358827741357796'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default/6689358827741357796'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/2013/07/diagrama-de-energia-dos-orbitais.html' title='DIAGRAMA DE ENERGIA DOS ORBITAIS MOLECULARES PAPA MOLÉCULAS DIATÔMICA HOMONUCLEARES '/><author><name>Josué Martins Gonçalves</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16681937045258644019</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGfvAyx_yYB_aCFqiQW20LLMtAMYu4yIeb86ysd5bIiIp6OAzCg8txiD_-a1nnV_3Oofv25-iANzCjhnQkHYLZhZD00ZX5FrXvFCbvldLJAgP8Ur_XGMPULwwtCG0K0w/s220/DSC_0018+-+Copia.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc_3YtLy4BO7nAf2LE0KXWjMgxlMKmnZWoIYUQxz0VnvjQ1I2N4OR5ON4WmvWYv0v5L8id3ZI-lYOAdyJa-XDa8oSl2ZdXMhhESaRXXf4mnVNjrmAQcmZbkqA7-PFCcaMQygU00k2uUrrg/s72-c/H2.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1657986511086433223.post-5132307482780990967</id><published>2011-05-27T09:48:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-07-14T18:02:20.641-07:00</updated><title type='text'>TABELA PERIÓDICA</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;I.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; HISTÓRICO E DESENVOLVIMENTO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;As tríades de Döbereiner &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/b&gt;No inicio do século XIX valores aproximados para a massa dos átomos de alguns elementos denominada (massa atômica) havia sido estabelecidos. &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjmTOUfpOf4u-bS0N4xlBVsVwHHXgj718iZVHSvfd2ZCEQDZ18woRU0t005-VWX5NXJw-Lo9xnIf1m7PvufAdhDuo9TGHj1E7MYZTyyq4w4Iuu5WjUvyjwKx5UwLAO4JP2_0SPCLc8ODq7/s1600/johann_dobereiner.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjmTOUfpOf4u-bS0N4xlBVsVwHHXgj718iZVHSvfd2ZCEQDZ18woRU0t005-VWX5NXJw-Lo9xnIf1m7PvufAdhDuo9TGHj1E7MYZTyyq4w4Iuu5WjUvyjwKx5UwLAO4JP2_0SPCLc8ODq7/s1600/johann_dobereiner.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Em 1829, o químico alemão Johann Döbereiner, analisando três elementos quimicamente semelhantes – o cálcio (Ca), o estrôncio (Sr) e o bário (BA) -, percebeu uma relação simples entre suas massas atômicas: a massa do átomo de estrôncio apresenta um valor bastante próximo da média das massas atômica do cálcio e do bário.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ele percebeu o mesmo efeito para outras &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;tríades &lt;/i&gt;(trios) de elementos químicos, por exemplo, cloro/bromo/iodo e enxofre/selênio/telúrio.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Os químicos da época não se importaram muito com as observações de Döbereiner e estas passaram despercebidas. Seu mérito foi ter sido, aparentemente, o primeiro a mostrar relações entre elementos conhecidos.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;O parafuso telúrico de Chancourtois&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglbKaPDb-GA04NwnojogQk5362PX2CooJ-wD9XbzW4X08Q8rUHJyZLMT6jB5QY84KG-MLrwCFSUbzKS9IHq1nvLRxnTZyjnX6j5RHhyphenhyphenBy9i6LrVDCfQhjdo9sEjseoBw1w4g9H3a-F4YhQ/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglbKaPDb-GA04NwnojogQk5362PX2CooJ-wD9XbzW4X08Q8rUHJyZLMT6jB5QY84KG-MLrwCFSUbzKS9IHq1nvLRxnTZyjnX6j5RHhyphenhyphenBy9i6LrVDCfQhjdo9sEjseoBw1w4g9H3a-F4YhQ/s1600/images+%25281%2529.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;Em 1862, o geólogo francês Alexandre Chancourtois (1819-1886) dispôs os elementos químicos conhecidos em ordem crescente de suas massas atômicas numa linha espiral em volta de um cilindro. Tal disposição ficou conhecida como &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;parafuso telúrico de Chancourtois.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Ao redor do cilindro foram feitas dezesseis divisões, e os elementos com propriedade semelhantes apareciam uns sobre os outros em voltas consecutivas da espiral. Chancourtois estava sugerindo que as propriedades dos elementos estavam relacionadas ao número que o elemento ocupava na seqüência. As regularidades que ele encontrou não funcionavam para todos os elementos conhecidos e a idéia não recebeu muita atenção.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;As oitavas de Newlands&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Em 1864, o inglês John Newlands, organizou os elementos em ordem crescente de suas massas atômicas em linhas horizontais, contendo sete elementos cada. O oitavo elemento apresentava propriedades semelhantes ao primeiro e assim por diante, numa relação periódica que lembra a periodicidade das notas musicais.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwrmQcxpfqRbSzxphcjg0NwaHZq2HAsHco-rUq4kxEEPgo7siNIyeOdgc-lFb4QALH58LakAJouYPNEY5nYj_tmvdKcJLUblmxPU56pHhkpxUyEhZu0U5Cemyspu6gJwbf9tRjnE0dyyC5/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwrmQcxpfqRbSzxphcjg0NwaHZq2HAsHco-rUq4kxEEPgo7siNIyeOdgc-lFb4QALH58LakAJouYPNEY5nYj_tmvdKcJLUblmxPU56pHhkpxUyEhZu0U5Cemyspu6gJwbf9tRjnE0dyyC5/s1600/images+%25282%2529.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; A essa repetição de propriedades dentro da seqüência o químico inglês deu o nome de &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Lei das oitavas&lt;/i&gt;. Por buscar essa relação entre a Química e Música, Newlands sofreu o desprezo e o escárnio dos membros da sociedade de Química de Londres. Ao apresentá-lo aos membros dessa entidade, um deles teria perguntado sarcasticamente se ele já teria tentador organizar os elementos na ordem alfabética das letras iniciais dos nomes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Entretanto seu trabalho foi reconhecido cerca de duas décadas mais tarde, por ser um precursor das idéias de Mendeleev. O grande mérito de Newlands foi a idéia da periodicidade dos elementos em função das massas atômicas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;Me&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;ndeleev: periodicidades e previsões &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Dmitri Mendeleev foi professor universitário na Rússia e fez uma importante descoberta na história da ciência enquanto estava escrevendo um livro de Química. Ele registrou as propriedades de cada um dos elementos químicos conhecidos (na época e 63) em fixas de papel, cada fixa para um elemento. Manipulando as fichas, na tentativa de entender as idéias antes de escrever determinadas partes da obra, Mendeleev percebeu algo extraordinário.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Na época havia evidências científicas de que os átomos de cada elemento têm massas diferentes. Mendeleev organizou as fichas de acordo com a ordem crescente da massa dos átomos de cada elemento. Notou que nessa seqüência apareciam, a intervalos regulares, elementos com propriedades semelhantes, de modo similar aos que Newlands fizera.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDcvLr3BA8qjpFjWmFtCm5wQDUx7fR_Nx5lLgj2f6-eIpRy9iLqrhAV0-0PK9ralTbNdUl240mucJFTwMLOZxtmCtAWdpfXMc5isUNZj0KY_JHz0pRTYZko4Iglxny70ZivP6nel6kLDIi/s1600/images+%25283%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDcvLr3BA8qjpFjWmFtCm5wQDUx7fR_Nx5lLgj2f6-eIpRy9iLqrhAV0-0PK9ralTbNdUl240mucJFTwMLOZxtmCtAWdpfXMc5isUNZj0KY_JHz0pRTYZko4Iglxny70ZivP6nel6kLDIi/s1600/images+%25283%2529.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Havia uma periodicidade, ou seja, uma repetição nas propriedades dos elementos. Foi assim que Mendeleev em 1869 pôde organizar os elementos em uma tabela, na qual aqueles com propriedades semelhantes apareciam numa mesma coluna. Elaborando melhor sua descoberta, ele percebeu que pareciam estar faltando alguns elementos para que ela fosse completada. Mendeleev resolveu deixar alguns locais em branco nessa tabela, julgando que algum dia alguém descobriria novos elementos químicos que pudessem ser encaixados nesses locais, com base em suas propriedades. Ele chegou, até, a prever algumas das propriedades que esses elementos teriam.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Abaixo do silício, por exemplo, Mendeleev suspeitou que deveria existir um elemento que ele denominaria &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;eka-silício &lt;/i&gt;e cujas propriedades previu (eka é uma palavra do sâncristo que pode ser traduzida como “ o primeiro a seguir”). Esse elemento foi descoberto em 1886 pelo o alemão Clemens Winkler, que o chamou de germânio. As propriedades do germânio são espantosamente próximas das previstas por Mendeleev.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Além do germânio, outros elementos cuja existência foi prevista por Mendeleev foram descobertos posteriormente, como o escândio (SC), o gálio (Ga) e o polônio (Po). E as propriedades desses elementos são iguais as previstas por ele ou bastante próximas delas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;mso-outline-level: 1;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;Moseley e o número atômico&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Mendeleev ordenou os elementos de acordo com a sequência crescente de suas massas atômicas. Percebeu, contudo, que algumas penas inversões eram necessárias para que os elementos ficassem corretamente posicionados juntamente a outro com propriedades semelhantes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPDN_cAOWTpAjGdZf8sr_IGffybDjSMVbkz-Z7c77lastvXonJthyNg8E7vUc_-88_vPWbfVPSzCS-uv4_loqswFw867vM39syIf-7H44KvValR0GzGGNsJ-RbyhyTdhxeiS-nBPaZJ4P/s1600/images+%25284%2529.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidPDN_cAOWTpAjGdZf8sr_IGffybDjSMVbkz-Z7c77lastvXonJthyNg8E7vUc_-88_vPWbfVPSzCS-uv4_loqswFw867vM39syIf-7H44KvValR0GzGGNsJ-RbyhyTdhxeiS-nBPaZJ4P/s1600/images+%25284%2529.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Em 1913, o inglês Henry Moseley fez importantes descobertas trabalhando dom raios X. Ele descobriu uma característica numérica dos átomos de cada elemento que ficou conhecida como &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;número atômico &lt;/i&gt;e que posteriormente foi associado ao número de prótons. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; De modo geral, à medida que o número atômico cresce a massa atômica também cresce. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Outros cientistas aprimoraram as descobertas se Mendeleev e de Moseley. Esses aprimoramentos conduziam à atual tabela periódica dos elementos. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; Apesar de nela aparecerem muitos elementos que não eram conhecidos na época de Mendeleev, a idéia envolvida é essencialmente aquela proposta por ele, com a ressalva de estarem em ordem crescente de número atômico e não de massa atômica.&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;II.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt; &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;A LEI PERIÓDICA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;lei periódica&lt;/b&gt; estabelece que quando os elementos são listados, seqüencialmente, em ordem crescente do número atômico, é observada uma repetição periódica em sua propriedade.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;III.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; A TABELA PERIÓDICA MODERNA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A repetição verificada na Lei periódica é a base da estrutura da &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;tabela periódica moderna, &lt;/b&gt;na qual as famílias de elementos com propriedade químicas semelhantes são distribuídas em colunas verticais chamadas &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;grupos &lt;/b&gt;e como os átomos possuem sete níveis de energia, a tabela é organizada em sete&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;períodos &lt;/b&gt;(filas horizontais) relacionados com o número de camadas. Observe a imagem 3.1.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;322&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/JOSU~1/CONFIG~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; width=&quot;577&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;Imagem 3.1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: 0cm; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;IV.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt; CLASSIFICAÇÃO DOS ELEMENOS NA TABELA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;A)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;QUANTO A DISTRIBUIÇÃO ELETRONICA&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Ao comparamos distribuição eletrônica com a tabela periódica, vemos que cada período tem início com um átomo de configuração n&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/i&gt; . Estes átomos são de hidrogênio e do grupo 1. Os átomos imediatamente seguintes a estes têm configuração n&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/i&gt; ;inclui o hélio e os demais elementos do grupo 2. Pode-se dizer que cada período é iniciado pela adição de um elétron a um novo nível. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O primeiro período consiste em somente dois elementos porque o nível K tem apenas um orbital. O segundo período e o subsequente completam-se com o subnível &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; do nível mais externo (a subnível n&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;), que pode comporta seis elétrons. Neste caso, ao longo do segundo e terceiro períodos as camadas de Valência dos átomos pode conter de um a oito elétrons, como as configurações de n&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/i&gt; e n&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;s &lt;/i&gt;para o grupo 1 e &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;2 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;2 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; n&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;s &lt;/i&gt;n&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; e n&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/i&gt; n&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; para o grupo &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;3 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;3 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 0.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No quarto período, uma progressão regular de configurações eletrônicas iniciando com ns&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;e terminando com ns n&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;é interrompida pelo atraso de complementação de um terceiro nível, pois os elétrons são adicionados previamente no subnível 3&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/i&gt; . Um preenchimento simular do subnível (n – 1)&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;d &lt;/i&gt;ocorre no quinto, sexto e sétimo período. Desse modo, os elementos de transição (grupo B) têm vários números de elétrons no seu subnível (n – 1)&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;d. &lt;/i&gt;O subnível d pode conter 10 elétrons; este preenchimento explica o fato de que há dez elementos na série dos elementos de transição. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ao longo da série de lantanóides e actinóides, o subnível a ser preenchido e o &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(n – 2)&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;que é o subnível do terceiro nível externo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;B)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;QUANTO AS PROPRIEDADES FÍSICO-QUIMICAS;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;METAIS&lt;/b&gt; - A maioria dos elementos químicos são metais e estão posicionados à esquerda da tabela periódica. Os metais são geralmente bons condutores de calor e de eletricidade, são maleáveis (podendo ser enrolados ou laminados) e dúcteis (podendo ser estirados em finos arames), e tem uma alta refletividade e um brilho característico chamado &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;brilho metálico&lt;/i&gt;. Os elementos com estes conjuntos de propriedades estão posicionadas à esquerda na tabela periódica, ainda que, neste caso, “esquerda” signifique mais da metade da tabela, porque o número de metais é maior do que o de não-metais. Todos os elementos de transição e de transição interna são metais e constituem cerca de metade dos elementos representativos. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;NÃO-METAIS&lt;/b&gt; – Por causa do decréscimo do comportamento metálico, da esquerda pra direita e da base para o topo na tabela periódica, os elementos não-metálicos estão localizados na poção superior da tabela periódica. Os não-metais não apresentam as propriedades dos metais: são pobres condutores térmicos, no estado solido são quebradiços, e não exibem alta refletividade ou brilho metálico. São encontrados à direita, mais especificamente na parte superior à direita da tabela periódica. Percorrendo a tabela da &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;esquerda para a direita&lt;/i&gt; em qualquer período, há um &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;decréscimo &lt;/i&gt;gradual nas propriedades metálicas. Em um grupo ocorre um &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;aumento&lt;/i&gt; nas propriedades metálicas, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;do topo para a base&lt;/i&gt;. A separação entre os metais e os não-metais poderia ser uma linha diagonal da região superior esquerda para a região da base à direita. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;OS GASES NOBRES&lt;/b&gt; – eles fazem parte do grupo 18 e estão situados na porção direita da tabela periódica. Seus átomos não-combinados são muitos estáveis indicando a periodicidade na tabela. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;HIDROGÊNIO&lt;/b&gt; – O hidrogênio é um não-metal único. Ele é frequentemente colocado no topo dos grupos 1 e 17 na tabela periódica, mas o hidrogênio não é um metal e tão pouco um halogênio, isso é devido apenas sua configuração eletrônica. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;V.&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;ESTRUTURA DA TABELA PERÓDICA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A) &lt;/b&gt;GRUPOS&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Na forma reduzida da tabela periódica há &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;dezoito colunas, &lt;/i&gt;seqüenciais verticais de elementos. Por determinação da União Internacional da Química Pura e Aplicada (Iupac) os grupos são enumerados atualmente de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 18, mas ainda é bastante comum a utilização de uma representação com &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;letras e números&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;A disposição dos elementos na tabela periódica é tal que elementos com propriedades semelhantes ficam num mesmo grupo. Alguns dos grupos, por sua importância para a Química, recebem nomes especiais:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 87.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 87.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;O grupo 1 grupo dos metais alcalinos;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 87.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 87.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;O grupo 2 é o grupo dos metais alcalino-terrosos;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 87.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 87.95pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;O grupo 13 é o grupo do boro;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 87.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 87.95pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;O grupo 14 é o grupo do carbono;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 87.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 87.95pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;O grupo 15 é o grupo do nitrogênio;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 87.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 87.95pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;O grupo 16 é o grupo dos calcogênios;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 87.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 87.95pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;O grupo 17 é o grupo dos halogênios;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 87.95pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 87.95pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;·&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;O grupo 18 é o grupo dos gases nobres;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;C)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;PERÍODOS&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;As filas horizontais da tabela periódica são chamadas períodos e são enumeradas com algarismos arábicos de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 7. Observe que os períodos variam grandemente em comprimento: O primeiro período consiste em somente dois elementos, o sexto período consiste em 32 elementos, em parte porque estão incluídos os lantanoies e o sétimo período que também consiste em 32 elementos, pois então incluídos os 14 elementos actinóides.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;D)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;BLOCOS DE SUBNIVEIS &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Você pode perceber que a configuração eletrônica dos elementos do grupo &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;dos elementos do grupo 2 terminam em &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;s&lt;sup&gt;2 &lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;e o hélio também termina em &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515; font-family: Tahoma; font-size: 8.0pt;&quot;&gt;s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; . Na continuação dos elementos representativos os elementos dos grupos 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 e 18 terminam no subnível &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;p.&lt;/i&gt; Para os elementos de transição externa, todos eles terminam no subnível &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;d,&lt;/i&gt; da mesma forma os elementos de transição interna terminam com o subnível &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;f.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt;Observe a imagem V.1&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #151515; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;300&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/JOSU~1/CONFIG~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1025&quot; width=&quot;492&quot; /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-style-span&quot; style=&quot;color: #151515; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515;&quot;&gt;VI.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: #151515; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;PROPRIEDADES DOS ELEMENTOS NA TABELA PERIÓDICA&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;A&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;) RAIO ATÔMICO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Apesar das dificuldades de determinar o raio atômico é possível reunir um conjunto de dados de raios atômicos aproximados obtidos de medidas de distâncias interatômica. Os resultados são mostrados graficamente no gráfico V.1, demonstrando claramente a variação periódica dos raios atômicos em função do número atômico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMACfWLY0RmX-ncWkvcU6NKLb5baf5_JQGgndh0r8j83oSpA1wwYeaerZJQyCFaAApkmaYsSsaDxFqPNbNORbkkqV1LA-f0uQUXXJoYGQtDyQ0sEp4LX2yTETHMsDNkQ30y_M2JY3USnow/s1600/clip_image002.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;214&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMACfWLY0RmX-ncWkvcU6NKLb5baf5_JQGgndh0r8j83oSpA1wwYeaerZJQyCFaAApkmaYsSsaDxFqPNbNORbkkqV1LA-f0uQUXXJoYGQtDyQ0sEp4LX2yTETHMsDNkQ30y_M2JY3USnow/s320/clip_image002.jpg&quot; width=&quot;320&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br clear=&quot;all&quot; style=&quot;mso-special-character: line-break;&quot; /&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;OBSERVAÇÕES:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;DECRÉSSIMO DO RAIO ATOMICO AO LONGO DO PERÍODO:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;De acordo com as configurações eletrônicas, no estado fundamental de Aufbau, ao longo do segundo e do terceiro períodos, os eletros são adicionados na camada de valência. Simultaneamente, é importante relembrar que &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;prótons são adicionados ao núcleo, &lt;/i&gt;aumentando a carga nuclear. Este aumento atrai todos os eletros, aproximando-os do núcleo; como resultado, o raio atômico diminui.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;MODERAÇÃO NO DECRÉSSIMO DO RAIO ATÔMICO AO LONGO DO PERIODO PELA INTERVENÇÃO DA SÉRIE DOS ELEMENTOS DE TRANSIÇÃO.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;A estruturação de configurações eletrônica da série dos elementos de transição é caracterizada por um aumento gradual do número de elétrons na segunda camada externa (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;n &lt;/i&gt;- 1), e não na camada de valência, &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;. Uma vez que os elétrons são colocados em (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;n &lt;/i&gt;– 1)&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/i&gt;, entre o núcleo e camada de valência, eles protegem parcialmente os elétrons da camada de valência da forca de atração exercida pelo núcleo. Este &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;efeito protetor &lt;/i&gt;reduz a carga nuclear efetiva mantendo os elétrons de valência no átomo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;No final da série dos elementos de transição, o subnível (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;n – &lt;/i&gt;1)&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/i&gt; se próxima de sua capacidade máxima de 10 elétrons, aumentando o efeito de blindagem; conseqüentemente, as repulsões inter-eletrônicas entre o nível (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; – 1) e o nível de valência acarretam um menor aumento no tamanho. Somente após o&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;preenchimento completo do subnível (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; – 1)&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/i&gt;, no término da série dos elementos de transição, os elétrons serão novamente adicionados no nível mais externo do átomo. A partir daí, o aumento na carga nuclear reassume uma pronúncia contração para o resto do período.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Os lantanóides mostram ainda um maior efeito de blindagem pelos elétrons internos. Percorrendo esta série os elétrons são adicionados ao subnível (&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;n &lt;/i&gt;- 2)&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;f, &lt;/i&gt;enquanto aumenta, simultaneamente, a carga nuclear. O aumento do efeito blindagem dos elétrons da subnível &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/i&gt; compensa quase completamente o aumento da carga nuclear resultando numa pequena contração através da série.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;OS RAIOS ATÔMICOS AUMENTAM &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;EM UM MESMO GRUPO&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;EM UM MESMO&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;EM UM MESMO&lt;/st1:personname&gt; GRUPO&lt;/st1:personname&gt; DA TABELA PERIÓDICA.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Em cada um dos grupos representativos (A), o aumento e bastante pronunciado para os metais alcalinos (grupo 1A). Este efeito pode parecer surpreendente, pois a carga nuclear é crescente no grupo e, assim, tende a atrair os elétrons mais fortes mente. Entretanto, o número total de elétrons nos níveis aumenta, causando um aumento na distância entre o nível mais externo e o núcleo. Conseqüentemente, percorrendo um grupo, o aumento do número de níveis internos de elétrons implica no aumento do efeito blindagem que compensa o aumento na carga nuclear, resultando num aumento do raio atômico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;RESUMO: Num período, o raio atômico&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Aumenta de cima para baixo e da direita para a esquerda.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW5znOt1ZeLW5KhRYQsAE-MlNdfAdG9nbstMk3o1WpwLR6S8v-hzuu-1mRRGesrbOzKZnmBOKKGBLzte5RaFjCOffW33XP1CoUnt_DB2PKxfZVQVqScLr0aK5HGPJ206DlcGP3BP8dlG4Z/s1600/clip_image002.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;181&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW5znOt1ZeLW5KhRYQsAE-MlNdfAdG9nbstMk3o1WpwLR6S8v-hzuu-1mRRGesrbOzKZnmBOKKGBLzte5RaFjCOffW33XP1CoUnt_DB2PKxfZVQVqScLr0aK5HGPJ206DlcGP3BP8dlG4Z/s400/clip_image002.jpg&quot; width=&quot;400&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align=&quot;right&quot; class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
 id=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&#39;width:135pt;height:61.5pt&#39;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JOSU~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;8263&quot;/&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/JOSU~1/CONFIG~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1028&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 9;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;FIGURA (A) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;PARA OS GRUPOS DE TRANSIÇÃO (B), A VARIAÇÃO NO TAMANHO DO ÁTOMO É MENOS PRONUMCIADA DO QUE A VERIFICADA PARA OS ELEMENTOS REPRESENTATIVOS (A).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Analisando qual quer elemento de transição do quarto período e um outro imediatamente abaixo, do quinto período, notamos um apreciável aumento no raio atômico. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;INAUTERAÇÃO DO RAIO ATÔMICO NO GRUPO 6 &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A resposta é encontrada na &lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;Contração lantanóidica,&lt;/i&gt; anteriormente mencionada. Conforme o procedimento de Aufbau para os 14 lantanoides, o preenchimento do subnível &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;4f&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;4&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;ocorre de modo que o raio do itérbio (Z=70), o último da serie, seja 0,0013 nm menor que o do lantânio (Z=57), o primeiro. A blindagem da camada interna compensa completamente o efeito na carga nuclear. Uma conseqüência desta compensação é que os elementos de transição seguinte ao itérbio têm átomos pequenos, contrariamente ao esperado. A contração lantânóidica é quase compensada pelo fato de que no sexto período os átomos têm uma camada a mais de elétrons do que no quinto, e assim os átomos correspondentes aos elementos de transição nestes dois períodos são semelhantes em dimensões atômicas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;B) ENERGIA DE IONIZAÇÃO &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;É a mínima energia necessária para remove um elétron de um átomo isolado, no seu estado fundamental. (Uma vez que um átomo isolado está livre da influência de átomos vizinhos, o termo implica um átomo no estado gasoso).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;ENERGIA DE IONIZAÇÃO TENDE A AUMENTAR ATRAVÉS DE UM PERÍODO&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;O gráfico V.2 mostra esta variação para os primeiros seis períodos. Em geral, a carga nuclear aumenta através do período e os elétrons do nível mais externo são atraídos mais fortemente para o núcleo. Conseqüentemente, mais energia é necessária para remover um elétron do átomo.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDpi8EJ3GedXVDX3CuT9SXVoMy4jL0Qn0Rglbdn3ecZArbBGjehHQhy8O3TzTP_cfDSeEtJa0zYSYq855IIkp-8Wg2R_ioupmJ4Rm75hLBFJ2BrMJaoieKlc-1AhKsFG43cDmdQ2ceAq6/s1600/clip_image002.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; height=&quot;331&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPDpi8EJ3GedXVDX3CuT9SXVoMy4jL0Qn0Rglbdn3ecZArbBGjehHQhy8O3TzTP_cfDSeEtJa0zYSYq855IIkp-8Wg2R_ioupmJ4Rm75hLBFJ2BrMJaoieKlc-1AhKsFG43cDmdQ2ceAq6/s640/clip_image002.jpg&quot; width=&quot;640&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1029&quot;
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  o:title=&quot;SAM_1740&quot;/&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;GRÁFICO V.2&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;OBSERVAÇÃO:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;IRREGULARIDADE NO 2º E 3º PERÍODOS &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;A figura V.2 mostra que a primeira energia de ionização do boro (z = 5) é menor que a do berílio (Z = 4). O mesmo vale para o oxigênio (Z = 8) comparado ao nitrogênio (Z = 7). Estas irregularidades podem ser explicadas da seguinte maneira: no boro o elétron a ser removido está no orbital 2&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;, enquanto o berílio está no orbital 2&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/i&gt;. Um elétron 2&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/i&gt; está mais firmemente preso ao núcleo do que um elétron 2&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/i&gt;, o que conduz à baixa energia de ionização do boro. Portanto, menor energia é requerida para mover o elétron 2p&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt; &lt;/i&gt;do boro, do que o elétron 2&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;s&lt;/i&gt; do berílio, mesmo com a maior carga nuclear do boro.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O caso do oxigênio é diferente. A primeira energia de ionização é mais baixa do que a esperada, porque o elétron é removido de um orbital 2&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; que contem um segundo elétron. Dois eletros no mesmo orbital ocupam a mesma região do espaço e se repelem com maior intensidade do que se estivesse em orbitais diferentes. A repulsão inter-eletronica facilita a remoção do elétron do átomo de oxigênio. No átomo de nitrogênio não há tal repulsão. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;AUMENTO NA ENERGIA DE IONIZAÇÃO &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;EM CADA S￉RIO DOS&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;&lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;EM CADA S￉RIO&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;EM CADA SÉRIO&lt;/st1:personname&gt; DOS&lt;/st1:personname&gt; ELEMENTOS DE TRANSIÇÃO&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Isso é causado pelo efeito de blindagem da camada interna de elétrons, praticamente compensada pelo aumento na carga nuclear.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;AUTA ENERGIA DE IONIZAÇÃO DOS GASES NOBRES &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Para todos eles, exceto o hélio, a remoção de um elétron quebra o octeto de elétrons no nível de valência. A alta energia de ionização é uma das razões de sua pequena tendência a sofrerem reações.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;A ENERGIA DE IONIZAÇÃO É DECRESCENTE &lt;st1:personname productid=&quot;EM UM GRUPO&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;EM UM GRUPO&lt;/st1:personname&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;O aumento da carga nuclear em um grupo é amplamente compensado pelo efeito de blindagem, relativo ao aumento do número de níveis internos.&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A principal causa do crescimento da energia de ionização é o aumento do raio atômico, o que diminui a atração do átomo pelos elétrons do nível mais externo. Observe a figura (B).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;separator&quot; style=&quot;clear: both; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLQTnW-w480myepvAkTNWVMEhnDVV3xQTqyziZqBc1bbN3juwHQMB6XhJ_dBds-SzWj61whmi-YmzeuYD3rZfkh7Yi8CEinGpgU5gSIexFjirLcp1Ukl68kkRQvx7c3pe76EWGssZREXDO/s1600/clip_image002.jpg&quot; imageanchor=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;&lt;img border=&quot;0&quot; src=&quot;https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLQTnW-w480myepvAkTNWVMEhnDVV3xQTqyziZqBc1bbN3juwHQMB6XhJ_dBds-SzWj61whmi-YmzeuYD3rZfkh7Yi8CEinGpgU5gSIexFjirLcp1Ukl68kkRQvx7c3pe76EWGssZREXDO/s1600/clip_image002.jpg&quot; /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;FIGURA (B)&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;C)&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;ELETRONEGATIVIDADE&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;Denomina-se &lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;eletronegatividade &lt;/b&gt;a tendência que o átomo de um determinado elemento apresenta para atrair elétrons, num contexto em que se acha ligado a outro(s) átomo(s). Embora essa tração se dê sobre todo o ambiente eletrônico que circunda o núcleo do átomo, é de particular interesse a atração que ele exerce sobre os eletros envolvidos nas ligações químicas.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;A eletronegatividade é uma propriedade periódica, ou seja, é uma propriedade cujo valor varia regular e periodicamente a mediada que aumenta o número atômico dos elementos. Não é costume atribuir valores de eletronegatividade para os gases, nobres já que eles não apresentam tendências a receber ou compartilhar elétrons.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;O gráfico V.3 ilustra que a eletronegatividade é uma propriedade periódica. Para elaborá-lo, a eletronegatividade dos gases nobres foi considerada como zero. Na figura ©, as retas mostram o sentido crescente da eletronegatividade da tabela periódica. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1031&quot;
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  o:title=&quot;propriedades-periodicas-36 (1)&quot;/&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;234&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/JOSU~1/CONFIG~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image014.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1031&quot; width=&quot;386&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1032&quot;
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  o:title=&quot;eletrone&quot;/&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;77&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/JOSU~1/CONFIG~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image016.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1032&quot; width=&quot;148&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;GRAFICO V.3&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 8;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;FIGURA ©&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;D) ELETROPOSITIVIDADE&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;A eletropositividade, também denominada de caráter metálico, é uma propriedade periódica que relaciona a tendência de um átomo de perder elétrons. O põe-se á eletronegatividade &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Os valores da eletropositividade são determinados quando os átomos estão combinados. Por isso, para os gases nobres, que em condições normais são inertes, não apresentam valores de eletronegatividade. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;A eletropositividade de um átomo está intimamente relacionada com o seu raio atômico. Assim:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Quanto menor o raio atômico, maior a atração que o núcleo do átomo exerce sobre o eletro que vai adquirir, por tanto menor a sua eletropositividade. Como conseqüência, esta propriedade tender a crescer na tabela periódica: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Nos períodos: a eletropositividade cresce da direita para a esquerda. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Nas famílias: a eletropositividade cresce de cima para baixo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Concluindo-se que o elemento mais eletropositivo da tabela é o frâncio. Observe a figura (D).&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape id=&quot;_x0000_i1033&quot;
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  o:title=&quot;eletropo&quot;/&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;114&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/JOSU~1/CONFIG~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image018.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1033&quot; width=&quot;225&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 9.0pt;&quot;&gt;FIGURA (D) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-list: Ignore;&quot;&gt;E)&lt;span style=&quot;font: 7.0pt &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;DENSIDADE&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;As propriedades físicas dos elementos também demonstraram a lei periódica. A figura (E) mostra densidade dos elementos a 25º C, em função do número atômico. A periodicidade na densidade é ilustrada pela sucessão de máximos e mínimos em um gráfico, embora estas variações não sejam muito regulares, pois diferentes características estruturais influenciam na densidade da substância.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
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  o:title=&quot;SAM_1746&quot;/&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;274&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/JOSU~1/CONFIG~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image020.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1026&quot; width=&quot;502&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;NUM GRUPO: a densidade de um elemento aumenta com o número atômico, o que ocorre de cima para baixo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;NUM PERÍODO: a densidade cresce da extremidade para o centro. Observe a&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;Figura (E).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;!--[if gte vml 1]&gt;&lt;v:shape
 id=&quot;_x0000_i1034&quot; type=&quot;#_x0000_t75&quot; style=&#39;width:126pt;height:79.5pt&#39;&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src=&quot;file:///C:\DOCUME~1\JOSU~1\CONFIG~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image021.jpg&quot;
  o:title=&quot;prop periodicas aol&quot;/&gt; &lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--[if !vml]--&gt;&lt;img height=&quot;106&quot; src=&quot;file:///C:/DOCUME~1/JOSU~1/CONFIG~1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.jpg&quot; v:shapes=&quot;_x0000_i1034&quot; width=&quot;168&quot; /&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;Figura (E)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;VII. CONCLUSÃO&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;b style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;Como foi explanado, a lei periódica estabelece que as propriedades dos elementos são funções periódica de seus números atômicos.um arranjo baseado nessa lei agrupa, na tabela periódica, famílias de elementos com propriedade semelhantes em colunas verticais chamadas grupos. Por conveniência e muita lógica também foram criados filas horizontais, que na tabela periódica são chamados de períodos enumerados de &lt;st1:metricconverter productid=&quot;1 a&quot; w:st=&quot;on&quot;&gt;1 a&lt;/st1:metricconverter&gt; 7. &lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Ao analisarmos, a organização da tabela periódica, observamos que ela esta esquematizada levando em consideração a configuração eletrônica, resultante da hierarquia mecânico-quântica dos orbitais, subníveis e níveis. Por consequência da periodicidade na distribuição eletrônica, é destacado varias propriedades atômicas que ilustra a periodicidade, como por exemplo, o raio atômico (medida do tamanho do átomo em condições especificas), a energia de ionização (energia necessária para a remoção de um elétron de um átomo gasoso) e a eletronegatividade. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;As propriedades físicas como a densidade e o ponto de fusão também ilustram a periodicidade, embora esta não seja muito regular devido à complexa relação destas&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;propriedades com a estrutura. Já as propriedades químicas são frequentemente usadas na ilustração do comportamento periódico, pois existe uma transição gradual das propriedades metálicas para as não-metálicas, da esquerda para a direita através de um período, e da base para o topo em um grupo.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-tab-count: 1;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;/span&gt;Enfim, a tabela está na comas que vemos não é por acaso nem por estética, mais sim obedecendo varias regras sistemática de uma entidade que rege a Química (Iupac).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;VIII. BIBLIOGRAFIA &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;MsoNormal&quot; style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Russel, J.B. Química Geral. Trad. De M. Guekezian. São Paulo-2. Ed. –Makron Books,1994.&lt;/div&gt;Química (ensino médio) I. Canto, Eduardo Leite do, 1966- Moderna.II. Tílulo.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;mso-spacerun: yes;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;i style=&quot;mso-bidi-font-style: normal;&quot;&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Bibliografia:&lt;br /&gt;
1. Química na abordagem do cotidiano(ensino médio) I. Canto, Eduardo Leite do,1966- 3 ed. -São Paulo: Moderna, 2003.&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/feeds/5132307482780990967/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/2011/05/tabela-periodica.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default/5132307482780990967'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default/5132307482780990967'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/2011/05/tabela-periodica.html' title='TABELA PERIÓDICA'/><author><name>Josué Martins Gonçalves</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16681937045258644019</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGfvAyx_yYB_aCFqiQW20LLMtAMYu4yIeb86ysd5bIiIp6OAzCg8txiD_-a1nnV_3Oofv25-iANzCjhnQkHYLZhZD00ZX5FrXvFCbvldLJAgP8Ur_XGMPULwwtCG0K0w/s220/DSC_0018+-+Copia.jpg'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/" url="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjmTOUfpOf4u-bS0N4xlBVsVwHHXgj718iZVHSvfd2ZCEQDZ18woRU0t005-VWX5NXJw-Lo9xnIf1m7PvufAdhDuo9TGHj1E7MYZTyyq4w4Iuu5WjUvyjwKx5UwLAO4JP2_0SPCLc8ODq7/s72-c/johann_dobereiner.jpg" height="72" width="72"/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1657986511086433223.post-4333237122678827759</id><published>2011-01-12T04:21:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2013-07-10T17:16:34.529-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Josué e a Quimica</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Nasceram um para o outro.&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;b&gt;Vivem juntos e são apaixonados &amp;nbsp;intensamente!!&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/feeds/4333237122678827759/comments/default' title='Postar comentários'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/2011/01/josue-e-quimica.html#comment-form' title='0 Comentários'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default/4333237122678827759'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1657986511086433223/posts/default/4333237122678827759'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://quimicatudo.blogspot.com/2011/01/josue-e-quimica.html' title='Josué e a Quimica'/><author><name>Josué Martins Gonçalves</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/16681937045258644019</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='26' height='32' src='//blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGfvAyx_yYB_aCFqiQW20LLMtAMYu4yIeb86ysd5bIiIp6OAzCg8txiD_-a1nnV_3Oofv25-iANzCjhnQkHYLZhZD00ZX5FrXvFCbvldLJAgP8Ur_XGMPULwwtCG0K0w/s220/DSC_0018+-+Copia.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>